Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Clinton G"

William Jefferson Clinton evoked considerable admiration and hostility as a public figure. More so, perhaps, than other recent presidents, Clinton has sparked an intense debate as to what his legacy will be. The Clinton biography found on the White House web page hints at the difficulties facing those who wish to interpret his life. After summarizing the nation's economic success during Clinton's two terms and mentioning major biographical events, the author writes:In 1998, as a result of issues surrounding personal indiscretions with a young woman White House intern, Clinton was the second U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives. He was tried in the Senate and found not guilty of the charges brought against him. He apologized to the nation for his actions and continued to have unprecedented popular approval ratings for his job as president.

Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) has been found to have phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity (H. C. Li, J. Chernoff, L. B. Chen, and A. Kirschonbaun, Eur. J. Biochem. 138:45-51, 1984; M.-F. Lin and G. M. Clinton, Biochem. J. 235:351-357, 1986) and has been suggested to negatively regulate phosphotyrosine levels, at least in part, by inhibition of tyrosine protein kinase activity (M.-F. Lin and G. M. Clinton, Adv. Protein Phosphatases 4:199-228, 1987; M.-F. Lin, C. L. Lee, and G. M. Clinton, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4753-4757, 1986). We investigated the molecular interaction of PAcP with a specific tyrosine kinase, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, from prostate carcinoma cells. Of several proteins phosphorylated in membrane vesicles from prostate carcinoma cells, PAcP selectively dephosphorylated the EGF receptor. The prostate EGF receptor was more efficiently dephosphorylated by PAcP than by another phosphotyrosyl phosphatase, potato acid phosphatase. Further characterization of the interaction of PAcP with the EGF receptor revealed that the optimal rate of dephosphorylation occurred at neutral rather than at acid pH. Thus, the enzyme that we formerly referred to as PAcP we now call prostatic phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase. Hydrolysis of phosphate from tyrosine residues in the immunoprecipitated EGF receptor catalyzed by purified prostatic phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase caused a 40 to 50% decrease in the receptor tyrosine kinase activity with angiotensin as the substrate. In contrast, autophosphorylation of the receptor was associated with an increase in tyrosine kinase activity.

Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) has been found to have phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity (H. C. Li, J. Chernoff, L. B. Chen, and A. Kirschonbaun, Eur. J. Biochem. 138:45-51, 1984; M.-F. Lin and G. M. Clinton, Biochem. J. 235:351-357, 1986) and has been suggested to negatively regulate phosphotyrosine levels, at least in part, by inhibition of tyrosine protein kinase activity (M.-F. Lin and G. M. Clinton, Adv. Protein Phosphatases 4:199-228, 1987; M.-F. Lin, C. L. Lee, and G. M. Clinton, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4753-4757, 1986). We investigated the molecular interaction of PAcP with a specific tyrosine kinase, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, from prostate carcinoma cells. Of several proteins phosphorylated in membrane vesicles from prostate carcinoma cells, PAcP selectively dephosphorylated the EGF receptor. The prostate EGF receptor was more efficiently dephosphorylated by PAcP than by another phosphotyrosyl phosphatase, potato acid phosphatase. Further characterization of the interaction of PAcP with the EGF receptor revealed that the optimal rate of dephosphorylation occurred at neutral rather than at acid pH. Thus, the enzyme that we formerly referred to as PAcP we now call prostatic phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase. Hydrolysis of phosphate from tyrosine residues in the immunoprecipitated EGF receptor catalyzed by purified prostatic phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase caused a 40 to 50% decrease in the receptor tyrosine kinase activity with angiotensin as the substrate. In contrast, autophosphorylation of the receptor was associated with an increase in tyrosine kinase activity.

THE NEWS FROM AMERICA IS (WHAT ELSE COULD IT BE?) BILL Clinton – America's first first-name-only-please President, informality and accessibility being hallmarks of democratic populism in the 1990s. It might seem as if this is the roller-coaster presidency: if you do not like Clinton's bad (good) reputation today, just wait a month and you can be sure that things will have turned upside down. When I started this piece in the spring, he was way, way down; today just a few months later, following a successful Japanese trip (his weak rivals in the G-7 group made him look good), his two successful judicial appointments (Ruth Bader Ginsberg to the Supreme Court and Louis J. Freeh to the FBI), his paper-thin but indispensable budget victory in the Congress, and his shepherding of the historic Israeli-Palestinian peace protocol, he's looking good. By the time you read this, however, he's likely to be down again, or perhaps down but once again up. His political career has been on a rollercoaster from the start and the media seem determined to keep him and the country rocking — and rolling.

Seventeen flexible crinoids, including three new species, are reported from the Fort Payne Formation with new material from Cumberland, Clinton, and Russell Counties in south-central Kentucky and from Clay County, Tennessee. This study extends the geographic range of all taxa studied, as only seven species were previously known from the Fort Payne Formation. Fort Payne flexible crinoids includeTaxocrinus colletti, Onychocrinus ramulosus, O. grandisn. sp.,Nipterocrinus monroensis, Mespilocrinus romingeri, M. kentuckyensisn. sp.,Gaulocrinus veryi, G. robustus, G. trauscholdi, G. bordeni, G. symmetrosn. sp.,Metichthyocrinus tiaraeformis, M. clarkensis, Forbesiocrinus pyriformis, F. saffordi, F. wortheni, andWachsmuthicrinus spinosulus. Mespilocrinuscolumnals are also described, and the diagnosis ofN. monroensisis emended. The Fort Payne Formation occurrence ofO. exsculptuscould not be verified.Forbesiocrinus multibrachiatusandParichthyocrinus crawfordsvillensisare considered to be junior synonyms ofForbesiocrinus wortheni. Fort Payne flexible crinoids in the Lake Cumberland area occur at nine localities in four facies types. No more than three species occur at any Fort Payne locality.

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the effect of halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron applied through drip irrigation on yellow nutsedge. In greenhouse studies, yellow nutsedge control by halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron was greater (69 to 91%) than the nontreated control (0%). Yellow nutsedge treated with halosulfuron POST had a lower photosynthetic rate (0.6 to 22.6 µmol m−2 s−1) at 4, 7, and 14 d after treatment than the nontreated control (3.3 to 26.2 µmol m−2 s−1). Yellow nutsedge treated with trifloxysulfuron had lower photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance than the nontreated plants. In field studies at Clinton, NC, yellow nutsedge density increased from treatment (day 0) to 56 d after treatment in all treatments. Increase in yellow nutsedge density was 72 and 95% in drip-applied halosulfuron and imazosulfuron treatments compared with yellow nutsedge density increases of 876% for the same period in the nontreated plots. Yellow nutsedge density increased 69 and 57% at Clinton and Kinston, NC, respectively, in the drip-applied 15 g ha−1 trifloxysulfuron treatment compared with 876% in the nontreated control. In field studies at Clinton and Kinston, NC, suppression of yellow nutsedge emergence in POST and drip-applied herbicide treatments was similar. Emergence of yellow nutsedge was similar in the imazosulfuron POST and the nontreated yellow nutsedge. Based on these studies, drip-applied herbicides may be beneficial as a part of a yellow nutsedge control program, but additional measures, such as a POST herbicide, would be needed for effective control. Drip-applied herbicides may give growers an option for herbicide application after drip irrigation tape and polyethylene mulch have been installed in the current vegetable crops. This application method would also allow herbicide treatment under plastic mulch used for multicropping systems.

