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CHANG, CHIA-LIN, TE-KE MAI e MICHAEL MCALEER. "PRICING CARBON EMISSIONS IN CHINA". Annals of Financial Economics 13, n.º 03 (setembro de 2018): 1850014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495218500148.
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The review paper provides a strategy for determining carbon emissions pricing in China to guide how carbon emissions might be mitigated to reduce fossil fuel pollution. China has promoted the development of clean energy, including hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar energy generation. In order to involve companies in carbon emissions control, regional and provincial carbon markets have been established since 2013. As China’s carbon market is organized domestically, and not necessarily using market principles, there has been little research on China’s carbon price and volatility. This paper provides an introduction to China’s regional and provincial carbon markets, proposes how to establish a national market for pricing carbon emissions, discusses how and when these markets might be established, how they might perform, and the subsequent prices for China’s regional and national carbon markets. Power generation in manufacturing consumes more than other industries, with more than 40% of total coal consumption. Apart from manufacturing, the northern China heating system relies on fossil fuels, mainly coal, which causes serious pollution. In order to understand the regional markets well, it is necessary to analyze the energy structure in these regions. Coal is the primary energy source in China, so that provinces that rely heavily on coal receive a greater number of carbon emissions permits. In order to establish a national carbon market for China, a detailed analysis of eight important regional markets is presented. The four largest energy markets, namely, Guangdong, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hubei, traded around 82% of the total volume and 85% of the total value of the seven markets in 2017, as the industry structure of the western area is different from that of the east. The China National Development and Reform Commission has proposed a national carbon market, which can attract investors and companies to participate in carbon emissions trading.
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Yu, Guanyi, e Yueyang Guo. "Development Status and Prospects of Clean and Efficient Coal-fired Power Technology in China". E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802059.
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National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration printed Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy (2016~2030), planned clean and efficient production and utilization of coal industry from three aspects: centralized use of coal, promotion of clean coal utilization, and promotion of green coal production. For the coal-fired power industry, promoting clean coal utilization has become the most important target task for the current and future period. This paper analyzes China’s energy development status in terms of China’s energy, power development and power energy structure. Based on the existing application of China’s clean and efficient coal-fired power technology, we investigated the resource efficiency and environmental benefits of clean and high-efficiency coal-fired power generation, and offered suggestions for the upgrading of China’s energy system at a lower cost.
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Rakhimyanova, I. F. "State Participation in Energy Security Provision of the People’s Republic of China". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n.º 4(43) (28 de agosto de 2015): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-139-143.
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The author investigates the role and place of government in the modern energy sector of China. Due to unprecedented scale industrial processes of modernization and urbanization in China, high rates of economic development, the growth of living standards, China's dependence on energy imports every year is growing significantly. And this trend will continue in the coming decades, or even increase. In the foreseeable future, China will feel an acute shortage of energy resources. In this regard, there is a growing concern of the Chinese state-owned energy companies. Obviously, such a prospect is the Chinese leadership worries associated with the risk of failure in international transfers, chronic instability in the region, exporting energy, and the vicissitudes of the global energy. This problem is considered on the analysis of materials of the White books, special attention given to White book «China's energy policy - 2012». The article outlines the contours of energy security of China, the role of major players, including public authorities, government energy corporations, private businesses and the population. Particular attention is given to the Commission of National Development and Reforms, which main function is to form the five years' development plans. The special attention is given to the Concept of National Security of the China. Although attention is paid to issues related to the provision of energy interests of China abroad, including the production and transportation of energy resources, cooperation with governments of countries rich in raw materials. Analyzes the role of the state in providing control over the energy segment, in the framework of China's involvement to globalization process.
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Husain, Tariq. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (1 de setembro de 2010): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a3.
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This paper analyzes Pakistan’s energy sector issues and highlights (i) the importance of the link between energy and the environment, and (ii) the central importance of energy efficiency for high return demand-side solutions to meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade.
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Halim, Paisal, Syamsiah Badruddin, Muhammad Ikhsan Setiawan, Agus Sukoco, Muhammad Isradi, Sugeng Sugeng e Muhammad Ashlyzan Razik. "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Socio Energy and Socio Sustainability". IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 6, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2023): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v6i1.2113.
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Purpose: Year 2020 until 2021, there are increase of documents based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Socio Energy documents published in SCOPUS.COM. Subject area Documents, first Environmental Science, followed Energy, and Social Sciences. Documents by funding sponsor, Compare the document counts for up to 15 funding sponsors, dominant European Commission, Documents by affiliation, Compare the document counts for up to 15 affiliations, dominant University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Design/methodology/approach: Documents per year by source, dominant Sustainability Switzerland journal, Documents by country or territory, Compare the document counts for up to 15 countries/territories, first United Kingdom, followed Nigeria and United States. In ASIA first China, followed Japan and India. In ASEAN first Malaysia and Thailand, there are no Indonesia, weakness. There are increase of documents based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Socio Sustainability documents published in SCOPUS.COM.
Findings: Documents by funding sponsor, Compare the document counts for up to 15 funding sponsor. First Chinese Academy of Sciences, followed National Natural Science Foundation of China, Centre for International Forestry Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Directorate-General for the Environment, and Engineering and Physical. Documents per year by source, first Sustainability Switzerland journal, followed International Journal Of Sustainable Development And World Ecology, and International Organisations Research Journal. Compare the document counts for up to 10 sources. Documents by affiliation, Compare the document counts for up to 15 affiliations, first Chinese Academy of Sciences. University of Leeds, followed University of Southampton, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Universitas Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, and Universitas Sumatera Utara. Documents by country or territory, Compare the document counts for up to 15 countries/territories, first United Kingdom, second South Africa, third Italy. First in ASIA China, First in ASEAN Indonesia. Subject area Documents, first Social Sciences, and Environmental Science.
Paper type: Research paper
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Odgaard, Ole. "China's Low Carbon Energy Policy: National Dilemmas and Global Perspectives". Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 33, n.º 1 (16 de junho de 2015): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v33i1.4810.
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China has embarked on a more sustainable path to becoming an industrialized and developed nation. The main drivers are the insecurity of fossil energy supply, widespread pollution, and acute water shortage caused by exploitation of coal in northern China. China is now a leading nation regarding deployment of green energy technologies. But at the same time coal-based power plants seem to be commissioned more extensively than prescribed in the Five-Year Plans. Many local governments favour short term economic growth and employment creation and resent more costly green policies, despite pressure from the central government. In the coming decades, China will be the main contributor to the growing global energy consumption of especially oil, coal and nuclear power; it will also be the main contributor to global growth in CO2 emissions. However, recent policy initiatives launched by the central government aim to bypass the local opposition to greener development by introducing more economic incentives to reduce fossil fuel demand. The outcome of these attempts to weaken federalist governance will be imperative for a more sustainable development of China's energy sector.
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Magee, Darrin. "Hydropower and End-Use Electrical Efficiency in China: State Support and Potential Contribution to Low-Carbon Development". Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 33, n.º 1 (16 de junho de 2015): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v33i1.4812.
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This article examines Chinese state support for two 'new energies'—large hydropower and end-use efficiency—that aims to help meet ambitious national targets for renewable energy and emissions reduction. Large hydropower, while not particularly new, figures prominently in China's renewable energy targets and is considered key to achieving renewable output and carbon reduction goals. National policies promote widespread development of Gigawatt-scale hydropower cascades on China's major rivers, even though the negative impacts are significant and the operating capacities of large dams are often low. On transboundary rivers, China's dam development raises concerns downstream.
Increasing the end-use efficiency of electricity represents a more subtle approach that holds great promise for managing demand and potentially curbing new supply. China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has overseen experimentation with utility-scale 'efficiency power plants' that free up inefficiently-used electricity, resulting in greater power availability on the grid. A study by NDRC's Energy Research Institute (ERI) estimated that a high penetration rate of LED lighting by 2020, once China completes its phase-out of incandescent bulbs, would alone save as much electricity annually as the Three Gorges Dam produces. This article demonstrates the potential for an efficiency-led approach to meeting China's electricity needs.
