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Livros sobre o tema "Coastal precipitation"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de maio de 2024

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1

Allen, Roderick L. Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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2

Allen, Roderick L. Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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3

Allen, Roderick L. Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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4

J-W, Bao, e Environmental Technology Laboratory (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories), eds. A case study of the impact of off-shore P-3 observations on the prediction of coastal wind and precipitation. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 2000.

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5

J-W, Bao, e Environmental Technology Laboratory (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories), eds. A case study of the impact of off-shore P-3 observations on the prediction of coastal wind and precipitation. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 2000.

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6

J-W, Bao, e Environmental Technology Laboratory (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories), eds. A case study of the impact of off-shore P-3 observations on the prediction of coastal wind and precipitation. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 2000.

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7

Matthew, Sittel, Ross Doug e National Climatic Data Center (U.S.). Research Customer Service Group., eds. The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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8

Lott, Neal. The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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9

Risley, John C. Use of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in 11 small drainage basins, Oregon coast range. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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10

C, Risley John. Use of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in 11 small drainage basins, Oregon coast range. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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11

Risley, John C. Use of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in 11 small drainage basins, Oregon coast range. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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12

C, Risley John. Use of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in 11 small drainage basins, Oregon coast range. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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13

Risley, John C. Use of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in 11 small drainage basins, Oregon coast range. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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14

C, Risley John. Use of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in 11 small drainage basins, Oregon coast range. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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15

Probable maximum precipitation, Pacific Northwest states: Columbia River (including portions of Canada), Snake River, and Pacific coastal drainages. Silver Spring, MD: National Weather Service, 1994.

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16

Norrgård, Stefan. Changes in Precipitation Over West Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.536.

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Water, not temperature, governs life in West Africa, and the region is both temporally and spatially greatly affected by rainfall variability. Recent rainfall anomalies, for example, have greatly reduced crop productivity in the Sahel area. Rainfall indices from recent centuries show that multidecadal droughts reoccur and, furthermore, that interannual rainfall variations are high in West Africa. Current knowledge of historical rainfall patterns is, however, fairly limited. A detailed rainfall chronology of West Africa is currently only available from the beginning of the 19th century. For the 18th century and earlier, the records are still sporadic, and an interannual rainfall chronology has so far only been obtained for parts of the Guinea Coast. Thus, there is a need to extend the rainfall record to fully understand past precipitation changes in West Africa.The main challenge when investigating historical rainfall variability in West Africa is the scarcity of detailed and continuous data. Readily available meteorological data barely covers the last century, whereas in Europe and the United States for example, the data sometimes extend back two or more centuries. Data availability strongly correlates with the historical development of West Africa. The strong oral traditions that prevailed in the pre-literate societies meant that only some of the region’s history was recorded in writing before the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. From the 19th century onwards, there are, therefore, three types of documents available, and they are closely linked to the colonization of West Africa. These are: official records started by the colonial governments continuing to modern day; regular reporting stations started by the colonial powers; and finally, temporary nongovernmental observations of various kinds. For earlier periods, the researcher depends on noninstrumental observations found in letters, reports, or travel journals made by European slave traders, adventurers, and explorers. Spatially, these documents are confined to the coastal areas, as Europeans seldom ventured inland before the mid-1800s. Thus, the inland regions are generally poorly represented. Arabic chronicles from the Sahel provide the only source of information, but as historical documents, they include several spatiotemporal uncertainties. Climate researchers often complement historical data with proxy-data from nature’s own archives. However, the West African environment is restrictive. Reliable proxy-data, such as tree-rings, cannot be exploited effectively. Tropical trees have different growth patterns than trees in temperate regions and do not generate growth rings in the same manner. Sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana have provided, so far, the best centennial overview when it comes to understanding precipitation patterns during recent centuries. These reveal that there have been considerable changes in historical rainfall patterns—West Africa may have been even drier than it is today.

