Artigos de revistas: "Charge Transfert Inefficiency"

1

Pasquier, J. F. "Native and irradiated Charge Transfer Inefficiency characterization". EAS Publications Series 45 (2010): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1045010.

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Nightingale, James W., Richard J. Massey, Jacob Kegerreis e Richard G. Hayes. "PyAutoCTI: Open-Source Charge Transfer Inefficiency Calibration". Journal of Open Source Software 9, n.º 98 (1 de junho de 2024): 4904. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.04904.

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3

Stetson, Peter B. "On the Photometric Consequences of Charge‐Transfer Inefficiency in WFPC2". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 110, n.º 754 (dezembro de 1998): 1448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/316286.

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4

Maneuski, Dzmitry. "Simulation of the charge transfer inefficiency of column parallel CCDs". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 591, n.º 1 (junho de 2008): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.03.066.

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Bouchy, F., J. Isambert, C. Lovis, I. Boisse, P. Figueira, G. Hébrard e F. Pepe. "Charge Transfer Inefficiency effect for high-precision radial velocity measurements". EAS Publications Series 37 (2009): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/0937031.

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Smith, P. H., J. P. D. Gow, P. Pool e A. D. Holland. "Charge transfer inefficiency in the pre- and post-irradiated Swept Charge Device CCD236". Journal of Instrumentation 10, n.º 03 (24 de março de 2015): C03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/03/c03041.

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Blake, C. H., S. Halverson e A. Roy. "The impact of charge transfer inefficiency on Extreme Precision Doppler measurements". Journal of Instrumentation 12, n.º 04 (3 de abril de 2017): C04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/04/c04003.

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Rhodes, Jason, Alexie Leauthaud, Chris Stoughton, Richard Massey, Kyle Dawson, William Kolbe e Natalie Roe. "The Effects of Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI) on Galaxy Shape Measurements". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 122, n.º 890 (abril de 2010): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651675.

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9

Townsley, L. K., P. S. Broos, J. A. Nousek e G. P. Garmire. "Modeling charge transfer inefficiency in the Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 486, n.º 3 (julho de 2002): 751–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)02156-8.

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Toyozumi, Hiroyuki, e Michael C. B. Ashley. "Intra-Pixel Sensitivity Variation and Charge Transfer Inefficiency — Results of CCD Scans". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 22, n.º 3 (2005): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as05013.

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AbstractThe efficiency with which a charge-coupled device (CCD) detects photons depends, amongst other factors, on where within a pixel the photon hits. To explore this effect we have made detailed scans across a pixel for a front-illuminated three-phase EEV05-20 CCD using the standard astronomical B, V, R, and I colour filters. Pixel response functions and photometric sensitivity maps are derived from the scan images. Nonlinear charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) effects were observed and corrected for. The resulting images clearly show the intra-pixel sensitivity variations (IPSVs) due to the CCD electrode structure, and its dependence on wavelength. We briefly comment on the implications of IPSVs and CTI for high-precision photometry and astrometry.

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Short, A., C. Crowley, J. H. J. de Bruijne e T. Prod'homme. "An analytical model of radiation-induced Charge Transfer Inefficiency for CCD detectors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 430, n.º 4 (26 de fevereiro de 2013): 3078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt114.

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Massey, Richard. "Charge transfer inefficiency in the Hubble Space Telescope since Servicing Mission 4". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 409, n.º 1 (11 de outubro de 2010): L109—L113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00959.x.

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13

Chen, L., S. Pennarthur e H. L. Kwok. "Effects of the clock voltage waveforms on the charge transfer inefficiency of high-speed charge-coupled devices". Solid-State Electronics 36, n.º 5 (maio de 1993): 798–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(93)90253-m.

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Goudfrooij, Paul, Ralph C. Bohlin, Jesús Maíz‐Apellániz e Randy A. Kimble. "Empirical Corrections for Charge Transfer Inefficiency and Associated Centroid Shifts for STIS CCD Observations1". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118, n.º 848 (outubro de 2006): 1455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508477.

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15

Massey, Richard, Chris Stoughton, Alexie Leauthaud, Jason Rhodes, Anton Koekemoer, Richard Ellis e Edgar Shaghoulian. "Pixel-based correction for Charge Transfer Inefficiency in theHubble Space TelescopeAdvanced Camera for Surveys". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 401, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2010): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15638.x.