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Bungenberg, Marc, e Angshuman Hazarika. "Chinese Foreign Investments in the European Union Energy Sector: The Regulation of Security Concerns". Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, n.º 2-3 (14 de maio de 2019): 375–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340136.
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Abstract Energy investments from China have been flowing into the European Union (EU) over the last decade at an increasing rate. Part of these investments are made under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and involve Chinese State-owned Enterprises (SOEs). This flow of investments into critical sectors such as energy infrastructure and generation has raised considerable concern over their potential national security implications and prompted the European Commission to prepare new legislation to screen foreign investments in critical sectors, including energy. The new EU regulations complement existing investment screening mechanisms in a number of EU member states, and the application of EU merger control law. This article looks at the different screening and clearance mechanisms which Chinese investments in the energy sector may have to pass in the EU and aims to show how these screening mechanisms are used in practice.
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Downs, Erica S. "Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China. By PHILLIP ANDREWS-SPEED. [The Hague, London and New York: Kluwer Law International, 2004. vii+405 pp. €135.00; £94.50; $159.00. ISBN 90-411-2233-8.]". China Quarterly 181 (março de 2005): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005230102.
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Phillip Andrews-Speed has written a timely book. China's rapid economic growth has generated an enormous appetite for energy. Over the past decade, China has become an increasingly important factor in global energy markets. China was responsible for about one third of the increase in daily world oil consumption in 2003, and China's demand for oil and coal has contributed to the recent higher prices for both of these commodities. Consequently, the decisions Beijing makes – and does not make – about energy will have an increasing impact not only on China but also on the rest of the world.Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China surveys energy policy formulation, implementation and regulation in China. The book is primarily based on research previously published by the author, and reads more like a collection of parts than an organic whole. Nonetheless, two themes loosely bind the chapters together. First, China lacks a coherent energy policy. Secondly, China's powerful state-owned energy companies exert considerable influence over energy decision-making.Andrews-Speed argues that China's energy policy incoherence can be explained, in part, by the fragmented institutional structure of energy decision-making. China does not have a Ministry of Energy to oversee the formulation and implementation of policy. Currently, this responsibility nominally falls to the Energy Bureau within the National Development Reform Commission (NDRC). Yet, the Energy Bureau lacks both the manpower and the authority to play a major role in policy making. Both the Chinese and Western media indicate that the Energy Bureau's small staff of 30 is so overwhelmed with projects in need of approval that it has little time to devise and co-ordinate broader policy objectives. The Energy Bureau's ability to shape policy is also limited by the fact that it is only one of many actors involved in energy matters. Energy decisions, according to Andrews-Speed, are the result of bargaining and consensus-building among the stakeholders in any given initiative and do not reflect an overarching strategy for energy.
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Chung, Chao-chen, Yapeng Zhang, Lina Liu, Yixuan Wang e Ziji Wei. "The Evolution of Biodiesel Policies in China over the Period 2000–2019". Processes 8, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2020): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080948.
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The Chinese government launched policies supporting biodiesel production and innovation to meet sustainable energy demands under rapid economic and social development. This study systematically investigates the dynamic transitions of biodiesel policies in China regarding policy contents and policy networks. We performed a content analysis in this study and used NVivo12 software to support the analysis process. The results highlighted some issues. First, the Chinese government supported the development of biodiesel from multiple policy objectives and adopted various policy instruments, eventually transforming biodiesel in China from the first- to second-generation. Second, the State Council was the main institution to promote biodiesel policies, and the National Development and Reform Commission under the State Council burdened most of the responsibilities of policy implementation. Most of the policies were issued at a lower level of administration rather than a higher level of decision-making. Biodiesel policies in China were gradually detailed, and they constantly established a system of technology and product innovation.
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MacLean, Ken. "Unbuilt Anxieties: Infrastructure Projects, Transnational Conflict in the South China/East Sea, and Vietnamese Statehood". TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 4, n.º 2 (7 de junho de 2016): 365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2016.3.
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AbstractThe conflicts shaping territorial claims and counter-claims to overlapping areas of the South China Sea threatens to significantly damage Sino-Vietnamese relations, destabilize regional security arrangements, and alter the geopolitical status quo. The governments of both countries routinely invoke historical documents, commission scientific studies, and cite legal principles to justify their competing claims in the maritime region and the resources contained therein. The role different types of energy infrastructure play in the state-level disputes have received little attention, however. This essay addresses this oversight. In it, I foreground the complex ways not yet built infrastructure affect Sino-Vietnamese relations as well as our theoretical understanding of “the state”, especially with regard to Vietnam. Not yet built infrastructure refers to more than the assemblage of things that will be built in the future to power the economy, such as oil rigs, natural gas pipelines, and refineries. The concept also includes the ideological positions that presuppose the materialization of blueprint plans in physical form, i.e., the broader goals such infrastructure is meant to achieve. Towards this end, the article focuses on how state actors and their proxies conceptualize the likely impacts not yet built infrastructure will have upon their respective interests once construction is completed. The case study highlights how the need for energy security strengthens national security at some moments, weakens it at others, and both at still others.
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Chen, Hong, Jia Yu, Mingshuai Qin, Yangyang Wang e Lijian Qin. "Unlocking Opportunities for Migrant Workers in China: Analyzing the Impact of Health Insurance on Hukou Switching Intentions". Sustainability 15, n.º 8 (21 de abril de 2023): 6998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086998.
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The Chinese urban–rural binary health insurance structure has contributed to a significant urban–rural segmentation and regional fragmentation, which will affect labor mobilization and urbanization. The purpose of this research is to study whether and how urban–rural binary health insurance impacts the intentions of migrant workers to switch between rural and urban hukou. Pooled data were drawn from China Migrants Dynamic Survey, collected by the National Health Commission of China. The study applied the instrument variable model due to the existence of the endogeneity; and the IVprobit model to conduct the empirical analysis. Our findings are as follows: (1) the urban–rural binary health insurance affects migrant workers’ intentions to switch to urban hukou significantly. (2) The negative impact of originally rural health insurance on migrant workers’ intention of switching to urban hukou is relatively large for low-education-level migrant workers. (3) Compared with new generation of migrant workers, old migrant workers have higher health insurance dependency levels. Finally, our research suggested several policy implications, such as accelerating the establishment of a unified urban–rural health insurance system, increasing the urban health insurance participation rate of migrant workers in their working cities, and including migrant workers in the scope of equal access to urban public services, etc. All the policy suggestions are essential in order to accelerate the citizenization of migrant workers, improve the quality of urbanization, and promote the construction of a unified national labor market.
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Yan, Shu, Lizi Pan, Yan Lu, Juan Chen, Ting Zhang, Dongzi Xu e Zhaolian Ouyang. "Towards Sustainable Drug Supply in China: A Bibliometric Analysis of Drug Reform Policies". Sustainability 15, n.º 13 (25 de junho de 2023): 10040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310040.
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As China has undergone a new round of healthcare reforms since 2009, the drug sector has been subjected to a series of reform measures that aim to ensure a sustainable supply of drugs with controlled expenditures. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of policy documents for the purpose of exploring the approaches within China’s drug reform. The analysis reveals that the National Health Commission (NHC) is the leading department of China’s drug reform, demonstrating that the core objective of drug reform is to ensure drug supply meets healthcare needs. The reform has evolved from its initial stage to the deepening and adjusting stage, with policy instruments becoming more interactive and involving greater numbers of implementers. Along with supply, drug quality and safety are the top concerns of the drug reform, followed by drug accessibility and affordability. Rational drug use is receiving greater attention in the deepening and adjusting stage. Environmental and demand-side instruments are being used more frequently in policies, while the utilization of supply-side instruments shows the opposite trend. Government departments at all levels play crucial roles in policy instrument implementation, with the significance of this function increasing. The participation of consumers in policy implementation is also rising. While medical institutions and enterprises are important implementers, their role is diminishing.
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Shi, Jiangang, Wenwen Hua, Daizhong Tang e Fang Liu. "Sustainable Community Transformation and Community Integration of Agricultural Transfer Population—A Case Study from China". Sustainability 14, n.º 13 (24 de junho de 2022): 7737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137737.
