Bibliografias temáticas / Cold metal transfer welding

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Cold metal transfer welding"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 25 de janeiro de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Cold metal transfer welding"

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Yang, Shuai, Yanfeng Xing, Fuyong Yang e Juyong Cao. "Complex Behavior of Droplet Transfer and Spreading in Cold Metal Transfer". Shock and Vibration 2020 (17 de novembro de 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6650155.

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In intelligent manufacturing, an intelligent control method of welding process is an important process of intelligent welding manufacturing technology (IWMT). Metal transfer is a key factor to control the welding process. Metal transfer and droplet spreading are of vital importance for welding formation. A new theoretical model of cold metal transfer (CMT) in short-circuit transfer mode is proposed in this paper. In this model, the CMT welding process is regarded as a continuous process of arc heating, mass transfer, short-circuit, and spreading, and the relations between these processes are analyzed. The calculation equations used by the model can analyze the welding formation clearly and simplify the complex welding process into continuous physical behavior. The predicted welding width shows good agreement with the measurement results. The mechanism of increased welding width is also comprehensively analyzed. Results have a certain guiding effect on aluminum alloy welding process control.
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Venukumar, S., Muralimohan Cheepu, T. Vijaya Babu e D. Venkateswarlu. "Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Welding of Dissimilar Materials: An Overview". Materials Science Forum 969 (agosto de 2019): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.685.

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In recent years, the continuous growth in manufacturing industries such as light weight structures, demands in increasing of its performance and functionality enhance the use of different materials for producing hybrid structures and thus the requirements for joining of dissimilar joints. The physical and metallurgical properties of the materials are utilised to get combined properties to achieve the product performance. On the other hand the joining methods are continuously challenging for joining of dissimilar materials. The present study reviews and describes the effective welding method of cold metal transfer for joining of dissimilar materials and its state of the art research in various materials joining. Cold metal transfer joining mechanism, capabilities of joining of dissimilar metals and their performance are reviewed. The current and emerging techniques of cold metal transfer welding method are reviewed. Methods and other technological parameters selection are described and future challenges for improving research methods on joining of dissimilar metals using cold metal transfer. Keywords: Cold Metal Transfer, MIG welding, Dissimilar materials, Mechanical properties.
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S, Balamurugan, Ramamoorthi R, I. K. Kavin Jeysing, Kumar S, I. Mohammed Sharukhan, G. Muthu Prakash e Madhan S. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Metal Transfer Welding AA6082-T4 Alloys". Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, n.º 42 (20 de novembro de 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i42/143273.

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Roată, Ionuţ Claudiu, Alexandru Pascu, Elena Manuela Stanciu e Mihai Alin Pop. "Cold Metal Transfer Welding of Aluminum 5456 Thin Sheets". Advanced Materials Research 1029 (setembro de 2014): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1029.140.

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This study aims to determine the optimal parameters for cold metal transfer MIG welding of aluminum thin sheets. Starting from this perspective, the filler material of Al5Mg full wire type and a synergic regime of welding with a low linear energy were used. The characterization of welded joints was achieved by macro – microscopic analyses, mechanical tests (microhardness and tensile) aiming to lower the thermo - mechanically affected zone. The results highlight the major influence of the welding parameters over the weld bead geometry and tensile behaviour of the joint.
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RIBEIRO, R. A., P. D. C. ASSUNÇÃO, E. B. F. DOS SANTOS, E. M. BRAGA e A. P. GERLICH. "Globular-to-Spray Transition in Cold Wire Gas Metal Arc Welding". Welding Journal 100, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2021): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2021.100.010.

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The electrical current required for a transition from globular to spray droplet transfer during gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is determined by the specified wire feed speed in the case of constant-voltage power supplies. Generally, in narrow groove welding, spray transfer is avoided, be-cause this transfer mode can severely erode the groove sidewalls. This work compared the globular-to-spray transition mechanism in cold wire gas metal arc welding (CW-GMAW) vs. standard GMAW. Synchronized high-speed imaging with current and voltage samplings were used to characterize the arc dynamics for different cold wire mass feed rates. Subsequently, the droplet frequency and diameter were estimated, and the parameters for a globular-to-spray transition were assessed. The results suggest that the transition to spray occurs in CW-GMAW at a lower current than in the standard GMAW process. The reason for this difference appears to be linked to an enhanced magnetic pinch force, which is mainly responsible for metal transfer in higher welding current conditions.
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Song, Hyun Soo, Bo Sung Choi, Jondo Yun e Seung Tae Park. "Characterization of Cold Metal Transfer Welding Coated Steel". Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 32, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2015): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2015.32.10.891.

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Talalaev, R., R. Veinthal, A. Laansoo e M. Sarkans. "Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding of thin sheet metal products". Estonian Journal of Engineering 18, n.º 3 (2012): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/eng.2012.3.09.

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Ribeiro, R. A., P. D. C. Assunção e A. P. Gerlich. "Evaluation of Melting Efficiency in Cold Wire Gas Metal Arc Welding Using 1020 Steel as Substrate". Metals 14, n.º 4 (21 de abril de 2024): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14040484.

