Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Chaînes de valeur agricoles"
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Jouvin, Marine. "Strategic misreporting along the value chain : the case of certified cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0201.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis investigates the challenges raised by information asymmetries in certified cocoa value chains in Côte d’Ivoire. It aims to detect and assess the extent of non-compliance with certification standards among cocoa farmers, middlemen, and cooperatives. The first chapter measures the reliance on child labor among certified cocoa farmers using an indirect questioning method, the list experiment, to mitigate social desirability bias. It reveals significant underreporting of child laborwhenclassic, direct questioning methods are used. The second chapter investigates dishonest behaviors among cocoa middlemen through a lab-in-the-field experiment, and highlights the high prevalence of cheating and the effectiveness of monitoring and sanction mechanisms in reducing such dishonest behaviors. The third chapter explores side-sourcing practices, i.e. whether conventional beans are labeled as certified ones, within certified cocoa supply chains by cross-checking transaction data from farmers, middlemen, and cooperatives, uncovering widespread discrepancies and potential side-sourcing from cooperatives. Overall, these findings highlight the shortcomings of current certification standards and emphasize the need for enhanced monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, to ensure the credibility and effectiveness of certification in the cocoa industry
Nguyen, Thi Minh Chi. "Analyse de l'innovation technologique en tant que facteur de succès de lacompétitivité durable : preuves des exportateurs agro-industriels du Vietnam". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0020.
Texto completo da fonteDuring the covid-19, the agro-industrial sector continues to prove a significant role in the contribution of Vietnamese economic power. In past decade, international competiveness responding to market trends has brought an intensive wave of investment, technical upgrade, and industrialization. It, then, is expected to increase income and employment in the domestic economy by promoting export and utilizating potential advantages and opportunities.However, Vietnamese commodities have joined the global value chain but only stopped at providing inputs in the form of raw agricultural products, while the added value for them is mainly due to processing, packaging and commercial operations. Firm-level technovation as a nuclear energy of economic growth require a sustained progressive endeavour. Under an open and rich-tech ecosystem, pioneering diversification, upgraded manufacturing and effective complements/services generate co-innovation spillovers amd increase domestic value added. Most firms are becoming increasingly successful and competitive in comparison with their rivals because of their forward-thinking systematic innovation. The agro-technovation process is positioned as a central role that helps to improve the performance of Vietnamese agro-manufacturers. It is essential to be aware of the technovation-competition relationship which helps agro-processing exporter improve their business and respond quickly to market changes.We developed a framework that described how agro-enterprises adopt technological sources successfully into the technovation management process (TMP) by applying the diffusion theory. A qualitative case-study method was conformed to capture the overviews of senior executives and their staff at six typical agro-manufacturing exporters. Under a within- and across-case ananlysis, we examined whether there are two groups (competitive and non-competitive) which can be characterized by technovation performance. Moreover, by assigning six cases to one of four concordant positions, the matrix of agro-technovation performance-competitiveness (APC) as an analytical tool strengthening our classification of competitive and non-competitive groups. Furthermore, application of this matrix help excecutives allocate resources and capital to select and build their own business strategy.In next step, our research also reveals that this sucessful technovation process was initiated simultaneously by the intra-push factor (strategic planning and new HRM practices) and extra-pull factor (intangible assets). We figured that within the internal technovation process, there is occurring a technovation transformation of three flows: organizational knowledge, and organizational behavior and organizational culture in competitive-group cases. Based on a in-depth analysis, we investigated that comprehensive management process which modern technology invested and R&D division established, shaping the co-inovation value chain (CVC).Finally, a desired CVC could be observed with all of the five aspects of visible technovation-outputs explored such a new business model, new value for customers, new customer base, new effective value chain or new products/services. However, for a competitive agro-business, its five visible outputs become resiliently and flexibly once five invisible stabilized pillars (coordination, collaboration, convergence, complementarity and co-creation) had been established before. Through their CVC management practices, agro-manufactures eanable transform their limited technological resources efficiently to achieve the greater competive advantage
Ren, Zhi Jun. "Valeur des produits agricoles et de son transfert partiel au cours de l'échange". Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON10013.
Texto completo da fonteHérault, Paul. "L'internationalisation des chaînes de valeur dans l'industrie de défense : le cas du naval". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED005.
Texto completo da fonteMany research works have already been dedicated to the internationalization of value chains. Whereas this research is often performed through macroeconomics or focused on civilian sectors, this thesis examines how the process of functional and geographic unbundling can apply to such a regulated sector as the defense industry, where exports are strictly controlled by states.Based on original data provided by Naval Group, this dissertation set out several estimates of the internationalization level of French navy programs. Although programs related to nuclear deterrence remain almost exclusively « made in France », many factors contribute to the internationalization of value chains in the naval industry: transfer of technology, local content requirements, integration of commercial or dual-use technologies, internationalization corporate strategies. Referring to the concept of modularity, this thesis reveals that changes in production process can foster innovation in product architecture
Petit, Gaëlle. "Caractérisation et gestion de la valeur durable dans les chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires. Application au cas d’une chaîne de valeur française de production et distribution de viande de porc". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA039/document.
Texto completo da fonteIt is now necessary for an agrifood value chain to set-up and develop a coherent sustainability strategy for its various stakeholders and to communicate on the efforts made towards citizens and consumers, in demand for more and more sustainable products. To go beyond the first existing initiatives (specifications, labels, etc.), and effectively increase both their sustainable performance and the perceived quality of their offer, considering new management tools, built jointly between upstream and downstream can be a solution. However, the actors in these chains, with different interests and cultures, have individual visions of sustainability. Therefore, if they want to cooperate in order to improve the sustainable performance of their value chain, they should meet a minimum level of satisfaction for each of them. This work aims to propose new standardized and interoperable management tools for food value chains so that the actors can co-create shared sustainable value and move towards new modes of governance.The experimental context is French pork value chains, whose actors maintain contractual relations and have already tackled joint work on the sustainability of certain products. A first contribution focuses on reflection to build a metric to evaluate the sustainable performance of food value chains. The three following cases are dealing with the possibilities for actors in a food value chain to cooperate on common solutions for sustainability improvement. Contrasted alternative scenarios are compared between them and the results are confronted with the respective expectations of the different actors in the value chain. A fourth section focuses on the importance of standardized data sharing among the various actors to support the sustainable performance. Finally, a final section proposes a support model for participative work in order to facilitate a common strategy definition for sustainability
Kumar, Vijay. "Exploring fully integrated textile tags and information systems for implementing traceability in textile supply chains". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10067/document.
