Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Changements de genre"
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Migliore, Jérémy. "Empreintes des changements environnementaux sur la phylogéographie du genre Myrtus en Méditerranée et au Sahara". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30049.
Texto completo da fonteA better understanding of the origin and evolution of the diversity of life requires the development of biogeographical approaches based on the phylogeography. This PhD thesis study considers the phylogeographical structure of the Common Myrtle (Myrtus communis L., Myrtaceae), a characteristic and common plant of the Mediterranean matorral, and its relationship with the Nivelle Myrtle (Myrtus nivellei Batt. & Trab.), endemic to the central Saharan mountains. An objective is also to examine especially the influence of palaeogeography and climatic changes on the genetic diversity of these two taxa. Our approach aims at being integrative, combining palaeobotanical data, genetic data (sequencing and multilocus genotyping), modeling of molecular evolution, polymorphism and heritability of the growth in controlled conditions, and modeling of bioclimatic niche. The analysis of 173 populations of the Common Myrtle and 23 populations of the Nivelle Myrtle reveals a strong phylogeographical signal, whose spatio-temporal framework was provided by the dating of divergences and the reconstruction of ancestral areas within the molecular phylogenies using Bayesian analytical methods. Three main results can be highlighted. (i) With an origin dated to the early Miocene, the history of M. communis can be summarized by two periods of diversification associated with the environmental changes occurring in the Miocene/Pliocene transition and in the Pleistocene. A vicariance phenomenon has induced the isolation of an eastern Mediterranean lineage. Recent diversification events have also been detected in the western part of the Mediterranean Basin, with in-return migration to the eastern Mediterranean, and also dispersal to the Azores and Madeira islands, and to the Sahara. (ii) Within the refugia-mountains of the Central Sahara, the alternation of wet and dry periods seems to have induced the isolation of the populations of M. nivellei per mountain range, with a strong genetic erosion. In parallel to this high regional differentiation, gene flows within these mountain ranges and vegetative multiplication have been detected. (iii) Finally, the absence of divergence of Mediterranean insular populations of M. communis contrasts with the long-term persistence of Myrtle lineages restricted to the Azores and Madeira islands, and to the speciation of M. nivellei in the Sahara. The discussion of these results provides new perspectives on comparative phylogeography, genomics and conservation biogeography
Dipelet, Bouka Gaël Ulrich. "Structuration de la biodiversité des forêts africaines et changements climatiques : une étude à travers le genre Khaya (Meliaceae)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT165.
Texto completo da fontePaleoecological studies suggest that the floristic composition, the structure and the current distribution of African dense tropical forests have been influenced by several factors. In particular, the establishment of ecological gradients at the scale of the continent over last several million years has favored parapatric speciation. Also, during past climatic changes, certain regions considered to be « forest refugia » are supposed to have been little (or not) affected by climatic variations, whereas ecosystems located between these regions were more or less profoundly modified, favoring allopatric speciation of forest species. Gaps remain in the identification of forest refugia in Africa, and their role in speciation and in shaping patterns in geographic distribution of genetic variation is insufficiently studied.These questions are addressed here in a study covering the genus Khaya (Meliaceae), a model genus whose species present variable ecological affinities. This multidisciplinary study, which mobilizes botanical, phylogeographic and climatic niche-modeling approaches, has the following objectives : (1) to define the taxonomic limits of species of the genus and to understand the speciation events that led to their current distribution and geographical genetic structuring ; (2) to analyze the phylogeographic patterns of Khaya anthotheca and of K. ivorensis ; (3) to test the force of the relationship between patterns of genetic diversity, ecological gradients and putative Plio-Pleistocene forest refugia ; (4) to identify the potential climatic niches of all species of Khaya and estimate how their geographic distributions shifted over time.Our results show the following : (i) the presence of five distinct genetic groups within the K. anthotheca complex. Analysis of botanical characters led to identification of the same groups, permitting the characterization of five different species. Three of these present allopatrique or parapatric distributions and two of them are locally found in sympatry, one of which is a species new to science ; (ii) a significant correlation between niche overlap, for each pair of these five species and the genetic distance separating each pair ; (iii) a contraste between zones of high diversity of the nuclear genome and zones of high diversity of the cytoplasmic genome of K. ivorensis, so that it is not possible to clearly separate the populations despite the presence of two genetic clusters owing to isolation by distance ; and (iv) the recognitiion, and the description of nine spcies in the gens Khaya.All this new knowledge sheds light on the structuring of biodiversity of African forests and contributes to laying the foundation for a strategy of conservation and sustainable management of these species, greatly sought after not only for their timber but also because of their medicinal uses
Eliard, Christine. "Contribution à l'étude de la croissance et du métabolisme énergétique d'une bactérie du genre Arthrobacter : influence de changements de salinité". Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11643.
Texto completo da fonteLesclingand, Marie. "Nouvelles pratiques migratoires féminines et redéfinition des systèmes de genre : une analyse à partir des changements démographiques en milieu rural malien". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004IEPP0039.
Texto completo da fonteSbeiti, Abed al latiff. "Effet du changement climatique sur la réponse des plantes et des pathogènes, lors du développement de la maladie racinaire provoquée par les champignons pathogènes du sol du genre verticillium, chez deux espèces du genre médicago". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0064/document.
