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Livros sobre o tema "Clinical description"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 9 de novembro de 2024

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1

American Physical Therapy Association (1921- ). Section on Pediatrics., ed. Pediatric physical therapy: Description of advanced clinical practice. Alexandria, VA: American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties, 1997.

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2

American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties. Specialty Council on Orthopaedic Physical Therapy. Orthopaedic physical therapy: Description of advanced clinical practice. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association, 1994.

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3

Joseph, Godges, e Deyle Gail D, eds. Lower quadrant: Evidence-based description of clinical practice. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998.

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4

American Physical Therapy Association (1921- ). Section on Cardiopulmonary., ed. Cardiopulmonary physical therapy: Description of advanced clinical practice. Alexandria, VA: American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties, 1997.

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5

American Board of Physical Therapy Specialities. Specialty Council on Sports Physical Therapy. e American Physical Therapy Association (1921- ). Sports Physical Therapy Section., eds. Sports physical therapy: Description of advanced clinical practice. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association, 1997.

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6

J, Godges Joseph, e Deyle Gail D, eds. Upper quadrant: Evidence-based description of clinical practice. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999.

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7

American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties. Specialty Council on Geriatric Physical Therapy. Geriatric physical therapy: Description of advanced clinical practice. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association, 1999.

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8

Mangum, B. W. Description and use of a precision thermometer for the clinical laboratory, SRM 934. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990.

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9

A, Wise Jacquelyn, e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Description and use of a precision thermometer for the clinical laboratory, SRM 934. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990.

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10

Hyvärinen, Aulis. A model for the statistical description of analytical errors occurring in clinical chemical laboratories with time. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Published for Medisinsk fysiologisk forenings forlag, Oslo by Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.

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11

1956-, Harvey Philip D., Walker Elaine F, State University of New York at Binghamton. e Cornell University, eds. Positive and negative symptoms in psychosis: Description, research, and future directions. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1987.

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12

Guard, United States Coast. USCG clinic descriptions. [Washington, DC] (2100 Second St., S.W. Washington 20593-0001): U.S. Dept. of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, 1993.

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13

Waldron, Mary. A description and analysis of occupational therapy students' experience of clinical placement: A survey of third year students in three education establishments together with the views of a selected group of supervisors. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, 1990.

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14

Organization, World Health, ed. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.

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15

Organization, World Health, ed. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.

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16

Belokonev, Vladimir, Sergey Pushkin, Valeriy Zaharov, Zinaida Kovaleva, Andrey Zharov e Nataliya Burnaeva. Femoral hernia. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856330.

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The monograph is devoted to the pathogenesis, clinic and treatment of patients with femoral hernia. The anatomy of the formed femoral canal, hernia location options, classifications, clinic and diagnosis of uncomplicated and complicated femoral hernia are described. Data on the possibility of instrumental methods (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, as well as laser spectroscopy) for assessing the state of the periosteum of the pubic bone are presented. A historical review of operations in patients with femoral hernia is given. A method for the treatment of uncomplicated femoral hernia with a description of a new variant of femoral canal plastic surgery in the destruction of the periosteum of the pubic bone is proposed. The tactics and technique of operations in patients with a strangulated hernia with a simple and complicated course are described. The results of treatment are presented depending on the methods used and options for completing operations. Designed for surgeons, students, residents, postgraduates and researchers engaged in the study of problems of experimental and clinical herniology.

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17

Olivier, Photographies Chomis. BURKINA FASO, RÊVE D'AFRIQUE. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2009.

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18

Tral’, Tat’yana, Gulrukhsor Tolibova, Igor Kogan e Anna Olina. Embryo losses. Atlas. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/978-5-907218-78-9.

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Histologic examination of abortive material is the basic approach to identify the etiology of miscarriage. Morphological diagnostics in case of embryo loss makes it possible to draw up the plan to fully prepare the woman for future pregnancy, whether spontaneous or after fertility treatment, increasing the chance of a favorable outcome. This educational book contains the data from various studies of the endometrium and abortive material undertaken at the Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology. Histology illustrations are supplemented with images of immunohistochemical studies and confocal laser scanning microscopy photos, as well as detailed text descriptions. Images can be viewed in the atlas, with QR codes linking to high-resolution electronic photos. This edition highlights the features of endometrial structural changes related to different modes of conception, the details of assessing abortive material, trophoblast chromosomal abnormalities, anembryony, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, as well as examination of embryo losses of various origins. The atlas is intended for pathologists, obstetrician-gynecologists and heads of women’s health clinics, perinatal centers, gynecological departments of general hospitals, fertility specialists, clinical laboratory diagnostics specialists, fellows and heads of departments of obstetrics and gynecology, pathological anatomy, students of all forms of continuous medical education, graduate students and clinical residents.

