Bibliografias temáticas / China. National energy commission

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "China. National energy commission"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "China. National energy commission"

CHANG, CHIA-LIN, TE-KE MAI e MICHAEL MCALEER. "PRICING CARBON EMISSIONS IN CHINA". Annals of Financial Economics 13, n.º 03 (setembro de 2018): 1850014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495218500148.

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The review paper provides a strategy for determining carbon emissions pricing in China to guide how carbon emissions might be mitigated to reduce fossil fuel pollution. China has promoted the development of clean energy, including hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar energy generation. In order to involve companies in carbon emissions control, regional and provincial carbon markets have been established since 2013. As China’s carbon market is organized domestically, and not necessarily using market principles, there has been little research on China’s carbon price and volatility. This paper provides an introduction to China’s regional and provincial carbon markets, proposes how to establish a national market for pricing carbon emissions, discusses how and when these markets might be established, how they might perform, and the subsequent prices for China’s regional and national carbon markets. Power generation in manufacturing consumes more than other industries, with more than 40% of total coal consumption. Apart from manufacturing, the northern China heating system relies on fossil fuels, mainly coal, which causes serious pollution. In order to understand the regional markets well, it is necessary to analyze the energy structure in these regions. Coal is the primary energy source in China, so that provinces that rely heavily on coal receive a greater number of carbon emissions permits. In order to establish a national carbon market for China, a detailed analysis of eight important regional markets is presented. The four largest energy markets, namely, Guangdong, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hubei, traded around 82% of the total volume and 85% of the total value of the seven markets in 2017, as the industry structure of the western area is different from that of the east. The China National Development and Reform Commission has proposed a national carbon market, which can attract investors and companies to participate in carbon emissions trading.

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Yu, Guanyi, e Yueyang Guo. "Development Status and Prospects of Clean and Efficient Coal-fired Power Technology in China". E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802059.

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National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration printed Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy (2016~2030), planned clean and efficient production and utilization of coal industry from three aspects: centralized use of coal, promotion of clean coal utilization, and promotion of green coal production. For the coal-fired power industry, promoting clean coal utilization has become the most important target task for the current and future period. This paper analyzes China’s energy development status in terms of China’s energy, power development and power energy structure. Based on the existing application of China’s clean and efficient coal-fired power technology, we investigated the resource efficiency and environmental benefits of clean and high-efficiency coal-fired power generation, and offered suggestions for the upgrading of China’s energy system at a lower cost.

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Rakhimyanova, I. F. "State Participation in Energy Security Provision of the People’s Republic of China". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n.º 4(43) (28 de agosto de 2015): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-139-143.

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The author investigates the role and place of government in the modern energy sector of China. Due to unprecedented scale industrial processes of modernization and urbanization in China, high rates of economic development, the growth of living standards, China's dependence on energy imports every year is growing significantly. And this trend will continue in the coming decades, or even increase. In the foreseeable future, China will feel an acute shortage of energy resources. In this regard, there is a growing concern of the Chinese state-owned energy companies. Obviously, such a prospect is the Chinese leadership worries associated with the risk of failure in international transfers, chronic instability in the region, exporting energy, and the vicissitudes of the global energy. This problem is considered on the analysis of materials of the White books, special attention given to White book «China's energy policy - 2012». The article outlines the contours of energy security of China, the role of major players, including public authorities, government energy corporations, private businesses and the population. Particular attention is given to the Commission of National Development and Reforms, which main function is to form the five years' development plans. The special attention is given to the Concept of National Security of the China. Although attention is paid to issues related to the provision of energy interests of China abroad, including the production and transportation of energy resources, cooperation with governments of countries rich in raw materials. Analyzes the role of the state in providing control over the energy segment, in the framework of China's involvement to globalization process.

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Husain, Tariq. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (1 de setembro de 2010): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a3.

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This paper analyzes Pakistan’s energy sector issues and highlights (i) the importance of the link between energy and the environment, and (ii) the central importance of energy efficiency for high return demand-side solutions to meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade.

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Halim, Paisal, Syamsiah Badruddin, Muhammad Ikhsan Setiawan, Agus Sukoco, Muhammad Isradi, Sugeng Sugeng e Muhammad Ashlyzan Razik. "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Socio Energy and Socio Sustainability". IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 6, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2023): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v6i1.2113.

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Purpose: Year 2020 until 2021, there are increase of documents based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Socio Energy documents published in SCOPUS.COM. Subject area Documents, first Environmental Science, followed Energy, and Social Sciences. Documents by funding sponsor, Compare the document counts for up to 15 funding sponsors, dominant European Commission, Documents by affiliation, Compare the document counts for up to 15 affiliations, dominant University of KwaZulu-Natal. Design/methodology/approach: Documents per year by source, dominant Sustainability Switzerland journal, Documents by country or territory, Compare the document counts for up to 15 countries/territories, first United Kingdom, followed Nigeria and United States. In ASIA first China, followed Japan and India. In ASEAN first Malaysia and Thailand, there are no Indonesia, weakness. There are increase of documents based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Socio Sustainability documents published in SCOPUS.COM. Findings: Documents by funding sponsor, Compare the document counts for up to 15 funding sponsor. First Chinese Academy of Sciences, followed National Natural Science Foundation of China, Centre for International Forestry Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Directorate-General for the Environment, and Engineering and Physical. Documents per year by source, first Sustainability Switzerland journal, followed International Journal Of Sustainable Development And World Ecology, and International Organisations Research Journal. Compare the document counts for up to 10 sources. Documents by affiliation, Compare the document counts for up to 15 affiliations, first Chinese Academy of Sciences. University of Leeds, followed University of Southampton, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Universitas Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, and Universitas Sumatera Utara. Documents by country or territory, Compare the document counts for up to 15 countries/territories, first United Kingdom, second South Africa, third Italy. First in ASIA China, First in ASEAN Indonesia. Subject area Documents, first Social Sciences, and Environmental Science. Paper type: Research paper

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Odgaard, Ole. "China's Low Carbon Energy Policy: National Dilemmas and Global Perspectives". Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 33, n.º 1 (16 de junho de 2015): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v33i1.4810.