Texto completo da fonteWe were interested to evaluate the influence of climate change on net patterns of plants responses to pathogens. In this work, we studied the effects of temperature increase (20 °, 25 ° and 28 ° C) on early phenotype (symptoms of disease) and on fitness at the end of growth cycle on different accessions and nodulation mutants of the legume model plant Medicago truncatula, inoculated by the root pathogen Verticillium adapted to different temperatures. The behavior of cultivated varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in these conditions was also analyzed. The work is divided into 3 parts. In the first part, we identified among 12 strains of Verticillium spp., a cold strain (VA1) and a temperate strain (V31.2) with an optimum temperature of growth, sporulation and aggressiveness to M. truncatula of 20°C and 25°C respectively. Since our strain collection doesn’t contain strains adapted to higher temperatures, we have obtained by UV mutagenesis of strain V31.2 a third strain (AS38), considered as a ‘hot’ strain, which is aggressive at 28°C. In the second part, we observed the symptoms of disease on seven natural accessions of M. truncatula, inoculated by the three strains of the pathogen at three temperatures 20°C, 25°C and 28°C in the presence of Sinorhizobium meliloti RCR2011. Mild symptoms were observed for two accessions A17 and DZA315.16 inoculated with VA1 at 20°C. We observed a maximal sensitivity for three accessions (F83005.5, DZA315.16 and L321) inoculated with V31.2 at 25 ° C, and for four accessions (F83005.5, DZA315.16, L321 and L198) inoculated with AS38 at 28 ° C. The results of phenotypic disease symptoms were confirmed by molecular quantification of fungal DNA (qPCR), and re-isolation of the fungus from aerial plant tissues. The effect of strains VA1 and V31.2 on three fitness traits (number and weight of pods per plant and aerial biomass) was studied. The effect negative of VA1 was observed only at 20°C on the A17 accession. In contrast, V31.2 showed an impact on the three fitness traits, which decrease in susceptible accessions, as well as on pod number of the resistant accession L198. In the third part, a similar analysis was made for four nodulation mutants in A17 genetic background. Nodulation mutants showed a higher level of resistance to VA1 than A17, at different studied temperatures. Towards strain V31.2 at 20°C the mutants skl and hcl showed the same symptom scores as A17 whereas nfp and sunn mutants had more susceptible. Mutants showed a higher sensitivity at 25°C to V31.2 fungal strain. The results of phenotypic disease symptoms were confirmed by re-isolation experiments. For the nodulation mutants we showed, for the first time, that only the sunn mutant (hypernodulant) has the same productivity as A17, regardless of the condition (inoculated or control) and the studied strain (VA1 or V31.2); while the skl mutant (hypernodulant also) has a lower productivity. The other two mutants defective in nodulation (nfp and hcl) showed lower productivity than A17 regardless of the strain (VA1 or V31.2) and the temperature studied. Finally, a strong similarity was found between the early phenotypic response symptoms disease in M. truncatula and M. sativa inoculated by Verticillium spp. In this thesis, we didn’t find a positive correlation between the ability of nodulation and protection against the disease, however the symbiosis increases the fitness of some of these plants. The results also suggest that increasing temperatures could favour appearance a strain adapted to 28°C (AS38), which is more aggressive and more virulent than V31.2 on M. truncatula
Top, Arame. "Évolution des systèmes de production agricole dans un contexte de changement climatique et de migration et effet de genre dans les trois zones éco-géographiques de la région de Matam au Sénégal". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20030/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of production systems in a global context and such kind of effect in the Matam region aims to introduce mutations in a traditional development environment based on crop rotation and seasonal and spatial alternation in context of irrigated agriculture through the waters of the Senegal River. This context is part of a state policy Senegalese anxious to boost household food security of the river valley rocked by a violent climate crisis which hit nearly two decades. These populations heavily dependent decline integrated culture in a traditional production system that highlighted the livestock, fisheries, rainfed agriculture, seasonal migration, saw their hopes dashed survival. Commissioning of dam Diaman and Manantali, registered in the 0MVS program (development of the Senegal River) between riparian countries (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Mali) significantly reduced the occurrence of floods. This program, which had vast ambitions confiscated the life of riverine populations of the river hindsight flood the Senegal River. These people, whose seasonal migration was part of their production system, adopted a long-term migration to ensure food security of households left the village. The irrigated farming system implemented through irrigation schemes, requires greater human resources and flood recession cultivation and higher production costs
Giraud, Isabelle. "Mouvements des femmes et changements des régimes genrés de représentation politique au Québec et en France (1965-2004)". Thèse, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17451.
Texto completo da fonteAg, Atteynine Solimane. "Changement climatique et rongeurs ravageurs des cultures : effet attractif des cultures de saison sèche sur les espèces du genre Arvicanthis au Mali". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0130.
Texto completo da fonteIn Mali, during the dry season, there is the issue of the attractive effect of dry season crops on rodent pests, which would be all the more marked in the latitudinal gradient of Sudan-Sahel aridity GECS (1100 mm to 200 mm). These hypotheses are tested in the genus Arvicanthis (A.ansorgei, A. niloticus). The results of the previous cytogenetic survey 1994-1999 and an expanded survey 2009-2014 reveal recent changes in the distribution areas of both species; suggesting a strong role of their chronobiological adaptation in the determinism of their distribution. This horizontal approach followed by a vertical approach (2009-2016) compares four indicators of the attractiveness of the CSS vs. the MNC in the five climatic regions of GECS (Sikasso, Koulikoro, Ségou, Mopti, Gao). The population densities of both species are higher in the CSS vs. the MNC; and this attractiveness of the CSS increases with aridity in the area of A. niloticus. The ratio of "migratory strategists" within populations demonstrates the buffering effect of the CSS and confirms the frequency of these episodes. The diet study confirms their phytophagous diet. In a natural environment, aridity induces a decrease in the consumption of plants compensated by that of non-orthopterous Arthropods; and the diversity of plants consumed decreases with aridity in A.ansorgei vs increases with aridity in A. niloticus. The buffering effect of CSS "neutralizes" inter-specific differences, and in both species, in the CSS, the diversity of weeds consumed decreases to the detriment of crops, especially rice and the consumption in the Orthoptera increases
Gonzalez, Palacios Héctor. "Los cambios de género durante la Tardoantigüedad en el Mediterráneo oriental (siglos III-VII)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0002.
Texto completo da fonteThe object of this research is those socio-religious phenomena in Early Christianity, which imply (what could be called from a contemporary perspective) a gender transition or transgendered condition. The study focuses on Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Antiquity period (3rd-7th centuries), with particular attention to the 3rd and 4th centuries, as a time of transformation of Christianity from a minority sect to the majority mass religion. The research is divided into three parts: 1) First, the conceptions of gender and sexual relations in Early Christianity. Here we will dismantle the old belief that the models of monastic repression of sexuality were the prevailing ones from the beginning and how these, on the contrary, were a relatively late product that developed parallel to the popularization of Christianity.2) Second, (what we will call) transgender asceticisms, a set of individuals who, biologically female, lived and were socially recognized as "abbas" (i. e. male ascetics) through their religious practice.3) Thirdly, the self-emasculated Christian ascetics. We will question the hypothesis widely spread in Byzantine Studies of eunuchs as a third gender and we will trace the possible connections between the "galli", self-castrated worshippers of the cult of Cybele-Attis, and the Christian ascetics. Throughout these pages, we will analyze, interpret and reinterpret literary (mainly in Greek) and iconographic sources with the help of a transversal methodology, where the comparison with other contemporary societies occupies a predominant place. We seek this way a change of perspective with respect to previous studies that will allow us to raise new questions and answers in fields where traditional approaches do not seem to be able to go further
Esta investigación tiene como objeto el estudio de los fenómenos socio-religiosos, que, desde una perspectiva contemporánea, podríamos denominar de cambio de género, y que tienen lugar en el cristianismo primitivo en diversas regiones del Mediterráneo Oriental. El estudio se focaliza en el período de la Tardoantigüedad (siglos III-VII), con particular atención a los siglos III y IV, en tanto momento de transformación del cristianismo, que pasa de ser una secta minoritaria a la religión de masas mayoritaria. La tesis se divide en tres partes: en primer lugar, las concepciones del género y las relaciones sexuadas en el cristianismo primitivo, donde desmontaremos la antigua creencia de que los modelos de represión monacal de la sexualidad fueron los imperantes desde un inicio y cómo estos, por el contrario, fueron un producto relativamente tardío que se desarrolló paralelo a la popularización del cristianismo; en segundo lugar, el estudio de lo que denominaremos los ascetismos transgénero, un conjunto de individuos que, habiendo sido identificados inicialmente como mujeres, viven y son socialmente reconocidos como “abbas” (i.e. ascetas hombres) a través de la práctica ascética; y, en tercer lugar, los ascetas cristianos autoemasculados. En este último punto, cuestionaremos la hipótesis largamente difundida en los estudios bizantinos de la consideración de los eunucos como un tercer género y trazaremos las posibles conexiones entre los “galli”, fieles autocastrados del culto a Cibeles-Attis, y los ascetas cristianos. A lo largo de estas páginas, analizaremos, interpretaremos y reinterpretaremos las fuentes literarias (fundamentalmente griegas) e iconográficas con la ayuda de una metodología transversal, donde la comparación con otras sociedades contemporáneas ocupe un lugar predominante. De esta forma, buscamos un cambio perspectiva respecto a los estudios precedentes que nos permita plantear nuevas preguntas y respuestas en campos donde que los enfoques tradicionales no parecen dar más de sí
Beaubatie, Emmanuel. "Transfuges de sexe. Genre, santé et sexualité dans les parcours d'hommes et de femmes trans' en France". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0049.