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19

Clinical electrophysiologic physical therapy: Description of advanced clinical practice. Alexandria, VA: American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties, 1995.

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20

Foster, Brogan, e Paul A. Brogan. Clinical skills and assessment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738756.003.0001.

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This chapter describes the epidemiology of rheumatic disease in children and young people. There are also detailed descriptions of the assessment including clinical examination (pGALS, pREMS), normal development and gait along with normal variants (highlighting when to be concerned). In addition there are descriptions of imaging (MRI, US), autoantibodies, thermography, nailfold capillaroscopy. There is an updated description of outcome measures used in paediatric rheumatology.

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21

Speziale, Helen Streubert. A DESCRIPTION OF CLINICAL EXPERIENCE BY CLINICAL NURSE EDUCATORS AND STUDENTS. 1989.

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22

Geriatric Physical Therapy: Description of Advanced Clinical Practice. Amer Physical Therapy Assn, 1998.

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23

Centers for the Study of Bioterrorism e Emerging Infections. Smallpox: Clinical Description & Recommendations for a Vaccination Program. Saint Louis University School of Public Health, 2003.

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24

ISBT 128 Use of Clinical Trials Product Description Codes (PDCs). ICCBBA, Incorporated, 2022.

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25

Burrows, Eileen. A qualitative description of the practical knowledge of effective clinical teachers. 1996.

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26

Clements, Bruce, Terri Rebmann e R. Gregory Evans. Clinical Description and Epidemiology of Bioterroism Agents: Anthrax, Smallpox, and Plague. Centers for the Study of Bioterrorism & Emerging Infections, 2002.

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27

ISBT 128 Use of Clinical Trials Product Description Codes (PDCs) V1.0.0. ICCBBA, Incorporated, 2020.

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28

Harrison, Lanier Joe. SUPPORT GROUPS FOR CAREGIVERS OF VICTIMS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SUPPORT GROUP PARTICIPATION AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE CAREGIVING EXPERIENCE. 1988.

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29

Ryle, Cym Anthony. Risk and Reason in Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190944001.001.0001.

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This book provides, without the use of specialist language, a description of diagnostic reasoning and error and a discussion of steps that could improve diagnostic accuracy. Drawing on work in cognitive psychology, it presents the key characteristics of human reasoning. It notes that complex cognitive tasks such as medical diagnosis require a synergy of intuition and analytical thinking and introduces the concept of bias. The book considers the value of current classifications of disease, the meaning of diagnostic thresholds, and the potential for overdiagnosis. It examines the role of the patient-centred approach in this context. It develops a description of the diagnostic process, provides illustrative examples and metaphors, and refers to the dual-process model. It suggests that medical training does not consistently provide a coherent account of diagnostic thinking and the associated risks of error. It considers the role of probability in diagnostic reasoning, noting the contribution and the limitations of both informal and mathematical estimates. It refers to clear evidence that error in medical diagnosis is a prevalent and potent cause of harm and may result from systems factors or cognitive glitches such as bias and logical fallacy. It presents cases with commentaries, highlighting the cognitive processes in diagnostic successes, near misses, and disasters. It concludes with proposals for change, notably in institutional culture; in professional culture, education, and training; and in the structure of medical records. The book advocates the development and deployment of computerized diagnostic decision support. It argues that these changes could significantly enhance patient safety.

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30

Watson, Maggie, e David Kissane, eds. Management of Clinical Depression and Anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491857.001.0001.

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This companion guide for clinicians working with oncology patients outlines clinical management of depression, demoralization and anxiety in a pragmatic format for use in everyday practice. The specific aim is to describe treatments that can be utilized by cancer clinicians and by mental health professionals training in psycho-oncology. The guide is not intended to replace national clinical guidelines and policies but gives a more generic international overview of the important factors and elements that need to be considered when dealing with clinical anxiety and depression in cancer patients at all points on the treatment trajectory. The guide covers assessment methods for clinical anxiety, demoralization and depression, psychopharmacological and psychological treatment methods, along with information on dealing with psychiatric emergencies and self-harm issues. The guide does not offer a comprehensive description of psychotherapy techniques: these can be found in the IPOS Handbook of Psychotherapy in Cancer Care. Policies, service issues, ethical, confidentiality, and communication issues are also covered. The guide is intended as a brief pocketbook manual that can be used for quick reference.

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31

Neufeld, Richard W. J. Mathematical and Computational Modeling in Clinical Psychology. Editado por Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend e Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.16.