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China has embarked on a more sustainable path to becoming an industrialized and developed nation. The main drivers are the insecurity of fossil energy supply, widespread pollution, and acute water shortage caused by exploitation of coal in northern China. China is now a leading nation regarding deployment of green energy technologies. But at the same time coal-based power plants seem to be commissioned more extensively than prescribed in the Five-Year Plans. Many local governments favour short term economic growth and employment creation and resent more costly green policies, despite pressure from the central government. In the coming decades, China will be the main contributor to the growing global energy consumption of especially oil, coal and nuclear power; it will also be the main contributor to global growth in CO2 emissions. However, recent policy initiatives launched by the central government aim to bypass the local opposition to greener development by introducing more economic incentives to reduce fossil fuel demand. The outcome of these attempts to weaken federalist governance will be imperative for a more sustainable development of China's energy sector.

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Magee, Darrin. "Hydropower and End-Use Electrical Efficiency in China: State Support and Potential Contribution to Low-Carbon Development". Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 33, n.º 1 (16 de junho de 2015): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v33i1.4812.

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This article examines Chinese state support for two 'new energies'—large hydropower and end-use efficiency—that aims to help meet ambitious national targets for renewable energy and emissions reduction. Large hydropower, while not particularly new, figures prominently in China's renewable energy targets and is considered key to achieving renewable output and carbon reduction goals. National policies promote widespread development of Gigawatt-scale hydropower cascades on China's major rivers, even though the negative impacts are significant and the operating capacities of large dams are often low. On transboundary rivers, China's dam development raises concerns downstream. Increasing the end-use efficiency of electricity represents a more subtle approach that holds great promise for managing demand and potentially curbing new supply. China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has overseen experimentation with utility-scale 'efficiency power plants' that free up inefficiently-used electricity, resulting in greater power availability on the grid. A study by NDRC's Energy Research Institute (ERI) estimated that a high penetration rate of LED lighting by 2020, once China completes its phase-out of incandescent bulbs, would alone save as much electricity annually as the Three Gorges Dam produces. This article demonstrates the potential for an efficiency-led approach to meeting China's electricity needs.

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Bungenberg, Marc, e Angshuman Hazarika. "Chinese Foreign Investments in the European Union Energy Sector: The Regulation of Security Concerns". Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, n.º 2-3 (14 de maio de 2019): 375–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340136.

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Abstract Energy investments from China have been flowing into the European Union (EU) over the last decade at an increasing rate. Part of these investments are made under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and involve Chinese State-owned Enterprises (SOEs). This flow of investments into critical sectors such as energy infrastructure and generation has raised considerable concern over their potential national security implications and prompted the European Commission to prepare new legislation to screen foreign investments in critical sectors, including energy. The new EU regulations complement existing investment screening mechanisms in a number of EU member states, and the application of EU merger control law. This article looks at the different screening and clearance mechanisms which Chinese investments in the energy sector may have to pass in the EU and aims to show how these screening mechanisms are used in practice.

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Downs, Erica S. "Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China. By PHILLIP ANDREWS-SPEED. [The Hague, London and New York: Kluwer Law International, 2004. vii+405 pp. €135.00; £94.50; $159.00. ISBN 90-411-2233-8.]". China Quarterly 181 (março de 2005): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005230102.

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Phillip Andrews-Speed has written a timely book. China's rapid economic growth has generated an enormous appetite for energy. Over the past decade, China has become an increasingly important factor in global energy markets. China was responsible for about one third of the increase in daily world oil consumption in 2003, and China's demand for oil and coal has contributed to the recent higher prices for both of these commodities. Consequently, the decisions Beijing makes – and does not make – about energy will have an increasing impact not only on China but also on the rest of the world.Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China surveys energy policy formulation, implementation and regulation in China. The book is primarily based on research previously published by the author, and reads more like a collection of parts than an organic whole. Nonetheless, two themes loosely bind the chapters together. First, China lacks a coherent energy policy. Secondly, China's powerful state-owned energy companies exert considerable influence over energy decision-making.Andrews-Speed argues that China's energy policy incoherence can be explained, in part, by the fragmented institutional structure of energy decision-making. China does not have a Ministry of Energy to oversee the formulation and implementation of policy. Currently, this responsibility nominally falls to the Energy Bureau within the National Development Reform Commission (NDRC). Yet, the Energy Bureau lacks both the manpower and the authority to play a major role in policy making. Both the Chinese and Western media indicate that the Energy Bureau's small staff of 30 is so overwhelmed with projects in need of approval that it has little time to devise and co-ordinate broader policy objectives. The Energy Bureau's ability to shape policy is also limited by the fact that it is only one of many actors involved in energy matters. Energy decisions, according to Andrews-Speed, are the result of bargaining and consensus-building among the stakeholders in any given initiative and do not reflect an overarching strategy for energy.