Choice of cultivar, training system, planting density, and rootstock affect orchard performance and profitability. To provide guidance to growers in northern cold climates on these choices, a field trial was established in Peru, Clinton County, NY, in 2002, with two apple cultivars (Honeycrisp and McIntosh). From 2002 through 2016, we compared Central Leader on ‘M.M.111’; Slender Pyramid on ‘M.26’ and ‘Geneva® 30’ (‘G.30’); Vertical Axis on ‘M.9 (Nic® 29)’ (‘M.9’), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’), and ‘G.16’; SolAxe on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’; and Tall Spindle on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’. Central Leader was planted at 539 trees/ha, Slender Pyramid at 1097 trees/ha, Vertical Axis and SolAxe at 1794 trees/ha, and Tall Spindle at 3230 trees/ha. Cumulative yield was higher with ‘McIntosh’ than with ‘Honeycrisp’. High planting densities (Tall Spindle) gave the highest cumulative yields (593 t·ha−1 on ‘McIntosh’ and 341 t·ha−1 on ‘Honeycrisp’). Tall Spindle (3230 trees/ha) on ‘M.9’ appeared to be the best option for ‘McIntosh’. On the other hand, for a weak-growing cultivar such as ‘Honeycrisp’, Tall Spindle on ‘B.9’ (366 t·ha−1) and Slender Pyramid (1097 trees/ha) on ‘G.30’ (354 t·ha−1) were the two combinations with the highest cumulative yield, largest fruit size (220–235 g), and greatest efficiency index (4.6–3.9 kg·cm−2).

It was in the 1970s when building anti-missile systems became technically possible. In the 1980s, R. Reagan had a vision of creating such a system covering the United States. After the Cold War was over, those projects were put to a halt, but as soon as fears of terrorist attacks increased, W. Clinton started developing them again, and after 9/11, G. Bush prioritized them. The US was quick to develop proper military technologies, but the concept of the National Missile Defense was often criticized. Other countries (Russia and many EU members) criticized Americans for disturbing the international power balance and the selective choice of participating countries. In 2009 B. Obama renounced previous projects and proposed creating an international system shielding many countries. This project was accepted by NATO members and Russia, but its final creation has been put off.

AbstractManagement options are needed to limit sweetpotato yield loss due to weeds. Greenhouse studies were conducted in 2018 in Greensboro, NC, and in the field from 2016 to 2018 in Clinton, NC, to evaluate the effect of bicyclopyrone on sweetpotato and Palmer amaranth (field only). In greenhouse studies, Covington and NC04-531 clones were treated with bicyclopyrone (0, 25, 50, 100, or 150 g ai ha−1) either preplant (PP; i.e., immediately before transplanting) or post-transplant (PT; i.e., on the same day after transplanting). Sweetpotato plant injury and stunting increased, and vine length and shoot dry weight decreased with increasing rate of bicyclopyrone regardless of clone or application timing. In field studies, Beauregard (2016) or Covington (2017 and 2018) sweetpotato clones were treated with bicyclopyrone at 50 g ha−1 PP, flumioxazin at 107 g ai ha−1 PP, bicyclopyrone at 50 or 100 g ha−1 PP followed by (fb) S-metolachlor at 800 g ai ha−1 PT, flumioxazin at 107 g ha−1 PP fb S-metolachlor at 800 g ha−1 PT, flumioxazin at 107 g ha−1 PP fb S-metolachlor at 800 g ha−1 PT fb bicyclopyrone at 50 g ha−1 PT-directed, and clomazone at 420 g ai ha−1 PP fb S-metolachlor at 800 g ha−1 PT. Bicyclopyrone PP at 100 g ha−1 fb S-metolachlor PT caused 33% or greater crop stunting and 44% or greater marketable yield reduction compared with the weed-free check in 2016 (Beauregard) and 2017 (Covington). Bicyclopyrone PP at 50 g ha−1 alone or fb S-metolachlor PT resulted in 12% or less injury and similar no. 1 and jumbo yields as the weed-free check in 2 of 3 yr. Injury to Covington from bicyclopyrone PT-directed was 4% or less at 4 or 5 wk after transplanting and marketable yield was similar to that of the weed-free check in 2017 and 2018.

Studies were conducted in 2006 at Clinton and Kinston, NC, to determine the influence of halosulfuron POST (over the crop plant) or POST-directed (to the crop) on growth and yield of transplanted ‘Precious Petite’ and ‘Tri-X-313’ triploid watermelon. Treatments included a nontreated control, 39 g/ha halosulfuron applied POST-directed to 25% of the plant (distal or proximal region), POST-directed to 50% of the plant (distal or proximal; Precious Petite only), and POST. Watermelon treated with halosulfuron displayed chlorotic leaves, shortened internodes, and increased stem splitting. Vines were longest in the nontreated control (Tri-X-313 = 146 cm, Precious Petite = 206 cm) but were shortest in the POST treatment (Tri-X-313 = 88 cm, Precious Petite = 77 cm). Halosulfuron POST to watermelon caused the greatest injury (Tri-X-313 = 64%, Precious Petite = 67%). Halosulfuron directed to 25 or 50% (distal or proximal) of the plant caused less injury than halosulfuron applied POST. Stem splitting was greatest when halosulfuron was applied to the proximal area of the stem compared with POST-directed distal or POST. Internode shortening was greatest in treatments where halosulfuron was applied to the distal region of the stem. However, Tri-X-313 in the POST-directed 25% distal treatment produced similar total and marketable fruit weight as the nontreated control at Clinton. Fruit number did not differ among treatments for either cultivar. At Kinston, Precious Petite nontreated control and POST-directed 25% distal end treatment had greater marketable fruit weight than the POST-directed 50% proximal and POST treatments. The current halosulfuron registration allows POST application between rows or PRE. Limiting halosulfuron contact to no more than 25% of the watermelon plant will likely improve crop tolerance.

Field studies were conducted in Clinton, NC in 2007 and 2009 to determine sweetpotato crop response and Palmer amaranth control with metribuzin and oryzalin. Treatments consisted of 140 and 202 g ai ha−1metribuzin applied immediately after transplanting [0 wk after transplanting (WAP)] or 2 WAP, 560 and 1121 g ha−1oryzalin 0 WAP, and tank mixes of metribuzin (140 or 202 g ha−1) and oryzalin (560 or 1,121 g ha−1) 0 WAP. At 2 WAP, metribuzin alone applied 0 WAP resulted in greater crop injury (33%) than oryzalin alone (1%), and the tank mix of metribuzin plus oryzalin resulted in greater crop injury (49%) than either herbicide applied alone. Greater crop injury occurred when metribuzin was applied at 202 g ha−1(54%) than 140 g ha−1(34%). Levels of injury were similar at 4 WAP (34, 8, and 52% for metribuzin, oryzalin, and the tank mix, respectively). At 4 WAP, injury from metribuzin was greater when it was applied 0 WAP (34%) compared to 2 WAP (18%). By 10 WAP, injury from metribuzin applied at 2 WAP was only 4%. At 4 WAP, Palmer amaranth control was excellent for all treatments and ≥98%. At 10 WAP, control among treatments ranged from 77% to 85%. Palmer amaranth control provided by metribuzin was similar for applications made 0 WAP (78%) and 2 WAP (77%). Oryzalin alone provided similar control (85%) to metribuzin alone 0 WAP, but greater control than the tank mix (77%). Neither metribuzin nor oryzalin rate differed in weed control provided at 10 WAP. Oryzalin 0 WAP and metribuzin 2 WAP provided no. 1 sweetpotato yields equivalent to the hand-weeded check. No. 1 yields of all other treatments were less than the hand-weeded check but greater than the weedy check.

AbstractField trials were conducted near Pontotoc, Mississippi; Chase, Louisiana; and Clinton, North Carolina, in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of pendimethalin rate and timing application on sweetpotato crop tolerance, yield, and storage root quality. Treatments consisted of five pendimethalin rates (266, 532, 1,065, 1,597, and 2,130 g ai ha−1) by two application timings (0 to 1 or 10 to 14 d after transplanting). Additionally, a nontreated check was included for comparison. Crop injury (stunting) was minimal (≤4%) through 6 wk after transplanting (WAP) and no injury was observed from 8 to 14 WAP, regardless of application timing or rate. The nontreated check yielded 6.6, 17.6, 5.5, and 32.1 × 103 kg ha−1 of canner, no. 1, jumbo, and total grades, respectively. Neither pendimethalin application timing nor rate influenced jumbo, no. 1, marketable, or total sweetpotato yield. Overall, these results indicate that pendimethalin will be a valuable addition to the toolkit of sweetpotato growers.