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16

Wang, Zujun, Yuanyuan Xue, Rui Xu, Hao Ning, Qianli Jiao, Junwei Li, Lili Ding e Tongxuan Jia. "Charge transfer inefficiency increase of the CCD detector induced by proton and neutron irradiations". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 978 (outubro de 2020): 164431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164431.

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Sopczak, AndrÉ, Salim Aoulmit, Khaled Bekhouche, Chris Bowdery, Craig Buttar, Chris Damerell, Dahmane Djendaoui et al. "Modeling of Charge Transfer Inefficiency in a CCD With High-Speed Column Parallel Readout". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, n.º 3 (junho de 2009): 1613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2009.2020985.

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Sopczak, AndrÉ, Khaled Bekhouche, Chris Damerell, Tim Greenshaw, Michal Koziel, Konstantin Stefanov, Tuomo Tikkanen, Tim Woolliscroft e Steve Worm. "Measurements of Charge Transfer Inefficiency in a CCD With High-Speed Column Parallel Readout". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, n.º 5 (outubro de 2009): 2925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2009.2026648.

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Monmeyran, Corentin, Neil S. Patel, Mark W. Bautz, Catherine E. Grant, Gregory Y. Prigozhin, Anuradha Agarwal e Lionel C. Kimerling. "Annealing bounds to prevent further Charge Transfer Inefficiency increase of the Chandra X-ray CCDs". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 389-390 (dezembro de 2016): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2016.11.020.

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20

Weiler, M., C. Babusiaux e A. Short. "Implementation of Models for Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI) in the Gaia Pixel-Level Data Simulator". EAS Publications Series 45 (2010): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1045011.

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21

Israel, Holger, Richard Massey, Thibaut Prod'homme, Mark Cropper, Oliver Cordes, Jason Gow, Ralf Kohley et al. "How well can charge transfer inefficiency be corrected? A parameter sensitivity study for iterative correction". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 453, n.º 1 (17 de agosto de 2015): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1660.

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Sopczak, AndrÉ, Khaled Bekhouche, Chris Bowdery, Chris Damerell, Gavin Davies, Lakhdar Dehimi, Tim Greenshaw et al. "Simulations of the Temperature Dependence of the Charge Transfer Inefficiency in a High-Speed CCD". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 54, n.º 4 (agosto de 2007): 1429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.903180.

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23

Massey, Richard, Tim Schrabback, Oliver Cordes, Ole Marggraf, Holger Israel, Lance Miller, David Hall, Mark Cropper, Thibaut Prod'homme e Sami Matias Niemi. "An improved model of charge transfer inefficiency and correction algorithm for the Hubble Space Telescope". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 439, n.º 1 (5 de fevereiro de 2014): 887–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu012.

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24

Díaz-Hernández, Juan José, Eduardo Martínez-Budría e Rosa Marina González. "Effects of Inefficiency on Marginal Costs, Degree of Economies of Scale and Technical Change: A Theoretical Relationship". Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa 29 (16 de abril de 2020): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.2804.

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In this paper, a theoretical relationship is obtained to measure the effect that inefficiency has on marginal costs, degree of economies of scale and technical change. It is shown that when the relationship between inefficiency and output level is ignored, the estimation of marginal costs and the degree of economies of scale are incorrect. The measurement of technical change is also wrongly calculated if one does not consider the variation of inefficiency over time. This could lead to incorrect pricing decisions that would transfer inefficiency to the consumer via prices and non-optimal investments in productive capacity. In addition, the effect of technical change on costs could be erroneously estimated. The empirical application of this theoretical model to Spanish port authorities during the period 2008-2016 shows that marginal costs of port services were overestimated, the degree of economies of scale was underestimated and the time variations of the inefficiency were interpreted erroneously as technical change when the relationship between inefficiency and output and time is not considered.

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Israel, Holger, Richard Massey, Thibaut Prod'homme, Mark Cropper, Oliver Cordes, Jason Gow, Ralf Kohley et al. "Erratum: How well can charge transfer inefficiency be corrected? A parameter sensitivity study for iterative correction". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 467, n.º 4 (15 de março de 2017): 4218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx270.

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Marcelot, Olivier, Romain Molina, Matthieu Bouhier e Pierre Magnan. "Design Impact on Charge Transfer Inefficiency of Surface CCD on CMOS Devices: TCAD and Characterization Study". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 63, n.º 3 (março de 2016): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2016.2516045.