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This chapter begins with an introduction to the basic ideas behind clinical mathematical and computational modeling. In general, models of normal cognitive-behavioral functioning are titrated to accommodate performance deviations accompanying psychopathology; model features remaining intact indicate functions that are spared; those that are perturbed are triaged as signifying functions that are disorder affected. Distinctions and interrelations among forms of modeling in clinical science and assessment are stipulated, with an emphasis on analytical, mathematical modeling. Preliminary conceptual and methodological considerations are presented. Concrete examples illustrate the benefits of modeling as applied to specific disorders. Emphasis in each case is on clinically significant information uniquely yielded by the modeling enterprise. Implications for the functional side of clinical functional neuro-imaging are detailed. Challenges to modeling in the domain of clinical science and assessment are described, as are tendered solutions. The chapter ends with a description of continuing challenges and future opportunities.

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32

Eyre, Janet. Clinical approach to developmental neurology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0171.

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The objectives and principles of neurological history and examination in children are the same as those in adults. This chapter therefore, will not provide an all-encompassing description of the neurological assessment of children, but highlights where the approach must differ substantially from that used in adults. Further it aims to provide a practical and useful approach to the examination of children, who may be preverbal and certainly will show less stamina for cooperation than adults. Of course as children get older, the examination can become more conventional and systematized. By adolescence the examination can be the same as the adult examination.The first and overriding factor for success is to be flexible and to make observations when the opportunity arises rather than to wait for abnormalities to arise during the course of a more systematic approach. Nonetheless a systematic approach to recording these results is essential, so as to bring together related observations made disparately in time. The history is of paramount importance in guiding the examination. Since it is unlikely that you will be able to complete a full examination, it is important to prioritize the observations needed in light of a differential diagnosis before you begin examining. Rather than rushing straight into the examination it is rewarding to gain a young child’s confidence by playing briefly with them. Also, instead of insisting on examining the child on a couch, it helps to become adept at examining young children on their parent’s or caretaker’s knee. Finally, no matter how cooperative a child is, potentially disturbing investigations should be left until last, including tendon reflexes or examination of the tongue, fundi, and ears. Otherwise all subsequent cooperation from the child may be lost after these examinations.The examination room environment is the key to a successful neurological examination and requires careful thought. There should be sufficient space to accommodate families and for the children to play. The room needs to be friendly and conducive to encouraging play. It needs to be equipped with carefully selected toys, pictures, pencils and paper, and books of interest to children over a wide age range. Observation of the child’s play whilst you are taking a history from the parents or caregivers will allow assessment of the child’s motor skills and developmental stage. Their use of play material can yield important clues to the nature of a deficit, by revealing ataxia, weakness, involuntary movements, tics, or spasticity. Play also provides an opportunity to assess the child’s behaviour, for instance their impulsivity, distractibility, and attention span. Interaction of the child with parents or caregivers can be observed also. If the child participates actively in the history taking, their understanding and contribution to the session allows you to make assessments of their language and intellectual skills.

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33

(Editor), Philip D. Harvey, e Elaine Walker (Editor), eds. Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis: Description, Research, and Future Directions. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987.

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34

Freyer, Peter Johnston. Clinical Lectures on Enlargement of the Prostate: With a Description of the Author's Operations of Total Enucleation of the Organ. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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35

Bauer, Walter, William E. Reynolds e Charles L. Short. Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Definition of the Disease and a Clinical Description Based on a Numerical Study of 293 Patients and Controls. Harvard University Press, 2013.

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36

Sphygmomanometer and Its Practical Application: With a Full Description of the Several Instruments and Resumé of Recent Literature Pertaining to Clinical Sphygmomanometry. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.

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37

Foster, Brogan, e Paul A. Brogan. Bone diseases, skeletal dysplasias, and collagen disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738756.003.0005.

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This chapter provides detailed clinical descriptions and treatment guidance for metabolic bone diseases, skeletal dysplasias, the osteochondroses, and heritable disorders of connective tissue. It provides updated descriptions of osteoporosis (both primary and secondary), rickets, osteopetrosis, avascular necrosis, and guidance on the use of bone densitometry in children. An extensive description of the skeletal dysplasias is provided, including a table for easy reference summarising the principal clinical features, radiological findings, and genetics of more commonly encountered conditions. Comprehensive clinical descriptions of the osteochondroses, including features found on imaging, differential diagnoses, important clinical pitfalls to be wary of, and treatment recommendations are provided. The heritable disorders of connective tissue are described in detail, and fully updated with current nosology, including Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, Marfan syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta.