Texto completo da fonteThe organization of the medical and juridical treatment of sex changes raises controversies. To be authorized to access hormones and surgeries, trans individuals have to undergo a psychiatric evaluation. In order to modify their civil status, they also need to provide the judge with evidences that justify their demand. In this context, trans persons claim their right to have control over their own body and to receive social recognition. While professionals and activists seem firmly opposed in this debate, they are two interdependent and plural groups of actors. This dissertation first historicizes their interactions and their heterogeneities. Then, it explores the internal diversity of the trans population in a gender perspective. Based on a qualitative survey and on the secondary analysis of a quantitative survey, this research studies how gender shapes transitions, their timing and the material conditions in which they are pursued. Trans men and trans women do not have the same trajectories in terms of conjugality, family and professional career. Their sex changes take place in different self-constructions, including regarding sexuality and the perception of HIV risk. Also, FtMs (female-to-male) experiment social ascension whereas MtFs (male-to-female) face dropout. Sex mobility is possible, but trans individuals cannot avoid the mark of gender
Filion, Julie. "Genre et changement social au Mexique rural : la question de la masculinité". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23887/23887.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBrandler-Weinreb, Jessica. "Participation politisation et rapports de genre : changement social en milieu populaire (Venezuela, 2002-2012)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA145/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD dissertation is about women’s relations to politics, viewed from the perspective of the popular background’s local participation. During the Chavez’s governments in Venezuela, the State’s will to favour local participation and fight against gender’s inequalities allows ordinary actors’dynamics and individual paths to meet and in the meantime, to make them visible. These actors occur to be mostly women. The Bolivarian participation politics is performed from the daily experience and interpersonnal relationship. The local State institutions - that are the Consejos Locales de Planificación Pública and the Consejos Comunales - intertwine public and private space. In this matrifocal country, this territorialized politics allows women from popular background to convert their authority into a political ressource that has been acknowledged and institutionnalized. This process changes the relationships to oneself, to the family and the community but to the institutionnalized power as well, going as far as to transform relationships between the ruling classes and the ones who are ruled by them. Based on a seven years research and a two years fieldwork, this PhD dissertation associates sociological studies’classic techniques and new tools revealing the importance of the affective turn brought by the participative experience in the interviewees’s life
Bara, Poloumbodje Sylvie. "Droit de propriété, genre et gestion de l'environnement". Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIME005/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis on "Property Rights, Gender and Environmental Management" is the product of a long research conducted to obtain the degree of Doctor of Economic Sciences-Human and Society Sciences at University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne in France. The purpose of this research is to inform readers about the difficulties faced by states, international institutions, academics (economists and jurists) and stakeholders to define a mechanism for environmental management that can reconcile discussions between economists and jurists in property rights, considers the interests and collective rights of vulnerable groups, and promote access and control populations men and women to resources (land, income, culture, etc.). Note that the environment is a public good whose owner is the state, men, women and indigenous peoples have access to the control of the public good if the state grants them the right to property. What mechanism in environmental governance that can remove these limits in private, collective, and public property rights and also human rights? This is the question that the research seeks to answer.The empirical data collection is preferred. Thus, field surveys and studies involving groups of people and those directly involved have been undertaken in various Sub Saharan African countries. Analysis of economic theories and legal rights in private property, common and global public as well as comparative analysis were made. Research on causal sex / gender and its influence on the governance of the environment are also performed. The approach is reinforced by case studies and testimonials in various target countries.The conclusion does not address a successful outcome but formulate a proposal model of environmental governance based on the harmonization of economic theories and legal national and international policies which is based on Human Rights. Keywords: Ownership gender environment governance heritage property natural resources climate change sustainable development discrimination society
Rouan, Alice. "Étude des variations de la taille des télomères chez le corail Stylophora pistillata et dans les populations sauvages des genres Pocillopora sp., Porites sp., et Millepora sp. récoltés sur 32 systèmes insulaires de l’Océan Pacifique au cours de l’expédition TARA-Pacifique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ6050.
Texto completo da fonteThe linearity of eukaryotic chromosomes requires the presence of a particular terminal chromatin structure, named telomere, to control the stability and function of genomes. Changes in telomere structure during life can determine longevity, stress resistance and disease susceptibility. Our knowledge on the contribution of environmental factors on telomere length (TL) variability remains at its infancy, as well as the diversity of telomere maintenance mechanisms and ageing strategies existing in the tree of life. In this regard reef building corals are an interesting but yet poorly investigated model to tackle the question of telomere response to environment. Indeed those long lived animals cannot escape external environmental stressors due to their fixed life mode nor internal ones due to the symbiosis, within their gastrodermal cells, with a photosynthetic microalgae. Here I combined an extensive field case study on 3 coral genera (two scleractinians, Pocillopora sp. and Porites sp. and the hydrozoan Millepora sp.) as well as controlled conditions test on the coral model Stylophora pistillata to unravel the possible links between telomere DNA length variation and environmental stress. I found that an absence of TL shortening with age and size in all the investigated corals. I observed a possible impact of dark induced bleaching on TL and different TL dynamics in wild populations. Pocillopora sp. mean TL is constrained both by genetic and environment while Porites sp. has a remarkable ability to maintain its TL regardless of size, genetic and some environment disturbance. Yet both of genera TLs were negatively correlated with seasonal deviations, identifying this environmental parameter as a factor overcoming TL maintenance in genera with different TL dynamics and life-history strategies
Mestiri, Imen. "Changements génétiques et épigénétiques en relation avec le comportement méiotique chez les allopolyploïdes de blé (genres Triticum et Aegilops)". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0033/document.
Texto completo da fontePolyploidy or whole genome duplication is an important evolutionary process of eukaryotic evolution and is particularly widespread in flowering plants. In order to understand key mechanisms leading to stable polyploid species, we characterized synthetic wheat allopolyploids for genetic and DNA methylation changes in relation to chromosome pairing at meiosis. Two main types of allopolyploids were analyzed using molecular and cytogeneticmethods: (i) allohexaploids carrying the Ph1 (Pairing homoeologous 1) locus that restrict pairing tohomologous chromosomes during meiosis, (ii) allotetraploids that do not contain the Ph1 locus. Meiotic stability of wheat allotetraploids and allohexaploids was shown to depend on theirgenomic combination. As expected in the Ph1 gene-carrying allohexaploids, chromosome pairing at metaphase I stage of meiosis essentially occurs between homologous chromosomes. However, the synthetic allohexaploids exhibited progenitor-dependent meiotic irregularities, such as incomplete homologous pairing, resulting in univalent formation and leading to aneuploidy in the subsequent generation. On the opposite, various levels of homoeologous pairing were evidenced in allotetraploids that do not contain the Ph1 gene. While structural rearrangement triggered by homoeologous pairing were evidenced in some synthetic allotetraploids, no apparent genetic changes were observed when analyzing euploïd plants of the Ph1 gene-carrying allohexaploids. Aneuploidy was shown to represent the major structural change in these allohexaploids. Changes in DNA methylation were also evidenced in the genetically stable synthetic wheat allohexaploids and were more frequently observed in genes than in transposable elements. Interestingly, some of the changes were associated with genes expression changes. Altogether, my PhD results allow a better understanding of some key mechanisms leading tostable wheat allopolyploids species
Tunin-Ley, Alina. "Déterminisme de la biodiversité du genre Ceratium Schrank (dinoflagellé planctonique) en Méditerranée nord-occidentale à différentes échelles de temps". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066256.