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27

Townsley, L. K., P. S. Broos, G. P. Garmire e J. A. Nousek. "Mitigating Charge Transfer Inefficiency in the [ITAL]Chandra X-Ray Observatory[/ITAL] Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer". Astrophysical Journal 534, n.º 2 (10 de maio de 2000): L139—L142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/312672.

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Skrypnyk, Andrii, Oleksandr Zhemoida e Olha Holiachuk. "Transfer of energy inefficiency: cheap hydropower at the expense of farmers". Ekonomika APK 315, n.º 1 (28 de janeiro de 2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202101072.

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The purpose of the article is to conduct an objective quantitative assessment of environmental, economic and social externalities created by the Ukrainian hydropower industry for society, other sectors of the economy and the environment. Research methods. As research methods, standard indicators for assessing the efficiency of the energy sector are used, namely the criterion of area efficiency of electricity generation different types, the criterion of efficiency of installed capacity in hydropower, the criteria for assessing the comparative unit cost, elements of econometric analysis and physical analogues. Research results. It is shown that the declared low cost of electricity generated in hydropower is achieved by the price of transferring the losses generated by the industry to other sectors of the economy and primarily to the agricultural sector. Losses of agricultural production are based on unused flooded areas, and practically destroyed the Dnieper as a powerful transport artery of the country. However, in general, social losses from cheap hydropower are much greater and include losses of historical identity and communication of the population of the coastal areas of the Dnieper. Scientific novelty. Based on the econometric analysis, the existence of a declining exponential trend in hydro generation volumes is shown, which is explained by the siltation of shallow water particles of the Dnieper reservoirs. The process has accelerated recently due to climate change and increasing pollutant discharges. As a result of these processes, the generation of renewable energy will soon exceed the volume of hydropower. Practical significance. On the basis of world experience and analysis of the external industry, the inefficiency of the strategy for the development of hydropower until 2026 is shown, which, in practice, is built on the principles of the era of planned economies. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 4. Refs.: 32.

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Gow, J. P. D., N. J. Murray, A. D. Holland, D. J. Hall, M. Cropper, D. Burt, G. Hopkinson e L. Duvet. "Assessment of space proton radiation-induced charge transfer inefficiency in the CCD204 for the Euclid space observatory". Journal of Instrumentation 7, n.º 01 (5 de janeiro de 2012): C01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/c01030.

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Xue, Yuanyuan, Zujun Wang, Fengqi Zhang, Jingying Bian, Zhibin Yao, Baoping He, Minbo Liu et al. "Measurement and investigation of proton irradiation-induced charge transfer inefficiency in PPD CIS at different integration times". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 886 (abril de 2018): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.071.

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31

Djendaoui, Dahmane, Zoubir Becer e Thameur Obeidi. "Improving charge transfer efficiency in CCDs: A SILVACO-based numerical study". STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, n.º 2 (26 de novembro de 2024): e11142. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-575.

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In this study, we investigate the charge transfer efficiency (CTE) of a radiation-damaged charge-coupled device (CCD) subjected to proton radiation levels typical of space-borne experiments, nuclear imaging, and particle detection. The primary factor affecting CTE in such damaged CCDs is the trapping of charge carriers by bulk states. Our analysis examines CTE as a function of temperature, and radiation-created traps (trap levels). We employed a two-dimensional numerical model using the SILVACO semiconductor simulation software to simulate the dynamic transfer process in a buried-channel CCD (BCCD) with a three-phase clock pulse driver. After setting the appropriate physical models and the suggested deep traps levels in the channel region. The simulations demonstrate that the CTE shows a nonlinear dependence on temperature, with a charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) peaking at 7x10-6 at 135 K and reaching a minimum value of 2x10-6 around 200 K. These simulated results closely match the experimental data found in the literature, providing a comprehensive understanding of the impact of radiation-induced traps on the dynamic charge transfer processes in CCDs.

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Maham, Yadollah, e Gordon R. Freeman. "Effect of solvent structure on electron reactivity: 2-propanol/water mixtures". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, n.º 7 (1 de julho de 1988): 1706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-276.