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A key welding parameter to quantify in the welding process is the ratio of the heat required to melt the weld metal versus the total energy delivered to the weld, and this is referred to as the melting efficiency. It is generally expected that the productivity of the welding process is linked to this melting efficiency, with more productive processes typically having higher melting efficiency. A comparison is made between the melting efficiency in standard gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and cold wire gas metal arc welding (CW-GMAW) for the three primary transfer modes: short-circuit, globular, and spray regime. CW-GMAW specimens presented higher melting efficiency than GMAW for all transfer modes. Moreover, an increase in plate thickness in the spray transfer regime caused the melting efficiency to increase, contrary to what is expected.
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Mokrov, O., S. Warkentin, L. Westhofen, S. Jeske, J. Bender, R. Sharma e U. Reisgen. "Simulation of wire metal transfer in the cold metal transfer (CMT) variant of gas metal arc welding using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approach". Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 55, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2024): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202300166.

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AbstractCold metal transfer (CMT) is a variant of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) in which the molten metal of the wire is transferred to the weld pool mainly in the short‐circuit phase. A special feature here is that the wire is retracted during this strongly controlled welding process. This allows precise and spatter‐free formation of the weld seams with lower energy input. To simulate this process, a model based on the particle‐based smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is developed. This method provides a native solution for the mass and heat transfer. A simplified surrogate model was implemented as an arc heat source for welding simulation. This welding simulation model based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics method was augmented with surface effects, the Joule heating of the wire, and the effect of the electromagnetic forces. The model of metal transfer in the cold metal transfer process shows good qualitative agreement with real experiments.
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Singh, Vivek, M. Chandrasekaran, Sutanu Samanta e Kayaroganam Palanikumar. "Welding Investigation on GMAW−Cold Metal Transfer of AISI 201LN for Superior Weld Quality". International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 10, n.º 4 (outubro de 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2020100101.

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Austenitic stainless steel of AISI 201LN grade has found applications in liquefied natural gas tanks and cryogenic components. They are fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), but weld speed is low due to manual operation. This work aims welding investigation on AISI 201LN Gr. steel with a new hybrid welding approach (i.e., gas metal arc welding [GMAW] combined cold metal transfer [CMT]) for obtaining superior weld quality. Weld experiments were carried out at different welding speed, for example, 300, 400, 600, and 900 mm/min, to study weld quality and its mechanical properties. The microstructural examination of test coupons at higher welding speed shows finer structure in heat-affected zone as well as on weld metal. It was observed that the weld coupon having low heat input (at high weld speed) has maximum tensile strength. Scanning electron microscope analysis shows finer dimples at higher welding speed confirming ductile mode of fracture.
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Cold metal transfer welding"

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Magowan, Stephen. "Effects of cold metal transfer welding on properties of ferritic stainless steel". Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/17304/.

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Stainless steels are a classification of materials that have been available for over 100 years and over that time manufacturers have created variations on chemical composition and manufacturing route, to create materials that meet specific criteria set by the consumer. One type of stainless steel, ferritic, is restricted in applications as a result of a reduction in properties, namely toughness, when it is welded as a result of grain coarsening in the heat affected zone. Welding equipment manufacturers are constantly incorporating new technologies and capabilities into welding equipment, to make welding easier and create better welds, which then gives that manufacturer a competitive advantage. Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding is one such innovation and is claimed by the manufacturer to be a lower heat input process. This research project examines the effects of this lower heat welding process, on the joining of ferritic stainless steels to determine if CMT can reduce the detrimental effects, seen in this material, through welding. The research examines the mechanical and metallurgical effects of using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding process to weld various grades of ferritic stainless steel including, EN1.4016, EN1.4509, EN1.4521 and EN1.4003 and compares them to welds created using a standard Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) technique, with comparisons made using tensile testing, hardness testing, impact testing, fatigue testing and microstructural characterisation. Experimental results show that grades such as EN1.4016 and EN1.4003 are more sensitive to the welding process due to a phase change to martensite present within the heat affected zone. Work has been conducted to determine the temperature at which ferrite transforms to austenite, prior to transformation to martensite under non equilibrium cooling. Some of the findings from this work included; Fatigue testing and microstructural characterisation has shown a benefit in properties for using CMT over the conventional GMAW process for the EN1.4003 material. A relationship has also been proposed which examines the effect of the percentage of fusion zone defects on the fatigue life of the welded joints. Overall it was found that there was variation in the voltage and current by 1.9 Volts and 15 Amps respectively through a 400mm weld. The ALC settings from -30% to +30% affected the net heat input by 6J/mm NDT techniques utilised in the study were ineffective at detecting the lack of side wall fusion evident in some of the welds.
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Daniels, Thomas W. "APPLICABILITY OF COLD METAL TRANSFER FOR REPAIR OF DISSIMILAR METAL WELDS IN STAINLESS STEEL PIPING IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429873704.