Texto completo da fonteTraceability, in general, refers to keeping track of information to a certain degree. The concept of traceability is considered important to verify the various aspects of products in different industries and their global supply chains. Textile industry is among those which are accused time-to-time for opaque supply chains and unsustainable practices. Particularly, the aftermath of a series of industrial catastrophes, customers and non-government organizations have started to scrutinize the brands to bring transparency in their supply chains. In this direction, traceability has been identified as a tool for organizations to trace their supplies throughout the supply chains and collect relevant information to ensure transparency and claim validation. Traceability has been further acknowledged as a competitive element and often acts as a decisive factor in purchase process. Moreover, the textile products are one of the most counterfeit-prone items around the world. As a result, the demand for traceability has been intensified for supply chain monitoring and security, and product authentication. The principal aim of this thesis was to address the implementation of traceability information systems in the textile supply chain. Further, it investigates the feasibility of yarn-based integrated tracking tags as a means to impart traceability in textiles. It has been pursued through several independent studies in the domain of textile manufacturing, supply chain management and information systems. The appended papers in this thesis address various aspects of traceability implementation in the textile supply chain and how traceability information can be encoded into the textiles using yarn-based coding. Traceability consists of two components namely information system and tagging. The latter component is used to uniquely identify the product in the supply chain which assists in recalling and/or storing the relevant traceability data from/in the information system. Different actors in the supply chain manage the traceability data in their information systems, therefore traceability tag acts as a linking agent for information exchange. In this direction, this thesis introduces the concept of yarn coding and yarn coding-based integrated tags which can be potentially used in future for textile traceability applications. In addition, a framework is proposed for the implementation of traceability information system in the textile supply chain. The work highlights various elements which can play a significant role in promoting and/or implementing traceability. Regardless of perspective or viewpoint, traceability is interwoven between technical and managerial aspects; therefore traceability implementation requires a techno-management approach to obtain an optimal solution
Nakaa, Mounira. "Chaînes de valeurs globales, commerce international et organisation des entreprises". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS504.
Texto completo da fonteMy thesis is about global value chains and international trade.Technological progress and lower communication costs have foster the fragmentation of the process of production across countries and sectors and the expansion of global value chains. This new organization led to major changes in international trade flows and a growing interconnectedness of economies.The objective of this thesis is to study the impact of the organization of global value chains on international trade either at the macroeconomic level (countries’ comparative advantages) or microeconomic (firm performances).This thesis is organized on three chapters. The first chapter assesses the impact of global value chains on the comparative advantages of countries based on value added trade data.In this first chapter, I investigate the organization of global value chains based on comparative advantages. I show that comparative advantages are different when computed using value added trade data compared to gross trade data, which leads to a different sectoral specialization in a global value chain. The identification of the determinants of comparative advantages shows the importance of the quality of institutions, its impact is greater than traditional factors like labor or capital.The two last chapters study global value chains through plants in the aircraft industry in France, in the region Midi-Pyrénées Aquitaine.The second chapter provides empirical evidence of the impact of outsourcing and its origin on plant level performance in the aircraft sector based on panel data from 2006 to 2011. Specifically, I study the impact of the localization of outsourcing and show that, in average, plants that outsource their activities both domestically and internationally exhibit a higher productivity level, compared to plants not outsourcing or outsourcing only domestically. Quantile regressions shows that this effect is higher for lower productive plants.The last chapter describes the impact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis on plants on the aircraft sector in France. I identify two types of plants, generic outsourcers, producing standardized goods, and contractual outsourcers, producing customized goods. I show that generic outsourcers were more resilient during the crisis than contractual ones. Digitization, which reduces coordination costs and exporting activities, which permits to diversify their markets, explain part of the resilience of generic outsourcers to the crisis impact
Ferrari, Serena. "La viabilité des chaînes laitières industrielles au Sénégal: Une analyse en termes de gouvernance". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/249201.
Texto completo da fonteThe Senegalese dairy sector has been marked by important changes in the last decades. Indeed, dairy industry and trade have been growing, because of urbanization and new dietary habits of urban populations. This thesis inquires into the effects of those changes on the development of the local dairy value chain and on the vulnerability of the local herder communities. Based on the theory of the governance of global value chains and on transaction cost economics, the thesis aims to understand which modes of governance enable the viability of the Senegalese industrial dairy chains. Through the collection of qualitative data from the actors of these value chains and through an in-depth analysis of ten of these chains in the regions of Dakar and Kolda, this thesis highlights two main factors underlying the viability of the industrial dairy chains. First, quality strategies focusing on the local origin of the raw material are successful on the market, since consumers attach to them a particular value. Moreover, the services that the dairy processors implementing those quality strategies offer to local producers contribute to reducing their vulnerability; hence, the social viability of the value chains is improved. Second, the adoption of plural forms of governance, within a mixed supply (milk powder/local milk), enables dairy processors to be economically viable. In fact, they are in a position to fully exploit their productive capacities, to control the cost of raw material purchases, and to meet consumer demands.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Geist, Matthieu. "Optimisation des chaînes de production dans l'industrie sidérurgique : une approche statistique de l'apprentissage par renforcement". Phd thesis, Université de Metz, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441557.
Texto completo da fonteLectard, Pauline. "Les déterminants de la transformation productive soutenable dans le contexte des chaînes de valeur globales : une application aux pays en développement". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0353/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe analysis we present in this dissertation emerges from a confrontation of the recent literature on structural change and the literature on global value chains. Productive transformation is almost exclusively analysed through exports transformation. However, the international fragmentation of production makes this export-based approach hazardous. The potential gap between factor content of exports and countries’ factor endowments imply that exports modernization may only be an illusion. We address the complex and multidimensional nature of structural change given the current economic context and we examine innovative determinants of structural transformation. We develop the idea of a sustainable structural transformation that we describe through aggregate indicators. The analysis of the determinants through descriptive and econometric methods reveals risks of lock-in situations as well as risks of immiserising specialisation in the industrialization process, specifically in the textile and electronic sectors. We also find that defying factor endowments encourages diversification towards sophisticated exports. However this transformation is unsustainable especially when countries are major FDI recipients. We show that FDI positively influences factor content of exports while they have a negative impact on factor endowments. Thus, a productive transformation generated through FDI does not imply factor accumulation. Finally, export sophistication seems to rely more on FDI rather than on capabilities accumulation, meaning that the sustainability dimension is essential in an export-based approach of structural transformation
Jouve, André. "Flux des radionucléides dans les productions agricoles suites à un accident nucléaire : contre-mesures et techniques de réhabilitation". Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11069.
Texto completo da fonteKeichinger, Olivier. "Évaluation de l'impact des pratiques agricoles d'exploitation de grandes cultures sur la valeur cynégétique à l'aide d'indicateurs agro-écologiques". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2001_KEICHINGER_O.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDesmorieux, Hélène. "Le séchage en zone subsaharienne : une analyse technique a partir des réalités géographiques et humaines". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL014N.
Texto completo da fonteMossi, Maïga Illiassou. "Gestion collective des aménagements hydro-agricoles au Niger : gouvernance locale et mobilisation des ressources pour une mise en valeur viable". Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20012.
Texto completo da fonteIrrigation represents a major issue for Niger, a country which is frequently food non sufficient due to rainfall deficits. Since the 1960s, the focus has been put on the realization of large irrigation networks, essentially in the valley of the Niger river. From the beginning until the 1980s, governmental agencies have played an important role in the management of the irrigation systems. During the ten following years, the management responsibility was progressively transferred to agricultural cooperatives. This period reflects the transition from a hierarchical State governance to a local governance. Since, peasant organizations have been elaborating practical rules, often distinct from the prescribed rules, in order to alleviate financial, technical and organizational constraints. Observations show that these local arrangements were designed following a short term logic to solve concrete and local problems encountered by members of the irrigation networks. Using a theoretical framework based on the concept of governance, this thesis analyzes the emergence and the evolution of the rules, and confronts the prescribed rules to those effectively applied. It shows that practical rules tend to underscore social viability rather than economic and technical efficiency criteria. However, peasant organizations have difficulties to ensure the sustainable working of the irrigated systems, especially because they do not take into account the problem of the equipment replacement
Elhamdi, Mourad. "Modélisation et simulation de chaînes de valeurs en entreprise : une approche dynamique des systèmes et aide à la décision SimulValor". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011950.