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The reactivity of solvated electrons [Formula: see text] with efficient (nitrobenzene, acetone) and inefficient (phenol, toluene) scavengers is affected greatly by the solvent composition in 2-propanol/water mixed solvents. 2-Propanol is the only secondary alcohol that is completely miscible with water. The variation of the nitrobenzene rate constant k2 with solvent composition displays four viscosity zones, as in primary and tertiary alcohol/water mixtures. In zone (c), where the Stokes–Smoluchowski equation applies, the nitrobenzene k2 values in the secondary alcohol/water mixtures are situated between those in the primary and tertiary alcohols, due to the relative values of the dielectric permittivity ε. The charge–dipole attraction energy varies as ε−1.The two water-rich zones (c) and (d) are characterized by a large change of viscosity η and a small change in [Formula: see text] solvation energy (trap depth) Er; here k2 for all the scavengers correlates with the inverse of the viscosity. In the two alcohol-rich zones (a) and (b) the change of η is small but that of Er is large; here k2 of inefficient scavengers correlates with the inverse of Er, due to the difficulty of electron transfer out of deeper traps. Activation energies E2 and entropies [Formula: see text] also show composition zone behaviour. The value of [Formula: see text] is more negative for less efficient scavengers; E2 varies less and does not correlate with reactivity or Er. Electron transfer from solvent to inefficient scavenger is driven by solvent rearrangement around the reaction center, reflected in [Formula: see text].

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Stefanov, Konstantin D., Martin J. Prest, Mark Downing, Elizabeth George, Naidu Bezawada e Andrew D. Holland. "Simulations and Design of a Single-Photon CMOS Imaging Pixel Using Multiple Non-Destructive Signal Sampling". Sensors 20, n.º 7 (4 de abril de 2020): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072031.

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A single-photon CMOS image sensor (CIS) design based on pinned photodiode (PPD) with multiple charge transfers and sampling is described. In the proposed pixel architecture, the photogenerated signal is sampled non-destructively multiple times and the results are averaged. Each signal measurement is statistically independent and by averaging, the electronic readout noise is reduced to a level where single photons can be distinguished reliably. A pixel design using this method was simulated in TCAD and several layouts were generated for a 180-nm CMOS image sensor process. Using simulations, the noise performance of the pixel was determined as a function of the number of samples, sense node capacitance, sampling rate and transistor characteristics. The strengths and limitations of the proposed design are discussed in detail, including the trade-off between noise performance and readout rate and the impact of charge transfer inefficiency (CTI). The projected performance of our first prototype device indicates that single-photon imaging is within reach and could enable ground-breaking performances in many scientific and industrial imaging applications.

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Marcelot, Olivier, Marjorie Morvan, Antoine Salih Alj, Stephane Demiguel, Cedric Virmontois, Anne Rouvie, Magali Estribeau e Vincent Goiffon. "Development of a Charge-Multiplication CMOS Image Sensor Based on Capacitive Trench for Low-Light-Level Imaging". Sensors 23, n.º 23 (30 de novembro de 2023): 9518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239518.

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This paper presents an electron multiplication charge coupled device (EMCCD) based on capacitive deep trench isolation (CDTI) and developed using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The CDTI transfer register offers a charge transfer inefficiency lower than 10−4 and a low dark current o 0.11nA/cm2 at room temperature. In this work, the timing diagram is adapted to use this CDTI transfer register in an electron multiplication mode. The results highlight some limitations of this device in such an EM configuration: for instance, an unexpected increase in the dark current is observed. A design modification is then proposed to overcome these limitations and rely on the addition of an electrode on the top of the register. Thus, this new device preserves the good transfer performance of the register while adding an electron multiplication function. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations in 2D and 3D are performed with this new design and reveal a very promising structure.

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Kjær, Kasper Skov, Nidhi Kaul, Om Prakash, Pavel Chábera, Nils W. Rosemann, Alireza Honarfar, Olga Gordivska et al. "Luminescence and reactivity of a charge-transfer excited iron complex with nanosecond lifetime". Science 363, n.º 6424 (29 de novembro de 2018): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7160.

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Iron’s abundance and rich coordination chemistry are potentially appealing features for photochemical applications. However, the photoexcitable charge-transfer states of most iron complexes are limited by picosecond or subpicosecond deactivation through low-lying metal-centered states, resulting in inefficient electron-transfer reactivity and complete lack of photoluminescence. In this study, we show that octahedral coordination of iron(III) by two mono-anionic facialtris-carbene ligands can markedly suppress such deactivation. The resulting complex [Fe(phtmeimb)2]+, where phtmeimb is {phenyl[tris(3-methylimidazol-1-ylidene)]borate}−, exhibits strong, visible, room temperature photoluminescence with a 2.0-nanosecond lifetime and 2% quantum yield via spin-allowed transition from a doublet ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (2LMCT) state to the doublet ground state. Reductive and oxidative electron-transfer reactions were observed for the2LMCT state of [Fe(phtmeimb)2]+in bimolecular quenching studies with methylviologen and diphenylamine.