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Benoit, Alexandre. "Développement du soudage MIG CMT pour la réparation de pièces aéronautiques. Application aux pièces en alliage base aluminium 6061". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112308/document.

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Cette étude répond à une demande industrielle de réparation d’une pièce aéronautique en alliage d’aluminium 6061 à l’aide d’un procédé de soudage à l’arc. La première partie est consacrée à la comparaison des procédés Metal Inert Gas (MIG), MIG pulsé, Tungsten Inert Gas et MIG Cold Metal transfer (CMT). C’est ce dernier procédé qui a été sélectionné pour ses aptitudes particulières, comme son bon contrôle des paramètres et le faible endommagement produit dans le métal de base. Puis, deux métaux d’apport ont été testés – les alliages 5356 et 6061 – avec deux stratégies de réparation : le soudage et le rechargement. Les résultats d’essais mécaniques ont démontré que le rechargement avec l’aluminium 5356 est l’option la plus adaptée pour cette application. Les essais sur pièce réelle ont prouvé la pertinence de cette approche.La zone affectée thermiquement générée, dans l’alliage 6061, par les procédés de soudage à l’arc a également été caractérisée. Il a été mis en évidence une variation de la microstructure associée aux changements de propriétés mécaniques de cette zone. Enfin, les essais exploratoires de soudage homogène à l’arc, c’est-à-dire, avec le métal d’apport en 6061, ont prouvé qu’il était possible, dans certaines conditions, de souder sans générer de fissuration, bien que, cet aluminium soit réputé comme étant insoudable de cette manière
This study responds to an industrial demand of repair using an arc welding process. It concerns an aeronautical piece made in 6061 aluminium alloy. The first part of the study is devoted to the comparison of processes Metal Inert Gas (MIG), pulsed MIG, Tungsten Inert Gas and MIG Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). It is the latter process that was selected for its special abilities, such as its good control of parameters and the low damaging produced in the base metal. Then, two filler alloys were tested – 5356 and 6061 aluminium alloys– with two repairing strategies : welding and building up. The results of mechanical tests showed that building up with aluminum 5356 is most suitable option for this application. The trials on the real piece showed the relevance of this approach.The heat affected zone generated by the arc welding process in the 6061 base metal was also characterized. It was shown a varaition of microstructure associated with the change of mechanical properties in this zone. Finally, exploratory trials of homogeneous arc welding, i.e., with the 6061 filler alloy showed that it was possible, with certain conditions, to weld without generating weld cracking, although, this aluminium is deemed unweldable by this way
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Martins, Meco Sonia Andreia. "Joining of steel to aluminium alloys for advanced structural applications". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10288.

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When joining steel to aluminium there is a reaction between iron and aluminium which results in the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC). These compounds are usually the reason for the poor mechanical strength of the dissimilar metallic joints. The research on dissimilar metal joining is vast but is mainly focused on the automotive industry and therefore, the material in use is very thin, usually less than 1 mm. For materials with thicker sections the present solution is a transition joint made by explosion welding which permits joining of steel to aluminium and avoids the formation of IMCs. However, this solution brings additional costs and extra processing time to join the materials. The main goals of this project are to understand the mechanism of formation of the IMCs, control the formation of the IMCs, and understand their effects on the mechanical properties of the dissimilar Fe-Al joints during laser welding. Laser welding permits accurate and precise control of the welding thermal cycle and thereby the underpinning mechanism of IMC formation can be easily understood along with the factors which control the strength of the joints. The further goal of this project is to find an appropriate interlayer to restrict the Fe-Al reaction. The first stage of the work was focused on the formation and growth of the Fe-Al IMCs during laser welding. The understanding of how the processing conditions affect the IMC growth provides an opportunity to act and avoid its formation and thereby, to optimize the strength of the dissimilar metal joints. The results showed that even with a negligible amount of energy it was not possible to prevent the IMC formation which was composed of both Fe2Al5 and FeAl3 phases. The IMC growth increases exponentially with the applied specific point energy. However, for higher power densities the growth is more accentuated. The strength of the Fe-Al lap-joints was found to be not only dependent on the IMC layer thickness but also on the bonding area. In order to obtain sound joints it is necessary to achieve a balance between these two factors. The thermal model developed for the laser welding process in this joint configuration showed that for the same level of energy it is more efficient to use higher power densities than longer interaction iv times. Even though a thicker IMC layer is formed under this condition due to higher temperature there is also more melting of aluminium which creates a larger bonding area between the steel and the aluminium. The joint strength is thus improved ... [cont.].
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O'Brien, Evan Daniel. "Welding with Low Alloy Steel Filler Metal of X65 Pipes Internally Clad with Alloy 625: Application in Pre-Salt Oil Extraction". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469018389.

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Tvrdoň, Radek. "3D tisk kovů robotem". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443161.