Texto completo da fonteCorbin, Andrée-Ann. "Le changement social à Gringolandia : regard sur le tourisme, les rapports de genre et la jeunesse dans la Riviera Maya". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26839/26839.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDijoux, Elisabeth. "Accès des femmes au foncier et changement des comportements de procréation dans le Sud-Bénin". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0017.
Texto completo da fonteJacques, Catherine. "Les féministes et le changement social en Belgique: programmes, stratégies et réseaux". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210615.
Texto completo da fonteThèse de doctorat présentée sous la direction de Mme Eliane Gubin (Université libre de Bruxelles)et de Mme Christine Bard (Université d’Angers) en vue d’obtenir le titre de docteure en histoire.
Alors que l’histoire des femmes est relativement bien implantée en Belgique, il n’existe encore aucune étude qui envisage l’ensemble des mouvements féministes dans leur rapport à la société civile et politique. L’époque choisie s’étend de 1918 à 1968. Si les prémisses du féminisme et ses activités jusqu’en 1914, ainsi que sa reconversion durant les années de guerre, ont fait l’objet d’un certain nombre d’études, en revanche de multiples pans de l’activité féministe de l’entre-deux-guerres aux années 1960 demeurent largement méconnus. Pour les aborder, il convient d’évaluer d’abord l’impact de la guerre 14-18 sur les mouvements féministes et sur la condition des femmes. En effet le conflit les a profondément marquées, et les féministes en particulier qui s’étaient fortement impliquées dans le courant pacifiste de la Belle Epoque. Pendant la guerre, toutes ou presque, se sont engagées dans des activités patriotiques ou caritatives et certaines, au lendemain des hostilités, les prolongent au sein du mouvement féministe, dont elles deviennent d’importantes représentantes.
L’armistice conclue, les différentes associations féministes se reconstituent mais elles adaptent leurs revendications au contexte nouveau :la thèse analyse entre autres les relations entre féministes d’avant et d’après guerre, afin d’évaluer dans quelle mesure il y eut transmission (ou non) d’un savoir militant et d’expériences antérieures. En effet, aux côtés des associations féministes existant avant 1914 et reconstituées après 1918, naissent de nouveaux groupes, surtout à partir de la fin des années 1920. Ils se composent de femmes venues d’horizons sociaux relativement différents des militantes précédentes. Souvent universitaires, engagées dans une vie professionnelle, ces féministes formulent des revendications nettement plus radicales :c’est le cas par exemple du Groupement belge de la porte ouverte (1929) qui s’oppose clairement à toute législation protectionniste du travail différenciée selon les sexes, telle qu’elle est prônée par le Bureau international du Travail ;c’est le cas d’Egalité, une association dirigé par l’avocate et future sénatrice cooptée libérale Georgette Ciselet, qui affiche un programme féministe relativement radical en matière d’égalité civile et politique.
Le contexte a ici toute son importance :le féminisme d’entre-deux-guerres est en effet confronté à la mise en place de nouveaux processus d’intervention de l’Etat et aux conséquences des politiques natalistes menées par tous les gouvernements. L’idéal féminin que l’on tente d’imposer est marqué par l’assimilation quasi totale de l’identité féminine à la fonction maternelle et à la fécondité. Cette tendance, déjà forte avant guerre, s’accentue encore sous la pression de la grande crise et du chômage, que l’on croit pouvoir résorber en dégageant des postes de travail par le renvoi des femmes au foyer. Or ces tendances sont en totale contradiction avec l’implication des femmes dans l’espace public (elles sont devenues électrices communales), avec leur accès à de nouvelles filières professionnelles (infirmières, assistantes sociales), avec leur arrivée plus nombreuse dans l’enseignement secondaire et même supérieur.
De quelle manière et dans quelle mesure les deux générations de militantes ont-elles collaboré ?En d’autres termes, comment et par quels biais s’est assurée la transmission féministe ?Ces questions sont également abordées pour la période qui suit immédiatement la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Celle-ci reste un domaine pratiquement inexploré, complètement occulté par l’explosion du néo-féminisme des années 1970. Longtemps, on a cru qu’en signalant l’accès des femmes au suffrage en 1948, on avait tout dit ;pour beaucoup, ces années seraient caractérisées par un mouvement féministe affadi, en léthargie en quelque sorte. Cette version, généralement admise, doit être largement nuancée. Les années 1950 et 1960 voient fleurir au contraire des revendications réformistes, même si elles adoptent encore un ton mineur et qu’elles doivent être replacées dans le contexte de l’époque. Elles sont énoncées de manière telle que les contemporains puissent les entendre. Ce féminisme en réalité très vigoureux engrange des succès et mène des combats fondamentaux, tels que l’accès complet à la citoyenneté des femmes, la féminisation des études supérieures, la réforme du code civil et des régimes matrimoniaux. Il balise à bien des égards la voie pour les revendications de la seconde vague féministe, il est donc erroné et réducteur de les présenter en rupture totale.
La thèse privilégie une approche thématique des revendications féministes :une partie traite des avancés dans la sphère publique (pour l’essentiel la question du droit à la citoyenneté économique et politique) et l’autre dans l’espace privé (réforme du code civil, droits des mères et réflexions sur la sexualité).
Ce type d’analyse permet de mieux contextualiser les revendications en les mettant en rapport avec les enjeux contemporains. A terme les éléments dégagés éclairent les processus de construction des citoyennetés civile, politique et sociale des femmes.
Les stratégies élaborées par les féministes sont au cœur de notre réflexion. Une attention particulière est accordée aux personnes qui conçoivent et portent ces revendications, de manière à réintégrer dans le processus d’émancipation des femmes des réseaux et des relais insérés dans des courants autres que féministes (partis politiques, syndicats, associations féminines). La mise en évidence de ces relais montre comment certaines idées, nées au sein des mouvements féministes, ont pénétré dans des groupes qui réfutaient toute adhésion à la cause féministe mais qui, à terme, en ont adopté les demandes et les ont diffusées dans un public plus large. La manière dont ces revendications féministes parviennent à “ remonter ”, à la fois au sein de structures politiques et associatives, et atteindre ainsi un grand nombre de femmes (et d’hommes) est central dans l’analyse proposée.
Mais faire l’étude des mouvements ou des associations sans tenir compte des personnes qui les composent, laisse subsister des zones d’ombre. La sociabilité des militantes est interrogée. Celle-ci est, sans doute, un élément d’explication à la constance de certains engagements.
Notre étude si elle se situe sur le plan national, envisage conjointement l’impact de l’international sur l’évolution du féminisme belge. Au plan international, l’ensemble des organisations faîtières dont dépendent de nombreuses associations nationales trouvent leur place dans notre étude :le Conseil international des Femmes qui chapeaute le Conseil national des Femmes belges, l’Open Door pour le Groupement belge de la Porte Ouverte, etc. L’angle d’approche n’est pas l’organisation faîtière en tant que telle mais bien les rapports entretenus avec l’association nationale. Sans oublier les instances internationales (SDN puis ONU, OIT, BIT,etc.) auprès desquelles les associations internationales féministes exercent depuis leur création un lobbying serré en faveur des intérêts féminins qui, mesuré aux nombres des conventions et des accords en tout genre indiquent que leur influence est réelle et attestent de l’existence de véritables stratégies féministes dans l’entourage des organismes internationaux.