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Yang, S., e Y. Shi. "Numerical simulation of formation and preservation of Ningwu ice cave, Shanxi, China". Cryosphere 9, n.º 5 (22 de outubro de 2015): 1983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1983-2015.

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Abstract. Ice caves exist in locations where annual average air temperature is higher than 0 °C. An example is Ningwu ice cave, Shanxi Province, the largest ice cave in China. In order to quantitatively investigate the mechanism of formation and preservation of the ice cave, we use the finite-element method to simulate the heat transfer process at this ice cave. There are two major control factors. First, there is the seasonal asymmetric heat transfer. Heat is transferred into the ice cave from outside very inefficiently by conduction in spring, summer and fall. In winter, thermal convection occurs that transfers heat very efficiently out of the ice cave, thus cooling it down. Secondly, ice–water phase change provides a heat barrier for heat transfer into the cave in summer. The calculation also helps to evaluate effects of global warming, tourists, colored lights, climatic conditions, etc. for sustainable development of the ice cave as a tourism resource. In some other ice caves in China, managers have installed airtight doors at these ice caves' entrances with the intention of "protecting" these caves, but this in fact prevents cooling in winter and these cave ices will entirely melt within tens of years.

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Yang, S., e Y. Shi. "Numerical simulation of formation and preservation of Ningwu ice cave, Shanxi, China". Cryosphere Discussions 9, n.º 2 (14 de abril de 2015): 2367–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-2367-2015.

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Abstract. Ice caves exist in locations where annual average temperature in higher than 0 °C. An example is Ningwu ice cave, Shanxi Province, the largest ice cave in China. In order to quantitatively explain the mechanism of formation and preservation of the ice cave, we use Finite Element Method to simulate the heat transfer process at this ice cave. There are two major control factors. First, there is the seasonal asymmetric heat transfer. Heat is transferred into the ice cave from outside, very inefficiently by conduction in spring, summer and fall. In winter, thermal convection occurs that transfers heat very efficiently out of the ice cave, thus cooling it down. Secondly, ice–water phase change provides a heat barrier for heat transfer into the cave in summer. The calculation also helps to evaluate effects of global warming, tourists, etc. for sustainable development of ice cave as tourism resource. In some other ice caves in China, managers installed air-tight doors at these ice caves entrance intending to "protect" these caves, but this prevent cooling down these caves in winters and these cave ices will entirely melt within tens of years.

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Welsh, Helga A. "Higher Education in Germany: Fragmented Change Amid Paradigm Shifts". German Politics and Society 28, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2010): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280204.

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After the two German states unified in 1990, the tendency to transplant West German practices to the former East Germany was particularly pronounced in areas where systemic differences and perceived inefficiency met ideological reservations. The higher education system was among them. Comprehensive institutional, policy, and personnel transfer from West to East ensued. Starting in the mid 1990s after many failed initiatives, however, new policies were launched in the unified Germany. Reinforced by feedback from institutional and policy transfer to the East, factors such as Europeanization and globalization empowered newly formed advocacy coalitions to advance a reform agenda. Competition and performance seeded other ideas, prominent among them diversification, internationalization, autonomy, and accountability. Existing institutions and firmly rooted traditions still condition and limit change, and reforming the reforms has become commonplace. Differentiation among Länder and higher education institutions has become more pronounced, adding to the variety of outcomes. In ways unforeseen in 1990, some areas of the German higher education system have seen paradigmatic change, while others have survived relatively unscathed. The recalibration of the system continues, and reform pressure persists.

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Hosseini, Roozbeh, e Ali Shourideh. "Retirement Financing: An Optimal Reform Approach". Econometrica 87, n.º 4 (2019): 1205–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta15088.