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The diploma thesis presents an overview of additive production technologies and a summary of technologies used for 3D metal printing using a robot. All of them are generally described and at the same time assigned to their specific commercial use, or the academic research that deals with them. The work examines the suitability of the material EN ISO 14341-A: G 3Si1 for 3D printing, for which a modification of the Col Metal Transfer technology, Cycle Step is used. The experimental printout of the sample is evaluated on the basis of surface and mechanical tests. Capillary test, examination of microstructure a macrostructure, tensile test and microhardness test. All of them were satisfactory and the suitability of the welding wire for 3D printing was confirmed by the given technology.
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Sequeira, Almeida P. M. "Process control and development in wire and arc additive manufacturing". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7845.

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This thesis describes advancements in the modelling, optimisation, process control and mechanical performance of novel high deposition rate gas metal arc welding processes for large scale additive manufacturing applications. One of the main objectives of this study was to develop fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved during processing with particular focus on single layer welds made of carbon steel using both pulsed-current gas metal arc welding and cold metal transfer processes. The effects of interactions between critical welding process variables and weld bead and plate fusion characteristics are studied for single and multi-layers. It was shown that several bead and plate fusion characteristics are strongly affected by the contact tip to work distance, TRIM, wire feed speed, wire feed speed to travel speed ratio, and wire diameter in pulsed-current gas metal arc welding. The arc-length control, dynamic correction and the contact tip to work distance are shown to strongly influence the weld bead geometry in the cold metal transfer process. This fundamental knowledge was essential to ensure the successful development of predictive interaction models capable of determining the weld bead geometry from the welding process parameters. The models were developed using the least-squares analysis and multiple linear regression method. The gas tungsten constricted arc welding process was utilised for the first time for out-of-chamber fabrication of a large scale and high-quality Ti-6Al-4V component. The main focus was, however, in the use of the cold metal transfer process for improving out-of-chamber deposition of Ti-6Al-4V at much higher deposition rates. The effect of the cold metal transfer process on the grain refinement features in the fusion zone of single layer welds under different torch gas shielding conditions was investigated. It was shown that significant grain refinement occurs with increasing helium content. The morphological features and static mechanical performance of the resulting multi-layered Ti-6Al-4V walls were also examined and compared with those in gas tungsten constricted arc welding. The results show that a considerable improvement in static tensile properties is obtained in both testing directions with cold metal transfer over gas tungsten constricted arc welding. It was suggested that this improvement in the mechanical behaviour could be due to the formation of more fine-grained structures,which are therefore more isotropic. The average ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V material processed via cold metal transfer meet the minima specification values recommended for most Ti-6Al-4V products. Neutron diffraction technique was used to establish the effect of repeated thermo-mechanical cycling on the generation, evolution and distribution of residual stresses during wire and arc additive manufacturing. The results show a significant redistribution of longitudinal residual stresses along both the substrate and multi-bead with repeated deposition. However, a nearly complete relaxation occurs along the built, once the base plate constraint is removed.
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Kim, Yong-Seog. "Metal transfer in gas metal arc welding". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14199.

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Wang, Ge. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF METAL TRANSFER IN GAS METAL ARC WELDING". UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/538.

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In gas metal arc welding (GMAW), metal transfer plays a crucial role in determining the quality of the resultant weld. In the present dissertation, a numerical model with advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques has been developed first in order to provide better numerical results. It includes a two-step projection method for solving the incompressible fluid flow; a volume of fluid (VOF) method for capturing free surface; and a continuum surface force (CSF) model for calculating surface tension. The Gauss-type current density distribution is assumed as the boundary condition for the calculation of the electromagnetic force. The droplet profiles, electric potential and velocity distributions within the droplet are calculated and presented for different metal transfer modes. The analysis is conducted to find the most dominant effects influencing the metal transfer behavior. Comparisons between calculated results and experimental results for metal transfer under constant current are presented and show good agreement. Then, our numerical model is used to study a proposed modified pulsed current gas metal arc welding. This novel modified pulsed current GMAW is introduced to improve the robustness of the welding process in achieving a specific type of desirable and repeatable metal transfer mode, i.e., one drop per pulse (ODPP) mode. This new technology uses a peak current lower than the transition current to prevent accidental detachment and takes advantage of the downward momentum of the droplet oscillation to enhance the detachment. The calculations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in achieving the desired metal transfer process in comparison with conventional pulsed current GMAW. Also, the critical conditions for effective utilization of this proposed method are identified by the numerical simulation. The welding operational parameters and their ranges are also calculated and the calculated results further demonstrate the robustness of this new GMAW technique in achieving high quality welding.
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Jönsson, Pär Göran. "Arc parameters and metal transfer in gas metal arc welding". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12470.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Cold metal transfer welding"

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Bay, N. Friction and adhesion in metal forming and cold welding. Lyngby, Denmark: Technical University of Denmark, Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, Laboratory of Mechanical Processing of Materials, 1986.

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Canright, David. Thermocapillary flow near a cold wall. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1993.

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3

R, Heald P., e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Droplet transfer modes for a MIL 100S-1 GMAW electrode. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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4

Nielsen, C. V. Modeling of Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Manufacturing Processes: Applications in Metal Forming and Resistance Welding. London: Springer London, 2013.