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38

Gaddis, Lynn Marie Ray. AN ANALYTIC DESCRIPTION OF TRADITIONAL PRE-CONFERENCE AND TRIO PRE-CLINICAL ROUNDS AS CURRICULAR EXPERIENCES TO DEVELOP DIAGNOSTIC REASONING SKILLS OF BACCALAUREATE NURSING STUDENTS. 1992.

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39

Fulford, K. W. M., Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini e Tim Thornton. Introduction. Editado por K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini e Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0034.

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Following on from Section IV on summoning concepts, this section of theHandbookpresents theoretically informed descriptions of psychopathologies. The topics of the chapters range from anxiety, depression, and body image disorders, through emotion and affective disorders, to delusion, thought insertion, and the fragmentation of consciousness. These phenomena call, not only for assessment and diagnosis (see Section VI), but also for understanding on the part of both the engaged clinician and the philosophical commentator. They also provide case studies for general philosophical questions about different levels of description and conceptualisation and the relationships between them, and about the contributions to psychological understanding that are made by phenomenology, clinical expert knowledge, and the sciences of the mind.

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40

Baloh, Robert W. Bárány’s Test Battery and the First Description of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0011.

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Robert Bárány developed an extensive battery of clinical tests of the vestibular system, most of which he outlined in his 1907 book on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular system. The basic concepts of his examination were to use the oculomotor responses (nystagmus) and postural responses (balance and past-pointing) to determine the functional status of the inner ear. Most of his work on the vestibular system was published in Vienna prior to his move to Uppsala, Sweden, after World War I. In Uppsala, he described several surgical techniques, including an operation to produce a fistula in the wall of the horizontal semicircular canal to improve hearing in patients with otosclerosis. Probably the most important article he wrote while in Uppsala was a paper published in 1921 describing a young woman with positional vertigo and nystagmus. This was the first detailed description of nystagmus associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

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41

Hodges, John R. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.001.0001.

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This resource aims to incorporate the enormous advances over the last decade in our understanding of cognitive function into clinical practice, particularly the aspects of memory, language and attention. These advances in theory provide a practical approach to cognitive valuation at the bedside, based on methods developed at the Cambridge clinic over the past 15 years. Designed primarily for neurologists, psychiatrists and geriatricians in training who require a practical guide to assessing higher mental function, the resource will also be of interest to clinical psychologists. In this second edition, John Hodges has substantially re-organised and expanded on the original edition. It includes a new chapter devoted to the Revised Version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R), with a description of its uses and limitations along with normative data. Given the importance of the early detection of dementia, a chapter is dedicated to this topic that draws on advances over the past decade. Several new illustrative case histories have also been added and all of the case descriptions have been orientated around the use of the ACE-R in clinical practice.

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42

Capers, Phyllis Ann. A DESCRIPTION AND NEEDS ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGERIAL SKILLS FOR CLINICAL SUPERVISORS IN CERTIFIED HOME HEALTH CARE AGENCIES IN MASSACHUSETTS AS PERCEIVED BY INCUMBENT SUPERVISORS AND THEIR ADMINISTRATORS. 1993.

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43

Arbustini, Eloisa, Valentina Favalli, Alessandro Di Toro, Alessandra Serio e Jagat Narula. Classification of cardiomyopathies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0348.

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For over 50 years, the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies have remained anchored in the concept of ventricular dysfunction and myocardial structural remodelling due to unknown cause. The concept of idiopathic was first challenged in 2006, when the American Heart Association classification subordinated the phenotype to the aetiology. Cardiomyopathies were classified as genetic, acquired, and mixed. In 2008, the European Society of Cardiology proposed a phenotype-driven classification that separated familial (genetic) from non-familial (non-genetic) forms of cardiomyopathy. Both classifications led the way to a precise phenotypic and aetiological description of the disease and moved away from the previously held notion of idiopathic disease. In 2013, the World Heart Federation introduced a descriptive and flexible nosology—the MOGE(S) classification—describing the morphofunctional (M) phenotype of cardiomyopathy, the involvement of additional organs (O), the familial/genetic (G) origin, and the precise description of the (a)etiology including genetic mutation, if applicable (E); reporting of functional status such as American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage and New York Heart Association classification (S) was left optional. MOGE(S) is a bridge between the past and the future. It allows description of comprehensive phenotypic data, all genetic and non-genetic causes of cardiomyopathy, and incorporates description of familial clustering in a genetic disease. MOGE(S) is the instrument of precision diagnosis for cardiomyopathies. The addition of the early and unaffected phenotypes to the (M) descriptor outlines the clinical profile of an early affected family member; the examples include non-dilated hypokinetic cardiomyopathy in dilated cardiomyopathy and septal thickness (13–14 mm) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy classes.