Texto completo da fonteLe décideur a besoin d'évaluer chacune des alternatives selon chacun des critères de choix retenus et qui représentent les objectifs à atteindre, et d'évaluer globalement chacune de ces alternatives selon l'ensemble des critères.
Ce travail se place dans le contexte d'aide à la décision managériale de haut niveau où les actions sont des projets potentiels de développement des activités de l'entreprise. L'approche proposée, désignée par SimulValor, utilise la dynamique des systèmes pour modéliser et simuler les alternatives d'action et en évaluer les performances ; et elle utilise la théorie de l'utilité pour l'agrégation de ces performances.
En résumé, l'approche SimulValor vise l'évaluation de différentes alternatives d'action concernant la configuration des activités de l'entreprise en simulant les flux de valeurs qui lient les actions aux performances et les performances aux valeurs générées aux parties bénéficiaires. La difficulté principale de la méthode est l'extraction, l'harmonisation et la quantification des données qualitatives qui caractérisent les liens d'influences (et surtout les fonctions d'utilité) existants entre les éléments modélisés.
Arja, Rouba. "Construction des compétences au sein des chaînes globales de valeur et compétitivité des entreprises locales : Le cas des entreprises vitivinicoles du Languedoc-Roussillon". Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON10067.
Texto completo da fonteComelli, Michael. "Modélisation, optimisation et simulation pour la planification tactique des chaînes logistiques". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730176.
Texto completo da fonteGuigue, Etienne. "Market Power and Frictions in Supply Chains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAG009.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation aims to better understand the role of market power and competition frictions between suppliers and buyers in intertwined global and national supply chains. This research leverages empirical and theoretical tools applied to the French dairy industry and French manufacturing importers.Chapter 1 suggests a new methodology to separately estimate firm buyer and seller power, which is important for policy-making but challenging, and apply it to French dairy processors. These firms exert buyer power when purchasing raw milk, and seller power when marketing dairy products. The analysis is based on plant-level data on dairy firms, with observations on prices and quantities of raw-milk input by origin and output by product from 2003 to 2018. Total margins are estimated relying on a production function approach. The existence of a commodity, (i) substitutable as an input or as an output, and (ii) exchanged on global markets where firms are price-takers, then allows separately estimating firm-origin markdowns and firm-product markups. The methodology can also be useful in other contexts, with more limited data. Markdown estimates imply that dairy firms on average purchase raw milk at a price 16% below its marginal contribution to their profits, while markup estimates indicate that firms sell dairy products at a price exceeding their marginal costs by 41%. This chapter also analyzes how exogenous farmer and processor cost shocks pass through the supply chain. Processors partially absorb such shocks by adjusting markups and markdowns, thus smoothing variations in farmer revenues. It further implies that 65% of subsidies are currently diverted from farmers due to processor buyer power.Chapter 2 analyzes the impact of production quotas and their progressive removal in the French milk market, showing that production quotas generated two types of distortions. First, by mechanically fixing production shares across French départements at their pre-quota (1984) level, quotas stopped a natural spatial concentration for about 25 years, a process that restarted right after the start of the progressive quota removal in 2008. Second, the design of the quota system spurred the growth of small farms while constraining the expansion possibilities of larger farms. This redistributive scheme thus successfully refrained inequalities among farms growing until then, yet at the cost of distorting the competition-led cream-skimming of farms. Results finally show how the catching-up process in farm selection following the quota removal intervened more or less early across départements, depending on the stringency implied by quota constraints at the local level. These observations are rationalized with a simple model of perfect competition between heterogeneous farms.Chapter 3 quantifies buyer power in input trade and evaluates its aggregate effects. The developed empirical strategy for estimating importer buyer power from standard trade and production data does not rely on assumptions about other input markets. The results show that French manufacturing firms exert an average markdown of 1.49 on imported inputs and of 1.59 on domestically purchased inputs, revealing their significant buyer power in both markets. The welfare implications are then explored using an equilibrium model
Geist, Matthieu. "Optimisation des chaînes de production dans l'industrie sidérurgique : une approche statistique de l'apprentissage par renforcement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ023S.
Texto completo da fonteReinforcement learning is the response of machine learning to the problem of optimal control. In this paradigm, an agent learns do control an environment by interacting with it. It receives evenly a numeric reward (or reinforcement signal), which is a local information about the quality of the control. The agent objective is to maximize a cumulative function of these rewards, generally modelled as a so-called value function. A policy specifies the action to be chosen in a particular configuration of the environment to be controlled, and thus the value function quantifies the quality of yhis policy. This paragon is very general, and it allows taking into account many applications. In this manuscript, we apply it to a gas flow management problem in the iron and steel industry. However, its application can be quite difficult. Notably, if the environment description is too large, an exact representation of the value function (or of the policy) is not possible. This problem is known as generalization (or value function approximation) : on the one hand, one has to design algorithms with low computational complexity, and on the other hand, one has to infer the behaviour the agent should have in an unknown configuration of the environment when close configurations have been experimented. This is the main problem we address in this manuscript, by introducing a family of algorithms inspired from Kalman filtering
Bosch-Mauchand, Magali. "Modélisation pour la simulation de chaînes de production de valeur en entreprise industrielle comme outil d'aide à la décision en phase de conception / industrialisation". Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2123.
Texto completo da fonteKeivanpour, Samira. "An integrated approach to value chain analysis of end of life aircraft treatment". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25840.
Texto completo da fonteThe number of aircrafts at the end of life (EOL) is continuously increasing. Dealing with retired aircrafts considering the environmental, social and economic impacts is becoming an emerging problem in the aviation industry in near future. This thesis seeks to develop a holistic approach in order to analyze the value chain of EOL aircraft treatment in the context of sustainable development. The performed researches have led to eleven main contributions. In the first contribution, the complexity and diversity of the EOL aircraft recycling including the challenges and problem context are discussed. The second contribution addresses the challenges for estimation of retired aircrafts and proposes an integrated approach for prediction of EOL aircrafts. The third and fourth contributions aim to identify the players involved in EOL recycling context, values perceived by different shareholders and formulate that how such value can affect design decisions. Design stage consideration and manufacture’s issues are discussed and have led to four main contributions. The fifth contribution addresses the opportunities and challenges of applying green supply chain for aircraft manufacturers. In the sixth contribution, a decision tool is developed to aid manufactures in early stage of design for their green strategy choices. In the seventh contribution, a mathematical model is developed in order to analyze the strategic choice of manufacturers in response to EOL directives as the result of the interaction of competitors in the market. An internship project has been also performed in Bombardier and led to the eighth contribution, which addresses life cycle approach and incorporating the sustainability in early stage of design of aircraft. The ninth contribution introduces a methodology for analyzing the value chain in the context of sustainable development. Finally, the tenth and eleventh contributions propose a holistic approach to EOL aircraft treatment considering lean principals, sustainable development, and global business environment. An optimization model is developed to support decision making in both strategic and managerial level. The analytical approaches, decision tools and step by step guidelines proposed in this thesis will aid decision makers to identify appropriate strategies for the EOL aircraft treatment in the sustainable development context. Keywords: End of life aircraft, value chain analysis, sustainable development, stakeholders.
Quillaud, Alban. "Conceptualisation du pilotage logistique, structure et évolution au sein des chaînes logistiques et d’approvisionnement. Biais par lesquels une néguentropie des connaissances pourrait être sources de co-création durable de valeur". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0029.