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Urban-rural integrated communities (URICs) are transitional areas for agricultural transfer population (ATP) in the process of urbanization in China. In the current urban renewal context, the demolition and renovation of communities often result in ATP living in a precarious situation and being marginalized in the city. Sustainable urban renewal should change this situation, take the transformation of URICs as a breakthrough, and promote the urban integration of the ATP. Based on the survey of the National Health Commission of China in 2017, this paper investigates the effects of community participation and community identity on community integration, using the ordered probit model with data of the ATP living in URICs. The results show that both community identity and community participation positively influence community integration, and there are intergenerational differences. The mediating effect test shows that community identity plays a mediating role in the process of community participation, influencing community integration. The findings of the study provide possible ideas for the practical promotion of community integration and urban integration of the ATP, facilitate the implementation of sustainable urban regeneration to reduce the costs of citizenship, and maximize the benefits of the cumulative effects of urbanization for all segments of the population.
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Zhong, Sheng, Mingting Shi e Qiang Xiao. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Population Growth Transition in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic". Sustainability 14, n.º 21 (7 de novembro de 2022): 14602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114602.
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At present, China has lost its demographic dividend. Meanwhile, in the face of the twin challenges of rising living costs and the uneven distribution of educational resources, the fertility intentions of ordinary people are rapidly declining. In the background, China’s latest birth incentive policy has not had the desired effect. Especially with the COVID-19 pandemic, these issues have become more complicated, making it more difficult to achieve policy goals. Analysis of changing characteristics and influencing mechanisms in China’s current stage of population growth is therefore significant. Such analysis can help improve China’s population structure and preserve the advantage of human resource endowment. In this paper, we use data from 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020 as made available from the resources of China’s National Bureau of Statistics and National Health Commission. These included annual macro statistics, seventh census data, and COVID-19 pandemic data, allowing us to analyze the influencing mechanism of China’s population growth by using the Geographic Detector Model. The research revealed the dependency ratio as the primary factor influencing spatial differentiation of population growth in China, indicating that the dependency burden plays a role in inhibiting population growth. The secondary factor showed different changes in stages. At the same time, any two factors showed more substantial explanatory power after the interaction, meaning the spatial distribution of China’s population growth results from the joint influence of many factors. The strong interaction was mainly concentrated around the dependency ratio and were with women’s political participation and internet coverage. However, under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the explanatory power of traditional factors was diluted, leading to a decline in the strength of interaction.
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Kaushik, Chanchal, Inderjeet Singh Sandhu e A. K. Srivastava. "ESTIMATES OF PATIENT DOSES AND KERMA-AREA PRODUCT MONITORING IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 190, n.º 1 (junho de 2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa072.
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Abstract The application of the kerma-area product (PKA) meter is increased rapidly in dosimetry. This study presents measurements of PKA in adherence to the International Atomic Energy Agency protocol for 300 adult patients in digital radiographic procedures. Effective doses (ED) were calculated from PKA measurements and conversion coefficients (E-103/PKA) obtained from the International Commission on radiological protection 103. In skull posteroanterior (PA), skull lateral (LAT), cervical spine anteroposterior (AP), cervical spine LAT, chest PA, abdomen AP, lumbar spine AP, pelvis AP and lumbar spine LAT, the third-quartile PKA values were found to be 0.2, 0.28, 0.33, 0.19, 0.26, 0.95, 0.93, 0.96 and 3.15 Gycm2, and estimated mean EDs were 0.005, 0.008, 0.056, 0.021, 0.037, 0.146, 0.165, 0.097 and 0.258 mSv, respectively. The third-quartile PKA values were suggested as local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs). Results were compared with the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of the UK, the European Commission, previously published LDRLs in Greece and China by Metaxas et al. and Zhang and Chu, respectively. The PKA (third-quartile) value for cervical spine AP was 120% higher than UK 2010 DRLs, lumbar spine LAT was 123% higher than LDRLs given by Metaxas et al. and chest PA was 160% higher than UK 2010 DRLs and 225% higher than Metaxas et al. provided LDRLs. The PKA results were lower than the UK, and two studies in Greece by Metaxas et al. except for chest PA, cervical spine AP and lumbar spine LAT showed the need for further optimization. The LDRLs reported in this study may further contribute to establishing future national DRLs.
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Wu, Yidong, Yuanyuan Zha, Mengyuan Ge, Hao Sun e Honghong Gui. "The Impact of Urban Health Care on Migrants’ Settlement Intention: Evidence from China". Sustainability 14, n.º 22 (14 de novembro de 2022): 15085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215085.
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Improving migrants’ settlement intention is of great importance in the process of China’s new urbanization. By exploiting the data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey conducted by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, this study empirically explores the effects of urban health care on migrants’ settlement intentions. Urban health care is measured by the establishment of migrants’ health records in this article. Additionally, marginal effect analysis, propensity score matching, the random sampling method, the placebo test, and the two-stage least squares method are adopted to tackle potential selection bias and endogeneity concerns. As indicated by the empirical results, urban health care could significantly improve the migrants’ settlement intention. After controlling for the influence of individual characteristics, household characteristics, and migration characteristics, urban health care still plays a significant role in promoting settlement intention. As revealed by the heterogeneity analysis, urban healthcare effects are significantly larger for migrants with agricultural hukou registration, a spouse, younger age, higher income level, and moving into the first and second-tier cities. Meanwhile, considering the impact of housing pressure on migrants’ settlement intentions, this study uses household housing expenditure as a moderator to further analyze the relationship between urban health care and settlement intention. It is found that housing pressure can weaken the positive effect of urban health care on migrants’ settlement intention. The research conclusions contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the migrants’ settlement decisions and provide rich implications for city managers and policymakers.
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Ma, Nianzhai, Weizeng Sun e Zhen Wang. "Host Identity and Consumption Behavior: Evidence from Rural–Urban Migrants in China". Sustainability 14, n.º 19 (30 de setembro de 2022): 12462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912462.
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Rural–urban migrants significantly contribute to developing economy, whereas they face high housing prices, rare work opportunities and insufficient consumption. By stimulating the consumption of migrants, their happiness and life satisfaction can increase, regional consumption structural transformation can be stimulated, and economic growth can be boosted. By exploiting the data from the “China Migrants’ Dynamic Survey” (CMDS) conducted by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, this study explores the effect of rural–urban migrants’ host identity on their consumption. We measure host city identity by migrants’ sense of belonging in the city. Propensity score matching (PSM), instrumental variable methods (IV), and structural equation modeling (SEM) are adopted to tackle down the potential selection bias and endogeneity concerns. As indicated by the empirical results, host identity significantly impacts rural–urban migrants’ consumption, while regional cultural differences hinder migrants from forming host identity. Compared with those without a host identity, migrants with a host identity, the monthly household consumption increased by 4%, and savings decreased significantly by 1.7%. As revealed by the heterogeneity analysis, the host identity effects are significantly larger for migrants aged over 30 years or for those staying in big cities. The results of SEM show that a one-unit increase in the latent variable of identity will increase the consumption by 5.2%, and education, social insurance, and household registration have a significant effect not only on consumption but also on host identity. The findings of this paper contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the psychological and economic integration of migrants in cities and provide valuable suggestions for city managers and policymakers.
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Wei, Liming, e Bo Yu. "Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic power generation based on improved fuzzy control and conductance increment method". Clean Energy 6, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 2022): 787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac050.
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Abstract The National Development and Reform Commission of China announced in 2022 that it would promote the development of carbon peaking and carbon-neutrality. Therefore, gradual improvement in photovoltaic (PV) development technology would gradually show its advantages. Additionally, the development of the PV power generation industry is promoted significantly by the year-on-year increase in PV power generation. This study combines the traditional fuzzy control and incremental conductance methods by comparing the current maximum power point (MPP) intelligence with the traditional control algorithm. Furthermore, it proposes an optimization algorithm to improve the tracking speed of the MPP by using the partition variable step size. An incomplete partial differential equation is added to the judgment condition of the small step size to solve the problem of oscillation near the MPP caused by the ideal differential equation. A simulation model is established in MATLAB®/Simulink® and the method is simulated under specific conditions. The time to reach the first maximum output point is shortened by 0.21 and 0.14 s by analysing the oscillation process data of three simulation cycles of the incremental conductance, fuzzy control and fuzzy conductance methods, respectively. Additionally, the vibration loss caused by environmental mutation is reduced by 6.5% and 3.1%, respectively. The improved incremental conductance method utilizes the simulation results to optimize the problem of steady-state oscillation and improve the efficiency of the PV power generation. The feasibility and effectiveness of the improved incremental conductance method are verified by comparing the traditional control algorithm with the improved incremental conductance method.