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44

Clinical Metabolism: The Basal Metabolic Rate in Exophthalmic Goitre with a Brief Description of the Technic Used at the Mayo Clinic; the Effect of the Subcutaneous Injection of Adrenalin Chlorid on the Heat Production, Blood Pressure And... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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45

Descriptive Medicine with Clinical Methods and Homeopathic Therapeutics. 2^a ed. B. Jain Publishers, 1999.

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46

Rubin, Devon I., e Jasper R. Daube. Clinical Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259631.001.0001.

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Clinical neurophysiologic testing is an important component of evaluating patients with complaints that may be attributed to diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system. This classic volume in the Contemporary Neurology Series covers the basic concepts underlying each of the testing techniques and provides comprehensive descriptions of the methods and wide range of electrophysiologic testing available for patients with epilepsy, neuromuscular diseases, movement disorders, demyelinating diseases, sleep disorders, autonomic disorders and those undergoing orthopedic and neurosurgical procedures. This text details the role of each study, the interpretation of findings, and their application clinical problems. This text describes the multiple diagnostic procedures for diverse diseases of the neuromuscular system, including: electroencephalography (EEG); electromyography and nerve conduction studies; single fiber EMG; polysomnography; surface EMG patterns, blood pressure, pulse, sweat measures; vestibular function testing; deep brain stimulator physiology; and intraoperative monitoring. It is a practical textbook for neurologists, physiatrists and clinical neurophysiologists in clinical or research practice or in training. Key features of the new edition include fully updated chapters to reflect new research and techniques in clinical neurophysiology; updated images illustrating key elements of techniques and basic concepts; case examples for practical application.

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47

Foster, Brogan, e Paul A. Brogan. Common and important clinical problems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738756.003.0002.

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This chapter covers the ‘red flag’ conditions including non-accidental injury (NAI), malignancy, and infection in the context of musculoskeletal presentations. There are sections on infection in the immunocompromised (and also in low resource income countries), pain syndromes and pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO), growing pains, limp, and region by region descriptions of common and important musculoskeletal problems (scoliosis, back, hip, knee, foot, and ankle) and hypermobility.

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48

Parnas, Josef. On psychosis: Karl Jaspers and beyond. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0014.

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Psychosis is one of the cardinal concepts of psychopathology (Jaspers), with an important descriptive use and frequent but unclear nosological connotations. Despite its central role in clinical psychiatry, it is only inadequately and vaguely addressed and articulated in the contemporary psychodiagnostic manuals. Typically, the descriptive use of this concept—as a ”break with reality”—is always infused with, and framed by pathogenetic hypotheses (e.g. ”weak ego-function” or ”brain disorder”). Because we are not in possession of any extraclinical index of psychosis, all definitions of”psychosis” and ”psychotic” remain on a vague, descriptive level and are often tautological. In particular, the attempts to define psychosis through the presence of delusions (or other ”psychotic symptoms”) only recapitulate the puzzle. This essay tries to identify a phenomenological commonality to such descriptions, examining the philosophical and clinical aspects of the concepts of”reality”, ”rationality” (theoretical and practical), ”reality testing”, ”intersubjectivity”, delusion, hallucination etc. It is concluded that ”psychosis” is a normative, context-sensitive, non-operationalizable concept, indicating a condition of ”radical irrationality”. This concept, although invaluable in clinical and legal work, is probably of only limited nosological (etiological) value.

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49

Hurt-Thaut, Corene. Clinical practice in music therapy. Editado por Susan Hallam, Ian Cross e Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0047.

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The field of music therapy has grown substantially since it was founded in 1950. The advances in research and medical knowledge continue to help explain the therapeutic effects of music on behaviour based on scientific evidence, providing the framework to systematically and creatively transform musical responses into therapeutic responses. This article begins with descriptions of music therapy and the music therapy treatment process. It then discusses the application of music therapy to clinical populations and music therapy in neurological rehabilitation.

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50

Cutter, Mary Ann G. How Is Breast Cancer Described? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637033.003.0002.

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The question “What is breast cancer?” raises a host of descriptive issues in philosophy, including ones about the nature, make-up, and reducibility of reality. What we find is that, initially, breast cancer appears to fit the description of a clinical entity that is real, composed of physical matter, and reducible to its parts. But things are not as simple as one would initially think. Upon reflection, breast cancer is a physical condition framed within prevailing contexts of reference. It is an idea through which clinical facts are seen and interpreted. It is a systematic condition not simply reducible to the sum of its parts. Breast cancer is “real,” but perhaps not real in the way we might initially think.

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