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Chung, Chao-chen, Yapeng Zhang, Lina Liu, Yixuan Wang e Ziji Wei. "The Evolution of Biodiesel Policies in China over the Period 2000–2019". Processes 8, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2020): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080948.

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The Chinese government launched policies supporting biodiesel production and innovation to meet sustainable energy demands under rapid economic and social development. This study systematically investigates the dynamic transitions of biodiesel policies in China regarding policy contents and policy networks. We performed a content analysis in this study and used NVivo12 software to support the analysis process. The results highlighted some issues. First, the Chinese government supported the development of biodiesel from multiple policy objectives and adopted various policy instruments, eventually transforming biodiesel in China from the first- to second-generation. Second, the State Council was the main institution to promote biodiesel policies, and the National Development and Reform Commission under the State Council burdened most of the responsibilities of policy implementation. Most of the policies were issued at a lower level of administration rather than a higher level of decision-making. Biodiesel policies in China were gradually detailed, and they constantly established a system of technology and product innovation.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "China. National energy commission"

Ghikas, Panayiotis. "The phenomenon of the European Union, the energy policy objectives of the European Commission and the national preferences of the Member States : a defensive realist analysis". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a2499834-f8e6-4f81-a37c-ead9549fa3a6.

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The Thesis provides an examination of the multidimensional phenomenon of the European Union and then makes an inquiry on the development of the Community’s energy policy focusing on the European Commission’s objectives and the national preferences of the Member States. With the utilization of conceptual tools found in the theoretical toolbox of the paradigm of Defensive Realism this study attempts to answer the research question, “To what extent can a common EU energy policy be developed?” The purpose is to explain the phenomenon of the EU through a defensive realist prism, to analyze and discuss the constraints and the prospects concerning the creation of a common energy policy, the behavior of the member states in general and of the EU3 particular, namely of the United Kingdom, of France and of Germany. The main conclusion is that all member states, both the powerful and the weaker ones, are confronted with some common challenges. Although they do have different energy mixes that lead them to make distinctive and separate energy policy choices, while often have national preferences and interests that are conflicting with each other, simultaneously they do share similar energy supply and national security concerns such as their increasing import dependence, their exposure to high and volatile oil prices and the international competition for resources. Since they behave as defensive realist states and as energy security seekers it is an imperative for their survival and well-being, apart from their individual policies and bi-lateral agreements, to allow on the one hand the development of an internal energy market and on the other the external dimension of an EU energy policy. Therefore they benefit from the size of an EU-wide energy market and from the regulatory frameworks, the dialogues, the partnerships and the other initiatives that their institutional creation promotes. In conditions of growing multi-polarity within the international system, which thankfully at present has a balanced form, acting together can be a strategic option for survival and security. Consequently the main conclusion is that although the member states will continue to operate as independent actors within the anarchical global arena the cost of not utilizing the scale that the EU offers will probably be unbearable.

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Lee, Kyoung Hoon. "Industrial evolution and national institutional advantage : a comparative analysis of the photovoltaic industry in Germany, China and South Korea". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42076/.

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A number of alternative economic and economic geography theories have been developed to account for the divergence of national political economy and industrial dynamics. These include the varieties of capitalism, developmental state, neo-Schumpeterian innovation, and Gerschenkronian catching-up theories. In this thesis I shall argue that in these theories a core and often shared concept of "institutional advantage" plays a central role in explaining different economic performances across nations. This concept is elaborated as a means of examining the causal relationships between institutional advantages and four necessary functions (market creation, capital mobilisation, process innovation and cost reduction) in the development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry of Germany, China, and South Korea. The development of these industries is examined in detail on the basis of empirical evidence in the form of archival and interview based data. Two main conclusions are reached. Firstly, domestic market creation is not a generally necessary condition for the development of a local PV industry at a national level. China's PV industry grew fast without a sufficient domestic market unlike in Germany. However, domestic market creation is important, because the domestic PV industry, national support policy and the domestic market are interrelated. Secondly, capital mobilisation is a core function in establishing the PV industry. In the 2000s, Korea failed to establish its local PV industry despite an institutional advantage in creating domestic markets, mainly due to the fact that it had an institutional disadvantage in mobilising capital. However, Germany and China succeeded in mobilising capital in their PV sectors, governments playing a decisive role in facilitating the raising of funds in both cases. This research contributes to a better understanding of the nature of industrial dynamics in the context of institutional configurations of a national political economy, broadening the usage of "institutional advantage" by applying this concept to comparative analysis on the national PV trajectories. Moreover, from the perspective of the social system, four necessary functions for the PV industry have been proposed and investigated.

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Li, Hang. "Study of the pacification commission system of Nanjing national government in the 1930s =1930 年代國民政府綏靖公署制度研究". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954118.