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Wu, Yuping, Shiyou Guan e Guoxiu Wang. "Preface". Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, n.º 12 (1 de janeiro de 2012): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20128412iv.
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In 2005 at the centennial anniversary of Fudan University, Shanghai, China, a new conference venue began [1]. This venue, the International Conference on Novel Materials and Synthesis (NMS) together with the International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers (FCFP), is targeted to provide high-level academic exchange for both local and international chemists, materialists, physicists, engineers, and technologists in the fields of materials and synthesis. The year 2011 was the International Year of Chemistry, and it is well known that chemistry is an essential creative science for the sustainable development of humankind. As a result, the joint NMSVII/ FCFP-XXI event (www.nms-iupac.org), held in Shanghai, China, 16-21 October 2011, was more important than ever. The Conference received much support from IUPAC, The National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, the Science and Technology Commission of the Shanghai Municipality, and the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB209700), and was carried out under the auspices of IUPAC. The Conference was attended by 430 participants from 40 countries and areas. The scientific program comprised 10 plenary lectures, 56 keynote lectures, 206 invited lectures, and 94 posters. Detailed, active, and lively discussions were covered by the following themes: - innovative chiral and achiral compounds - innovative bio- and biobased materials and composites - innovative polymers such as conducting, semiconducting ones, supramolecular (supermolecular, dynamers) - innovative energy systems including fuel cells, solar cells, lithium batteries, and supercapacitors - innovative nanomaterials such as 1D, 2D, and 3D nanomaterials - new ceramic materials such as superconductors, electronic, diaelectronic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, optoelectric, and magnetic materials - new metallic materials including alloys - other novel materials including drugs, perfumes, agricultural chemicals, and photosensitive materials, displaying materials and fine ceramics; and - neutron scattering and its application in fundamental and applied research on new materials. The program served to emphasize that novel materials and their preparation are dynamic research areas that are attracting growing interest from researchers, engineers, industries, and policy-makers. Furthermore, novel materials continue to find applications that serve the needs and interests of producers and consumers. A selection of 13 papers based on specially invited presentations at NMSVII/ FCFP-XXI is published in this issue to demonstrate the quality and scope of the themes of this Conference. During the Conference, the role and contributions of this high-level academic platform to novel materials and their synthesis are well realized by the participants, sponsors, and exhibitors. In addition, the organization committee established the Distinguished Award 2011 for Novel Materials and their Synthesis along with IUPAC; Prof. Guoxiu Wang (Australia), Dr. Dr. Fusayoshi Masuda (Japan), Prof. Dr. André-Jean Attias (France), and Prof. Bao-Lian Su (Belgium) received the award for their excellent work. The IUPAC Prof. Jiang Novel Materials Youth Prize was awarded to two winners, Prof. Zhibo Li (China) and Dr. Jr-Hau He (Taiwan, China), for the first time. This will next be awarded in 2013. Three winners for the IUPAC Poster Prize were also awarded. Yuping Wu, Shiyou Guan, and Guoxiu Wang Conference Editors [1] Y. P. Wu. Pure Appl. Chem. 78 (10), iii (2006).
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Фу, Ю., e Ч. Юй. "Specific features of mutual direct investments between Russia and China". Russian Economic Bulletin 7, n.º 2 (31 de março de 2024): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2658-5286-2024-7-2-133-139.
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Аннотация: основной целью статьи является изучение динамики и приоритетных направлений росийско-китайского инвестиционного сотрудничества в течение 2017-2022 годов. Для успешной реализации цели, были сформулированы задачи, которые необходимо решить в процессе исследования: а) проанализировать степень развития торговли, отрасли, которая не только стимулирует рост национальный экономик, но и открывает новые возможности для будущего партнерства Китая и Россия, представить положения импорта и экспорта; б) изучить особенности взаимных прямых инвестиций Китая и России в период с 2018 по 2022 гг.; в) рассмотреть значение нефтегазовой и энергетической промышленности, IT-индустрии, а также военного сотрудничества для данного партнёрства; г) рассмотреть факторы, ограничивающие инвестиционную деятельность как Китая, так и России. Приводятся статистические данные, иллюстрирующие заинтересованность стран в привлечении иностранных инвесторов, в расширении сотрудничества. Также учитывалась информация, которая была опубликована в первой половине 2023 года. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны как студентам, обучающимся по направлениям, связанным с международными отношениями, экономикой, так и для преподавателей. Они могут быть использованы в рамках лекций, семинаров и практических занятий, так и имеют потенциал во внедрении в экзамены и зачеты. Российско-Китайская Межправительственная комиссия по инвестиционному сотрудничеству также может обратить внимание на данную статью, чтобы проанализировать, куда и как следует развивать инвестиционный портфель двух стран, с какими ограничениями сталкиваются инвесторы, на что следует сделать упор в будущем. Abstract: the main purpose of the article is to study the dynamics and priority directions of the Russian-Chinese investment cooperation during 2017-2022. For the successful realization of the goal, the tasks to be solved in the process of research were formulated: a) analyze the degree of trade development, the industry that not only stimulates the growth of national economies, but also opens new opportunities for the future partnership between China and Russia, to present the positions of imports and exports; b) study the features of mutual direct investment between China and Russia in the period from 2018 to 2022; c) consider the importance of oil and gas and energy industry, IT-industry, as well as military cooperation for the given Statistical data illustrating the countries' interest in attracting foreign investors, in expanding cooperation is given. The information that was published in the first half of 2023 was also considered. The results obtained can be useful both for students studying in the fields related to international relations, economics, and for teachers. They can be used in lectures, seminars and practical classes, as well as have the potential for implementation in examinations and credits. The Russian-Chinese Intergovernmental Commission on Investment Cooperation may also pay attention to this article to analyze where and how the investment portfolio of the two countries should be developed, what constraints investors face, and what should be emphasized in the future.
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Gao, Nannan, Fen Li, Hui Zeng, Daniël van Bilsen e Martin De Jong. "Can More Accurate Night-Time Remote Sensing Data Simulate a More Detailed Population Distribution?" Sustainability 11, n.º 16 (19 de agosto de 2019): 4488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164488.
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Aging, shrinking cities, urban agglomerations and other new key terms continue to emerge when describing the large-scale population changes in various cities in mainland China. It is important to simulate the distribution of residential populations at a coarse scale to manage cities as a whole, and at a fine scale for policy making in infrastructure development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the DN (Digital number, value assigned to a pixel in a digital image) value of NPP-VIIRS (the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) and LuoJia1-01 and the residential populations of urban areas at a district, sub-district, community and court level, to compare the influence of resolution of remote sensing data by taking urban land use to map out auxiliary data in which first-class (R1), second-class (R2) and third-class residential areas (R3) are distinguished by house price. The results show that LuoJia1-01 more accurately analyzes population distributions at a court level for second- and third-class residential areas, which account for over 85% of the total population. The accuracy of the LuoJia1-01 simulation data is higher than that of Landscan and GHS (European Commission Global Human Settlement) population. This can be used as an important tool for refining the simulation of residential population distributions. In the future, higher-resolution night-time light data could be used for research on accurate simulation analysis that scales down large-scale populations.
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Zhang, Huang, e Yidong Lei. "Study on Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions in the Urban Agglomeration of the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River". Sustainability 15, n.º 13 (27 de junho de 2023): 10176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310176.