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We study Pareto optimal policy reforms aimed at overhauling retirement financing as an integral part of the tax and transfer system. Our framework for policy analysis is a heterogeneous‐agent overlapping‐generations model that performs well in matching the aggregate and distributional features of the U.S. economy. We present a test of Pareto optimality that identifies the main source of inefficiency in the status quo policies. Our test suggests that lack of asset subsidies late in life is the main source of inefficiency when annuity markets are incomplete. We solve for Pareto optimal policy reforms and show that progressive asset subsidies provide a powerful tool for Pareto optimal reforms. On the other hand, earnings tax reforms do not always yield efficiency gains. We implement our Pareto optimal policy reform in an economy that features demographic change. The reform reduces the present discounted value of net resources consumed by each generation by about 7 to 11 percent in the steady state. These gains amount to a one‐time lump‐sum transfer to the initial generation equal to 10.5 percent of GDP.

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Balachandran, Selvaraj, e Jose Swaminathan. "Advances in Indoor Cooking Using Solar Energy with Phase Change Material Storage Systems". Energies 15, n.º 22 (21 de novembro de 2022): 8775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228775.

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One of the key areas of the UN’s sustainable development goals is growing affordable and clean energy. Utilizing solar energy that is now accessible will significantly lessen the demand for fossil fuels. Around the world, cooking is a crucial activity for homes and uses a lot of non-renewable energy. Uncontrolled firewood usage results in deforestation, whereas using biomass-related fuels in inefficient stoves can result in smoke emanating from the kitchen and associated health issues. The benefits of solar cooking include reducing smoke-related problems and saving on fossil fuels and firewood. Applying thermal storage systems in cooking helps households have all-day cooking. This review article presents the research and development of a solar cooking system that transfers solar energy into the kitchen and integrates with the thermal energy storage system, finding the factors affecting indoor solar cooking performance. Adding portable cooking utensils helps in improved solar indoor cooking. Multiple phase change materials arranged in cascaded to store thermal energy helps in quick heat transfer rate, thus enabling better and faster cooking. A novel indoor solar cooker with an innovative arrangement of evacuated tube-based compound concentrating parabolic (CPC) collectors with a cascaded latent heat thermal energy storage system is proposed and needs to be tested under actual meteorological conditions.

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Duan, Kai, Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun, Steven G. McNulty, Yue Qin, Xiaohong Chen e Ning Liu. "Climate change challenges efficiency of inter-basin water transfers in alleviating water stress". Environmental Research Letters 17, n.º 4 (29 de março de 2022): 044050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5e68.

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Abstract Inter-basin water transfer (IBT) is widely used to mitigate water shortage at the cost of compromising water availability in water-exporting regions. Yet, we do not know how efficient are the IBTs in alleviating inter-regional water stress in a changing climate and water supply-demand context. From a socio-hydrological perspective, we here quantify the efficiency of more than 200 IBTs across the United States by a Stress Relief Index that measures the impact of water redistribution on the overall water stress level. Based on the assumption that an IBT-induced increase and reduction in water availability would respectively constitute a positive and negative impact on regional water security, we show that 29% of the IBTs could be considered socially inefficient by 2010 as they shift water stress from water-receiving to water-exporting and downstream regions. Future stress escalations induced by growing population, declining runoff, and increasing demands for energy production and irrigation will alter IBT efficiency disproportionately. The inefficient IBTs would amount to 32% and 35% by the end of the 21st century under the scenarios of representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5, with 7 ∼ 16 IBTs reaching a tipping point that their role in the water system could switch from alleviating to aggravating the overall water stress. Our results indicate that the evolving climatic and socioeconomic status can largely affect transfer efficiency, highlighting the need of basin-level adaptation strategies for sustainable use of the IBTs.

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Kanemaru, Yoshiaki, Jin Sato, Toshiyuki Takaki, Yuta Terada, Koji Mori, Mariko Saito, Kumiko K. Nobukawa et al. "Experimental studies on the charge transfer inefficiency of CCD developed for the soft X-ray imaging telescope Xtend aboard the XRISM satellite". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 984 (dezembro de 2020): 164646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164646.

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Pelamatti, Alice, Vincent Goiffon, Aziouz Chabane, Pierre Magnan, Cédric Virmontois, Olivier Saint-Pé e Michel Breart de Boisanger. "Charge Transfer Inefficiency in Pinned Photodiode CMOS image sensors: Simple Montecarlo modeling and experimental measurement based on a pulsed storage-gate method". Solid-State Electronics 125 (novembro de 2016): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2016.05.009.