Texto completo da fonteThe logistics represents the backbone of the world economy. It physically materialises the commercialcontracts between buyer and seller. Paradoxically, it seems to suffer from a lack of conceptualisation, ofits related structures and determinants. Too often, the logistics chains are mixed up with the supplychains. Also the physical logistics execution and its management are rarely differentiated. As aconsequence, wrong diagnosis are causing other issues, themselves being source of inefficiency, leadingto a kind of entropy. The latter is observable through numerous operational and financial symptoms,and it tends to grow if technological progress is not under control. What shall we do with this new data,information and knowledge? Do we actually have the right knowledge to make good use of it? Thisresearch precisely tries to describe the industry microstructures. It sheds light on the pivotal role of thelogistics management, as well as on the disruptive effects that technological progress could have on itstradition mix of production factors. It tends to show how labour factor could polarise over low and highcognitive tasks supported by human. The negentropic knowledge, using human as a support, would thenbe similar to a high knowledge transfer performance, and could become a source of joint value creation
Bidegain, Ricardo. "Sur un amendement organo-phosphaté obtenu par traitement aux oxydes d'azote de déchets lignocellulosiques additionnés d'hydroxyapatite : valeur agronomique comparée de ce produit et du compost traditionnel". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT007A.
Texto completo da fontePervanchon, Frank. "Modélisation de l'effet des pratiques agricoles sur la diversité végétale et la valeur agronomique des prairies permanentes en vue de l'élaboration d'indicateurs agri-environnementaux". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL061N.
Texto completo da fonteWe set out the hypothesis according which it is necessary to elaborate a mathematical model for the prediction of vegetal diversity and of agronomical value of permanent grasslands. The fmal aim is to set up indicators of permanent grassland management according to the agricultural practices applied there. We demonstrate that multiple regression analysis does not allow obtaining effective models of vegetal diversity. Nevertheless, the prediction of pastoral value is rather effective when considering the environmental factors (pH, moisture, etc. ). However, these results do not concern the mixed grasslands of Lorraine, because of a weak number of available data. Ln order to predict vegetal diversity and agronomic value, we propose a model based on expert systems associated to fuzzy logic. This modelisation is one of the ftrst concrete applications of the theory of functional groups based on life traits of plant species. We show that it is possible to diagnose and predict vegetation (list of vegetal species) and the patrimonial value of grassland, without realizing floristic relevés, by being based only on the life traits already identified in litterature. Lndicators are obtained by reporting the model's results on an abacus ofregional values of vegetal diversity and ofpastoral value
Franco, bedoya Sebastián. "Essays on the Trade and Macroeconomic dimensions of Global Value Chains". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX036/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe most recent phase of globalization, the so-called Global Value Chains (GVCs), is dated at the beginning of the 1990s. The birth of the World Trade Organization brought down many trade barriers and led to liberalization in areas like telecommunications, financial services, and information technologies. It meant the emergence of new business models that built on new opportunities to develop comparative advantages. With the opening of new markets, the technical revolution in IT and communications, and the closer harmonization of economic models worldwide, trade became much more than just a simple exchange of merchandise across borders. It developed into a constant flow of investment, of technologies, of goods for processing and business services. This is what has been called the "International Supply Chain". The key characteristic of this phenomenon is the increasing trade in final and intermediate goods among countries. Intermediate goods generated the network production structure of international trade and with it the exposure to new policy challenges that are not captured and fully understand by bilateral trade statistics. The existence of the international trade network, linking countries not only on the consumption side but also on production, makes the value-added content of trade to differ from gross exports. Nevertheless, it is precisely domestic value added the primary object of economic interest because it determines economic activity and the overall employment level in a country. The main question, therefore, is whether the changes in the organization of world trade should lead to a revision on our Economic intuitions. This is the purpose of this thesis, in which I review many pressing economic topics and hypotheses, and connect them with the global production patterns.This thesis covers the topics of (i) the trade-enhancing role of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT, "captured as a border effect"), (ii) value-added exports elasticities, and (iii) trade imbalances. While results for many countries are reported, I pay particular attention to the European countries. Broadly speaking, results show that (i) FTAs increase bilateral trade by 54% on average after 10 or more years, for both final goods and intermediate inputs. The border effect has become less binding over time, increasing trade in final goods an astounding 443%, relative to domestic trade since 1970, while the rise has been 195% for intermediate inputs. They also provide evidence that the trade effect of FTAs has strengthened over time. (ii) The implications of neglecting the GVC dimension for the value-added export elasticity are that it is not constant over time and lower than for gross exports. An important contribution here is to put in place a tractable framework that links changes in value-added exports to changes in the actual flow of final and intermediate goods. This makes easier to compute other tools that have been developed before in the literature like GVC Real Effective Exchange Rates (REERs). (iii) Using a value-added approach to study trade imbalances shows that we still do not have a full understanding of the causes and consequences of these imbalances and that GVC only makes it more challenging. Therefore, I disentangle the different components of the trade balance dynamics (trade performance and demand growth) while incorporating the international input-output production network linkages. Finally, I shed some light on to what extent internal devaluations are sufficient to offset the intra-Euro nominal exchange rigidity
Ansquer, Pauline. "Caractérisation agroécologique des végétations prairiales naturelles en réponse aux pratiques agricoles : apports pour la construction d'outils de diagnostic". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7461/1/ansquer.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAzzam, Firas. "Assemblages thermostimulables de nanocristaux de cellulose décorés de chaînes de polymère". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819836.
Texto completo da fonteCloteau, Armèle. "Produire la valeur politique des marchandises : La construction historique d’un lobbying agroindustriel à Bruxelles (1945-2018)". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV073.
Texto completo da fonteA wide literature on lobbying has already analysed the history of Brussels-based economic interest groups, their structure and the evolution of firms’ techniques of self-representation to policymakers and the public. These studies have also explored the different facets of the lobbying profession and shown how these professionals maintain close contact with politicians, their advisers, or bureaucrats. But, paradoxically, little academic work so far has addressed how this representation work evolves alongside companies’ economic structures, their scope of activity, or even the type of products they seek to introduce on the intra- and extra-European markets. At the crossroads of the economic and political sociology of the European Union (EU), this thesis claims that the formalization of relations between European institutions and companies under what is now called "lobbying" took place progressively as part of the evolution of businesses and corporate governance.Some companies originated from the European continent but already globalized did not spontaneously adjust to the expectations of new EU institutions, including in terms of markets for their products or because of their internal organization. For these companies, the transition from economic diplomacy carried out through senior managers to professionalized lobbying, as it developed at the end of the 1990s, was not only a response to the European Commission's expectations but also conditioned by economic constraints.Based on the analysis of a major agro-industrial group’s archives, an ethnography within this group’s European office, and 50 interviews with business representatives and members of the EU institutions, this thesis contributes to the economic and historical sociology of company representation in the European Community. My key argument is that lobbying is not only about political communication: it is an extension of productive processes. As the history of the creation of a European office within this agro-industrial firm shows, it is not a company that produces commodities and then hires lobbyists to influence decision makers after the fact. In this company, as in many others, the first lobbyists often came from management positions: they were executives who were "appointed" in Brussels while they were previously in charge of production or sales units. Today, lobbying practices are still deeply entrenched in economic activities. As my ethnographic work shows, lobbying implies working permanently to requalify the properties of the goods that are produced by the company, even if many professional interest representatives are now trained in public affairs. By downplaying the most traditional commercial properties of products (market share, sale price) and by accentuating their potential symbolic properties ("healthy products", "environmentally friendly"), professionals in the field of interest representation shape the symbolic value of goods while making them compatible with the categories that regulators mobilize. Thus they contribute to the permanent updating of the political value of commodities and facilitate their introduction and longevity on the market
Sun, Shuie. "Servitization dynamics and financial and environmental performance in China's manufacturing enterprises". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUA028.