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Zhang, W., C. V. Nielsen e L. M. Alves. Modeling of Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Manufacturing Processes: Applications in Metal Forming and Resistance Welding. Springer, 2012.

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Ospanova, S. M. ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES MANUFACTURING OF METAL STRUCTURES WITH CORE ELEMENTS. RS Global S. z O.O., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal/047.

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The monograph analyzes various welded metal structures. The design of reinforcing cages of round, hot-rolled, cold-rolled, cold-flattened steel of periodic profile has been studied. During the welding process, the possibility of splashes has been established that affects the strength of the welded joint, and is associated with large energy losses. This phenomenon is accepted as an indicator of the quality of the welding process. The process of heating by contact welding of crossed round rods is described. It was found that the higher the current, the relatively later the limiting state sets in, the shorter the welding duration and the less the possibility of overheating the nearcontact region. Issues of rational technology of resistance welding of reinforced concrete reinforcement have been developed. The parameters of the mode of electric contact welding of crossing round rods are determined. The publication may be of interest to a wide range of readers interested in the problem of studying energy-saving technologies for the manufacture of metal structures with rod elements, including researchers, teachers and students of higher educational institutions in the field of energy conservation.
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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Cold metal transfer welding"

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Kaushik, Pankaj, Ranjan Kumar, M. Manjaiah e Ajith G. Joshi. "Studies on Cold Metal Transfer Welding of Aluminum 5083 Alloy to Pure Titanium". In Advanced Joining Technologies, 74–85. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003327769-5.

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Manokruang, Supasit, Frederic Vignat, Matthieu Museau e Maxime Limousin. "Process Parameters Effect on Weld Beads Geometry Deposited by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 9–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_3.

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AbstractAmong Additive Manufacturing technologies, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing process is strongly dependent of deposition conditions such as welding parameters, substrate temperature, trajectory. In this research, geometry and temperature evolutions of single beads have been investigated according to process parameters modifications. For our experiment, a heating device have been used in order to control the substrate temperature from room temperature up to 400 °C. Considering the Cold Metal Transfer technology, welding parameters, Wire Feed Speed (WFS) and Travel Speed (TS), have been modified while keeping a constant ratio λ (WFS/TS). Results indicate that weld bead geometry, height (h) and width (w), is influenced by substrate temperature and welding parameters. It has been shown that substrate temperature, itself influenced by process parameters, tends to produce thicker and lower weld beads while it increases.
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Bansal, Abhi, S. C. Vettivel e Mukesh Kumar. "Effect of Welding Current on Tensile Behaviour and Weld Morphology of Al/Mg Dissimilar Alloy Joint Using Cold Metal Transfer Welding". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 77–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3874-8_7.

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Dwivedi, Dheerendra Kumar. "Arc Welding Processes: Shielded Metal Arc Welding: Welding Current and Metal Transfer". In Fundamentals of Metal Joining, 153–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4819-9_12.

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Vendan, S. Arungalai, Rajeev Kamal, Abhinav Karan, Liang Gao, Xiaodong Niu e Akhil Garg. "Supervised Machine Learning in Cold Metal Transfer (CMT)". In Engineering Applications of Computational Methods, 57–118. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9382-2_2.

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Aswal, Vinod Kumar, e Jinesh Kumar Jain. "Various Methods of Metal Transfer in the Welding Process". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1223–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2794-1_106.

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Ambadkar, Sushil T., e Deepak V. Bhope. "Resistance Spot Welding of Cold Rolled Mild Steel with Filler Metal". In Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Science, 63–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76276-0_7.

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Tomar, Bunty, e S. Shiva. "Cold Metal Transfer-Based Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (CMT-WAAM)". In Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, 71–88. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003363415-5.

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Zhang, Liling, Bing Li e Jianxiong Ye. "Power Supply and Its Expert System for Cold Welding of Aluminum and Magnesium Sheet Metal". In Intelligent Computing Methodologies, 795–804. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26766-7_72.

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Lee, S. H., J. S. Kim, Bo Young Lee e Sang Yul Lee. "The Effect of External Electromagnetic Force in Gas Metal Arc Welding on the Transfer Mode". In Key Engineering Materials, 2825–30. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-978-4.2825.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Cold metal transfer welding"

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Liu, Tao, Jiao Zhang, Xiaolong Yang, Zhengxin Cao, Feng Yang, Fangming Zhang, Cai Cheng e Tao Liu. "Study of Droplet Transfer and Spatter in Pulsed Gas Metal arc Welding for Pressure Pipeline Welding". In 2024 The 9th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE), 259–63. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icpre62586.2024.10768418.

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Huotilainen, Caitlin, Heikki Keinänen, Juha Kuutti, Pekka Nevasmaa, Henrik Sirén e Iikka Virkkunen. "Evaluation of an Alloy 52 / Cladded Carbon Steel Repair Weld by Cold Metal Transfer". In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61981.