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The industrial transfer of heavy industries such as non-metallic mineral manufacturing, metal smelting and manufacturing from the eastern coast of China to the central region is beneficial to the economic development of the central region on the one hand, but increases carbon emissions in the central region on the other hand. In February 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission approved the “14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River”. This indicates that the urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is an important region for implementing green development in the central area. The spatial and temporal evolution of carbon emissions and influencing factors in this region are the foundation for achieving carbon peaking and the carbon neutrality goal. This paper calculates the total carbon emissions of the cities in the urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and uses models such as spatial autocorrelation, geographically weighted regression, and Geodetector to explore the spatial–temporal pattern of carbon emissions. The results show the following: (1) The total carbon emissions of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration showed fluctuations during 2010–2020, and the carbon emission reduction effect is unstable. Additionally, the carbon emissions of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River city cluster show obvious spatial variability, but the high carbon emission area is always concentrated in Wuhan, and this remains unchanged. (2) In 2010, 2014 and 2017, population size was the most important factor affecting carbon emission divergence, and in terms of interaction, the interaction between energy intensity and GDP and urbanization is the reason for the increasing carbon emissions. (3) The influence of population size on carbon emissions decreases from north to south, the influence of energy intensity on carbon emissions shows a spread from the most influential region in the northwest to the centre and then to the northeast, and the GDP per capita has little influence on the difference of carbon emissions spatial distribution.
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Lu, Chengpeng, Xiaoli Pan, Xingpeng Chen, Jinhuang Mao, Jiaxing Pang e Bing Xue. "Modeling of Waste Flow in Industrial Symbiosis System at City-Region Level: A Case Study of Jinchang, China". Sustainability 13, n.º 2 (6 de janeiro de 2021): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020466.
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Waste is increasingly used as a renewable resource. Industrial symbiosis is an innovative concept for more efficient use of waste streams within industrial complexes, with the aim of reducing the overall environmental impact of the complex. Industrial symbiosis plays a more important role in promoting green economic growth and building low-carbon cities. Based on the ecological theoretical framework, combined with Waste Flow Analysis (WFA), the material flow analysis (MFA) and production matrix methods were used as the core to construct the Industrial Symbiosis System Waste Flow Metabolism Analysis (ISSWFMA) model. In addition, taking the “Jinchang Model” as an example, a typical case selected by the National Development and Reform Commission of China’s regional circular economy development model, we conducted a refined quantitative study on the flow and metabolism of waste flow in the regional industrial symbiosis system at the City-Region level using the circulation degree index. The following conclusions were obtained from the study: The ISSWFMA model can better describe the flow and metabolism of waste streams in the industrial symbiosis system at the City-Region Level and can provide data and methods for storage management. As the internal industrial chain and the correlation between various departments continuously improved, the Circulation Index (CI) of solid waste, wastewater, and exhaust gas in the industrial symbiosis system of Jinchang City showed an overall increasing trend, the degree of recycling was continuously increasing, the industrial symbiosis ability was continuously enhanced, and the system structure was more complete. At the same time, based on the analysis of different wastes, the industrial symbiosis is developed at different stages; based on the analysis of solid wastes, the industrial symbiosis ability of Jinchang’s Industrial Symbiosis System has strengthened and accelerated the fastest from 2005 to 2010; based on the analysis of wastewater, the industrial symbiosis ability of the system strengthened slowly during the whole study period; and based on the analysis of exhaust gas, the industrial symbiosis ability of the system continued to strengthen rapidly during the whole study period. Finally, on the basis of further discussion on the selection of waste recycling paths, we proposed to give full play to the role of market mechanisms, and to build recycling areas and ecological areas by strengthening industrial symbiosis and its derived urban symbiosis to achieve the goals of natural resource conservation, ecological environment protection, and harmonious coexistence between human and nature.
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Viray, Edilberto, e Celedonio Mendoza. "Philippine Electricity Power Market Supply Options: Challenges and Policy Implications for Greening Economic Growth, Climate Resiliency, and Low Carbon Future". Bedan Research Journal 6, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2021): 196–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v6i1.27.
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Over the past few years, energy security and sustainable development have moved up the global agenda. Energy is what makes an economy run. There is a strong correlation between economic development and energy consumption. Energy security plays an important role in all economic sectors in attaining the long-term vision of inclusive economic growth and development of the economy. The attainment of this vision is difficult as it is challenged by the need to build energy infrastructures that are not only responsive to the growing demand but can withstand the maximum credible natural disaster. One of the primary objectives of sustainable development is to make people without access to enough energy be able to meet their needs through the provision of stable, reliable, clean, safe, and affordable energy services. This research will use the Granger Causality test to analyze the causal relationship among the endogenous variables among (1) GNI per capita; (2) GHG Emissions; and (3) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) between energy-economic development and the influencing factors of power supply security indicators. In the end, this paper expects to suggest that the paper electric power development plans in the country also have implications for the path that would lead the country to what is known as a green economy. It is in this background that energy security and economic growth development are intertwined by public policy. In a broader development sense, public policy draws in the active involvement of the community in identifying problems. Anchored deeply in the national development agenda, the local community develops its own sets of development goals and pushes itself towards realizing this long-range vision. Hence, the output of public policy supported by strategic planning will require effective monitoring and evaluation of programs. This remains to be both a challenge and priority for both the national and local governments.ReferencesAstana, K. (2011). Greening the economy: mainstreaming the environment into economic development. https://sustainabledevelopment .un.org/content/documents/796unece2.pdfAslan, T., Ayşe, A., & Fatma, Z. (2013). The Impact of Electricity Consumption on Economic Development in. Istanbul University School of Economics.Edomah, N. (2018). Economics of Energy Supply. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11713-0..Elahee, K. (2004). Access to Energy: The Key to Poverty Alleviation. Retrieved March 06, 2015, from International Research Foundation for Development Research: http://irfd.org/events/wfsids/virtual/papers/sids_kelahee.pdfEnergy Policy and Planning Bureau - Department of Energy Philippines. (2014). Philippine Energy Plan 2012-2030. Department of Energy.Gradl, C., & Knobloch, C. (2011). Energize the BoP! Energy Business Model Generator for Low-Income Markets (A Practitioners Guide). Enterprise Solutions for Development (ENDEVA).Gujarati, D. (2003). Basic Econometrics (4th Ed.). McGraw-Hill.Hamilton, C., Kellett, J. & Moore, T. (2021). Resourcing A Low Carbon Future.Hossain, Mondal et al. (2018). The Philippines energy future and lowcarbon development strategies. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544218300458International Atomic Energy Agency. (2005). IAEA.( 2005). Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. IAEA.International Energy Agency. (2013). World Energy Outlook 2010. Paris. IEA.Kanchana, K. & Unesaki, H. (2014). ASEAN Energy Security: An Indicator-based Assessment. Energy Procedia. 56. 163–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.145.Leuschner, P. (2014). The Effect of GDP per capita on Renewable Energy Production in China. University of Colorado Boulder.Mendoza Jr, C. B., Cayonte, D. D. D., Leabres, M. S., & Manaligod, L. R. A. (2019). Understanding multidimensional energy poverty in the Philippines. Energy Policy, 133, 110886.Modi, V., McDade, S., Lallement, D., & Saghir, J. (2005). Energy Services for the Millennium Development Goals. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/TheWorld Bank/ESMAP.Modi, V., McDade, S., Lallement, D., & Saghir, J. (2005). Energy Services for the Millennium Development Goals. United Nations Development Programme.Navarro, A., Sambodo, M. T., & Todoc, J. L. (October 2013). Energy Market Integration and Energy Poverty in the ASEAN. PIDS Discussion Paper Series.Pasternak, A. D. (October 2000). Global Energy Futures and Human Development: A Framework for Analysis. Department of Energy.Phillips, M. (n.d.). Why electricity demand is linked to GDP.Söderholm, P. (2020). The green economy transition: the challenges of technological change for sustainability. https://sustainableearth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42055-020-00029-yStern, D.I. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve: Encyclopedia of Energy. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-andplanetary-sciences/environmental-kuznets-curveStiglitz, J. E., Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009). Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE).University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/how-climateworks/greenhouse-effect.U.S. Energy Information Association. (2013, March 22). Today in Energy. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from U.S. Energy Information Association - Independent Statistics and Analysis: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=10491Wen Center for Social Research Method. (n.d.). Research Methods Knowledge Base. Retrieved March 15, 2015, from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/convdisc.phpWorld Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2012). Business solutions to enable energy access for all (The WBCSD Access to Energy Initiative ). WBCSD publications.Zou,Xiaohua (2018). VECM Model Analysis of Carbon Emissions, GDP, and International Crude Oil Prices. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5350308
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Amineh, Mehdi P., e Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus. "Rethinking eu Energy Security Considering Past Trends and Future Prospects". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, n.º 5-6 (8 de outubro de 2014): 757–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341326.