Texto completo da fonteIn the process of manufacturing servitization, Chinese government pays great attention to two questions, namely, the relationship between manufacturing servitization and financial performance of China’s manufacturing enterprise, and the relationship between manufacturing servitization and environmental performance in the context of China's deteriorating environment. Based on the specific data from China, the impact of manufacturing servitization on enterprise financial performance and environmental performance are analyzed in this thesis.Regarding to the first problem, an empirical study from the perspective of regional heterogeneity, sub-industry heterogeneity, and type heterogeneity is conducted. The impact of manufacturing servitization of 30 sub-industries, 31 provinces (cities) and 4 different types of enterprises on financial performance of China is discussed by using the data obtained from 512 manufacturing enterprises. Four major conclusions can be drawn: (1) Overall, there is a positive nonlinear relationship between servitization and financial performance of China's manufacturing enterprises. (2) In the state-owned manufacturing enterprises and private manufacturing enterprises, the impact of servitization on financial performance of enterprises presents a “saddle type”. (3) Servitization cubed of six provinces(Jiangsu, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong and Guangxi) passed the significance test, indicating the nonliner relationship between manufacturing servitizaion and financial performance. (4) Servitization cubed of 9 sub-industries passed the significance test, suggeting the nonliner relationship between manufacturing servitizaion and financial performance. These sub-industries are agriculture sideline products processing industry (C13), food manufacturing industry (C14), textile manufacturing (C17), manufacturing of chemical raw materials and chemicals (C26), pharmaceutical manufacturing industry (C27), ferrous metal smelting and calender processing industry (C31), non-ferrous metal smelting and calender processing industry (C32), general equipment manufacturing (C34), railway, ship, aerospace and other transport equipment manufacturing (C37). Besides, there is a positive linear relationship between servitization and financial performance in the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry (C38).For the second problem, the global value chain not only brings trade in value added, but also forms a global trade carbon emission chain. The value-added decomposition method better considers servitization characteristics, it is a more comprehensive explanation of the regional and industrial sources of manufacturing servitization. An study based on the global value chain point of view is conducted to present the relationship between manufacturing servitzation and environmental performance, it can be concluded that: (1) When servitization level is low, an increase in the proportion of servitization in manufacturing exports will promote carbon emissions of export trade, but when servitization level is high, the increase in the proportion of servitization will instead reduce carbon emissions. (2) The scale effect and structural effect caused by manufacturing servitization will lead to the increase of carbon emission. (3) The technological effect, foreign capital effect and environmental regulation effect brought by servitization have no effect on carbon emission reduction
Carballa, Smichowski Bruno. "Competition and market power : a critical reassessment in light of recent changes". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD016/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe main objectives of this thesis are to explain the emergence of competitive dynamics characterized by a symbiosis between competition and market power and to elucidate how they can be apprehended through the lenses of competition theory. Chapter I investigates the evolution of forms of competition in the United States from 1840 to today. We show that while in some cases market power has translated into hindering competition (and vice versa), in others the two establish a symbiotic relation. Chapter II reviews competition theories and concludes that they do not account for the coexistence of two major stylized facts characteristic of the current hegemonic form of competition: long-run profit rate differentials and strong price competition. Chapter III develops a contribution to competition theory within and between global value chains (GVC). We show that uneven interdependence is the source of intra-GVC market power, which explains long-run profit rate differentials between firms belonging to the same GVC. Then we show how they can be compatible with strong price competition. Chapter IV studies platform capitalism with a focus on “trust-based algorithmic coordination” (TBAC) firms. Building on the case of the ride-hailing firm Uber, we argue that the TBAC firm conjugates vertical market power with strong price competition in a competitive dynamics in which there is a tendency towards monopolization
Kinani-El, Halfawy Ghizlane. "Analyse cognitive de la prédisposition des dirigeants de PME à adopter une stratégie de création de la valeur partagée (CVP) : utilisation de la cartographie cognitive". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD089.
Texto completo da fonteA new stage in CSR, Creating Shared Value (CSV) is a strategic lever that allows reconciliation between business and ethics. It enables companies to create both economic and societal value. Although academic research has demonstrated the relevance of CSV in big companies, its usefulness in the context of SMEs remains to be proven. In this thesis we propose to confront the theoretical framework of the concept of CSV developed by M. Porter and M. Kramer (2011) with the reality of French SMEs. The following questions are examined: 1) How do SME leaders perceive Creating Shared Value? 2) How does the implementation of CSV include the three levers cited by Porter and Kramer, namely: New development of products, services and markets; the redefinition of productivity in the value chain, and the development of a local competitiveness cluster? 3) And finally: how do the specificities of SMEs and the characteristics of their leaders influence the choice and the relevance of one lever as opposed to another one? In this research, we use the technique of cognitive mapping to model and analyze the mental representations of SME managers that have been interviewed on the theme of CSV. The typology used shows that if SMEs participate in Creating Shared Value the strategic levers chosen by them are determined by the SME specificity and by the type of its manager. This theme opens up a rich and interesting research potential for both academic and business communities
Ricou, Charles. "Conception d’un indicateur prédictif évaluant les effets des pratiques agricoles sur la diversité floristique et ses services en grandes cultures à l’échelle de la bordure de champ". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0107/document.
Texto completo da fonteDeveloping cropping systems supporting biodiversity is an important goal for agronomists in the current context of society. To achieve this goal, they need predictive methods assessing the effect of cropping practices on biodiversity to characterize and evaluate cropping systems. Among ecologists, a growing agreement exists to address biodiversity not only as species richness but also as ecosystemic services. There are numerous proposals of biodiversity indicators but those are based on diversity measurement within taxonomic groups or on management variables, and are not predictive. The objective of the thesis is to design a predictive indicator to assess the effects of cropping practices on biodiversity and its services. To achieve this, we decided to address plant diversity and its associated services, conservation value, a stake for society, and pollination, important stake for agriculture. We structured the thesis in three steps. First we selected cropping practices having combined effects on biodiversity and its services, identified their nature and assess the range of their effects at the field margin scale. In a second step, we integrated by expertise, this knowledge in an operational model. Following the design, we evaluate the sensitivity and the predictive quality of the model by comparing model outputs with field measurements carried out during the thesis or outside. Last we transformed outputs of the model (in form of presence probability for 338 species) into an indicator by aggregating them into synthetic value. Then, this was calibrated to selected references values on a scale between 0 (unfavorable) and 10 (favorable) easy to understand. The development of this operational predictive indicator will enable agronomists to assess positive and negative effects of cropping practices and to identify innovative practices supporting biodiversity and its services. The indicator can be used with other environmental, economic, and social indicators to assess sustainability of arable farming systems
Koné, Mankan M., e Mankan M. Koné. "Essays on uncertainty and foreign direct investments". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37019.