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Touhami, A., e A. Bouhdada. "Interface states effect and influence of the topological and technological parameters on the transfer inefficiency in the surface charge-coupled device (SCCD)". Microelectronics Reliability 36, n.º 5 (maio de 1996): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(95)00162-x.

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Dannen, Randall, Daniel Proga, Tim Waters e Sergei Dyda. "On the Transition from Efficient to Inefficient Line Driving in Irradiated Flows". Astrophysical Journal 961, n.º 2 (29 de janeiro de 2024): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0da5.

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Abstract Observations of ionized outflows from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) provide evidence of energy and momentum transfer from the AGN radiation to the plasma. The AGN radiation is very energetic. Therefore, at distances of parsec scale, where gravity is relatively weak, energy transfer alone can lead to outflow. Much closer to the black hole, gravity dominates thermal energy and the gas is in the so-called “cold” regime. Only magnetic or radiation forces can lead to outflow. However, it is unclear when the radiation force is efficient in overcoming gravity because of its dependence on the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the radiation and opacity. In this work, we survey the parameter space of radiation forces due to spectral lines resulting from blackbody SEDs with temperatures ranging from ∼104 to 106 K. The objective was to identify the radiation temperature above which line driving becomes inefficient. We find that the temperature ≲4 × 105 K marks such a transition. We also self-consistently calculate heating and cooling balance to estimate gas temperature and identify the transition where thermal driving becomes comparable to line driving. We summarize hydrodynamical simulations of radial outflows to illustrate how wind properties change during the transition from line to thermal driving and their dependence on outflow parameters and SED.

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Lian, Tianquan. "(Invited) Efficient Hot Electron Transfer By Plasmon Induced Interfacial Charge Transfer Transitio". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, n.º 31 (13 de abril de 2018): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1867.

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Surface plasmon resonance in metal nanostructures has been widely used to enhance the efficiency of semiconductors and/or molecular chromophore based solar energy conversion devices by increasing absorption or energy transfer rates through the enhanced local field strength. In more recent years, it has been shown that excitation of plasmons in metal nanostructures can also lead to the injection of hot electrons into semiconductors and enhanced photochemistry. This novel mechanism suggests that plasmonic nanostructures can potentially function as a new class of widely tunable and robust light harvesting materials for solar energy conversion. More importantly, it provide a novel approach to access highly energetic and reactive states of metals that is difficult to utilize with thermal chemistry. However, plasmon-induced hot electron injections from metal to semiconductor or molecules are still inefficient because of the competing ultrafast hot electron relaxation processes within the metallic domain. In this talk, I will discuss a recent study on the key factors that limit the efficiency of plasmon induced hot electron transfer in colloidal quantum-confined semiconductor-gold nanorod heterostructures. These heterostructures provide a well-defined and systematically tunable model system for studying the mechanism of hot electron transfer. In CdSe NRs with Au tips, the distinct plasmon band of the Au nanoparticles was completely damped due to strong interaction with the CdSe domain. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we show that optical excitation of plasmons in the Au tip leads to efficient hot electron injection into the semiconductor nanorod. In the presence of sacrificial electron donors, this plasmon induced hot electron transfer process can be utilized to drive photoreduction reactions under continuous illumination. We propose that the strong metal/semiconductor coupling in CdSe/Au hetersostructures leads to a new pathway for this surprising efficient hot electron transfer. In this plasmon induced interfacial charge transfer transition (PICTT) the a plasmon decay by direct excitation of an electron from the metal to semiconductor, bypassing the competition with hot electron transfer in metal. Ongoing studies are examining the generality of this mechanism and exploring possible approaches for improving its efficiency through controlling the size and shape of the plasmonic and excitonic domains. Reference [1]. Kaifeng Wu, Jinquan Chen, James R. McBride, Tianquan Lian, “Efficient hot-electron transfer by a plasmon-induced interfacial charge-transfer transition”, Science (2015), 349 (6248): 632. DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5443 [2]. Kaifeng Wu, William E. Rodríguez-Córdoba, Ye Yang, and Tianquan Lian, “Plasmon-Induced Hot Electron Transfer from the Au Tip to CdS Rod in CdS-Au Nanoheterostructures”, Nano Lett. (2013), 13(11), 5255-5263. DOI: 10.1021/nl402730m

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Dixit, Avinash, e John Londregan. "Redistributive Politics and Economic Efficiency". American Political Science Review 89, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1995): 856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082513.