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LIAO, YU-CHUAN, e 廖昱筌. "An Analysis of National Supervision Commission of the People''s Republic of China with Focus on Anti-Corruption Operations". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vtj3a3.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
107
Anti-corruption is one of the core tasks for the leaders of the Communist Party of China(CPC). The increasingly serious problem of corruption in Mainland China has not only slowed economic development, but has subsequently affected internal affairs. To effectively combat corruption and integrate anti-corruption resources, the Constitutional Amendment Committee of the CPC approved the establishment of the National Supervision Commission of the People''s Republic of China on March 11, 2018, and approved the top-level design of the National Supervision Mechanism formulated in the Supervision Law of the People''s Republic of China. This study is divided into three levels. The first is an individual level study that focused on core anti-corruption strategies and specific actions adopted by previous CPC leaders. The second is an intermediate level that focused on anti-corruption organs and analyzed the changes in CPC ''s key anti-corruption organs and their functions. The third is an overall level that focused on the to date operational outcome of the National Supervision Commission of the People''s Republic of China, and the impact of future anti-corruption tasks on society and corruption pattern. The study found that the National Supervision Commission was able to improve anti-corruption outcome and solve many past corruption problems in discipline inspection offices, prosecutors’ offices and administrative supervision offices by integrating anti-corruption resources. However, under the principle of democratic centralism and party-led governance, the question remains as to whether the anti-corruption mechanism of the National Supervision Commission can uphold the independence, rule of the law spirit and avoidance of power abuse in the combined offices of the National Supervision Commission and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

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Champagne-Gélinas, Alex. "Analyse géographique des investissements internationaux de la China National Petroleum Corporation". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13764.

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Ce mémoire propose une analyse de l’expansion internationale de la China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) et des impacts de cette expansion sur la sécurité énergétique de la Chine. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, l’approvisionnement énergétique d’un pays est jugé sécuritaire lorsqu’une quantité suffisante de ressources nécessaires pour combler sa demande en énergie sont présentes, disponibles et accessibles et que son approvisionnement en services énergétiques demeure fiable et abordable. La recherche comporte quatre volets. Le premier volet porte sur les étapes de la restructuration de l’industrie pétrolière chinoise depuis 1949. Celle-ci est analysée au travers des changements dans les modes de gestion des compagnies pétrolières nationales et dans leurs relations avec le gouvernement chinois. Le deuxième volet traite de la diversification et des nouvelles spécialisations de CNPC. Ces aspects sont étudiés dans le cadre d’une analyse du pourcentage de ses actifs dans chaque segment industriel (aval, intermédiaire et amont) obtenus grâce à ses rapports annuels. Le troisième volet aborde la répartition géographique des activités de la compagnie que l’on étudie à l’aide d’une analyse approfondie de près de 150 investissements, acquisitions et contrats réalisés à l’étranger entre 1992 et 2014. Le quatrième volet aborde les impacts des investissements à l’étranger de la compagnie sur la sécurité énergétique de la Chine. Ces impacts sont mesurés par l’entremise d’une analyse des flux pétroliers internationaux vers la Chine que l’on compare à la production de CNPC par pays. Ce mémoire permet de déterminer que l’expansion internationale de CNPC sert d’abord et avant tout les intérêts économiques de la compagnie. Ce sont surtout ses investissements dans la construction d’infrastructures de transport (oléoducs, gazoducs ainsi que les usines et terminaux de liquéfaction de gaz naturel liquéfié) qui apportent des bénéfices directs à la sécurité énergétique de la Chine. La contribution des investissements dans les autres secteurs est beaucoup moins systématique et dépend largement de la période au cours de laquelle ils ont été effectués.
This thesis proposes an analysis of the international expansion of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and of the impacts of this expansion on China’s energy security. In this research, a country’s energy supply is considered secure when sufficient resources needed to meet its energy demands are present, available and accessible while the supply of energy services remains affordable and reliable. The analysis is done in four sections. The first section focuses on the various stages of the restructuring of the Chinese oil industry since 1949. This subject is studied through an analysis of both the changes in the management methods of the Chinese national oil companies and the evolution of their relationship with the Chinese government. The second section deals with the diversification and the evolution of CNPC’s specializations. These are studied through an analysis of the percentage of the company’s assets in each sector of the oil industry (downstream, midstream, and upstream), which are obtained through its annual reports. The third section looks at the geographical distribution of the company’s overseas operations. This is done through an in-depth analysis of nearly 150 investments, acquisitions, and contracts made abroad by CNPC between 1992 and 2014. Finally, the fourth section focuses on the impacts of the overseas investments of the company on China’s energy security. These impacts are examined by measuring CNPC’s overseas production and comparing the total per country to the oil and gas flows going from these countries to China. This thesis allows us to determine that by engaging in international activities, CNPC aims above all to satisfy its economic interests. It is mostly the investments it made for the construction of transportation infrastructure (oil and gas pipelines or liquefied natural gas terminals) that directly benefits to China’s energy security. The company’s investments in other sectors do sometimes bring some benefits to the country’s energy security, but their contribution is much less systematic and depends largely on the period during which they were made.

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Livros sobre o assunto "China. National energy commission"

National University of Singapore. East Asian Institute, ed. China's new national energy commission: Policy implications. Singapore: East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, 2010.

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Geological Survey (U.S.). Open File Services Section. Index for reports released through the Department of Energy, DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program, and Atomic Energy Commission. Denver, CO: Available from USGS Open File Services Section, 1986.

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United States. U.S.-China Security Review Commission. Documentary annex, report to Congress of the U.S.-China Security Review Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Moe, Espen, e Paul Midford. The political economy of renewable energy and energy security: Common challenges and national responses in Japan, China and Northern Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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Martin, William Flynn. Maintaining energy security in a global context: A report to the Trilateral Commission. New York: The Trilateral Commission, 1996.