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Abstract Extending the lifetime of existing nuclear power reactors is an increasingly important topic. As the existing fleet of nuclear power reactors ages and approaches the end of their design lifetimes or enters periods of lifetime extension, there is an increased probability for defect repairs due to extended exposure to the operating environment (e.g. high temperature, high pressure, corrosion environment, neutron irradiation, etc.). Concerning repair welding, should a critical need for repair arise, qualified and validated solutions must be readily available for rapid deployment. A proposed method using robotized gas metal arc welding-cold metal transfer to repair a “worst-case” scenario, linear crack like defect beneath the cladding, which extended into the reactor pressure vessel steel, was evaluated on laboratory scale in previous works (PVP2020-21233, PVP2020-21236). These previous studies demonstrated that cold metal transfer has the potential to produce high quality welds in the case of a reactor pressure repair. In the current study, the lessons learned from the previous work were applied to repair a postulated surface crack on a thermally embrittled and cladded low alloy steel plate using a nickel base Alloy 52 filler metal. Two excavations were filled using different weld bead arrangements — a traditional pattern (92 weld beads, Q = 0.6 kJ/min) and a 45°-hatch pattern (184 weld beads, Q = 0.9 kJ/min) — by gas metal arc welding-cold metal transfer. No pre-heating or post-weld heat treatment were applied, to remain in line with what can be expected in a real pressure vessel repair situation. The 0° angle pattern acts as a reference for previous studies, while the 45°-hatch pattern, aims to minimize the residual stresses caused by repair welding. Finite element modeling was used to predict the initial (cladded, embrittled and excavated) condition of the steel plate, followed by simulating the welding using the actual welding conditions and material constants for both bead patterns as input parameters. The resulting deformation, strains and stresses created in the material due to repair welding were predicted and the welding’s effectiveness was estimated. In addition, the post-repair weld mechanical properties and microstructure, specifically focusing on the fusion boundary and heat-affected zone, were evaluated using various microscopy techniques and hardness measurements. The outcomes of the performed simulations, corresponding characterizations and lessons learned are presented in this study.
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Arzhannikova, I. E., e N. Z. Sultanov. "Trend of Application of Automated Welding Process of Cold Metal Transfer in Structures Made of Aluminum Alloy". In International Conference "Actual Issues of Mechanical Engineering" (AIME 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aime-18.2018.11.

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Guo, H., H. L. Tsai e P. C. Wang. "Transport Phenomena and Their Effect on Weld Quality in GMA Welding of Aluminum Alloys". In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56733.

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Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of aluminum alloys has recently become popular in the auto industry to increase fuel efficiency of a vehicle. In many situations, the weld is short (say, less than two inches) and the “end effects” become very critical in determining the strength of the weld. At the beginning stage of the welding, when the metal is still “cold”, which is frequently called cold weld, limited weld penetration occurs. On the other hand, at the ending stage of the welding, a “crater” is formed involving micro-cracks and micro-pores. Both the cold weld and the crater can significantly decrease the strength of the weld and are more severe for aluminum alloys as compared to steels. Hence, there are strong needs to improve the GMAW process in order to reduce or eliminate the aforementioned end effects. In this paper, both mathematical modeling and experiments have been conducted to study the beginning stage, ending stage, as well as the quasi-steady-state stage of GMA welding of aluminum alloys. In the modeling, a three-dimensional model using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method is employed to handle the free surfaces associated with the impingement of droplets into the weld pool and the weld pool dynamics. Transient weld pool shapes and the distributions of temperature and velocity in the weld pool are calculated. The predicted solidified weld bead shapes, including weld penetration and/or reinforcement, are in agreement with experimental results for welds in the aforementioned three stages. It was found that the thickness of the molten weld pool is smaller and there is no vortex developed, as compared to steel welding. The lack of penetration in cold weld is due to the lack of pre-heating by the welding arc. Three techniques are proposed and validated numerically to improve weld penetration by increasing the energy input at the beginning stage of the welding. The crater formation is caused by rapid solidification of the weld pool when the welding arc is terminated. By reducing welding current and reversing the welding direction before terminating the arc, the weld pool is maintained “hot” for a longer time allowing melt flow to fill-up the crater. This method is validated experimentally and numerically to be able to eliminate the formation of the crater and the associated micro-cracks.
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Greig, N. Andrew, e Mike Ludwig. "Qualifying the Reciprocating Wire Feed Gas Metal Arc Welding (RWF-GMAW) Process for Applying Weld Overlays of Corrosion-resistant Cladding on Steel Marine Propulsion Shafts". In SNAME 14th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2015-010.