Nineteenth and early twentieth century botanists and mycologists collected healthy and infected plant materials from many regions of the world. Some of these plant collections preserved in herbaria around the world contain samples that are of considerable significance to epidemiologists, population biologists, and botanists. The advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the development of molecular marker technology has made DNA amplification from herbarium material a reality. In this mini-review, archival letters and herbarium samples are used to track the historical role of oospores in the biology of the potato late blight pathogen. DNA was successfully amplified by PCR with the Phytophthora infestans-specific PCR primer, PINF, and the universal primer, ITS 5, from oospores observed in a field sample of potato collected by G. P. Clinton in 1902. This experiment demonstrates the potential to utilize molecular methods to amplify DNA from historical samples of the late blight pathogen and represents the earliest definitive record of oospores of the pathogen in field samples in the United States. Studies based upon such materials and techniques, although high risk and laborious, have the potential to open a new window to epidemics of the past.

Orchard profitability relies on multiple factors such as cultivar, planting density, training system, rootstock, and fruit quality but is also strongly affected by growing climate and soil resources. To evaluate orchard profitability in a northern cold climate, a field trial was planted in Peru, Clinton County, NY, in 2002, with two apple cultivars (Honeycrisp and McIntosh), where we compared the Central Leader (CL) training system on ‘M.M.111’ rootstock; Slender Pyramid (SP) on ‘M.26’ and ‘Geneva® 30’ (‘G.30’); Vertical Axis (VA) on ‘M.9 (Nic® 29)’ (‘M.9’), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’), and ‘G.16’; SolAxe (SA) on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’; and Tall Spindle (TS) on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’. CL was planted at 539 trees/ha, SP at 1097 trees/ha, VA and SA at 1794 trees/ha, and TS at 3230 trees/ha. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic profitability of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘McIntosh’ at a wide range of planting densities, training systems, and rootstocks for cold areas such as northern New York state. A secondary goal was to assess the effect of various economic factors on the net present value (NPV) of each combination of training system, rootstock, and density. High NPV was achieved with ‘Honeycrisp’ (≈$450,000/ha), whereas NPV was significantly lower with ‘McIntosh’ (≈$80,000/ha). Within ≈5 years, ‘Honeycrisp’ planted in a TS (3230 trees/ha) reached a positive NPV, whereas 9 years were needed when ‘Honeycrisp’ was planted in a CL system at 539 trees/ha. With ‘McIntosh’, break-even year to positive NPV (BYPNPV) was reached at 9 years for TS on ‘M.9’. Most of the other training system and rootstock combinations needed up to 11–13 years to show a positive NPV. The most important variables affecting orchard NPV in our trial were fruit price and yield. The best option for ‘Honeycrisp’ in northern New York State appears to be TS on either ‘B.9’ or ‘M.9’, whereas with ‘McIntosh’, the best option appears to be TS on ‘M.9’.

The study of the influence of Brzezinski (both - as of scientist and politician) on the formation of directions and principles of foreign policy of the United States presidential administrations for almost 50 years allows us to understand the essence of U.S. world leadership and its dynamics in the context of global security and cooperation architecture. The article considers the issue of practical use of elements of Z. Brzezinski's paradigm in the U.S. foreign policy since 1977 until now, yet it is stressed that the advisory and assistance regarding international policy issues was provided by Z.Brzezinski to the US highest level decision-makers and leaders since 1956. The impact of his consultations and recommendations on the foreign policy decisions of the presidential administrations of J. Carter, R. Reagan, G. H. W. Bush, B. Clinton and B. Obama has been analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the incorporation of Z. Brzezinski's concepts during his work on the position of National Security Adviser to President J. Carter (1977-1981) into the field of the U.S. foreign policy of that time. Special focus is made on his role in supporting of anti-communist underground movements, human rights and independence supporters and political dissidents inside the Warsaw Pact countries and USSR itself, including Poland, Baltic countries and Ukraine during the presidencies of J.Carter and R.Reagan. Some international political problems that occurred in the process of implementing the U.S. foreign policy under the presidencies of G. W. Bush Jr and D. Trump in the context of deviations from the concepts proposed by Z. Brzezinski are emphasized especially those that led to the attempts of restoring the Russian neo-empire and violation of the international laws and rules of coexistence. The potential use of the ideas and approaches from Z.Brzezinski’s scientific and political heritage by President J. Biden are considered.

Total length (LT) and standard length (LS)(mm) were compared to weight MB(g) in the Spottail Shiner, Notropis hudsonius (Clinton 1824), in the Western Basin of Lake Erie. Length and weight relationship (n = 529), length-frequency distribution, and sex ratio were evaluated for tributary habitats and compared to coastal habitats. The total population had a positive correlation between log normalized LT and MB (y = 3.0902x-5.2289, R2= 0.995) and a positive correlation between LS and MB (y=3.1397x-5.0501, R2= 0.996). Male Spottail Shiner had a positive correlation between log normalized LT and MB (y = 3.0984x-5.2465, R2=0.995,) and a significant positive correlation between log normalized standard length and body weight (y = 3.1551x-5.0775, R2=0.996). Female Spottail Shiner had a positive correlation between log normalized LT and MB (y = 3.078x-5.2034, R2=0.993) and a positive correlation between log normalized LS and MB (y = 3.1338x-5.0393, R2=0.996). Males and females were not significantly different in LT or LS (F-test = 1.020, df = 260, 267, p = 0.437). Sex ratio was 1:1. Spottail Shiner exhibit indeterminate growth and did not exhibit gender influenced growth patterns. Tributary individuals were significantly smaller than coastal individuals (F-test = 0.346, df = 65, 202, p = < 0.001). Male age I individuals ranged from 12-54 mm, age II individuals ranged from 57-99 mm, and age III individuals ranged from 99-132 mm. Female Age I individuals ranged from 12-48 mm, age II individuals ranged from 53-102 mm, and age III individuals ranged from 102-129 mm.

When signing into law the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA, or “the Act”), 1 President William J. Clinton asserted that the legislation strengthened “the rule of law by cracking down on illegal immigration at the border, in the workplace, and in the criminal justice system — without punishing those living in the United States legally” ( Clinton 1996 ). In fact, the Act has severely punished US citizens and noncitizens of all statuses. It has also eroded the rule of law by eliminating due process from the overwhelming majority of removal cases, curtailing equitable relief from removal, mandating detention (without individualized custody determinations) for broad swaths of those facing deportation, and erecting insurmountable, technical roadblocks to asylum. In addition, it created new immigration-related crimes and established “the concept of ‘criminal alienhood,’” which has “slowly, but purposefully” conflated criminality and lack of immigration status ( Abrego et al. 2017 , 695). It also conditioned family reunification on income, divided mixed-status families, and consigned other families to marginal and insecure lives in the United States ( Lopez 2017 , 246). Finally, it created the 287(g) program that enlists state and local law enforcement agencies in immigration enforcement and drives a wedge between police and immigrant communities. The trend of “cracking down” on immigrants did not begin with IIRIRA. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, and the 1990 Immigration Act, for example, expanded deportable offenses ( Abrego et al. 2017 , 697; Macías-Rojas 2018 , 3–4). IIRIRA, however, significantly “ratchet[ed] up” the “punitive aspects of US immigration law already in place” ( Abrego et al. 2017 , 702), and erected much of the legal and operational infrastructure that underlies the Trump administration’s plan to remove millions of undocumented residents and their families, to terrify others into leaving “voluntarily,” and to slash legal immigration. In 2016, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) issued a call for papers to examine IIRIRA’s multifaceted consequences. 2 Between March 2017 and January 2018, CMS published eight papers from this collection in its Journal on Migration and Human Security ( JMHS). The papers cover the political conditions that gave rise to IIRIRA, and the Act’s impact on immigrants, families, communities, and the US immigration system. This article draws on these papers — as well as sources closer to IIRIRA’s passage and implementation — to describe how the Act transformed US immigration policies and laid the groundwork for the Trump administration’s policies. 3 After a brief discussion of IIRIRA’s origins, the article discusses the law's effects and subsequent policies related to the growth of the US immigration enforcement apparatus, removal, asylum, detention, the criminal prosecution of immigrants, the treatment of immigrant families, and joint federal-state enforcement activities.