Au terme, la thèse permet de mieux comprendre le processus d’inclusion des femmes dans la société belge et éclaire sur les mécanismes de démocratisation de celle-ci par l’intégration de ses citoyennes./Feminists and social change in Belgium
(1918-1968)
Program, strategy and networks
Although women history is rather well established in Belgium, no survey has been made on all the women movements in the frame of their relationship with civil and political society. The studied area spans from 1918 till 1968.
The context is important :feminism for the inter bellum period and after the second world war must face the increasing impediment of the State in public life, generating new discriminations. This thesis uses predominantly a thematic approach of the different feminist demands :one part will deal with the progress made in the public domain (mainly the issue of the right to economic and political citizenship) and another one in the private domain (civil code reform, mothers’ rights and considerations on sexuality).
In the long run, the points brought forward bring to light the building process of civil, political and social citizenship of women.
The strategies elaborated by the feminists lie at the heart of our thought. A special point of attention is made for the people conceiving and bringing forward these demands, in order to integrate in the emancipation process of women the networks and relays used outside the women sphere (political parties, unions, women societies).
Even if this survey is made at the national level, it also involves the impact of what is happening at the international level on Belgian feminism.
Eventually, the purpose of this thesis is to better understand the inclusion process of women in Belgian society and to bring to light the impact the integration of women had on the democratization mechanism of the same Belgian society.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Forest, Maxime. "Une analyse genrée du changement politique sur le terrain parlementaire : la Chambre des députés de la République tchèque (1996-2008)". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0022.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD dissertation addresses the contribution of gender in shaping post-1989 politics and policies in the Czech Republic. Based upon qualitative primary sources, as interviews with 1989 female activists, records from the Civic Forum sessions, archives from the socialist era, a first part provides a framing of women’s contribution to political change in a broader historical perspective. Thanks to the documents found in the archives of pre-communist and communist women’s organizations, I focus on the politicization of the Czech women’s movement after WWII and suggest reconsidering the role of socialist Czechoslovak Women’s Union during the Prague Spring (1967-1969). In the form of an in-depth legislative survey at the Chamber of deputies (1996-2007), the second part introduces quantitative & sociological aspects relevant to the understanding of women’s access to political representation. At the same time, it draws the significance of gender in party and parliamentary politics in the context of post-communist transformation, especially when it comes to public issues such as reproduction and bodily integrity. Empirical findings are discussed and put into a comparative perspective in a third part. Dedicated to the cognitive processes and institutional transfers that contributed to re-frame gender issues after 1990, it also enlightens the role of Europeanization. Questioning this notion as “something to be explained”, rather than an explanatory variable, I mainly refer to Europeanization in terms of changing domestic arrangements in the field of gender policies, which involves policy makers, political parties, as well as emerging women’s interest groups
Zerbib, Leo. "Médiations éducatives et hétérochronies de genre dans les champs professionnels". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0365.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis project is located at the intersection of the sociology of professions and educational sciences: how to report that some professions feminize while others do not, or less rapidly? What does this phenomenon reveal about the action of gender norms and their transformations? How to analyze the differences in speeds of this feminization that we will call “gender heterochrony”? To which “educational mediations” is this phenomenon of heterochrony linked?The entry of the different speeds of feminization of the professions is not addressed by research in the sociology of professions to understand the dynamics of equalization between men and women in our society. The challenge of this work will be so blind at this point by the updating of these dynamics that have contributed to the evolution of the gender of work: it will be a question of re-examining the distribution of professional and domestic work between men and women with a new look. This thesis project is also part of the educational sciences. It is based on the updating of logic of family education style and the development of a typology of vocational guidance; that we will be able to reconstruct the construction spaces of dispositions, or educational mediations, which make possible the creation of gender heterochrony in the professional fields
Beauvieux, Rémi. "Etude physiologique de la dormance des bourgeons chez le cerisier doux (Prunus avium L.)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0873/document.
Texto completo da fonteAmong fruit tree species, dormancy is a key period determining the success of flowering and fruit producing. Dormancy is tightly regulated by numerous genetic and environmental factors. It can be divided in two main phases: endodormancy (“true dormancy”) and ecodormancy (“environmental dormancy”). Endodormancy is characterized by a total incapacity of buds to burst, even in conditions proper to growth. Winter chilling enables the end of endodormancy, necessary for flowering and fruit production. Chilling requirements, necessary amount of chill for endodormancy release, are genetically fixed and relatively elevated in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) varieties compared to other species. In a climate change context, chilling requirements may not be entirely fulfilled and lead to drastic economic losses. The objective of this work is to increase the knowledge on the pathways involved in endodormancy release. The study relies on a panel of varieties contrasted for their chilling requirements, varying from a very low chill cultivar ‘Cristobalina’ to a high chill cultivar ‘Fertard’. Metabolomics and molecular studies, and exogenous molecules supply were used for dormancy deciphering. Hormonal pathway, oxidative stress and sugar pathway seem to have different roles. Sugar pathway enables to have an overview of the metabolic activity, and may be used as molecular markers to identify dormancy phases. Hormonal pathway has a role on growth control but no causal link with dormancy release was assessed. Major results concern the role of oxidative stress, with low chill cultivars in a more oxidized status than high chill cultivars. Moreover, RNAseq data enable the identification of key genes controlling dormancy and confirms the hypothesis on mechanisms involved. These results will be crucial for breeding new verities well adapted to future climatic conditions
Castede, Sophie. "Génétique moléculaire de la floraison chez le cerisier doux : étude et compréhension du déterminisme génétique et moléculaire de la floraison chez le cerisier (Prunus avium) en vue de son adaptation aux futures conditions climatiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0312/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn fruit species, the flowering is a major event which strongly influences fructification. This process tiny controlled by many genetic and environmental factors is still little known. In sweet cherry (Prunus avium), flowers open out only after having satisfied chill and heat requirements. The effects of climate change on the flowering are already notable and could induce important economic losses. Identification of genetic and molecular determinants involved in the flowering will allow the improvement of varietal selection programs to obtain trees adapted to future climate conditions. Objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of these determinants and identify genes involved in flowering in sweet cherry. By studying two intraspecific progenies ‘Regina’ × ‘Lapins’ and ‘Regina’ × ‘Garnet’, detection of many quantitative trait loci (QTL) on all linkage groups (LG) has enabled us to confirm the strong involvement of chill requirements in the flowering as well as the complexity of these traits. QTL with major effect was localized on the LG4. In regions covered by all the QTLs controlling flowering date, a hundred candidate genes (CG) for this trait was identified. A subset of these GC was then studied for their expression during development of buds by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In the long term, this work will serve as a basis for the identification and selection of genes that allow obtaining genotypes adapted to future climate conditions
Cordonnier, Marion. "Impacts of global changes on biological invasions and interspecific hybridization within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1243/document.