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Marine propulsion shafts typically are composites consisting of a strong, tough (often hollow) steel, bearing-surface sleeves, and corrosion-resistant cladding. Cladding alloys include Copper-Nickel alloys, austenitic “stainless steel” alloys, and Nickelbased Alloy 625. Cladding alloy weld metals are expensive as are the production costs of clad welding, weld inspection and rework. This paper describes collaborative efforts of a commercial Shaft Repair Facility (SRF) and a welding machine supplier to develop technical data supporting cleaner, more efficient and adaptable processes and equipment for corrosion-resistant alloy cladding. Reciprocating Wire Feed-Gas Metal Arc Welding (RWF-GMAW), specifically the proprietary Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process, is presented a procedure-of-choice for corrosion-resistant weld cladding of Alloy 625 and of 300-series alloys on steel machinery.
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Virkkunen, Iikka, Mikko Peltonen, Henrik Sirén, Pekka Nevasmaa, Caitlin Huotilainen, Heikki Keinänen, Juha Kuutti, Aloshious Lambai, Gaurav Mohanty e Mari Honkanen. "A52M/SA52 Dissimilar Metal RPV Repair Weld: Experimental Evaluation and Post-Weld Characterizations". In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21236.

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Abstract Aging management of the existing fleet of nuclear power plants is becoming an increasingly important topic, especially as many units are approaching their design lifetimes or are entering long-term operation. As these plants continue to age, there is an increased probability for the need of repairs due to extended exposure to a harsh environment. It is paramount that qualified and validated solutions are readily available. A repair method for a postulated through cladding crack into the low alloy steel of a nuclear power plant’s reactor pressure vessel has been investigated in this study. This paper is part of larger study that evaluates the current possibilities of such repair welds. The present paper documents the weld-trials and method selection. A parallel paper describes numerical simulations and optimization of weld parameters. The presented weld-trial represents a case where a postulated crack has been excavated and repaired using a nickel base Alloy 52M filler metal by gas metal arc welding-cold metal transfer with a robotic arm. A SA235 structural steel has been used as a base material in this weld-trial. No pre-heating or post-weld heat treatment will be applied, as it would be nearly impossible to apply these treatments in a reactor pressure vessel repair situation. While Alloy 52M presents good material properties, in terms of resistance to environmentally assisted degradation mechanisms, such as primary water stress corrosion cracking, it is notoriously difficult to weld. Some difficulties and challenges during welding include a sluggish weld puddle, formation of titanium and/or aluminium oxides and its susceptibility to lack of fusion defects and weld metal cracking, such as ductility dip cracking and solidification cracking. Moreover, gas metal arc welding-cold metal transfer is not traditionally used in the nuclear industry. Nonetheless, it presents some interesting advantages, specifically concerning heat input requirements and automation possibilities, as compared to traditional welding methods. The mechanical properties, in terms of indentation hardness, and microstructure of a weld-trial sample have been evaluated in this study. The fusion boundary and heat affected zone were the main areas of focus when evaluating the mechanical and microstructural properties. Detailed microstructural characterization using electron backscatter diffraction and nanoindentation were performed across the weld interface. Based on these results, the gas metal arc welding cold metal transfer is seen as a potential high-quality weld method for reactor pressure vessel repair cases.
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Caruso, Serafino, Emanuele Sgambitterra, Sergio Rinaldi, Antonello Gallone, Lucio Viscido, Luigino Filice e Domenico Umbrello. "Experimental comparison of the MIG, friction stir welding, cold metal transfer and hybrid laser-MIG processes for AA 6005-T6 aluminium alloy". In ESAFORM 2016: Proceedings of the 19th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4963498.

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Babyak, Timothy, Vincent DeCenso, Boian Alexandrov e Jorge Penso. "Application of Low Heat Input Gas Metal Arc Welding for Corrosion Resistant Weld Overlays". In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21562.

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Abstract Preventing failure due to corrosion poses a challenge to the oil and gas industry. A cost-effective way to prevent such failures is the application of corrosion-resistant nickel-based weld overlays using arc welding processes. Previous research performed at The Ohio State University indicates low heat input GMAW processes, such as cold metal transfer (CMT), produce weld overlays which corrode up to ten times slower than overlays produced with cold wire GTAW [1, 2], with up to ten times higher deposition rates [3]. However, formation of lack of fusion and lack of penetration defects has been a major concern related to the widespread application of low heat input GMAW processes in the industry. In this study, optimal windows of CMT welding parameters for producing defect-free welds were established using a design of experiment approach. CMT weld overlays were compared with hot wire (HW)-GTAW overlays currently used in industry with respect to bead characteristics, microstructure, and process capability. As compared with the HW-GTAW process, the CMT process produced weld overlays with up to four times lower dilution, seven times smaller interdendritic arm spacing, and four times higher deposition rates. Additionally, average heat affected zone and fusion boundary hardness values in the CMT overlays were below 248 HV0.1 and may not require the post weld heat treatment specified by NACE MR0175.
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Penso, Graciela C., e Boian T. Alexandrov. "Welding of Internally Clad X65 Pipes With Precipitation Strengthened Ni-Based Filler Metals". In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-66038.