Texto completo da fonteL’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer l’impact de l’incertitude sur les IDE. Elle s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’industrie agroalimentaire en tenant compte des spécificités de la chaîne de valeur agricole. Les flux et les stocks d’IDE sont généralement très instables et il est admis que l’incertitude est le principal facteur causant les baisses fréquentes de l’IDE au niveau mondial. Nous voulons savoir si et dans quelle mesure l’incertitude causée par la volatilité de la demande et de l’offre peut affecter les IDE dans l’industrie agroalimentaire. À cette fin, nous utilisons des modèles théoriques et empiriques. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions empiriquement la mesure dans laquelle l’incertitude provenant des variabilités de la demande du marché, de la production et du commerce peut expliquer la probabilité d’avoir des IDE dans l’industrie agroalimentaire. On s’attend à ce que les IDE soient retardés lorsque l’incertitude augmente car les entreprises qui font ces investissements mobilisent des ressources conséquentes pour réaliser leurs IDE. Nous utilisons un modèle d’analyse de survie et des données d’IDE bilateraux. Cela nous permet de constater que la volatilité réduit la probabilité d’observer l’IDE entre les pays. Ce comportement est observé dans l’industrie agroalimentaire mais aussi dans d’autres industries. Cependant, toutes les sources de variabilité ne jouent pas nécessairement un rôle. Par exemple, les IDE des entreprises multinationales européennes et américaines dans l’industrie alimentaire sont négativement affectés par la volatilité des importations du pays de destination. Les IDE de ces pays dans l’industrie des produits chimiques sont négativement affectés par la volatilité de la production. La volatilité des exportations diminue l’attrait de capitaux étrangers dans le secteur des équipements de transport des pays d’accueil. Dans le second chapitre, nous construisons un modèle théorique pour expliquer le compromis entre les exportations et les IDE compte tenu de l’incertitude quant à la taille de la demande. Nous observons que l’incertitude de la demande induit un comportement d’attente des entreprises multinationales qui explique pourquoi les IDE peuvent être retardés dans les marchés où l’incertitude est grande. L’IDE devient une option réelle dans laquelle l’attente permet de réduire l’incertitude. Nous adoptons la littérature sur l’analyse des options réelles pour construire notre cadre théorique. En plus de l’incertitude de la demande, nous examinons également des facteurs comme les coûts au commerce et l’environnement de la concurrence. Nous observons qu’une forte concurrence, une faible différenciation des produits et une diminution des barrières commerciales amplifient le comportement d’attente des multinationales. Par exemple, la réduction des coûts au commerce peut nuire aux IDE, car elle augmente leur sensibilité à l’incertitude et l’attente devient une option plus intéressante. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous analysons les IDE dans l’industrie agroalimentaire en tenant compte des différences de volatilité dans l’offre agricole entre les pays. Cette analyse nous permet d’étudier la question de l’incertitude dans l’industrie agroalimentaire du point de vue de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, car nous considérons l’incertitude dans le secteur en amont. En fait, les variations des prix agricoles ou des quantités livrées aux transformateurs par les agriculteurs sont souvent importantes et imprévisibles. Par conséquent, ces transformateurs de l’industrie agroalimentaire sont exposées à une incertitude croissante et persistante. Notre cadre théorique tient compte du pouvoir de marché des entreprises de transformation et des IDE de type horizontaux et verticaux. Nous obtenons que même les entreprises neutres au risque sont préoccupées par la variabilité de l’offre. En effet, dans le contexte de l’industrie alimentaire, la relation entre le profit et le choc d’offre est concave étant donné la concurrence imparfaite et le moment de la résolution de l’incertitude. Notre approche empirique confirme que les entreprises multinationales réalisent leurs décisions en matière d’IDE en considérant les disparités de variabilité de l’offre entre les pays parce que la volatilité du secteur agricole dissuade les IDE. Nous testons cette prédiction à l’aide de données bilatérales de stocks d’IDE dans l’industrie agroalimentaire.
The three essays of this thesis explore the impact of uncertainty on FDI in the food industry by taking into account the specificities of the food value chain. FDI flows and stocks are very unstable and evidence suggests that uncertainty is the main factor causing frequent declines in FDI globally. We want to know whether and to what extent the uncertainty caused by the volatility of demand and supply affects FDI in the food processing industry by using theoretical and empirical models. The first essay empirically studies whether uncertainty related to variables such as volatile market demand, production variability and trade volatility affects the hazard rate of FDI in the food industry. As FDI is irreversible investment, it is likely to be delayed when uncertainty increases. Using a survival analysis model and bilateral FDI data, we find that volatility reduces the hazard rate of FDI. This behavior is observed in the food industry but also in other industries. However, not all sources of variability are relevant. For example, FDI by European and US multinational companies in the food industry is negatively affected by the import volatility of the country of destination. FDI of these countries in the chemical industry is negatively affected by the volatility of production. Export volatility plays a role in attracting foreign capitals in the transport equipment sector of host countries. The second essay provides a theoretical model to explain the choice between export and FDI given the uncertainty about the size of demand. The fact that FDI is delayed when uncertainty increases is explained by the wait-and-see behavior of multinational companies when investing in very uncertain foreign markets. FDI decisions can be considered as real options in which the decision to invest can be postponed to reduce uncertainty. We build a model that relies on the literature of real options. In addition to the uncertainty of demand, we also examine factors such as trade costs and the competitive environment. We find that intense competition, low product differentiation and reduction of trade barriers amplify the wait-and-see behavior of multinational firms. For example, trade liberalization can be harmful for FDI, as it increases the sensitivity of FDI to uncertainty and waiting becomes a more valuable option. In the last essay, we analyze FDI in the food processing industry, given the differences in the volatility of agricultural supply between countries. This analysis allow us to examine the issue of uncertainty in the food processing industry from a supply chain perspective, as we consider uncertainty in the upstream sector. In fact, variations of farm prices or of quantity delivered to processors by farmers are problematic as they are large and unpredictable. Consequently, food processing firms, as they use massively primary agricultural commodities as ingredients, are exposed to an increasing and persistent uncertainty. Our theoretical framework takes into account the market power of processors and horizontal and vertical FDI are discussed. We find that even risk-neutral companies are concerned by the variance of supply. Indeed, in the context of the food industry, the relationship between profit and supply shock is concave given imperfect competition and the timing of the resolution of uncertainty. Our empirical approach (a gravity model) confirms that multinational firms achieve their FDI decisions by considering the difference of supply shocks between countries as the volatility of the agricultural sector deters FDI.We test this prediction using bilateral FDI stocks data in the food processing industry.