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U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. China's energy needs and strategies: Hearing before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, one Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, October 30, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Beijing shi fan da xue, ed. Quan qiu ge ju xia de Zhongguo you qi zi yuan an quan: The Security of oil and gas resources in China under the global framework. Beijing Shi: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2012.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy. Forestry issues: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... March 15, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Mais fontes

Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "China. National energy commission"

Zang, Hongyan. "National Energy Security Strategies of China". In Proceedings of 2014 1st International Conference on Industrial Economics and Industrial Security, 361–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44085-8_53.

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Wang, Jiayang, Yiyi Ju e Kiyoshi Fujikawa. "Climate Policies in China: Renewable Energy Introduction and National Emissions Trading Scheme". In Empirical Research on Environmental Policies in China, 3–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5957-0_1.

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Lin, Jiaqiao, e Ang Zhao. "China Mainland’s Energy Transition: How to Overcome Financial, Societal, and Institutional Challenges in the Long Term". In Energy Transition and Energy Democracy in East Asia, 51–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0280-2_4.

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AbstractThe 2060 carbon neutrality goal announced by President Xi in 2020 sets the tone for the long-term Chinese climate policy. China has made considerable achievements in greening its energy mix in the past decade; solar power and wind power capacity both ranked top as of 2019. The current number of electric vehicles are, moreover, close to half of the total number of EVs in the world. However, there are conflicting signals from the coal power development plan and the increasing dependence on natural gas. There are many questions like these to be answered in a more reasonable and independent way. Discussion of China’s energy transition will start with the energy mix and energy governance structure, supplemented by the interaction of energy transition with climate change and air pollution issues. In particular, the institutional setting for national energy and climate policy will be discussed in this chapter, followed by inclusion of key elements that impact the interaction between energy democracy and energy transition process. Civil society organizations and industrial associations have been playing an important role in achieving a decentralized renewable energy system and accordingly promoting energy democracy. Special focus will be placed on the renewable energy corporates’ involvement in the transition.

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Lüdtke, Susann. "Standardization in China’s Building Energy Efficiency Industry: The Development of a National Standard for Passive Houses in China". In Normungs- und Standardisierungsstrategien in China und Indien, 235–48. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38204-9_15.

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Bouacida, Ines. "France’s Hydrogen Strategy: Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility". In Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, 67–84. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59515-8_4.

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AbstractFrance was one of the European frontrunners in formulating policies to develop hydrogen for decarbonisation, releasing its first hydrogen plan in 2018. This was followed by a larger, €9-billion strategy in 2020 (to be updated in 2024), hot on the heels of plans released by the European Commission and Germany. The French strategy for hydrogen deployment focuses in particular on applications where hydrogen is key for deep decarbonisation, including refineries and the chemical industry as well as steel production, and the mobility sector. The country aims to have a head start on European and world competitors thanks to its large electricity resources from the existing nuclear fleet and by building new nuclear capacity. Additionally, it relies on several existing innovation hubs specialising in hydrogen, as well as on the support of many local governments involved in hydrogen development and a relatively structured hydrogen industry. The French strategy for hydrogen includes few ambitions at the international level beyond scientific and technological cooperation within the European Union. The political priority is to develop a domestic industry sized to meet national demand, which is seen as a more secure sourcing strategy than relying on imports. This comes in contrast with the positions of France’s neighbours, notably Spain, Portugal and Germany, which are pushing to enable cross-border trade of hydrogen as early as possible. This situation has generated political tensions within the European Union and in particular in the Franco-German relationship.

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Gómez-Gil, Marta, Markel Arbulu, Xabat Oregi, Marta Monzón-Chavarrías, Carlos Beltrán-Velamazán e Francisco J. González-González. "Indicators and Data in Spain for an Overview of Actual Energy Savings and Wider Benefits of Renovation of Buildings". In Digital Innovations in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 201–43. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51829-4_8.

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AbstractThe renovation of buildings brings about energy savings and various other benefits, encompassing not only reductions in energy consumption expenditure but also improvements in living conditions. Those ‘other benefits’ include quantifiable aspects derived from health savings, the use of materials that extend the life cycle of buildings, avoiding the consequences derived from energy poverty or improving the productivity of workers. This study aims to review the indicators proposed in the European Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786 and in the latest version of the ongoing revision of the Energy Performance of Building Directive, in order to propose a set of indicators and analyze their possibilities of being collected at national and regional levels, depending on the available data sources. The results show that while there are some data on benefits from renovation activity at both the national and regional levels that are partially available, a comprehensive and precise understanding of savings and benefits remains unavailable at this time. It is essential to emphasize the advantages of commencing a harmonization process for data collection across the European Union member states in this subject.

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del Carmen Calvo, Ana Maria, Andrea Docters, María Virginia Miranda e Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat. "The Use of Gamma Radiation for the Treatment of Cultural Heritage in the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission: Past, Present, and Future". In Topics in Current Chemistry Collections, 227–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54145-7_8.

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Beltrán-Velamazán, Carlos, Markel Arbulu, Marta Gómez-Gil, Markel Rueda-Esteban, Almudena Espinosa-Fernández e Belinda López-Mesa. "Indicators and Data in Spain Regarding an Overview of Worst Performing Segments of the National Building Stock, Rented Properties and Energy Poverty". In Digital Innovations in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 157–78. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51829-4_6.