Texto completo da fonteClimate change, urbanization, biological invasions and interspecific hybridization are major current threats to biodiversity. The objective of this thesis was to assess their interactive effects in Tetramorium ant species from the Rhône-Saône valley in France. Using a broad array of tools from several fields of biology, I worked on almost two thousand colonies from five Tetramorium species including T. immigrans and T. caespitum. Both climate and urbanization limited the ranges of these species, and urbanization impacted their distributions simultaneously at several spatial scales. The occurrence probabilities of T. immigrans depended on the interaction between climatic and urban factors. Several introductions from external sources seemed to have given rise to four genetically distinct populations of T. immigrans, making it likely that it is not native to the northernmost urban areas. Hybridization and introgression between T. immigrans and T. caespitum was frequent in zones of sympatry, and the detection of nuclear DNA backcrosses and mitochondrial-nuclear DNA discordance between the two species suggested that hybridization lead to fertile offspring (i.e. introgression). Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were clearly differentiated between the two species and were correlated to heightened interspecific aggression against heterospecifics. Both species presented a monogyne polyandrous mating system, in which hybrid queens but no hybrid fathers contributed to hybrid offspring. Few studies on interspecific hybridization have addressed global change or biological invasions. These concepts are infrequently studied together, and their interactive effects are overlooked in the current literature. Taking these interrelationships into account and exploring multiple scales are essential to better understand the processes that generate patterns of genetic exchange
Sanseigne, Francis. "Inventer une cause, (dé)faire une loi : le cas de la contraception en France : Socio-histoire de la transformation d'une relation de pouvoir (1955-1967)". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2050/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this thesis is to understand the conditions for the adoption of the "loi Neuwirth" in December 1967, which decriminalizes the free use of contraceptive methods. The modification of a legal system dating back to the 1920s refers to the existence of a power relationship endowed with a historically dated, and therefore socially constructed, form, whichmust be addressed as such to explain its transformation. Its formation was not conceivable until the end of the 19th century as part of the process of nationalization and nationalization of society. Therefore, understanding the adoption of the " loi Neuwirth " implies accounting for both the constitution of procreative behaviour as a legitimate object of State intervention,describing in relation to the invention of the contraceptive cause in the 1950s, and grasping the relationships that can be established between, on the one hand, individuals and groups mobilized in favour of the latter and, on the other hand, governments. In short, fully grasping a power relationship and its transformation requires producing an equal analysis of the elements that compose it by treating them as interdependent spaces. This socio-historical work, at the crossroads of the sociology of mobilizations, the sociology of the State and the sociology of public action, is based on the exploitation of numerous archive collections, the construction and analysis of two databases and the conduct of interviews
Denonfoux, Jérémie. "Détermination de sondes oligonucléotidiques pour outils moléculaires à haut débit : application pour le développement d'une nouvelle approche de capture de gènes pour l'écologie microbienne". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22331/document.
Texto completo da fonteMicroorganisms play a crucial role in all biological processes related to their huge metabolic potentialities. They are involved in global changes such as global warming partially caused by the growing methane emissions in the atmosphere, but also by the release of pollutants such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Thus, microbial communities will contribute to reduce or increase the negative effects of human impacts on ecosystems. The regulation of global changes needs a better knowledge of the microbial communities involved in complex environments functioning. Nevertheless, a complete exploration of such environments requires the use of high-throughput tools, due to the extraordinary diversity of microorganisms within the ecosystems. The use of DNA microarrays requires a probe design step allowing the selection of highly sensitive, specific and explorative oligonucleotides. For this purpose, we have developed KASpOD, a new software, allowing the generation of efficient probes dedicated to environmental applications. Using high quality probe sets, an innovative in solution-based gene capture method combined with Next Generation Sequencing, was developed and applied for the exploration of the methanogen communities in lake Pavin, Results showed the relevance of this approach that allows a better evaluation of the methanogen diversity with an efficient detection of populations belonging to the rare biosphere. The other main advantage of this approach is the identification of large regions of genomic DNA, useful for the characterization of new genes or adaptive processes
Mulero, Stephen. "Développement d’outils d’écologie moléculaire pour un suivi intégratif des maladies transmises par les mollusques d’eau douce dans un contexte d’émergences et de changements globaux A Multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR (RD-PCR) approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiases in a One Health context Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts Simultaneous genotyping of gastropods and their trematode parasites using Amplicon Sequencing Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis parasites: from mating interactions to differential gene expression". Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0023.
Texto completo da fonteGlobal changes, whether climatic or anthropogenic, have various consequences in human and animal health, as well as for worldwide ecosystems. One of the most important is the modification of geographical ranges of species and those of their associated pathogens. It is in this context that in recent years we have witnessed a resurgence in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases around the world. While research efforts in this field are mainly focused on viral diseases, freshwater snail-borne diseases, that affect more than 1 billion peoples around the world, are also subject to these outbreaks, which have become frequent. However, the study of the dynamics of parasites associated with these diseases focuses primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of the definitive hosts, particularly humans. Such an approach does not prevent the transmission of these parasites to humans and even less prevent an emergence event, and the existing tools used to monitor these parasites in the environment are difficult to apply at large scale. This thesis work, therefore aims to provide a more environmental vision of the dynamics of these diseases. With the example of the emergence of urogenital bilharziasis in Corsica, we analysed this emergence by integrating the study of the life history traits of the tropical parasite in question, particularly its thermo tolerance, as well as the role of mollusc intermediate hosts and wild and domestic definitive hosts in the local maintenance of the parasite lifecycle. In a second step, we have developed environmental DNA diagnostic tools for the detection of molluscs hosts in the environment in order to identify areas at risk of emergence, as well as tools for intramolluscal detection of schistosomes to identify active sites of transmission, and thus allow the environmental monitoring of the actors of these diseases. To complete these approaches, we have developed a more generalised environmental metabarcoding tool to characterise freshwater mollusc communities and initiated the development of a similar tool for the characterisation of trematode communities, in order to study the interactions between these organisms. Lastly, we discuss the integration of all these elements into new control strategies against snail-borne diseases
Zhukova, Olga. "Agenda politique et régime de genre : comparaison socio historique des évolutions en Russie et en France". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40020/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis discusses the gender order of two national cases studies – Russia and France. The current situations with regards to gender order are specific to each country and have evolved from differing contexts. However, this thesis proposes that the development of gender order has passed through similar stages, both in Russia and France, despite different historical backgrounds and political systems. In addition, it is proposed that resemblances in the development of gender order are primarily affected by public policy in both countries which supports an order of gender equality. This politically-influenced gender inequality is reflected by the political structure which forms a pyramid structure. The gender order model provides a heuristic theoretical framework in which to analyse gender-relations in the contemporary societies and institutions of each country; along with the opportunity to examine gender-relations from an historical perspective. The aim of this research is to investigate the different facets of the development of gender-relations within a political context in Russia and France. The research methodology incorporates a consideration of the theoretical background to gender-relations, the impact of each country’s development on gender order from an historical viewpoint, and reviews of contemporary case studies. Importantly, a comparative study of this kind allows the idea of national identity to be appraised from an objective viewpoint
Hala, Katérina. "Les années soixante : un "âge d'or" du théâtre tchèque?" Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040138.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this dissertation thesis is double: in one hand to analyse the Czechs theatre of Sixties, in the second to examinate the imaginative representation of this artistic period in our days. Edgar Morin’s “Method” and Gilbert Durand analysis of myths are the principal elements of the theorical approach used. The first part called Prologue is dedicated to the historical legacy of Czech theatre (from XIX c. to the socialist realism of 1950’s.) The third part called Epilogue opens a reflexion on the heritage of the theatre of the 1960’s after 1968. The main part is study of renewal in Czech theatre in two parts. First of all, on main national theatre scenes (such as National Theatre in Prague, State Theatre in Brno) in work of such creators as Otomar Krejča, Miloš Hynšt, Evžen Sokolovský et Bořivoj Srba; secondary also in the universe of little theatre groups (Laterna Magika, Semafor, Cimrman, No-Theatre of Ivan Vyskočil, Black Theatre of Jiří Srnec)
Jallet, Arthur. "Effet de la sélection fluctuante sur le pathogène du blé Zymoseptoria tritici par une approche d'évolution expérimentale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS349.