The three essays of this thesis explore the impact of uncertainty on FDI in the food industry by taking into account the specificities of the food value chain. FDI flows and stocks are very unstable and evidence suggests that uncertainty is the main factor causing frequent declines in FDI globally. We want to know whether and to what extent the uncertainty caused by the volatility of demand and supply affects FDI in the food processing industry by using theoretical and empirical models. The first essay empirically studies whether uncertainty related to variables such as volatile market demand, production variability and trade volatility affects the hazard rate of FDI in the food industry. As FDI is irreversible investment, it is likely to be delayed when uncertainty increases. Using a survival analysis model and bilateral FDI data, we find that volatility reduces the hazard rate of FDI. This behavior is observed in the food industry but also in other industries. However, not all sources of variability are relevant. For example, FDI by European and US multinational companies in the food industry is negatively affected by the import volatility of the country of destination. FDI of these countries in the chemical industry is negatively affected by the volatility of production. Export volatility plays a role in attracting foreign capitals in the transport equipment sector of host countries. The second essay provides a theoretical model to explain the choice between export and FDI given the uncertainty about the size of demand. The fact that FDI is delayed when uncertainty increases is explained by the wait-and-see behavior of multinational companies when investing in very uncertain foreign markets. FDI decisions can be considered as real options in which the decision to invest can be postponed to reduce uncertainty. We build a model that relies on the literature of real options. In addition to the uncertainty of demand, we also examine factors such as trade costs and the competitive environment. We find that intense competition, low product differentiation and reduction of trade barriers amplify the wait-and-see behavior of multinational firms. For example, trade liberalization can be harmful for FDI, as it increases the sensitivity of FDI to uncertainty and waiting becomes a more valuable option. In the last essay, we analyze FDI in the food processing industry, given the differences in the volatility of agricultural supply between countries. This analysis allow us to examine the issue of uncertainty in the food processing industry from a supply chain perspective, as we consider uncertainty in the upstream sector. In fact, variations of farm prices or of quantity delivered to processors by farmers are problematic as they are large and unpredictable. Consequently, food processing firms, as they use massively primary agricultural commodities as ingredients, are exposed to an increasing and persistent uncertainty. Our theoretical framework takes into account the market power of processors and horizontal and vertical FDI are discussed. We find that even risk-neutral companies are concerned by the variance of supply. Indeed, in the context of the food industry, the relationship between profit and supply shock is concave given imperfect competition and the timing of the resolution of uncertainty. Our empirical approach (a gravity model) confirms that multinational firms achieve their FDI decisions by considering the difference of supply shocks between countries as the volatility of the agricultural sector deters FDI.We test this prediction using bilateral FDI stocks data in the food processing industry.
Ouellet, David. "Couverture du risque de prix des intrants via les marchés à terme agricoles à l’aide d’un critère alliant la valeur à risque et la marge de sécurité sur charges : application aux producteurs porcins finisseurs du Québec". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67448.
Texto completo da fonteHedging price risk using futures markets is a tool that farmers can use in order to decrease the consequences of agricultural commodity price volatility. Numerous criteria have been developed by authors as a means to optimize hedging decisions. However, these approaches are based on a limited conceptualization of risk and of its financial consequences from the view point of the farm as an enterprise. This thesis develops a hedging criterion that combines the incurred price risk denoted by a value-at-risk (VaR) measure and the price risk the farm can sustain and applies the method to the case of Quebec hog finishers. Hedges are simulated for various farm profiles over a 14-year period (2006 to 2019) and an effectiveness measure is compared with the absence of hedging and that of alternative criteria, namely the optimal hedge ratio and the target margin. Results show that on average, the VaR criterion improves the security margin on cost (SMC) of farms in a statistically significant way and is more effective than the alternative criteria for certain farm profiles, albeit to a small to moderate degree. Improvements with regard to the financial situation of farms following the application of the VaR criteria are more pronounced during episodes of markedly rising input prices. Moreover, the developed methodology signals that even if hedging leads to a large decrease of risk as measured by the variance of returns, its impacts as measured by the SMC are considerably less. This suggests that the chosen effectiveness measure may not reflect the impacts of hedging on the actual financial situation of the farm. This thesis contributes to the literature concerned with the use of VaR in agricultural economics by addressing price hedging from a clinical rather than inferential level of analysis. A more detailed account of the repercussions of hedging on farm finances is presented and potential avenues with regard to price risk and hedging effectiveness measurement are offered.
Séhier, Clément. "Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et capitalisme en république populaire de Chine : quelles transformations du rapport salarial ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12023/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis questions the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the evolution of working conditions and, more broadly, in the transformation of the wage-labour nexus in the Chinese industry relying massively on cheap workforce. We use an institutionalist framework to put CSR in the Chinese context of transition from a socialist to a capitalist system, showing that during the last decade, rising pressure from Chinese workers has convinced the Chinese government that institutions more protective of workers should be created. We differentiate three approaches to CSR, based on the intentions of the actors and on the instruments implemented. We examine the capacity of each approach to influence labour relations within the factories, and more broadly, to contribute to the construction of a new social compromise. We show that the "compliance" approach, the most widespread in the Chinese industry, has largely failed to improve working conditions, and tends instead to reproduce the buying practices of multinational corporations in global value chains. We are also interested in two types of instruments that are less common, but closer to the concerns of the Chinese industry. The "expertise" approach developed by consulting companies, but also by the government and by the International Labour Office, combines the objective of improving working conditions to the optimisation of production. Finally, some labour "NGOs" from Hong Kong and the Guangdong province are developing programs of "participatory" CSR, aiming at establishing collective bargaining mechanisms within factories, thus bypassing some of the political obstacles to their activities
Acosta, Collazos Maria Del Pilar. "Understanding the outcomes of private regulations for corporate social responsibility in global value chains : the case of the Colombian agro-food industry". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010049.
Texto completo da fonteSince the 1990s there has been an escalating number of codes of conduct, self-regulatory schemes and multi-stakeholder initiatives aiming to monitor corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of global value chains. Because these initiatives lack legal enforcement they fall into the category of private regulations. Despite increasing concerns of worldwide degradation of social and environmental conditions, the effectiveness of private regulations is still elusive. Taking three distinct approaches, this research examines the outcomes of private regulations through a local, bottom of the chain perspective. We analyze how a supplier of a multinational subsidiary in the agro-food industry receives, understands and implements a supplier development program. We study 1) the inscription of private regulations in a long history of political roles undertaken by local companies in a developing country, namely Colombia. This sheds light on how private regulations can jeopardize the governance of corporate social responsibility in the industry. 2) The process of deployment of a private regulation at the intra-organizational level, looking at how it progressively transforms preexisting notions of business involvement in society. We highlight two mechanisms leading to the disembedding of local actors from their geographically proximate communities, and re-embedding them into global notions of CSR. 3) The adoption of each demand included in a private regulation leading to understand heterogeneity in the adoption process. To bring these aspects together, we also evaluate to what extent demands from multinational subsidiaries are diffused to other levels of the supply chain. Overall, our results contribute to the literatures of political CSR and global value chain by expanding upon how these dynamics operate within a developing nation
Soudy, Imar Djibrine. "Pratiques traditionnelles, valeur alimentaire et toxicité du taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) produit au Tchad". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719605.
Texto completo da fonteTheodoridou, Katerina. "Les effets des tannins condensés du sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) sur sa digestion et sa valeur nutritive". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669557.
Texto completo da fonteGuedidi, Insaf. "Global value chains and deep trade agreements". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01E026.