Field studies were conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 at Clinton, NC, to determine the influence of Palmer amaranth establishment and removal periods on the yield and quality of plasticulture-grown ‘Mountain Spring' fresh market tomato. Treatments consisted of 14 Palmer amaranth establishment and removal periods. Half of the treatments were weed removal treatments (REM), in which Palmer amaranth was sowed at the time tomato transplanting and allowed to remain in the field for 0 (weed-free all season), 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10 wk after transplanting (WAT). The second set of the treatments, weed establishment treatments (EST), consisted of sowing Palmer amaranth 0 (weedy all season), 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10 WAT and allowing it to grow in competition with tomato the remainder of the season. Tomato shoot dry weight was reduced 23, 7, and 11 g plant−1for each week Palmer amaranth removal was delayed from 0 to 10 WAT in 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. Marketable tomato yield ranged from 87,000 to 41,000 kg ha−1for REM of 0 to 10 WAT and 28,000 to 88,000 kg ha−1for EST of 0 to 6 WAT. Percentage of jumbo, large, medium, and cull tomato yields ranged from 49 to 33%, 22 to 31%, 2 to 6%, and 9 to 11%, respectively, for REM of 0 to 10 WAT and 30 to 49%, 38 to 22%, 3 to 2%, and 12 to 9%, respectively, for EST of 0 to 6 WAT. To avoid losses of marketable tomato yield and percentage of jumbo tomato fruit yield, tomato plots must remain free of Palmer amaranth between 3 and 6 WAT. Observed reduction in marketable tomato yield was likely due to competition for light as Palmer amaranth plants exceeded the tomato plant canopy 6 WAT and remained taller than tomato plants for the remainder of the growing season.

Field studies were conducted in 2009 at Clinton, NC and 2014 at Pontotoc, MS to determine the influence of simulated glyphosate drip on sweetpotato yield and quality. Treatments consisted of three glyphosate solution (140 g ae L–1) drip volumes (0.16, 0.32 and 0.48 ml) by four application timings [(4 wk after transplanting (WAP); 6 WAP; 8 WAP; and 4 WAP followed by (fb) 6 WAP fb 8 WAP]. A non-treated check was included for comparison. Visual sweetpotato injury consisted of chlorosis at the shoot tips approximately 1 wk after treatment fb necrosis and stunting. At 6 WAP and 8 WAP, sweetpotato injury following glyphosate applied 4 WAP was 71 and 65%, respectively. Injury from glyphosate applied 4 WAP fb 6 WAP was 78%. Injury from glyphosate applied 6 WAP was 26% at 8 WAP. In 2009, jumbo, no. 1, canner, and marketable yield of the non-treated check were two to three times greater than glyphosate treatments (0.16, 0.32, 0.48 ml). Likewise, yield of the non-treated check was substantially greater than those treated with 0.16 to 0.48 ml glyphosate solution in 2014. In 2009 and 2014, sweetpotato yield of all grades increased as glyphosate application timing was delayed. In 2009, no. 1 yield from glyphosate 8 WAP (8,210 kg ha–1) was similar to the non-treated check. In 2009, there were no cracked storage roots in the non-treated check. However, sweetpotatoes receiving 0.16 to 0.48 ml glyphosate solution displayed 8 to 17%, 11 to 18%, 5 to 13%, and 11 to 16% cracking (by weight) in jumbo, no. 1, canner, and marketable storage roots, respectively. Compared to the non-treated check, glyphosate applied 4 WAP, 6 WAP, or 4 WAP fb 6 WAP fb 8 WAP had a greater percentage of cracked marketable sweetpotato storage roots.

Sweet potato virus G (SPVG) and Sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2) are two members of the genus Potyvirus, distinct from Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) (1,2,4). The significance of SPVG and SPV2 to sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) is that each virus can synergistically interact with Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) inducing sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) (1,2,4). During the summer of 2012, susceptible indicator plants (I. setosa) were evenly distributed in sweetpotato experimental plots at two research stations (Clinton and Kinston) in North Carolina (NC). Naturally infected indicator plants (n = 129) showing virus-like symptoms including vein clearing, chlorotic mosaic, and chlorotic spots were collected and tested for the presence of viruses. Sap extract from plants tested positive for SPVG and SPV2 by nitrocellulose immune-dot blot, using SPVG antiserum obtained from the International Potato Center (Lima, Peru) and SPV2 antiserum kindly provided by C. A. Clark, Louisiana State University. Total RNA was extracted from 200 mg of symptomatic leaf tissue by using the QIAGEN RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Hilden, Germany) adding 2% PVP-40 and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol to the extraction buffer. Multiplex RT-PCR was carried out using the SuperScript III One-Step RT-PCR System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) with specific primers designed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of four closely related sweetpotato potyviruses (3). Amplicons were cloned using the pGEM-T Easy cloning kit (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced. Quantitative RT-PCR was used for SPCSV detection. Results confirmed the presence of SPVG and SPV2 in single infections on 7% and 0.8% of samples, respectively; and in mixed infections on 54% and 3% of samples, respectively. SPVG was found as the most prevalent in all viral combinations where 14% of samples were infected with SPVG and SPFMV; and 15% of samples were infected with SPVG, SPFMV, and Sweet potato virus C (SPVC). SPV2 was detected in less common combinations (0.8%) associated with SPVG and SPFMV. The mixed infection SPVG and SPCSV as well as the combination SPV2 and SPCSV was detected in 0.8% of samples. Sequence analyses of the samples at nucleotide level (GenBank Accession Nos. KC962218 and KC962219, respectively) showed 99% similarity to SPVG isolates from Louisiana (4) and SPV2 isolates from South Africa (1). Scions from infected indicator plants were wedge grafted onto healthy sweetpotatoes (cvs. Beauregard and Covington). Eight weeks after grafting, chlorotic mosaic was observed on plants with mixed potyvirus infections whereas plants with single potyvirus infection showed no obvious symptoms. RT-PCR testing and sequencing of amplicons corroborate the presence of both viruses initially detected in indicator plants. Additionally, naturally infected sweetpotato samples (n = 102) were collected in the same experimental plots. SPVG and SPV2 were detected and identified following the described methodology. In the United States, SPVG has been shown to be prevalent in Louisiana (4) and the results presented here indicate that SPVG is spreading in NC. Our results confirm the presence of SPVG and SPV2 in NC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPVG and SPV2 in sweetpotato fields in NC. References: (1) E. M. Ateka et al. Arch Virol 152:479, 2007. (2) F. Li et al. Virus Genes 45:118, 2012. (3) F. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 186:161, 2012. (4) E. R. Souto et al. Plant Dis 87:1226, 2003.