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AbstractIndicators are necessary to assess the effectiveness of building renovation policies and to know whether the European Union Member States’ long-term renovation strategies deliver the necessary progress towards the transformation of the building stock into a decarbonized one. Worst performing segments, rental properties, and energy poverty have been identified as key issues to be addressed in the decarbonization of the building sector in Europe. In this chapter, we propose indicators to measure the evolution in Spain of the worst performing segments of the building stock regarding energy, the energy performance of rented properties, and energy poverty following the European Commission recommendations and directives. We also studied the sources of information available in Spain for the development of these indicators and developed them when there were data. This study allowed us to conclude that in this country, there are good sources of data to develop energy poverty indicators, which could be improved by systematically collecting information on the percentage of population living in inadequate housing thermal conditions in summer. It is necessary to improve and unify the information from the energy performance certificates of buildings published by the different regions of Spain in order to better develop indicators relating to the worst segments of the building stock. There is a lack of data to develop indicators on the energy efficiency of rented properties.

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López-Mesa, Belinda, Carlos Beltrán-Velamazán, Marta Gómez-Gil, Marta Monzón-Chavarrías e Almudena Espinosa-Fernández. "New Approaches to Generate Data to Measure the Progress of Decarbonization of the Building Stock in Europe and Spain". In Digital Innovations in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 317–46. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51829-4_12.

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AbstractThe European Commission has initiated efforts to establish indicator frameworks for monitoring building renovation policies and the decarbonization progress of the building stock, to be developed by EU Member States. The chapter suggests that the use of emerging technologies can improve the quality and availability of data for this purpose, focusing on two specific technologies whose potential is explored for the case of Spain. These technologies are, on one hand, georeferencing and automated cross-referencing of existing data, and, on the other, the Digital Building Logbook (DBL). The results of the study show that georeferencing and automated cross-referencing applications include calculating solar potential and estimating energy production, consumption, and emissions using Urban Energy Models (UBEMs). The UBEM, applied to Spain, enables the collection of previously unavailable indicators, improving data availability and quality mainly in the subjects of ‘An overview of the general characteristics of the national building stock’ and ‘An overview of the energy characteristics of the national building stock’. Examining the feasibility of collecting indicators through the DBL indicates that close to 69% of all necessary indicators for monitoring building renovation policies can be obtained. However, challenges in realizing DBL's full potential involve undefined tool models, owner awareness, funding uncertainties, regulatory alignment, and technical hurdles for large-scale implementation.

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Korsnes, Marius. "Sufficiency in China’s Energy Provision: A Service Understanding of Sustainable Consumption and Production". In Consumption, Sustainability and Everyday Life, 111–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11069-6_5.

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AbstractChina’s power sector has contributed to more than 45 per cent of China’s total historical carbon emissions. The economic turnaround experienced in China since 1978 has increased incomes and the national gross domestic product, in part through actively embracing consumerism. Environmental exploitation and widespread pollution of air, soil and water have accompanied the development process. This chapter qualitatively explores China’s current development path by presenting a social science analysis of electricity consumption and energy services. The analysis will not encompass the whole energy sector but looks mainly at the services that electricity provides domestically in an urban Chinese context. Seeing needs and demand as socially constructed and developed over time through a variety of influences, the chapter analyses and assesses the services provided by electricity. The working hypothesis of this chapter is that we need to change from efficiency thinking to sufficiency thinking, i.e., the possibility of having enough of something for a particular purpose, and the onus should still be on the affluent population of the world. Nevertheless, China organises its economy according to market-based and government-guided principles and acts as a growth engine for global capitalist endeavours. To make headway, the chapter discusses two points: First, is energy growth in China mainly about developing basic services and infrastructures? Second, is it ethical or practical to argue for restrictions on energy growth in China?

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "China. National energy commission"

Ding, Ju, Yiwen Yuan e Yixi Yu. "Comparison of Vehicle-Mounted High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Cylinders in United Nations Standards and Chinese Standards". In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-60905.

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Abstract The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle industry has formed two major international standardization organizations, ISO, and International Electrotechnical Commission. ISO has formed a relatively mature evaluation system for electric vehicle performance indicators and test methods. However, in China, there are still deficiencies in the safety requirements and test evaluation methods in the field of hydrogen fuel vehicle components. The vehicle-mounted high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder is a special equipment in Chinese current special equipment supervision and regulation system An important energy storage component of hydrogen fuel cells, it has a development history of more than 50 years in the world. However, Chinese national standard committee has not yet established a standard for type IV hydrogen storage cylinders, which had been used in Japan, U.S, and E.U. In this paper, the United Nations’ automotive high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder standard ISO 19881:2018 and my Chinese standard GB/T 35544-2017, had been compared and analyzed, especially the specific differences in the manufacturing and inspection. China has been preparing to manufacture the type IV hydrogen cylinder standard nowadays. So it is very important to learn from foreign advanced experience, The purpose of this article is provide relevant instructs for manufacture, inspection and test, to formulate China’s vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinders, and improves the conversion and application of standards.

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Basile, Giuseppe, Angelo Porcaro, Pasquale Pazienza e Caterina De Lucia. "WHICH FACTORS CAN EXPLAIN THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CRYPTOMINING ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT? A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS". In 13th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2023“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2023.1049.