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X65 steel pipes internally clad with Alloy 625 used in subsea oil extraction are normally welded together with Alloy 625 filler metal. For pipe reeling applications, DNV-OS-F101 requires pipe girth welds to overmatch base metal yield strength with 100 MPa. Since Alloy 625 filler metal does not meet this requirement, Ni-base super alloys 718 and 282 were considered as potential welding consumables for reeling applications. The solidification behavior in weld metal of these alloys diluted with Alloy 625 pipe ID cladding was evaluated using thermodynamic simulations. The response to precipitation hardening by multiple reheat cycles was studied by producing multilayer buildups with cold metal transfer (CMT) and pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAWp) processes. Weld buildup of Alloy 718 exhibited insufficient hardening response and yield strength, while Alloy 282 met the DNV overmatch requirement. Successful narrow groove welding of X65 pipes with Alloy 282 was performed using CMT process. Welding parameter optimization allowed resolving centerline solidification cracking and lack of fusion defects. The weld metal yield strength was lower than in the multipass buildup, which was attributed to lower number of reheats in groove welding. Meeting the overmatch requirement for yield strength in Alloy 282 groove welds requires further parameter optimization.
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Yoshida, Takeshi, Takaaki Matsuoka, Yuta Uchida e Takashi Hirano. "Application of Magnetic Stir Welding to Dissimilar Metal Structural Weld Overlay". In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48319.

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Alloy 600 and associated welds, Alloy 82/182 of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) plants have been known as being susceptible to the Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC). Dissimilar metal (DM) piping butt welds were welded with Alloy 82/182. As one of the mitigation techniques of the PWSCC, Structural Weld Overlay (SWOL) has been applied to the DM welds, but it has tendency to occur weld cracks on the first layer. One of the reasons of the weld cracks is the sulfur which is highly contained in stainless steel base metals, because old stainless steels would contain higher sulfur (e.g. 0.02%) than later ones. In response to this situation, Magnetic Stir Welding (MSW) was proposed to apply for the first layer of SWOL, and tested to evaluate its weldabilities. MSW has been developed for several years, and it is generally known that MSW has characteristics to improve a heat transfer in the molten pool, so that it could reduce a dilution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate weldabilities of MSW for welding Alloy 52 and/or Alloy 52M as filler metal on high sulfur contained stainless steel pipe. Single bead tests and all position welding tests were conducted. As a result of this study, MSW can prevent from occurring weld cracks and lack of fusion due to stirring effects of the molten pool. Therefore, SWOL can be welded without weld cracks on the first layer by applying MSW, even though the stainless steel base metal contains relatively high sulfur. In addition, MSW can weld at high wire supply rate because of prevention of lack of fusion. So it could improve weld efficiency.
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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Cold metal transfer welding"

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Alexandrov, Boian. PR-650-174516-R01 Corrosion Resistant Weld Overlays for Pipeline Installations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012108.

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Pipeline failure due to corrosion is a common problem in the oil and gas and petrochemical industry. A cost-effective way to prevent these failures is the application of corrosion-resistant weld overlays (WOLs) onto the internal surface of line pipe. A WOL is a deposition of a filler metal - such as a nickel-base alloy - onto the surface of a part - usually carbon or low alloy steels - to introduce desired surface properties to the original substrate [1]. As such, the service life of the substrate is increased which results in reduced costs to industries such as oil and gas and petrochemical as well as to the environment. WOLs are commonly created using arc welding processes such as cold wire and hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (CW-, HW-GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged arc welding (SAW). Previous research performed at OSU indicates that a low heat input GMAW process, such as cold metal transfer (CMT), can produce WOLs which corrode up to ten times slower than overlays produced with CW-GTAW [2, 3], with up to four times higher deposition rates [4]. However, the majority of research into WOLs produced with the CMT process has been done with respect to nuclear applications, so there is a need for process optimization directed towards oil and gas applications. This project investigates the potential of CMT as an alternative to HW-GTAW for use with nickel-base alloys 625, 686 and 825 clad onto low alloy steel X65.
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Wang, Yong-Yi, Zhili Feng, Wentao Cheng e Sudarsanam Suresh Babu. L51939 Weldability of High-Strength Enhanced Hardenability Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), setembro de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010384.

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Since the 1970s, the development of high-strength pipeline steels has followed the route of progressively reduced harden ability through lower carbon and alloying element contents. Micro-alloying, controlled rolling (CR), and thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) have been used extensively to achieve the high-strength and other material property requirements despite the trend towards lower carbon content. The primary driving force behind the evolution of these alloying and processing strategies stems from the concerns over the weld ability, particularly the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), at ever-increasing strength levels. Accompanying the extensive reliance on micro-alloying, CR, and TMCP, there has been a movement to tighter restrictions on micro-alloy variability, the increased use of heavy reduction at low inter-critical temperatures and, in some instances, the reliance on cold expansion. The objective of this project was to evaluate alternate steels with enhanced harden ability and identify those that would have a potential to (1) meet the high strength/high toughness requirement but without the adverse effects of the early trial heats of micro-alloyed TMCP X80 and X100 line pipe steels, and (2) exhibit sufficient resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) when welded with processes and consumables representative of state-of-the-art, low-hydrogen field girth welding practices. The focus of the project was on the weld ability and properties of the base metal and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The selection and development of suitable weld consumables were not part of this project.
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