Abstract Abstract 841 Introduction: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) restores the oxygen carrying capacity of blood after hemorrhagic shock (HS). During extended storage, RBCs undergo functional changes, altering their physiological properties. Recent studies have suggested that transfusion of RBCs stored for prolonged periods of time is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in severely hemorrhaged patients. Our group has reported a model for autologous transfusion of stored RBCs in lambs and observed that transfusion of RBCs stored for 40 days transiently increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in healthy lambs. We hypothesized that HS would sensitize lambs to the adverse effects of stored RBC transfusion, inducing severe pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, and platelet activation. We further hypothesized that inhalation of 80 ppm nitric oxide (NO) during and after transfusion of stored RBCs would prevent pulmonary vasoconstriction and reduce pulmonary inflammation and platelet activation. Methods: We studied 3 to 4 month old Polypay lambs weighing 31±1 kg (all data mean±SEM). A tracheostomy and carotid and pulmonary artery catheters were placed under brief isoflurane anesthesia. Lambs were subjected to class 4 HS by withdrawing 50% of their blood volume. Mean arterial pressure was maintained at 50 mmHg for 2 h. Animals were then resuscitated over 1 h with 600 ml packed RBCs (hematocrit 55–60%) and an equal volume of lactated Ringer's solution. One group of lambs (n=6) was resuscitated with the RBCs withdrawn to induce HS (fresh red blood cells, FRBCs). A second group of lambs (n=6) received autologous, leukoreduced RBCs stored in AS-1 additive solution for 39±2 days (stored red blood cells, SRBCs). An additional group of lambs receiving SRBCs (n=5) inhaled 80 ppm NO during and for 21 h after transfusion. Hemodynamic parameters were measured continuously for 24 h. Plasma hemoglobin concentrations were determined before and after transfusion using spectral deconvolution. Myeloperoxidase enzyme activity was measured in lung tissue samples harvested 21 h after the end of transfusion. Platelets were isolated from blood withdrawn before induction and immediately after resuscitation of HS. Platelet activation was assessed by measuring the number of P-selectin (CD62P)-expressing platelets with flow cytometry, both in naïve platelets and in platelets stimulated with increasing concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ex vivo. Results: At the end of transfusion, PVR (253±43 vs. 104±5 dyn·s·cm−5, p=0.01) and mean PAP (24±4 vs. 14±2 mmHg, p<0.001) were higher in lambs transfused with SRBCs than in those transfused with FRBCs. Concurrent inhalation of NO completely prevented the increase of PVR (102±10 dyn·s·cm−5) and PAP (13±1 mmHg) induced by transfusing SRBCs. PAP correlated with peak plasma hemoglobin concentrations (R2=0.61, p=0.003). Two of the 6 lambs transfused with SRBCs developed severe systemic hypoxemia and pulmonary edema, whereas none of the lambs resuscitated with FRBCs or SRBCs during concurrent inhalation of NO developed hypoxemia or symptoms of respiratory compromise. Pulmonary myeloperoxidase enzyme activity of lambs transfused with SRBCs (11±2 U/g) was higher than that of lambs resuscitated with FRBCs (4±1 U/g, p=0.007), but was not elevated when animals breathed NO (8±1 U/g, p=0.09). There was no difference in the percentage of CD62P-expressing platelets after resuscitation of HS with either FRBCs or SRBCs (1.4±0.3 vs. 1.7±0.3 %, p=0.25). However, when stimulated with increasing concentrations of ADP, more platelets from lambs transfused with SRBCs expressed CD62P than those from lambs transfused with FRBCs. This increase in CD62P-expressing platelets after transfusion of SRBCs was attenuated by breathing NO. Conclusions: Hemorrhagic shock sensitizes lambs to the transfusion of stored autologous RBCs. Resuscitation of 6 lambs with severe HS by transfusion of SRBCs caused marked pulmonary vasoconstriction and inflammation, as well as severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema in 2 lambs. Inhalation of NO completely prevented pulmonary vasoconstriction and attenuated pulmonary inflammation and respiratory failure. Platelet activation was not altered by transfusion of SRBCs, but ADP more readily activated these platelets. Therefore, patients with HS might benefit from breathing NO when resuscitated with SRBCs. Disclosures: Bloch: Massachusetts General Hopsital: Research Funding. Zapol:Massachusetts General Hopsital: Dr. Zapol receives royalties from patents on inhaled nitric oxide licensed by MGH to Linde (Munich, Germany) and Ikaria (Clinton, NJ)., Dr. Zapol receives royalties from patents on inhaled nitric oxide licensed by MGH to Linde (Munich, Germany) and Ikaria (Clinton, NJ). Patents & Royalties.

PRODUTIVIDADE E QUALIDADE DOS FRUTOS DE COCO VERDE SOB LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO DEFICITÁRIAS AMANDA SORAYA FREITAS CALVET1; KARINE SILVA PIMENTEL VIDAL2, CLINTON GONÇALVES MOREIRA3; FÁBIO RODRIGUES DE MIRANDA4 E MARLOS ALVES BEZERRA5 [1] Doutora em Agronomia/Fitotecnia pela Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). Bolsista Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. Av. Humberto Monte, s/n, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60440-593, Brasil; E-mail: amandasmfc@gmail.com. 2 Graduada em Ciências Biológicas, Mestranda em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Av. Humberto Monte, s/n, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60440-593, Brasil; E-mail: karine3pimentel@gmail.com. 3 Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Av. Humberto Monte, s/n, Pici, Fortaleza - Ceará, CEP: 60440-593, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil; E-mail: clinton-paraipaba@hotmail.com. 4 Doutor em Irrigação e Drenagem, Pesquisador, Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará, Rua Pernambuco, 2270, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60511-110, Brasil; E-mail: fabio.miranda@embrapa.br. 5 Doutor em Fisiologia Vegetal, Pesquisador, Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará, Rua Pernambuco, 2270, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60511-110, Brasil; E-mail: marlos.bezerra@embrapa.br. 1 RESUMO A demanda por coco verde tem aumentado bastante nos últimos tempos e como consequência a área cultivada com coqueiro anão irrigado no Brasil e em particular na região Nordeste teve um aumento significativo. Porém o coqueiro é considerado uma das frutíferas que mais consomem água e seu cultivo no nordeste Brasileiro pode ser comprometido, em função da escassez de água na região. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a lâmina de irrigação que permita aumentar a eficiência de utilização da água na irrigação do coqueiro verde em relação à produtividade e qualidade do fruto. O número de cachos, número de frutos e volume de água de coco por planta/ano sofreram influências das lâminas de irrigação, onde a menor lâmina teve o pior desempenho em relação a estas variáveis. Já o teor de sólidos solúveis aumentou conforme diminuiu a quantidade de água disponibilizada para a planta do coqueiro. Quando comparado os dois períodos (chuvoso e seco), no período sem chuva a quantidade de água de coco (ml de água de coco por planta) foi maior nas duas maiores lâminas (100 e 75%), já para o teor de sólidos solúveis ocorreu o inverso, com o melhor valor sendo 4,9 na lâmina 0% em que não ocorreu irrigação. Palavras-chave: Cocos nucifera L., estresse hídrico, produção. CALVET, A. S.F.; VIDAL, K. S. P. L.; MOREIRA, C. G.; MIRANDA, F. R.; BEZERRA, M. A. YIELD AND QUALITY OF GREEN COCONUT FRUITS UNDER DEFICIENT IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT The demand for green coconut has increased substantially in recent years, and as a consequence, the cultivated area of irrigated dwarf coconut palm in Brazil, particularly in the Northeast region, has significantly increased in recent years. However, coconut trees are considered to consume the most water during irrigation. Thus, the objective of the present work was to determine the irrigation depth that allows us to increase the efficiency of water use in the irrigation of green coconut trees in relation to the productivity and quality of the fruit. The number of bunches, number of fruits and volume of coconut water per plant/year were influenced by the irrigation depth, where the lowest depth had the worst performance in relation to these variables. The soluble solids content increased as the amount of water available to the coconut plant decreased. When comparing the two periods (rainy and dry), in the period without rain, in relation to the amount of coconut water (ml of coconut water per plant), the highest amount was observed at the two largest depths (100 and 75%), whereas for the soluble solids variable, the opposite occurred; the best solute contents were observed at the 0% depth. Keywords: Cocos nucifera L., Water stress, Yield.