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In 2021, a massive relocation of cryptocurrency mining farms from China to Kazakhstan caused one of the largest energy crises in Asia and Europe. This work aims at an understanding of the current debate of cryptocurrency mining activities on the environment. The review highlights: 1. The existence of a positive relationship between cryptomining activities and the deterioration of environmental quality; 2. The contribution of renewable energies and blockchain algorithms to mitigate the above effects. Main results suggest the need for a supranational institution to monitor the current cryptocurrency production to complement current policies by the European Commission and United Nations.

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Pribyl, Barbara, Satinder Purewal e Harikrishnan Tulsidas. "Development of the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines PRSG – A Petroleum Classification System for the Energy Transition". In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205847-ms.

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Abstract The Petroleum Working Group (PWG) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has developed the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines (PRSG) to facilitate the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) for evaluating and classifying petroleum projects. The UNFC was developed by the Expert Group on Resource Management (EGRM) and covers all resource sectors such as minerals, petroleum, renewable energy, nuclear resources, injection projects, anthropogenic resources and groundwater. It has a unique three- dimensional structure to describe environmental, social and economic viability (E-axis), technical feasibility and maturity (F-axis) and degree of confidence in the resource estimates (G-axis). The UNFC is fully aligned to holistic and sustainable resource management called for by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). UNFC can be used by governments for integrated energy planning, companies for developing business models and the investors in decision making. Internationally, all classification systems and their application continue to evolve to incorporate the latest technical understanding and usage and societal, government and regulatory expectations. The PRSG incorporates key elements from current global petroleum classification systems. Furthermore, it provides a forward-thinking approach to including aspects of integrity and ethics. It expands on the unique differentiator of the UNFC to integrate social and environmental issues in the project evaluation. Several case studies have been carried out (in China, Kuwait, Mexico, Russia, and Uganda) using UNFC. Specifically, PRSG assists in identifying critical social and environmental issues to support their resolution and development sustainably. These issues may be unique to the country, location and projects and mapped using a risk matrix. This may support the development of a road map to resolve potential impediments to project sanction. The release of the PRSG comes at a time of global economic volatility on a national and international level due to the ongoing impact and management of COVID-19, petroleum supply and demand uncertainty and competing national and international interests. Sustainable energy is not only required for industries but for all other social development. It is essential for private sector development, productive capacity building and expansion of trade. It has strong linkages to climate action, health, education, water, food security and woman empowerment. Moreover, enduring complex system considerations in balancing the energy trilemma of reliable supply, affordability, equity, and social and environmental responsibility remain. These overarching conditions make it even more essential to ensure projects are evaluated in a competent, ethical and transparent manner. While considering all the risks, it is also critical to reinforce the positive contribution a natural resource utilization project provides to society. Such an inquiry can focus on how the project contributes to the quality of life, environment, and the economy – the people, planet, and prosperity triad. Such an approach allows consistent, robust and sustainable investment decision making and energy policy development.

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Yue, Wang, Zhan Lechang, Ma Wenjuan, Zhang Yongxin e Ma Li. "Research on Approval of Domestic and International Transport Container Application of Radioactive Material". In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66279.

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Due to the potentially dangerous properties of radioactive material, it is during the transport that the process of nuclear energy and technology uses are prone to nuclear and radiation accidents. Radioactive material hence must be transported with reasonable containers to achieve heat dissipation, confinement of radioactive material, radiation shielding and prevention of nuclear criticality. The key to transport safety lies in the designing and manufacturing quality of the transport containers. Therefore, the safety supervision for transport containers of radioactive material is a guarantee for the environment and the public from nuclear and radiation hazards, also is international general practice. As the most authoritative international organization, International Atomic Energy Agenda (IAEA) draws up and regularly revises safety regulation ‘Regulation for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material’, which proposes technical indicators for transport containers of radioactive material and responsibility of competent authorities. According to the transport modes, other international organizations, such as International Maritime Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Air Transport Association, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, enacted related transport safety regulations based on actual needs. This paper introduces the administrative licensing approval process for the transport containers of radioactive material in China and the research on competent authority and approval procedure in American, Russia, France, Canada, Germany and Great Britain. In China, National Nuclear Safe Administration (NNSA) is responsible for the licensing approval for the transport containers of radioactive material, including designing, manufacturing, using and transporting of transport containers. NNSA also organizes and formulates relevant administrative regulations and approval procedures, and has issued administrative regulation ‘Regulation on the Safe Management for the Transport of Radioactive Material’ and a series of administrative rules, management procedures, guide, technical documents and so on. These regulations established the sort management of radioactive materials and the responsibility for competent authority, and also stipulated approval and supervision for transport and transport containers of radioactive materials. While some other countries, such as America, certifies the transport containers of radioactive material to achieve the control. The domestic and overseas research into administrative licensing approval processes for transport containers is in view of the increasing transport of radioactive material among countries and the requirement of international transport. Transport containers with material of high potential risk, such as spent fuel, need to obtain the transport approval from the competent authority of transit or arrival country. Therefore, the research on domestic and other countries licensing management of transport containers of radioactive material, which is not only beneficial to improving the transport safety management of radioactive material in China, but also can promote international transport campaigns of radioactive material..

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Wallace, William L., e Y. Simon Tsuo. "Sino/American cooperation for rural electrification in China". In National renewable energy laboratory and sandia national laboratories photovoltaics program review meeting. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52908.

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Jiang, Ruimin, Xiaojun Wang, Pei Zhang e Fuqiang Zhang. "A quantitative economic assessment method for multi-national interconnections". In 2017 China International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cieec.2017.8388475.