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euenergy policy objectives are directed at three highly interdependent areas: energy supply security, competitiveness and decarbonization to prevent climate change. In this paper, we focus on the issue of energy supply security. Security of energy supply for the immediate and medium-term future is a necessary condition in the current context of the global political economy for the survival of the Union and its component member states. Since the Lisbon Treaty entered into force, energy policy no longer comes onto the agenda of the European Commission through the backdoor of the common market, environment and competitiveness. The Treaty created a new legal basis for the internal energy market. However, securing external supplies as well as deciding the energy mix, remain matters of national prerogative, though within the constraints of other parts of eu’s legislation in force. Without a common defense policy, the highly import dependent Union and its members face external instability in the energy rich Arab Middle East and North Africa.Concern about energy security has been triggered by declining European energy production as well as the strain on global demand exerted by newly industrializing economies such as China and India and the Middle East, as well as the political instability in this reserve-rich part of the world. This paper explores the following two topics [1] the current situation and past trends in production, supply, demand and trade in energy in the eu, against the background of major changes in the last half decade and [2] threats to the security of the supply of oil and natural gas from import regions.Fossil fuel import dependence in the eu is expected to continue to increase in the coming two decades. As global trends show, and despite new fields in the Caspian region and the Eastern Mediterranean, conventional fossil oil and gas resources remain concentrated in fewer geopolitically unstable regions and countries (i.e. the Middle East and North Africa (mena) and the Caspian Region (cr) including Russia), while global demand for fossil energy is expected to substantially increase also within the energy rich Gulf countries. This combination directly impacts eu energy supply security. It should be noted that the trend towards higher levels of import dependence was not interrupted when the era of low energy prices, between 1980 and 2003, came to an end.Within the eu itself, domestic resistance to the development of unconventional resources is an obstacle to investment in unconventional sources in this part of the high-income world. This should therefore not put at risk investments in either renewables or alternative sources at home or conventional resources mainly in the Arab-Middle East.The situation is exacerbated by the spread of instability in the Arab-Middle Eastern countries. There are three domestic and geopolitical concerns to be taken into consideration:(1) In the Arab-Middle East, threats to eu energy supply security originate in the domestic regime of these countries. Almost all Arab resource-rich countries belong to a type ofpatrimonial, rentier-type of state-society relation. These regimes rely on rents from the exploitation of energy resources and the way in which rents are distributed.Regimes of this type are being challenged. Their economies show uneven economic development, centralized power structures, corruption and poverty at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The discrimination of females is a major obstacle to the development of the service sector. At present, even the monarchies fear the spread of violent conflict.Offshoots of these consequences have proven to cause civil unrest, exemplified by what optimists have called the ‘Arab Spring.’(2) The second concern is the domestic and global impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (swfs) managed by Arab patrimonial rentier states. swfs have proven to be an asset in both developing and developed economies due to their ability to buffer the ‘Dutch Disease,’ and to encourage industrialization, economic diversification and eventually the development of civil society. In patrimonial states, however, swfs are affected by corruption and the diversion of funds away from long-term socioeconomic development to luxury consumption by political elites. In fact, Arab swfs underpin the persistence of the Arab patrimonial rentier state system.(3) Finally, the post-Cold War, me and cea geopolitical landscape is shifting. The emergence of China and other Asian economies has increased their presence in the Middle East due to a growing need for energy and the expansion of Asian markets. The recent discovery of energy resources in the us has led to speculation that there will be less us presence in the region. There would be a serious risk to eu energy security if emerging Asian economies were to increase their presence in the Middle East as us interests recede.
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Wu, Yuping, e Guoxiu Wang. "Preface". Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, n.º 11 (1 de janeiro de 2010): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20108211iv.
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In light of the global financial crisis, innovation becomes more critical, especially for industry. The crisis thus heightens the relevance and importance of the 5th International Symposium on Novel Materials and Their Synthesis (NMS-V) and the 19th International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers (FCFP-XIX) (www.nms-iupac.org). Since the initial conference in 2005 [1], this is the 5th serial symposium of NMS together with FCFP, which was organized by Fudan University and the University of Wollongong in Shanghai, 18-22 October 2009. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Shanghai Society of Chemistry and Chemical Industry, and the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB209700) provided valuable financial support. The symposium was carried out under the auspices of IUPAC.The main objectives of the symposium were to present state-of-the-art preparation of novel materials, and to discuss their performance and application potentials. The wide scope of the symposium provided a multidisciplinary high-level academic exchange chance on new ideas and latest findings for the scientific community. At the same time, the forum gave young scientists the opportunity to know some international authorities in their specialized areas and to develop professionally as quickly as possible. The symposium also opened other doors for the participants to learn more about Fudan University, Shanghai, and China.The symposium was attended by 420 participants from 33 countries and areas. The scientific program comprised 7 plenary lectures, 235 invited lectures, 107 posters, and 1 NMS Nobel Public Lecture. Detailed, active, and lively discussions were covered by the following six themes:- innovative catalytic and other synthetic methods, including chiral and asymmetrical synthesis- innovative polymer materials, including supramolecular (supermolecular, dynamers), conducting, semiconducting, and biobased polymers, their properties, and characteristics- innovative energy systems, including fuel cells, solar cells, lithium batteries, and supercapacitors, and their key materials (PS-III: International)- innovative nanomaterials and their characterization and application- new ceramic materials, such as superconductors, electronic, diaelectronic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, optoelectric, and magnetic materials- other novel materials, including drugs, perfumes, agricultural chemicals, electrical materials, photo sensitive materials, displaying materials, and fine ceramics and their preparationA selection of 17 papers based on specially invited presentations to NMS-5/FCFP-19 is published in this issue to demonstrate the quality and scope of the themes of this symposium.During the symposium, the role and contributions of this high-level academic platform to novel materials and their synthesis are well realized by the participants, sponsors, and exhibitors. In addition, the organization committee established the "Distinguished Award 2009 for Novel Materials and their Synthesis", and Prof. Makoto Shimizu from Japan and Dr. Klaus Kurz from Germany received the award for their excellent work. Three winners for the IUPAC Poster Prize were also awarded.The advisory board and the organization committee have approved holding this symposium every October. The committees also discussed the IUPAC Prof. Jiang Novel Materials Youth Prize, which will be formally awarded at the 2011 symposium with the support of IUPAC and Prof. Yingyan Jiang, the honorary chairman of this serial symposium.Yuping Wu and Guoxiu WangConference Editors1. Y. P. Wu. Pure Appl. Chem.78, iii (2006).
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SHAN, Wei. "Social Instability and State Responses in China". East Asian Policy 07, n.º 01 (janeiro de 2015): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930515000057.
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The year of 2014 in China saw rising terrorist attacks by Uighur minority in Xinjiang, as well as a number of massive protests caused by environmentally risky projects. Hardline policy on public opinion and liberal intellectuals had been continued. The year also witnessed a series of reforms in the party-state's security and legal apparatus, including the creation of the National Security Commission, judicial reform, and redefining the power of the Politics and Law Commission.
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Deng, Jinting. "The National Supervision Commission: A New Anti-corruption Model in China". International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 52 (março de 2018): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.09.005.
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Denisov, I. "Foreign Policy Decision-Making in China: Key Features of the Reforms since the 18th National Congress of the CPC". Journal of International Analytics, n.º 2 (28 de junho de 2018): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-2-28-36.