Die politische Rede ist eine vernachlässigte Gattung, selbst wenn man das rhetorische Talent gewisser Persönlichkeiten wie Bismarck, Gambetta, Churchill, De Gaulle, Kennedy oder Clinton anerkennt. Für den Bundespräsidenten eines Landes wie Österreich, dessen Status sich seit der novellierten Verfassung von 1929 zwischen dem des Präsidenten der Republik Frankreich und dem des deutschen Bundespräsidenten situiert obwohl es noch keine allgemeinen Wahlen für diesen höchsten staatlichen Würdenträger bis 1951 gegeben hat, gehören diese Ansprachen, im Vergleich zur Verantwortung und zur Handlungsfreiheit des amerikanischen Exekutive-Oberhaupts, zu den seltenen Mitteln, die ihm zur Ausübung seiner Macht zur Verfügung stehen. Hat J. Rau in Deutschland das entscheidende Eingreifen G. Heinemanns während des 1 968er Sturms und kennzeichnenderweise die synergische Rolle seiner Reden gewürdigt, so sind die Ansprachen Renners nur fragmentarisch in dem Band Für Recht und Frieden (1951) gesammelt. Die Kanzler, die wegen ihrer effektiven Macht besser behandelt werden, haben manchmal die Veröffentlichung dieser Texte noch zu Lebzeiten miterlebt, wie etwa B. Kreisky (Reden, 1981), oder wenigstens die der Regierungserklärungen (Sinowatz, Vranitzky...). In Krisenzeiten stehen jedoch gerade die Präsidenten auf der politischen Vorderbühne im Rampenlicht : Harnisch im Jahre 1922, Miklas im Jahre 1933, Waldheim zwischen 1986-1992, Klestil seit Ende 1999, obwohl die verschiedenen "Affären" nicht vergleichbar sind. Nur die Reden des Präsidenten R. Kirchschläger hatten vor kurzem mehr Glück (Immer den Menschen zugewandt, 2000). Nun war Renner der erste Bundespräsident der Zweiten Republik während einer schwierigen Zeit (1945-1950) : der Besatzung. Stand seine Wahl im konsensualen Zeichen der demokratischen Kontinuität und der Anerkennung seiner doppelt historischen Rolle durch seine Standesgenossen, so waren seine Reden nicht frei von politischer Gewandtheit und Pragmatismus. Eine Fallstudie die anscheinend schematische und rein förmliche Investiturrede vom 20. Dezember 1945 macht es möglich, hinter dem tradierten rhetorischen Vorgehen (Aristoteles, Cicero, Quintilian) eine epidiktisch deliberative "Gelegenheits" - Rede zu erkennen, die, diplomatisch geschickt und persönlich, das Anekdotische als Maskierung des docere in delectare und movere zu benutzen weiß, um die Geschichte zu kodieren, in welcher aber auch das Diktat der Realpolitik zum Aufschieben der historischen Anamnese und Trauerarbeit führt, die jedoch seit 1945 von den Intellektuellen laufend parallel zum politischen Geschehen angeregt bzw. übernommen wurde (Qualtinger, Merz, Hochwälder, Canetti, Bernhard...).

Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) (synonyms: Agropyron intermedium [Host] Beauv.; Elytrigia intermedia [Host] Nevski) is widely grown as a forage crop and is also used to control soil erosion. In a seed production field of cv. Rush in Washington County, ID, more than 80% of the plants were found affected by a disease with leaf stripe symptoms. The lesions were initially elongated, water-soaked, and translucent, later developing into brown, necrotic, interveinal stripes that often coalesced. Frequently, yellowish, dried, granular, or flaky exudate was present on the lesion surfaces. Microscopic examination of cut pieces of symptomatic tissue showed profuse bacterial streaming. Isolations on nutrient agar and King's medium B agar consistently yielded smooth, circular, butyrous, yellow, raised bacterial colonies. The bacterium was rod-shaped, Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, aerobic, and did not reduce nitrate. Substrate utilization profiles (Biolog Inc.), and cellular fatty acid analysis (Analytical Services Inc.) identified the bacterium as a pathovar of Xanthomonas translucens (syn: X. campestris pv. translucens). For pathogenicity tests, 3- to 5-week-old greenhouse-grown seedlings were injected in the whorl with a water suspension of 24-h-old culture (approximately 107 cfu/ml) of the bacterium. Control plants were injected with sterile distilled water. The plants were incubated at 25 to 28°C and observations were recorded after 6 to 10 days. The bacterium was pathogenic (causing water-soaked lesions, often with bacterial exudate) to T. intermedium cvs. Rush, Tegmar, PI 547316, and PI 380636; wheat cvs. Stephens, Vandal, FF 301, and FFR 525; barley cvs. Galena, Lud, and Steptoe; oat cvs. Boone, Clinton, Erban, Marion, Mohawk, Nemaha, Olena, and Tama; rye cvs. Florida 401, Hazel, Musketeer, Oklon, Rymin, Wintermore, and Wrens 96; Agropyron cristatum cv. Ephraim; A. cristatum × desertorum cv. Hycrest; Bromus arvensis; B. briziformis; B. catharticus; B. inermisssp. inermis; B. inermis ssp. pumpellianus; B. japonicus; B. marginatus; B. popovii; B. rigidus; B. tomentellus; Dactylis glomerata cvs. Paiute and Potomac; Elymus repens; Leymus mollis; L. angustus cv. Prairieland; Lolium arundinaceum cv. Fawn; L. perenne cv. Zero Nui; and Psathyrostachys juncea cv. Bozoisky. It was only weakly pathogenic (with small, chlorotic or water-soaked lesions and no exudation) to Phleum pratense cv. Climax and Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata cv. Goldar. It was not pathogenic to Andropogon gerardii cv. Pawnee; Festuca ovina; Oryza sativa cvs. Cypress, Newbonnet, and M201; or Schizachyrium scoparium cv. Camper. Based on the pathogen's natural host and its wide host range among cereals and grasses as verified by inoculation, the bacterium was identified as X. translucens pv. cerealis. This is the first report of natural occurrence of this pathogen on T. intermedium. A sample (105 g) of seed used for planting the affected field was found contaminated with 7.5 × 104 cfu/g of the pathogen, and seed to seedling transmission was observed in greenhouse tests. Contaminated seed, thus, may serve as a source of primary inoculum to intermediate wheatgrass, which in turn may serve as an inoculum source to other susceptible cereals and grasses growing in the vicinity.

اليقيني والظني من الأخبار؛ سجال بين الإمام أبي الحسن الأشعري والمحدثين، حاتم بن عارف العوني، بيروت: الشبكة العربية للأبحاث والنشر، 2011م، 142 صفحة. الخطاب الأشعري؛ مساهمة في دراسة العقل العربي الإسلامي، سعيد بن سعيد العلوي، بيروت: منتدى المعارف، 2010م، 311 صفحة. الوسطية في السُّنة النبوية، عقيلة حسين، بيروت: دار ابن حزم، 2011م، 298 صفحة. مقالات في المرأة المسلمة والمرأة في الغرب، صلاح عبد الرزاق، بيروت: منتدى المعارف، 2010م، 144 صفحة. الإسلام والمرأة، سعيد الأفغاني، دمشق: دار البشائر للطباعة والنشر، 2010م، 144 صفحة. النساء العربيات في العشرينيات حضوراً وهوية، مجموعة من الباحثين، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، 2010م، 574 صفحة. The Qur'an: Modern Muslim Interpretations, Massimo Campanini, USA: Routledge; 1 edition, 2010, 160 pages. Being Human in Islam: The Impact of the Evolutionary Worldview (Culture and Civilization in the Middle East), Damian Howard, USA: Routledge, 2011, 240 pages. The Relationship of Philosophy to Religion Today, Paolo Diego Bubbio and Philip Andrew Quadrio, UK- Cambridge Scholars Publishing; New edition, 2011, 240 pages. Early Islamic Theology: the Mu`tazilites and Al-ash`ari: Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalam (Variorum Collected Studies Series), Richard M. Frank (Author), Dimitri Gutas (Editor), UK: Ashgate Variorum, 2007, 400 pages. Hardship and Deliverance in the Islamic Tradition: Mu'tazilism, Theology and Spirituality in the Writings of Al-Tanukhi, Nouha Khalifa, UK: Tauris Academic Studies, 2010, 304 pages. Isma'ili Modern: Globalization and Identity in a Muslim Community, Jonah Steinberg, The University of North Carolina Press, 2011, 256 pages. Islam and Science: The Intellectual Career of Nizam Al-din Al-nisaburi, Robert G. Morrison, Routledge; 2011, 312 pages. God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason, John Walbridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 228 pages. Muslim Women of Power: Gender, Politics and Culture in Islam, Clinton Bennett, London: Continuum, 2010, 256 pages. An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements, Sherine Hafez, New York: NYU Press, 2011, 208 pages. When Muslim Marriage Fails: Divorce Chronicles and Commentaries, Suzy Ismail, USA: amana publications; First edition, 2010, 136 pages. Women Under Islam: Gender, Justice and the Politics of Islamic Law, by Chris Jones-Pauly and Abir Dajani Tuqan UK: I. B. Tauris, 2011, 232 pages. Citizenship, Faith, and Feminism: Jewish and Muslim Women Reclaim Their Rights Jan Feldman, USA: Brandeis, 2011, 256 pages. للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