Texto completo da fonteAn important challenge in Biology is to understand how organisms adapt to fluctuating environments and to determine the relative significance of phenotypic plasticity and mutations in this adaptation. We examined the response of a wheat pathogen (Zymoseptoria tritici) to temperature fluctuations using transcriptomics, phenotyping (relative fitness and disease level) and genomics. With this goal, we conducted an in vitro experimental evolution from two Z. tritici clones that evolved in three thermal conditions: at 17°C, at 23°C and under temperature fluctuations. Expression level of 11% of the genome evolved in a different way between the two founder genotypes that evolved under fluctuating conditions. We also observed a higher density of differentially expressed genes in regions known to be enriched in transposable elements. Evolution under fluctuating selection promoted robustness of the transcriptome. The relative fitness estimated in the same conditions as for the experimental evolution did increase for fluctuating lineages only for one of the founder genotypes. The difference of growth between the two ancestors in fluctuating conditions and their distinct level of expression plasticity could explain these opposite results. Finally we observed: i). in planta pathogenicity losses for lineages evolved at 17°C or under fluctuations ii). no accessory chromosome loss, iii). many de novo mutations, including coding mutations in effector genes. This work contributes to shade light on the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of Z. tritici in variable environments
Heran, Tamara. "Le monde invisible du travail de l’agro-industrie d’exportation au Chili : étude de la vallée du Limarí". Paris, EHESS, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01114757.
Texto completo da fonteMuch of the research and indicators regarding development corne from officiai statistics. But what can we say about the invisible world generated by socioeconomic and cultural transformations underlying the development processes? This research looks at this invisible world, focusing on the changes brought about by the economic and social development strategies implemented in recent decades in Chile, particularly in agricultural labor. The agricultural world in particular, together with the farm work itself, which has been the focus of development for centuries, has undergone profound changes in its structure, its forms of production, its work models and its social and gender relations. In this context, temporary farm work for temporeros and temporeras in the agribusiness export industry, has become an opportunity for hundreds of thousands of Chileans. This research analyzes the social transformations that specific development strategies have triggered in farm work and in rural areas, thanks to temporary offers of work. It examines the configuration of an invisible world defined among others by precarious, often informal jobs, female labor, social and gender relations, social and work identities. Based on ethnographic research in the Limarí Valley and using a methodology consisting of participant observations, interviews and questionnaires this study examines the dynamics and representations of the invisible world of seasonal agricultural work
Matri, Khaoula. "Port du voile : représentations et pratiques du corps chez les femmes tunisiennes". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H005/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis research sheds lights on veiling: representations and body practices among Tunisian women. the target of this research is to understand the process which reigns the perception of Tunisian women- who are renewed to be the most modern and the most emancipated in the Islamic world – of different forms of veil which is associated to Islam.In order to carry out this research ,she has opted an approach that combines (1) the socio-anthropological analysis concerning the social production of the "female body", adoption, adaptation of standards related to women’s behavior in the societies of Islamic traditions, Historical approaches, theology and policies focusing on veiling in the current context of globalization and identity crises .(3) the empirical study is based on a qualitative survey of women converted to veiling; the main target of this research is to understand their motivations, their strategies, and the practices which are getting different in public spaces. In fact, many practices were forbidden by the traditions are no longer forbidden today and veiled women tend to justify them. This research has allowed us to find out the references and the ideological motivations shared by veiled women and their followers;The research has also shed lights on The diversity of the phenomenon at the level of its forms as well as the uses and the meanings associated to it by the social actors, whether in terms of the relationship between modernity and tradition, secularism and reactivation of religion forms or in terms of liberation and alienation , self-assertion and gregarious reflex
Racine, Florent. "Le groupe professionnel des managers de rayon en France : travail, emploi et ethos dans les grandes surfaces alimentaires". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1206.
Texto completo da fonteFor the past 30 years, research in France concerning workplace sociology within supermarkets and hypermarkets have highly favored the study of cashiers, thus disregarding the department employees. The aim of this dissertation is to restore this discrepancy by focusing on department managers who represent the first level of management in retail stores.In order to study this specific workforce, a focus on workplace sociology was initially necessary to advance a microsociological analysis of their daily work. The main tasks of department managers are to increase the turnover and the profits of the departments they are responsible for as well as keeping up the motivation of their teams. Therefore, they are interacting on a daily basis with the employees responsible for shelving, ordering, and stock managing products as well as dealing with suppliers and customers. Instructions are given by the store management i.e. store manager or sector manager, who also check the employees’ results and assess their behavior. To get some insight into the daily interactions in a supermarket, the sociology of professions was considered to produce a mesosociological and macrosociological analysis of the workplace and employment. This serves as a way to study the evolution in retail stores’ work structure as well as the changes in the particular group of department managers. Both are closely linked to the structural changes of the retail industry which is constantly adjusting to the contingencies of the economic context and the changeable desire of customers. Therefore, the mutations at work will be highlighted, for the employment and management in supermarkets and hypermarkets, which have impacted managers since the early 2000s ; a process that began accelerating around 2010.Unlike the numerous monographs that can be found on the topic of cashiers, this approach will focus on two elements. First, we will contextualize the structural and employment evolutions at work that retail employees have faced since the turn of the 2010s. We will elaborate, when needed, on the differentiated impact of these mutations on managers depending on their relation to one or several professional segments: food store chains vs. independent stores, food department vs. non-food departments, urban areas vs. rural areas, supermarkets vs. hypermarkets, weak union presence vs. strong union representation. In addition, this method leads to a deeper consideration on the sociology of professions: 1) a functionalist theoretical approach which focuses on the individuality of a profession and 2) an interactionist theoretical approach underlining the variety of practices within the same professional group. The concept of professional ethos is all the while used to encompass both the uniqueness and variety of department managers. A personal interpretation of this ethos will be developed revolving around 3 points: a practical dimension (practice, activities, tasks, rules, daily missions), a symbolic dimension (discourse, norms, values, representations) and a social dimension (gender, education, age, social category). This new definition of ethos, remaining consistent with the objective features of a professional group and its values, representation, and daily work, will open up new perspectives of research regarding other professional groups.This dissertation is divided into two parts. The first is dedicated to the practical dimension of the professional ethos of department managers. The second is devoted to the symbolic and social aspects of this work ethos which has been disturbed by the recent restructuring of retail stores. This thesis will conclude with an accurate definition of the concept of professional ethos which will contribute to understand other professional groups
"Genre et changement social au Mexique rural : la question de la masculinité". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23887/23887.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMoriconi, Pascale-Audrey. "La consommation d'alcool chez les Canadiens âgés de 55 ans et plus : étude des différences sur 10 ans et de l'association avec la perception de la santé". Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7095.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of the thesis is to contribute to a better conceptual and empirical understanding of alcohol consumption among men and women aged 55 years and older from the general Canadian population. The two general objectives pursued are to gain a better understanding of the potential influence of the social/environmental context on drinking habits among older adults and to achieve a clearer discernment of the relation between alcohol consumption and health. The thesis comprises two empirical articles relating to each respective objective. More specifically, the first article verified whether contextual changes associated to alcohol and unique to the decade spanning the 1990s may have had an impact on alcohol consumption (period effect) by comparing two subsamples of older adults from two Canadian surveys: the 1994 CADS (Canada’s Alcohol and other Drugs Survey) and 2004 GENACIS (GENder, Alcohol, and Culture: an International Study). The article also assessed if the context had a significant effect on the differences observed when age, subjective perception of health and the sociodemographic composition of the samples were taken into consideration. Results first show that, in a social/environmental context that is more favourable to drinking in general, the rates of current drinkers, binge drinking, beer and wine drinkers are significantly higher in 2004. In addition, drinking profiles were not significantly different between 1994 and 2004 (volume, frequency, quantity, maximum quantity), pointing at the potential impact of normal physiological changes due to aging on drinking profiles. The second article aimed to build a drinking typology (including drinkers and non-drinkers) among older Canadian adults, to assess how the drinking typology was related to health status and to compare the role of alcohol with other determinants of health (demographic, psychosocial and health-related factors) in explaining health status. To do so, the subjective perception of health (subjective health) was used as a proxy for actual health status. Results from the 2004 GENACIS survey indicated that drinkers perceived themselves as being in better physical health than nondrinkers, regardless of the drinking pattern. Health status may explain drinking status and not the opposite. Results also showed that the demographic, psychosocial and health-related characteristics of older adults contributed significantly more to the variation in subjective health than the drinking status alone. Health benefits of drinking are explained by biological factors, but not exclusively by biological factors. In conclusion, alcohol research needs to emphasize the study of drinking among older adults, which can vary depending on the cohort and period under study. From a public health perspective, health-predicting models focusing on older adults need to be built on a better understanding of the impact of alcohol and other determinants of health on health status. Main contributions, practical implications, limitations of the thesis and recommendations for future research are presented in the discussion.