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17

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39N 1945. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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18

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39T 1951. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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19

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39E 1936. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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20

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39F 1937. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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21

South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season . . ; No. 39T 1951. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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22

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39V 1953. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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23

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39J 1941. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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24

South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season . . ; No. 39U 1952. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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25

South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season . . ; No. 39M 1944. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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26

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39Q 1948. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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27

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39M 1944. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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28

California Division of Water Resources. South Coastal Basin Investigation Records of Ground Water Levels at Wells for the Year ... Precipitation Records for the Season: No. 39G 1938. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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29

Räisänen, Jouni. Future Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region and Environmental Impacts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.634.

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The warming of the global climate is expected to continue in the 21st century, although the magnitude of change depends on future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the sensitivity of climate to them. The regional characteristics and impacts of future climate change in the Baltic Sea countries have been explored since at least the 1990s. Later research has supported many findings from the early studies, but advances in understanding and improved modeling tools have made the picture gradually more comprehensive and more detailed. Nevertheless, many uncertainties still remain.In the Baltic Sea region, warming is likely to exceed its global average, particularly in winter and in the northern parts of the area. The warming will be accompanied by a general increase in winter precipitation, but in summer, precipitation may either increase or decrease, with a larger chance of drying in the southern than in the northern parts of the region. Despite the increase in winter precipitation, the amount of snow is generally expected to decrease, as a smaller fraction of the precipitation falls as snow and midwinter snowmelt episodes become more common. Changes in windiness are very uncertain, although most projections suggest a slight increase in average wind speed over the Baltic Sea. Climatic extremes are also projected to change, but some of the changes will differ from the corresponding change in mean climate. For example, the lowest winter temperatures are expected to warm even more than the winter mean temperature, and short-term summer precipitation extremes are likely to become more severe, even in the areas where the mean summer precipitation does not increase.The projected atmospheric changes will be accompanied by an increase in Baltic Sea water temperature, reduced ice cover, and, according to most studies, reduced salinity due to increased precipitation and river runoff. The seasonal cycle of runoff will be modified by changes in precipitation and earlier snowmelt. Global-scale sea level rise also will affect the Baltic Sea, but will be counteracted by glacial isostatic adjustment. According to most projections, in the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, the latter will still dominate, leading to a continued, although decelerated, decrease in relative sea level. The changes in the physical environment and climate will have a number of environmental impacts on, for example, atmospheric chemistry, freshwater and marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and coastal erosion. However, future environmental change in the region will be affected by several interrelated factors. Climate change is only one of them, and in many cases its effects may be exceeded by other anthropogenic changes.

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30

Thompson, Lonnie G., e Alan L. Kolata. Twelfth Century AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0008.

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Climate is a fundamental and independent variable of human existence. Given that 50 percent of the Earth’s surface and much of its population exist between 30oN and 30oS, paleoenvironmental research in the Earth’s tropical regions is vital to our understanding of the world’s current and past climate change. Most of the solar energy that drives the climate system is absorbed in these regions. Paleoclimate records reveal that tropical processes, such as variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have affected the climate over much of the planet. Climatic variations, particularly in precipitation and temperature, play a critical role in the adaptations of agrarian cultures located in zones of environmental sensitivity, such as those of the coastal deserts, highlands, and altiplano of the Andean region. Paleoclimate records from the Quelccaya ice cap (5670 masl) in highland Peru that extend back ~1800 years show good correlation between precipitation and the rise and fall of pre-Hispanic civilizations in western Peru and Bolivia. Sediment cores extracted from Lake Titicaca provide independent evidence of this correspondence with particular reference to the history of the pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku state centered in the Andean altiplano. Here we explore, in particular, the impacts of climate change on the development and ultimate dissolution of this altiplano state.

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31

The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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32

The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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33

The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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34

The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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35

The winter of '96-'97: West coast flooding. [Asheville, NC]: National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, 1997.

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36

Surfleet, Christopher G. Precipitation characteristics for landslide hazard assessment for the central Oregon Coast Range. 1997.

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37

Pind, Michael D. Evaluation of satellite-derived precipitation along the west coast of the United States. 1987.

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