During the summer of 2012, soybean plants in a commercial field in Clinton County, Michigan, exhibited symptoms characteristic of phytoplasmal diseases (1,2). Symptoms included extensive top dieback, stunting, purple stem surfaces, internal necrosis, leaf vein discoloration, and bud proliferation. Approximately 80% of plants in a half hectare along the southern edge of the field were symptomatic, although the majority of plants in the 4-ha field appeared symptomless. Total genomic DNA was extracted from one symptomatic and one asymptomatic leaf sample using a Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) according to manufacturer's instructions. The DNA was used as template in direct PCR primed by the phytoplasma-universal primers P1/P7 followed by nested PCR primed by P1/AYint (3). Reactions containing template DNA from the symptomatic plant yielded ribosomal RNA gene amplicons of 1.8 kbp (P1/P7-primed) and 1.6 kbp (P1/AYint-primed), respectively. Reactions containing template DNA from the asymptomatic plant or water did not yield amplicons. The products of PCRs primed by P1/P7 were purified using PureLink PCR Purification kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) and cloned in a pGem T-Easy vector system (Promega, Madison, WI). Three separate clones were sequenced using the sequencing primers M13For, M13Rev, SAYF nt 755, (5′-AAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAG), and SAYR nt 1159, (5′-TTTGACGTCGTCCCCACCTT). The sequences of all three clones were identical. A consensus (Sequencher 4.1, Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI) nucleotide sequence of 1,830 bp was deposited in GenBank under the accession number KF528320. A BLASTn similarity search revealed that the sequence shared 100% identity to rDNA of aster yellows phytoplasma (AF222063). Additionally, analysis of the 16Sr group/subgroup classification, based on in silico RFLP analyses using iPhyClassifier (4), indicated that the soybean phytoplasma is a member of subgroup 16SrI-B aster yellows phytoplasma subgroup. In a phylogenic tree deduced using the neighbor joining algorithm, the phytoplasma consensus sequence obtained from soybean in Michigan clustered with other group 16SrI (aster yellows phytoplasma) strains. While aster yellows phytoplasma has been previously reported in soybean in Wisconsin (2), to our knowledge, this is the first report of aster yellows in soybean in Michigan. References: (1) C. R. Grau et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (2) M. E. Lee et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 24:125, 2002. (3) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 62:2988, 1996. (4) Y. Zhao et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:2582, 2009.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a prairie grass native to Iowa, is cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the late 1990s, biomass and seed yields of switchgrass grown in southern Iowa began to decline, and the reduction has been attributed to unidentified diseases. In 1999, many plants in previously low-yielding fields were stunted and flowered prematurely. Glumes had an uncharacteristic purple pigmentation, and seeds had been replaced by fungal spores. A smut fungus identified as Tilletia maclaganii (Berk.) G.P. Clinton (1) was associated consistently with fields that yielded poorly. Teliospores were red-orange when immature and turned dark brown as they matured. Teliospores were globose to slightly irregular, ≈18 to 25 µm in diameter, finely verrucose, with a thick exospore. True sterile cells also were present. T. maclaganii infects switchgrass and has been reported previously in Iowa (2), although it is found only occasionally on the state's native switchgrass. The prevalence and incidence of disease was surveyed in late August 1999. A weighted random sampling procedure was used to select switchgrass production fields from 60 fields involved in the Chariton Valley Biomass Project. Fields were located in Appanoose, Lucas, Monroe, and Wayne counties in southern Iowa. The sampling procedure was designed so the probability of each field being chosen was proportional to its area. This resulted in samples being taken from 17 fields representing ≈50% of the total area of the 60 fields. All sampled fields were planted with the predominant cultivar, Cave-in-Rock. In each field, five 1-m2 samples (≈60 to 250 tillers) were taken from arbitrary points. The incidence of smut (percentage of tillers with smut) was calculated for each sample. Smut was found in 15 of 17 fields. We estimated that 50 to 82% of the area in switchgrass production in these counties was infested with T. maclaganii. The mean incidence of smut was estimated at 10.1% of all tillers in the area. Incidence in individual fields ranged from 0 to 70%. Fields with incidence >50% yielded less than half of the expected biomass. Some infested seed-production fields were a total loss in 1999. This disease presents a serious threat to the cultivation of switchgrass for biomass production in southern Iowa. The disease cycle for T. maclaganii is poorly documented, but because switchgrass is a perennial species, it is likely that affected fields will have recurring epidemics. Susceptibility of other cultivars is unknown but needs to be investigated. References: (1) G. W. Fischer. 1953. Manual of the North American Smut Fungi. Ronald Press, NY. (2) J. C. Gilman and W. A. Archer. The fungi of Iowa parasitic on plants. Iowa State College J. Sci. 3:299, 1929.

Abstract As public confidence in polling has been waning in the wake of recent elections (Narea, N. 2016. After 2016, Can we Ever Trust the Polls Again? New Republic), many researchers have been seeking to diagnose the shortcomings in these data (Gelman, A., and J. Azari. 2017. “19 Things We Learned from the 2016 Election.” Statistics and Public Policy 4 (1): 1–10; Kennedy, C., M. Blumenthal, S. Clement, J. D. Clinton, C. Durand, C. Franklin, K. McGeeney, L. Miringoff, K. Olson, D. Rivers, L. Saad, G. E. Witt, and C. Wlezien. 2018. “An Evaluation of the 2016 Election Polls in the United States.” Public Opinion Quarterly 82 (1): 1–33; Mercer, A., C. Deane, and K. McGeeney. 2016. Why 2016 Election Polls Missed Their Mark. Pew Research Center. Also available at https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/why-2016-election-polls-missed-their-mark/). One conjecture stems from observed differences between polling results based on the methodological choice between live and non-live modes of survey administration (Enten, H. 2015. The Future of Polling May Depend on Donald Trumps Fate. FiveThirtyEight. Also available at https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-future-of-polling-may-depend-on-donald-trumps-fate/). While it has become commonplace to discuss “mode effect” on surveys, it reemerged in the political zeitgeist as the “Shy Trump” supporter hypothesis leading up to the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election (Edsall, T. B. 2016. How Many People Support Trump but Dont want to Admit it. New York Times). Motivated by the conflicting evidence for (Enns, P. K., J. Lagodny, and J. P. Schuldt. 2017. “Understanding the 2016 US Presidential Polls: The Importance of Hidden Trump Supporters.” Statistics, Politics, and Policy 8 (1): 41–63) and against (Coppock, A. 2017. “Did Shy Trump Supporters Bias the 2016 Polls? Evidence from a Nationally-Representative List Experiment.” Statistics, Politics, and Policy 8 (1): 29–40) this hypothesis, we built a complex statistical model that pools together results across multiple pollsters and throughout the election cycle while accounting for the nuances of these data. Specifically, we explored election data for the presence of mode effect using time series with a general additive mixed model (GAMM). We estimated mode effect at state and national levels to perform statistical mode adjustments, which we then compared to observed election results. In this paper, we utilized polling results from the United States Presidential Elections in 2016 (4208 polls) and 2020 (4133 polls). Using these data, we identified spatial trends and areas where mode effect was statistically significant at a 0.05 level. In summary, we make three contributions to the literature on mode effect adjustment in the poll aggregation setting. First, we present a straightforward and flexible statistical approach to estimating mode effect using time series data. In doing so, we help to bridge the gap between theory-focused statistical work and the social sciences. Second, we apply this method to two recent presidential elections, providing insight into the significance of mode effect. Third, we provide evidence for spatial mode effect trends suggesting regional voting behaviors that future scholars can explore.