Bali, Khaled. "Analyse de changements multiples : une approche probabiliste utilisant les réseaux bayésiens". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10608.
Texto completo da fonteSoftware maintenance is one of the most important phases in the software life cycle. After the development and deployment phases, maintenance is a continuous phase that lasts until removing the software from operation. It is then the most costly phase. Indeed, those costs are due to the difficulty of implementing different changes in the system and to manage their impacts. In this context, much research work has targeted the problem of change impact analysis/prediction. The existent approaches require many inputs that are difficult to extract. In this Master thesis, we propose a probabilistic approach that uses Bayesian classifiers to predict the change impact. These classifiers are trained with historical data about changes. The consider the relations between the elements of a system (input), and the dependencies between the occurred changes (output). More precisely, a complex change in a system is divided into a set of elementary changes. For each type of elementary change, we create a classifier. To predict the impact of complex change, the individual decisions of each classifier are combined using different strategies. We evaluate our approach in two scenarios. In the first, we extract the learning data from the oldest versions of the same system. In the second scenario, the learn data comes from other systems to create the classifiers. This second scenario is interesting because it allows us to use our approach on systems without change histories. Our approach showed that it can predict the impact of elementary changes. The best results are obtained using the classifiers based on conceptual relations. For the prediction of complex changes by the combination of elementary decisions, the results are encouraging considering the few used inputs. More specifically, the voting method and the OR method predict better complex changes when the number of case to analyze is large. Otherwise, using the method Noisy-Or or its modified version is recommended when the number of cases is small.
Bohard, Isabelle. "Asile et genre : analyse anthropologique des demandes d’asile pour les violences de genre au Canada". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6847.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the change of the concept of asylum through the incorporation of the gender concept and its impact on the application process of asylum and the granting of status refugee for victims of gender violence in Canada. From a diachronic perspective on the transmutations of asylum and of social and cultural transformations of this social phenomenon, we record the tensions and contradictions be issued by its application and its related discourse. The observation that conflicting dynamics tied in this field displays a dialectical tension between human rights and citizenship, a symbiosis in the development of women’s rights and laws on refugees and contradictions as those between the relativism and essentialism. The review of asylum process especially for women in particular victims of gender violence through an analysis of social and cultural change signals the highly political nature of this phenomenon and lies asylum at the crossroads in the process of emancipation of the political subject.
Gauvin, Marie-Ève. "Acceptation ou tolérance du troisième genre à Juchitán? : étude féministe des transformations sociales produites par l'émergence d'actrices-sujets muxes-femmes". Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4118/1/M12068.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAndrade, Camilo A. "Monáitaga úai – Palabra que se hace amanecer : el cambio en las formas de “gobierno propio” entre la Gente de Centro del medio río Caquetá, Amazonia colombiana". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11594.
Texto completo da fonteThe inhabitants of the Middle Caquetá river, called People of the Center, have experienced a series of varying impacts since the late nineteenth century –rubber holocaust, Penal Colony, catholic missions, presence of governmental and non-governmental institutions. These reshaped their forms of social organization. In this particular case, their forms of “self-government”. With the recognition of the indigenous people as ethnic minorities in the 1980s and 1990s, a dichotomy arose between what is “traditional” in relation to the indigenous as opposed to the “modern”, given the processes of acculturation and inclusion of these groups into mainstream society. In this sense, this work compares the figures of “traditional authority” and “leader”, as differentiated in the context of the inhabitants of the Middle Caquetá River. The first part is a theoretical revision of the figure of the chief in the lowlands of South America and its validity and relevance in the context of the Middle Caquetá River. Next, the context of formation of a traditional authority and its contexts of action are presented. Likewise, the different processes leading to the emergence of the figure of leader and the spaces in which it operates are shown. The relationship between these two figures is at once contradictory and complementary. Finally, some contexts that illustrate the relationship between the People of the Center and governmental institutions are considered. This leads to a questioning of the autonomy of minority groups recognized in the Colombian Political Constitution of 1991.
Los pobladores del medio río Caquetá, denominados Gente de Centro, vivieron desde finales del siglo XIX diferentes dinámicas –holocausto cauchero, Colonia Penal, misiones católicas, presencia de instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales- que reconfiguraron sus formas de organización social; para este caso particular, sus formas de “gobierno propio”. Con el reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas como minorías étnicas entre las décadas de 1980 y 1990 por parte del Estado colombiano, se plantea una dicotomía entre lo que es “tradicional” en relación a lo indígena, por oposición a lo “moderno”, dados los procesos de aculturación e inclusión de estos grupos a la sociedad mayoritaria. En este sentido el presente trabajo muestra de manera comparativa las figuras de “autoridad tradicional” y “líder”, diferenciación que se hace en la región del medio río Caquetá. En un primer momento se hace una revisión teórica de la figura del jefe en las tierras bajas de Suramérica y su vigencia y pertinencia en el contexto del medio río Caquetá. Acto seguido, se presenta el contexto de formación de una autoridad tradicional y sus contextos de acción. De la misma manera, se muestran los diferentes procesos que llevaron a la aparición de la figura de líder y los espacios donde se desenvuelve. La relación entre estas dos figuras es a la vez contradictoria y complementaria. Finalmente, se exponen algunos contextos donde se muestra la relación entre la Gente de Centro y las instituciones gubernamentales, contextos donde se pone en cuestión la autonomía reconocida para los grupos minoritarios, en la Constitución Política Colombiana de 1991.
Sauvé, Jean-Sébastien. "Aux confins du «M» et du «F» : une généalogie critique de ce sexe que l’on catégorise aux fins de l’état civil québécois". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18418.
Texto completo da fonteDésalliers, Julie. "Approche ethnographique de l'utilisation des contraceptifs hormonaux en milieu rural sahélien, Burkina Faso". Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7323.
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