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Tang, Lihua. "Strategic Choice for National Adjustment of Renewable Energy in China". In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.180.

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Xing, Yong-Zhong, Yu-Ming Zheng e Pornrad Srisawad. "TRANSVERSE KINEMATICAL ENERGY SPECTRA OF K+ MESONS IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS". In 15th National Conference on Nuclear Structure in China. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813109636_0033.

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Wei, Li. "Conception of national carbon trading system Take china for example". In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.283.

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WANG, YONGJIA, CHENCHEN GUO e QINGFENG LI. "INITIAL ISOSPIN AND SYMMETRY ENERGY EFFECTS ON THE BALANCE ENERGY FROM MASS-SYMMETRIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS". In Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Nuclear Structure in China. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447485_0045.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "China. National energy commission"

Biegelbauer, Peter, Christian Hartmann, Wolfgang Polt, Anna Wang e Matthias Weber. Mission-Oriented Innovation Policies in Austria – a case study for the OECD. JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, agosto de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2020.493.

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In recent years, mission-oriented approaches have received growing interest in science, technology and innovation (STI) policies against the background of two developments. First, while so-called “horizontal” or “generic” approaches to research, technology and innovation policies have largely been successful in improving the general innovation performance or the rate of innovation, there are perceived limitations in terms of insufficiently addressing the direction of technological change and innovation. Second, “grand societal challenges” emerged on policy agendas, such as climate change, security, food and energy supply or ageing populations, which call for thematic orientation and the targeting of research and innovation efforts. In addition, the apparent success of some mission-oriented initiatives in countries like China, South Korea, and the United States in boosting technological development for purposes of strengthening competitiveness contributed to boosting the interest in targeted and directional government interventions in STI. Against the backdrop of this renewed interest in mission-oriented STI policy, the OECD has addressed the growing importance of this topic and launched a project looking into current experiences with Mission-Oriented Innovation Policy (MOIP). The present study on MOIP in Austria was commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Energy, Mobility, Environment, Innovation and Technologiy (BMK) and comprises the Austrian contributions to this OECD project. The study aims at contributing Austrian experiences to the international debate and to stimulate a national debate on MOIP.

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Truitt, Sarah, Erin Nobler, Vitaliy Krasko, Nate Blair, Sarah Kurtz, Daniel Hillman e Daniel Studer. Transitioning the California Energy Commission Eligible Equipment List to a National Platform. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), março de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1346615.

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Shen, Bo, Lynn Price e Hongyou Lu. Energy Audit Practices in China: National and Local Experiences and Issues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004167.

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Zhang, Jingjing, Nan Zhou, Nina Khanna, David Fridley, Sooyeon Yi e Shan Jiang. Water-Energy Nexus in China A study on a national scale. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1567118.

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Cohon, Jared L., T. J. Glauthier, Norman R. Augustine, Wanda M. Austin, Charles Elachi, Paul A. Fleury, Susan J. Hockfield, Richard A. Meserve e Cherry A. Murray. Interim Report of the Commission to Review the Effectiveness of the National Energy Laboratories. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), fevereiro de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1235684.

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Zhou, Nan, Lynn Price, Nina Zheng, Jing Ke e Ali Hasanbeigi. National Level Co-Control Study of the Targets for Energy Intensity and Sulfur Dioxide in China. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), outubro de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055683.

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Ebadian, M. A. Coordination of the U.S. DOE-Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) science and technology implementing arrangement. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janeiro de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/290806.

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Wang, J. A., e F. B. K. Kam. Review of the International Atomic Energy Agency International database on reactor pressure vessel materials and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission/Oak Ridge National Laboratory embrittlement data base. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), fevereiro de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/582241.

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Tissot, Roger. Latin America's Energy Future. Inter-American Development Bank, dezembro de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006946.

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This discussion paper presents a survey of the changes in Latin America's energy consumption over the last 30 years, before considering the trends that will affect the region in the coming decades. It highlights several important issues, including the growing demand for oil, which has prompted a resurgence of resource nationalism and the revitalization of national oil companies in the region. Regional oil policy has also been boosted by the growth of China, which is now a major player in the Latin American energy sector, as both consumer and financier. Natural gas consumption has also grown in recent years, and the discovery of large non-conventional gas reserves will also alter the energy landscape. Overall, the paper concludes that Latin America has adequate resources to meet its rising energy needs. The challenge for national governments, however, is to find a balance of sources that best provides energy security, meets growing demand, is environmentally sustainable, and can be developed at a competitive cost. For the region with the cleanest energy matrix in the world, the paper recommends that national governments focus on developing renewable resources in order to avoid a greater reliance on fossil fuels.

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Gao, Yicheng, Zhihan Liu, Rui Cao, Yuting Feng, Liyuan Tao, Chengyuan Su, Xinmiao Guan et al. Knee osteoarthritis clinical practice guidelines should pay more attention to identify and report research priorities to increase research value and decrease waste: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, abril de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0063.

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Review question / Objective: Clinical practice guideline development group systematic summary of research evidence, so they have the most capacity and energy to identify research priorities. We systematically evaluated the reporting form and content of research priorities in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) related to knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Information sources: We searched 6 databases including PubMed, Embase, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wanfang, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. In addition, The official websites of 40 authoritative orthopedic societies, rheumatology societies and guideline development organizations were additionally searched.

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