Abstract The Koné "Progress," a discrete analyzer for use in clinical chemistry, was evaluated. The apparatus exhibited a high degree of precision and linearity, and no carryover. Results correlated well with those obtained with our routine equipment [Olli C + D (Koné), G-300 (Greiner), and Corona (Clinicon)].

SummaryThe Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Electronic Health Record (EHR) Workgroup aims to integrate ClinGen resources with EHRs. A promising option to enable this integration is through the Health Level Seven (HL7) Infobutton Standard. EHR systems that are certified according to the US Meaningful Use program provide HL7-compliant infobutton capabilities, which can be leveraged to support clinical decision-making in genomics.To integrate genomic knowledge resources using the HL7 infobutton standard. Two tactics to achieve this objective were: (1) creating an HL7-compliant search interface for ClinGen, and (2) proposing guidance for genomic resources on achieving HL7 Infobutton standard accessibility and compliance.We built a search interface utilizing OpenInfobutton, an open source reference implementation of the HL7 Infobutton standard. ClinGen resources were assessed for readiness towards HL7 compliance. Finally, based upon our experiences we provide recommendations for publishers seeking to achieve HL7 compliance.Eight genomic resources and two sub-resources were integrated with the ClinGen search engine via OpenInfobutton and the HL7 infobutton standard. Resources we assessed have varying levels of readiness towards HL7-compliance. Furthermore, we found that adoption of standard terminologies used by EHR systems is the main gap to achieve compliance.Genomic resources can be integrated with EHR systems via the HL7 Infobutton standard using OpenInfobutton. Full compliance of genomic resources with the Infobutton standard would further enhance interoperability with EHR systems. Citation: Heale BSE, Overby CL, Del Fiol G, Rubinstein WS, Maglott DR, Nelson TH, Milosavljevic A, Martin CL, Goehringer SR, Freimuth RR, Williams MS. Integrating genomic resources with electronic health records using the HL7 Infobutton standard.

Abstract The comprehensive evaluation of somatic variants in cancer requires consensus interpretation of their potential clinical significance (diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response) and oncogenicity. To aid precision medicine through public interpretations, a multifaceted collaborative effort is required to bring together a community, structured guidance, and a public platform. The over 200 multi-disciplinary experts in the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Somatic Cancer Clinical Domain Working Group (CDWG) provide a community that develops data curation guidelines and standards and curates evidence to determine the clinical significance and oncogenicity of somatic alterations in cancer. The Somatic CDWG established the Pediatric Cancer, Hematological Cancer, and Solid Tumor Taskforces to facilitate membership growth and targeted curation projects. Within these Taskforces, Somatic Cancer Variant Curation Expert Panels (SC-VCEPs) are developed through a 4-step approval process adapted from ClinGen germline VCEP procedures. Five SC-VCEPs (NTRK-fusions, FGFR variants, FLT3 variants, Histone H3 variants, and BCR::ABL1-like B-ALL alterations) are working through the approval process and one (Established Significance) is in the planning stage. SC-VCEPs tailor AMP/ASCO/CAP [PMID:27993330] and ClinGen/CGC/VICC Oncogenicity [PMID:35101336] guidelines, or create new classification guidance to aid granular assessment of their genomic alterations of interest. The Clinical Interpretations of Variants in Cancer (CIViC) knowledgebase provides the public platform for the Taskforces and SC-VCEPs to display their high-quality somatic cancer variant interpretations. These groups curate evidence from published literature and create Assertions summarizing evidence collected. These Assertions are further disseminated through other resources like ClinVar and the Variant Interpretation for Cancer Consortium (VICC) MetaKB. CIViC supports the application of AMP/ASCO/CAP tiering and levels for clinical significance Assertions. CIViC recently created Oncogenic Assertions, which supports the application of ClinGen/CGC/VICC codes. Three SC-VCEPs (FGFR, FLT3, and Histone H3) are tailoring the ClinGen/CGC/VICC Oncogenicity guidelines to their specific genes and CIViC will enable their ClinGen-approved, modified codes to be applied directly to their Oncogenic Assertions. Also, two SC-VCEPs (NTRK and BCR::ABL1-like) are developing fusion specific oncogenicity classification guidelines, which will be applied to their fusion specific CIViC Oncogenic Assertions. ClinGen Somatic groups have generated 695 CIViC Evidence Items and 33 Assertions from over 400 published papers. These numbers will continue to grow along with the development of more SC-VCEPs. ClinGen Somatic and CIViC foster collaboration, innovation, and most importantly the advancement of precision medicine. Citation Format: Jason Saliba, Arpad Danos, Kilannin Krysiak, Adam Coffman, Susanna Kiwala, Joshua McMichael, Cameron J. Grisdale, Ian King, Shamini Selvarajah, Xinjie Xu, Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna, Laveniya Satgunaseelan, David Meredith, Mark Evans, Charles G. Mullighan, Yassmine Akkari, Gordana Raca, Angshumoy Roy, Alex H. Wagner, Ramaswamy Govindan, Obi L. Griffith, Malachi Griffith, on behalf of the ClinGen Somatic Clinical Domain Working Group. ClinGen Somatic and CIViC collaborate to comprehensively evaluate somatic variants in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6569.

Elevated plasma fatty acids have been shown to spare muscle glycogen during exercise. However, on the basis of recent findings, the saturation of fatty acids may influence this response. The purpose of this study was to determine whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acids affected muscle glycogenolysis to varying degrees during cycle exercise. Five healthy men completed three 60-min cycle ergometer trials (EX) at approximately 70% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max). Triglyceride levels were elevated by a fat feeding (FF) composed of 90% saturated fatty acids (heavy whipping cream, 90 g) or by the infusion of Intralipid (IL; Clintec Nutrition; 45 ml/h of 20% IL, 9.0 g), which was 85% unsaturated. A control trial (CON) consisted of a light breakfast (43 g carbohydrate and 1 g fat). Heparin (2,000 U) was administered 15 min before EX in FF and IL trials, resulting in one- and threefold increases in free fatty acid (FFA) levels in IL and FF, respectively. Pre-EX muscle glycogen did not differ. The utilization of muscle glycogen during 60 min of EX was less (P < 0.05) during the FF (60.0 +/- 5.2 mmol/kg wet wt) and IL (58.6 +/- 6.2 mmol/kg wet wt) compared with CON (81.8 +/- 7.5 mmol/kg wet wt). There was no difference between FF and IL in the amount of glycogen utilized. Serum triglyceride levels were greater (P < 0.05) at preheparin in FF (1.58 +/- 0.37 mmol/l) and IL (0.98 +/- 0.13 mmol/l) compared with CON (0.47 +/- 0.14 mmol/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This paper describes the development of a Decision support system (DSS) for earthquake warning service in Vietnam using Web GIS technology. The system consists of two main components: (1) an on-line database of earthquakes recorded from the national seismic network of Vietnam, and (2) a set of tools for rapid seismic hazard assessment. Using an online earthquake database, the system allows creating a shake map caused by a newly recorded earthquake. In addition, the Web GIS environment allows any user, including non-professional to get useful information about a just-occurred event and the possible impact caused by the earthquake shortly after its occurrence. A fault-source model developed for Vietnam was used as a part of the hazard calculation and mapping procedure. All information and results obtained from the system are automatically included in the earthquake bulletins, which will be disseminated national wide afterward by the Vietnam earthquake information and tsunami warning Center.The shake maps produced by the DSS in terms of both Peak Ground Acceleration and intensity values are rapidly available via the Web and can be used for emergency response, public information, loss estimation, earthquake planning, and post-earthquake engineering and scientific analyses. Application of the online decision support system in earthquake warning service can mitigate the earthquake risk and reduce the losses and damages due to earthquakes in Vietnam in future.ReferencesBoore D.M., Joyner W.B. and Fumal T.E., 1994. Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Wester North American earthquakes: an interim report, USGS open file report, 94-127, Menlo Park, California, United States Geological Survey.Boore D.M. and Atkinson G.M., 2008. 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Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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