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Xi Jinping’s diplomacy relies on certain institutional changes related to the foreign policy decision-making process. National Security Commission (NSC) was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee in November 2013. The paper analyzes the rationale behind this decision, personal composition and main tasks of the NSC. The author argues that further evolution of the National Security Commission does not exclude its transformation into a dual party-state institution in charge of foreign policy and national security. This move will reshape the structure of power distribution in PRC.
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Jenniskens, Peter, Jiří Borovička, Junichi Watanabe, Guy Consolmagno, Tadeusz Jopek(Secretary), Jeremie Vaubaillon, Shinsuke Abe et al. "DIVISION III: COMMISSION 22: METEORS, METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, T28B (agosto de 2013): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315005566.
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Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter. "Role of the European Commission as Regards National Energy Policies". Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 12, n.º 3 (agosto de 1994): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1994.11432998.
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Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique, Ricardo Gil-Hutton, Alberto Cellino, Daniel Hestroffer, Irina N. Belskaya, Björn J. R. Davidsson, Elisabetta Dotto et al. "DIVISION III: COMMISSION 15: PHYSICAL STUDIES OF COMETS AND MINOR PLANETS". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, T28B (agosto de 2013): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315005554.
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The business meeting of IAU Commission 15 (C15) took place in Beijing on 29 August 2012, from 14:00 to 18:00, in room 405 of the China National Convention Center. This report of the business meeting of Commission 15 at the 2012 IAU GA is based on the report provided by Alberto Cellino, past president, and on the minutes taken by Daniel Hestroffer, secretary of Commission 15 in the triennium 2009 to 2012, and current secretary.
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Cheng, Fu, Qingxi Chen, Mengmeng Gu e Donghui Peng. "Current Status of Agricultural Extension in China". HortTechnology 26, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2016): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03220-16.
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Information on the history, legislative background, and current five levels (national, provincial, county, municipal, and township level) of the agricultural extension system in China are presented herein. In addition to the five levels, there are also six administrative agencies involved: Ministry of Agriculture, State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, National Agriculture Leadership Working Group, and National Development and Reform Commission. An example (Zhongfang Township, City of Luoyuan, Fuzhou County, Fujian Province) is given to illustrate the intricate network of the agricultural extension system. Major problems of the Chinese extension system include a complex and inefficient extension network, disconnection between the extension service and stakeholders’ needs, and a “two-boss” dilemma for most extension agencies. However, some current success stories in Chinese agricultural extension may be applicable or provide useful tips to other countries including the United States.
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Jiang, M., Yu Hu e Xin Li. "Financial Support for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China Amid COVID-19". Finance: Theory and Practice 24, n.º 5 (24 de outubro de 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2020-24-5-6-14.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital drivers of China’s economy. As in any other country, SMEs in Chinaare exceptionally exposed to the devastating effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of the pandemic on SMEs in China and study the effectiveness of the government’s support for SMEs through the crisis. The methodologies applied by the authors included the historical and logical method, the method of the rising from the abstract to the concrete, synthesis, comparative factor analysis, grouping and graphical methods, as well as a systematic and statistical approach. The authors investigate the main policies and initiatives launched in support of smaller businesses and implemented by the People’s Bank of China, the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, as well as by the two national regulatory authorities –– China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and China Securities Regulatory Commission. In this paper the authors analyze the direct and indirect support available to SMEs through financial institutions. The study leads to the conclusions that the state support for SMEs has been effective and helped to avoid a sharp decline in production. However, the spread of the disease in other countries may threaten the recovery of the Chinese economy.
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Zavyalova, Olga. "Language Diversity of China and National Security". Problemy dalnego vostoka, n.º 4 (2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120016163-0.
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China with its dozens of languages of national minorities and numerous Chinese dialects is still a linguistically very diverse country, and this diversity regularly finds its reflection during the events in various regions. In 2020, medical teams sent to Wuhan during the coronavirus outbreak faced difficulties with understanding the patients speaking local Mandarin dialects. Later on, language problems in Wuhan were urgently solved by the local administration. Starting from 2019, language confrontation became more visible during the protests in Hong Kong. Already in 2021, a volume devoted to the complicated language situation in the recently created economic cluster of the Greater Bay Area, which is to combine Hong Kong and Macau with nine cities across the Pearl River Delta, was published in the series of the annual reports of the State Language Commission. According to the model proposed by the linguists, Standard Chinese is to become the main spoken language both within the Greater Bay area and in contacts with other regions of China. Cantonese is to be used only as an additional local means of communication, while English and partially Portuguese in Macao are to be preserved as the languages of contacts with foreign countries. To solve various problems of the economic cluster, new structures are to be created with the help of the latest information technologies and participation of the linguists. Language unity as a whole is considered to be a key guarantee of the national security of China.
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Yanev, M. "Judicial and public control over the discretionary powers of the national regulatory commission in the fields of energy and public utilities". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n.º 77 (13 de julho de 2023): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.2.22.
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The article analyzes the judicial and public control over the discretionary powers of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities. The Authority of the Regulator in the field of setting tariffs in the energy sector is a broad discretion, therefore, an important legal issue is the regulation and implementation of control activities for their implementation.
It has been established that the legislation does not provide for the responsibility of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities before consumers - natural persons for making illegal decisions, which can significantly complicate the process of receiving compensation by the consumer for losses incurred as a result of making such decisions by the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities in court. This indicates a very high degree of risk and opportunities for abuse in decision-making by the regulator in the field of setting prices (tariffs), including for housing and communal services, which are related to his discretionary powers.
The article analyzes court cases over the past 3 years by courts of administrative jurisdiction in courts of first instance, in which of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities was a participant (in 2019 – 117 decisions were made, in 2020 – 167 decisions, in 2021 – 179 decisions). However, the results of the analysis led to the conclusion of a very low level of legal activity of consumers - natural persons. Such a low activity of appeals by natural persons against the decisions of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities in the field of setting tariffs may indicate either a low level of knowledge in the field of current mechanisms for setting tariffs in the field of energy and possible public control over their adoption, the need to incur significant costs of time and money to appeal the decisions of the regulator, and mistrust in court in terms of making fair decisions in a dispute with a subject of authority.
It was concluded that today the household consumer of services in the field of energy is practically not protected from the arbitrariness of the Regulator in the context of the presence of an effective mechanism for checking the use of discretionary powers by the regulator in the field of tariff insertion. In general, only a combination of judicial and public control can give a positive result in the direction of implementing the principle of good governance in the activities of all administrative bodies, including the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the fields of energy and communal services.
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Zhang, Lei, Yuan Xi Huang, Bo Yang, Jiang Su Li e Xiao Ling Cheng. "A Coordinated Energy Supply for China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (julho de 2011): 2543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2543.
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This study releases a fact that the national energy supply system could extend its spatial bordering as the demands for the fuels, especially oil and gas, increased and the structure of energy supply diversified. It is, therefore, that a coordinated energy supply would be a key issue for national energy security, not only because an uneven distribution of mineral resources of both a country and the whole world but also the changeable environments for national energy supply itself. The case study of Chinese snowstorm in 2008 just proved it, and to say nothing of the recent Japan's nuclear crisis.
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Đukić, Mališa, e Margareta Zidar. "Sustainability of Investment Projects with Energy Efficiency and Non-Energy Efficiency Costs: Case Examples of Public Buildings". Sustainability 13, n.º 11 (22 de maio de 2021): 5837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115837.
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According to the European Commission Energy Union strategy from 2015, some of the main objectives are to improve energy efficiency, reduce dependence on energy imports, cut emissions, and drive jobs and growth. Achieving the objectives of the Energy Union requires significant financing, particularly for investments in energy efficiency. Serbia and Croatia included the objectives of the Energy Union in their national strategies and have implemented various investment projects in this area. This paper focuses on the sustainability of energy efficiency projects for public buildings which include not only energy efficiency investment cost but also non-energy efficiency investments. By applying the European Commission methodology for cost-benefit analysis, we assessed the sustainability of several projects in Serbia and Croatia. The sustainability assessment is done by quantifying energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions and the social and economic benefits that are related to non-energy efficiency project components. The values of economic performance indicators imply that society would be better off with projects that would contribute to achieving not only the targets set in national energy strategies but also to creating broader social benefits.