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The political process often compensates the losers from technical change or international competition in an economically inefficient way, namely by subsidizing or protecting declining industries instead of encouraging the movement of resources to other more productive uses. We find that a dynamic inconsistency in the game of redistributive politics contributes to this outcome. To achieve economically efficient outcomes, it is necessary that those making economically inefficient choices not be given offsetting transfers. But the political process distributes income on the basis of political characteristics, which are in general different from the economic characteristics that are rewarded by the market. We identify circumstances in which the inefficient choosers have desirable political characteristics and are therefore immune from threats of having to face the economic consequences of their choices.

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Tamai, Yasunari. "(Invited) Role of the Energy Offset in the Charge Separation at the Donor: Acceptor Interface". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, n.º 13 (9 de agosto de 2024): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01131045mtgabs.

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The trade-off between the short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage has been one of the largest bottlenecks for further improving the device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, understanding the limit to which the energy offset can be reduced and the physics underlying the trade-off relationship is crucial. This study provides a threshold energy that can ensure high charge photogeneration efficiencies for Y-series nonfullerene acceptor-based OSCs and discusses the role of the energy offset in charge separation. In this study, we used transient absorption spectroscopy to track the time evolution of electroabsorption caused by electron-hole pairs generated at donor:acceptor interfaces. We found that an insufficient energy offset led to not only slow charge transfer at the donor:acceptor interfaces, but also inefficient long-range spatial dissociation of the charge transfer states. Our findings highlight the importance of overcoming the trade-off between fill factor and open-circuit voltage for further improving the power conversion efficiency.

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Hidayat, Rahmat, Yolla Sukma Handayani e Priastuti Wulandari. "Study of Interfacial Charge Transfer Loss in Hybrid Solar Cells by Impedance Spectroscopy". Materials Science Forum 827 (agosto de 2015): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.162.

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Organic solar cells have been much studied because of the simplicity in their fabrication process in comparison to solar cells based on crystalline inorganic semiconductors. However, the actual power conversion efficiency is still much lower than the theoretical prediction, which may indicate the effect of inefficient charge transfer or charge recombination loss inside the cell. We have studied the photovoltaic characteristics of hybrid solar cells with transition metal doped ZnO layer as electron transport layers. Under dark condition, their J-V curves show a deviation from an ideal diode characteristic, which is indicated by current flow below the threshold voltage. Further investigations to clarify the photovoltaic characteristics of those cells were then carried out by the measurements of impedance spectroscopy. The impedance characteristics are dependent on the transport layer used, where the Nyquist plots of cells with TiZO exhibit larger impedance than those of cells with ZnO. However, those cells with larger impedance show better working performances. This fact was then interpreted as the result from smaller interfacial charge transfer loss, which may take place via charge carrier recombination at the interface of the transport layer and active layer, in the cells with TiZO.

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Xue, Lin, Houguang Liu, Jianhua Yang, Songyong Liu, Yu Zhao e Xinsheng Huang. "Research on coupling effects of actuator and round window membrane on reverse stimulation of human cochlea". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 235, n.º 4 (9 de janeiro de 2021): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920987960.

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An active actuator of a middle-ear implant coupled to the round window membrane (RWM), which transmits vibration to the cochlea, has been used to compensate for hearing loss in patients. However, various factors affect the coupling condition between the actuator and the RWM, resulting in coupling leakage. In this study, a coupling impedance model of the human ear and the actuator was used to investigate the effect of inefficient coupling during reverse stimulation. First, the three-port circuit network model of the actuator was coupled with the acoustic impedance model of human ear reverse sound transmission. Meanwhile, the inefficient coupling impedance was estimated. Then, the effect of the actuator’s coupling on reverse stimulation was studied by comparing the reverse pressure transfer function. Furthermore, the inefficient coupling’s influence in the ear with middle-ear disorder was also investigated by simulating two typical forms of middle-ear disorder: otosclerosis and ossicular chain disarticulation. The results show that the change of the inefficient coupling impedance plays a significant role during reverse stimulation. Inefficient coupling of the actuator and the RWM deteriorates the cochlear response of reverse stimulation over the entire frequency range. Additionally, the coupling effect of the actuator does not change the influence tendency of middle-ear disorder on reverse stimulation’s performance, but changes the response amplitude of the reverse stimulation.

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