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Singh, Varunesh. "Brundtland Commission: A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Gap between India and China". Jindal Journal of Public Policy 6, n.º II (1 de outubro de 2022): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjpp.v6iii.170.
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Both the India and China have set renewable energy targets to be achieved by 2030 and 2060 respectively as India has refused the 2060 zero emission targets. The countries have adopted different initiatives such as implementation of targeted policies for enhancing investment in the development of renewable energy plants. However, India is still facing issues in achieving its desired energy targets due to the absence of a proper policy framework and other signiicant issues including inancial constraints and a lack of manpower training and skills development.
The literature review has provided clear details of the progress of India and China in achieving their targets as well as the challenges they are facing for the same. The methodology section looks at the effectiveness of selecting secondary data. This is followed by an analysis approach. This provides an overview of how these methods have been helpful for the collection of reliable information regarding green-energy initiatives in India and China. An analysis is also provided on how different renewable energy policies are guiding India and China to achieve their energy targets and the ways in which different issues are becoming obstacles to achieving desired growth. The conclusion provides suggestions for addressing the challenges faced by India and China in achieving their energy targets.
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Leiren, Merethe Dotterud, Kacper Szulecki, Tim Rayner e Catherine Banet. "Energy Security Concerns versus Market Harmony: The Europeanisation of Capacity Mechanisms". Politics and Governance 7, n.º 1 (28 de março de 2019): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1791.
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The impact of renewables on the energy markets–falling wholesale electricity prices and lower investment stability–are apparently creating a shortage of energy project financing, which in future could lead to power supply shortages. Governments have responded by introducing payments for capacity, alongside payments for energy being sold. The increasing use of capacity mechanisms (CMs) in the EU has created tensions between the European Commission, which encourages cross-country cooperation, and Member States that favour backup solutions such as capacity markets and strategic reserves. We seek to trace the influence of the European Commission on national capacity markets as well as learning between Member States. Focusing on the United Kingdom, France and Poland, the analysis shows that energy security concerns have been given more emphasis than the functioning of markets by Member States. Policy developments have primarily been domestically driven, but the European Commission has managed to impose certain elements, most importantly a uniform methodology to assess future supply security, as well as specific requirements for national capacity markets: interconnectors to neighbouring countries, demand side responses and continuous revision of CMs. Learning from other Member States’ experiences also play a role in policy decisions.
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Liu, W., Y. Song, J. Zhu, J. Ma, Z. Ma e A. Yang. "INTRODUCTION OF LYMPHOMA DATABASE OF NATIONAL HEALTH COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". Hematological Oncology 41, S2 (junho de 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hon.3163_73.
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Wuthnow, Joel. "China's New “Black Box”: Problems and Prospects for the Central National Security Commission". China Quarterly 232 (10 de novembro de 2017): 886–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017001308.
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AbstractChina's establishment of a Central National Security Commission (CNSC) in late 2013 was a potentially transformative event in the evolution of China's national security decision-making structure. Yet, as of mid-2017, few details about this organization and its activities have been released, leading to continuing questions about its likely role and functions in the Chinese system. Based on an analysis of numerous authoritative but under-utilized Chinese sources, this article addresses the rationale, prospects and implications of the CNSC. It argues that the organization is both a fulfilment of a long-held desire by many in China for a centralized, permanent national security deliberation forum and also a reflection of the unique challenges facing China in the 21st century. Contrary to existing analyses, which argue that the CNSC is likely to be focused primarily on domestic security tasks, the article contends that it is more likely to play a major role in both internalandexternal security affairs. Moreover, the article argues that if certain obstacles can be addressed, the CNSC may have broad implications in areas ranging from China's crisis response capability to the role played by the Chinese Communist Party general secretary in the national security decision-making process. The conclusion recaps the findings and suggests avenues for further research.
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Pashkovskaya, I. "EU Energy Policy on Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Fossil Fuels". World Economy and International Relations 60, n.º 4 (2016): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-29-37.
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The article presents a study of the EU energy policy regarding the exploration and production of shale gas and other unconventional fossil fuels using high-volume hydraulic fracturing, which the European Commission has developed since 2011. The author gives answers to the following questions: what are the factors making it inevitable for the EU to work out special energy policy in this sphere, and what is the essence of this policy; what the European Commission considers to be positive results of the EU energy development; what is the energy-related sore point of the EU economy? The European Commission activity for constructing the basis of the EU energy policy in the above-mentioned sphere was provoked and stimulated by the shale gas revolution – spectacular success of the USA and a number of countries, which followed them, in enhancing their national energy security due to the implementation of advanced technologies in shale gas exploration and extraction. In 2012–2013, the European Commission hold an online public consultation “Unconventional Fossil Fuels (e.g. Shale Gas) in Europe” which addressed relevant stakeholders representing oil and gas industry, national and local authorities, environmentalists, geologists, scientists, experts in industrial risks, and was aimed at taking account of their concerns and views on the shale gas production in the EU Member States in its upcoming work. According to the consultation results, a large majority of all respondents share the view that «the EU should take some action: "doing nothing" was the least favored option, ... and… there are important information needs associated with unconventional fossil fuels exploration and extraction, and… potential challenges should be addressed with appropriate measures». In 2014, the European Commission, stimulated by the support of public at large, activated its efforts and presented initiatives laying down the foundations of the EU energy policy in the sphere of shale gas and other unconventional fossil fuels exploration and production in the EU Member States.
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PLÁ, R. R., e N. R. RATTO. "ARCHAEOMETRY AT THE ARGENTINE NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION: CHARACTERIZATION OF ARGENTINE NORTHWESTERN POTTERY". Archaeometry 49, n.º 2 (maio de 2007): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00311.x.
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Seidel, Robert W. "The national laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission in the early Cold War". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 32, n.º 1 (2001): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2001.32.1.145.
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Dyer, Robert F., e Thomas J. Maronick. "An Evaluation of Consumer Awareness and Use of Energy Labels in the Purchase of Major Appliances: A Longitudinal Analysis". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 7, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568800700107.
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The National Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1978 requires the Federal Trade Commission to mandate labels for appliances indicating their energy consumption. The purposes of this study are to measure the level of awareness of appliance energy labels by recent purchasers of refrigerators and washers, and to measure changes in the degree to which energy considerations entered into the purchase decisions of national samples of consumers before and after introduction of the FTC program.
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Li, Changhua, Chenzhou Cui, Linying Mi, Boliang He, Dongwei Fan, Shanshan Li, Sisi Yang et al. "Design and Implement of Astronomical Cloud Computing Environment In China-VO". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (outubro de 2016): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316012709.
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AbstractAstronomy cloud computing environment is a cyber-Infrastructure for Astronomy Research initiated by Chinese Virtual Observatory (China-VO) under funding support from NDRC (National Development and Reform commission) and CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Based on virtualization technology, astronomy cloud computing environment was designed and implemented by China-VO team. It consists of five distributed nodes across the mainland of China. Astronomer can get compuitng and storage resource in this cloud computing environment. Through this environments, astronomer can easily search and analyze astronomical data collected by different telescopes and data centers , and avoid the large scale dataset transportation.
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ZHOU, Na. "Xi Jinping’s Building of a New Central Leadership at the 19th Party Congress". East Asian Policy 10, n.º 02 (abril de 2018): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930518000132.
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The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China announced its new central leadership, namely, the 19th Central Committee and the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, in October 2017. President Xi Jinping directly led the selection of the candidates. Through this congress, he has hence taken a significant step to place his forces and strengthened his grip on the military.
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Li, Li, Yifan Dou e Wenli Ding. "Does Green Bond Market Policy Improve Company Value? - Test of Policy Effect Based on Difference-in-Differences Model". Advances in Economics and Management Research 6, n.º 1 (15 de junho de 2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.6.1.203.2023.
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To regulate the issuance of green bonds, the State Council, the Bank of China, and the National Development and Reform Commission successively released policies. Does this series of policies work? Using quasi-natural experiment, market policy is found to increase corporate value through improving managers’ compensation. The paper concludes with suggestions and countermeasures for enhancing the value of green bond companies.