Texto completo da fonteIn recent years, the phenomenon of producing “Made in the World” goods has increased dramatically, leading to a progressive economic transformation of the way we understand production processes (Antràs 2020). The present thesis considers a variety of research questions: Do maritime connectivity and border procedures affect the same way trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs? How important it is to adopt internet to Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation? What is the impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on international trade and, specifically, on GVC trade? How does GVC participation affect air pollution and what is the importance of environmental provisions in trade agreements when analyzing the environmental implications of GVCs? This thesis aims to define and analyze two drivers (in chapter 2) and two consequences (in chapters 3 and 4) of participation in GVCs. Chapter 2 examines the effect of trade facilitation on trade, more particularly on Global Production Networks (GPNs). It shows that maritime connectivity matters for trade under GPNs. In particular, exporting intermediate goods is highly encouraged by more efficient maritime routes which connect various participants of GPNs. Furthermore, shipping goods without delays, low costs, and simpler procedures are key elements of participation in GPNs. In addition, Chapter 2 analyses the impact of the internet on GVCs in Africa. It investigates the effect of internet adoption on forward participation and backward participation in GVCs at the country level and the firm level. Results show that internet use and internet infrastructure are important for Africa in terms of forward GVC participation. The chapter argues that African countries and firms need to improve internet infrastructure to make the best of integration into GVCs. High integration levels in GVCs can change the way we interpret REER response on gross exports and GVC trade in Tunisia. Thus, chapter 3 shows the importance of calculating a new measure of REER based on the sectoral value-added terms to account for the rising importance of GVCs. Results show that REER effects on GVC trade differ from its impact on traditional trade. It is found that foreign value-added (FVA) share in gross exports dampens the response of REER to exports. Moreover, accounting for sectoral heterogeneity is important to determine trade competitiveness because Tunisian sectors take part in GVCs at different levels. Chapter 4 focuses on the relationship between air pollutant emissions, environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements, and GVCs. Examining the effects of participation in GVCs on environmental quality, chapter 4 found an inverted U-shaped relation between the level of participation in GVCs and air pollutant emissions. The chapter proves that signing more trade agreements with environmental laws reduces pollution. However, including environmental provisions in trade agreements does not guarantee environmental quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
Talens, Gaétan. "La place du personnel dans les opérations hôtelières milieu de gamme en France : les effets de l’engagement des collaborateurs au travail sur la qualité perçue par les clients". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAE001/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn a competitive environment and with constantly changing lifestyle and consumption habits, the hotel industry offer, and the services built around accommodation and catering as we know its today, do not guaranty the attractiveness, or the profitability, that is needed for this sector to remain sustainable. The modeling of a "new" hotel industry is necessary to meet customer expectations while taking into account the costs and operating constraints, particularly the "hotel industry service" playing a key role in the production and distribution processes of the service as well as in the quality perceived by the customer. The determinants of the hotel operational performance have evolved in different cycles turning the "modern" into "traditional".This thesis begins with the exploration of these developments in mid-ranged hotels in France through a field study conducted in twelve hotels and the headquarters of the AccorHotels group in France. This step, questioning the future of mid-ranged hotels in France, raised research questions wondering about the importance of the staff in the production of mid-ranged hotels products and services in our society, and more broadly, the importance of the human capital (in the microeconomic meaning) in the hotel industry.We decided to explore the links between staff and the hotel operational performance. This performance is composed of economic results, the quality perceived by the customers as well as parameters related to the context of the hotels. Based on an in-depth study of all the methodologies and measures of human capital, we chose to measure it through employee engagement at work, using a sample of 146 mid-range hotels (representing 3740 employees) of the AccorHotels group in France. We also measured, for each hotel, a set of context data (size, location, customer mix, level of digitization, renovations...), the operating result (Earnings Before Interest Taxes), the number of business per room available (RevPar) and a measure of the quality perceived by customers (Reputation Performance Score).This thesis shows the links between the operating result per room, the quality perceived by customers and the commitment of employees to work. We will develop their respective antecedents as well as the nature of their cross-statistical relationships.This thesis prooves that as a significant precedent of the quality perceived by the customers (itself an antecedent of the operating result), the commitment of the collaborators into their work is instrumental in order to obtain a better performance for the mid-ranged hotels in France. To go further, the identification of a typology of hotels based on these links makes us able to obtain simultaneously a global and a segmented view of the mid-range hotel business in France and the role by type of hotels of staff in order to reach a higher performance
Couet, Marc-Antoine. "Les contre-mesures à l'OMC : évaluation de la compatibilité du système de représailles économiques avec la réalité contemporaine du commerce international". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36682.
Texto completo da fonteWith respect to the settlement of trade disputes, the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is marked by the establishment of a dispute settlement system that is more focused on the rule of law. Such legalization of the dispute settlement mechanism has, however, not led to any changes in the paradigm of the mechanism for implementing the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Indeed, the WTO has so far maintained in substance the GATT 1947 principle; when the complaining party identifies the failure of the respondent to comply with the DSB's recommendations and rulings within the reasonable period of time allowed for implementation and the former cannot come to a solution mutually acceptable with the latter on the granting of compensation, the complainant’s sole remedy becomes the use of countermeasures. However, during the same period, international trade underwent a radical metamorphosis: the phenomenon of international fragmentation of the production processes of goods and services has expanded dramatically. This master’s thesis proposes an analysis of the institution of countermeasures at the WTO in the light of these changes that have recently affected the world economy as well as recent developments in the field of economics. Building on an approach that engages both legal science and economics, the thesis demonstrates that the countermeasures system is not adapted to the reality of international trade in the 21st century. In light of these findings, the study critically explores the various suggestions for changing the implementation stage of trade disputes and suggests an institutional reform that may take place within the current legal framework. Key words: Dispute Settlement – Multinational Enterprises – International Trade – Global Value Chains – Economic Integration
Majerowicz, Gouveia Esther. "La mondialisation de l'armée industrielle de réserve chinoise : sa formation et les impacts sur les salaires dans les pays développés". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD044/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe present thesis assesses how China’s integration in the globalcapitalist economy has been associated with the deterioration of labor position vis-à-viscapital in advanced economies expressed in stagnant real wages and worsening workingconditions. We propose an interpretation grounded on the globalization of China’s vastindustrial reserve army as a byproduct of the alliance between the Chinese state and advancedcountries’ capitals in their productive form. On the one hand, we discuss the formation ofChina’s industrial reserve army which has underpinned the process of proletarianization in thecountry as creatures of the party-state achieved through means of primitive accumulation. Onthe other hand, we discuss how advanced countries’ capitals access to this vast reserveindustrial reserve army in preferred terms, actively enabled by the Chinese party-state, hasincreased profitability through two crucial outcomes, by immediate and drastically reducingunit labor costs and by making China’s industrial reserve army global, tilting the balance ofpower back home towards capital. We then consider the interplay of the opposite effects ofthese two outcomes – the ‘terms of trade effect’ and the weakening of laborers’ bargainingpower – over real wages and working conditions in advanced countries. We claim that theglobalization of China’s vast industrial reserve army has provided critical mass to break thehistorical connection between industrial production and consumer markets in advancedcountries that provided the material basis in which workers were able to conquer theconstruction of institutional links between productivity and real wage growth
O objetivo da presente tese é estudar como a integração da China na economia capitalista global seassociada à deterioração da posição do trabalho em relação ao capital em economias desenvolvidas,expressa pela estagnação do salário real e piora das condições de trabalho. Ao negar a narrativaeconômica dominante que relaciona esses dois fatores por meio do modelo Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson e ao teorema da equalização dos preços dos fatores de produção, nós propomosuma interpretação fundamentada de que o vasto exército de reserva da China globalizadarepresenta um subproduto da aliança entre o Estado Chinês e o capital produtivo daseconomias desenvolvidas. Construímos essa interpretação através de dois momentosanalíticos que contemplam tanto as dimensões para dentro e como para fora da globalizaçãodo exército industrial de reserva, especialmente, como ele foi formado pelo estado Chinês ecomo foi o seu acesso pelo capital produtivo dos países desenvolvidos, no contexto daglobalização neoliberal, promovida pela rearticulação da divisão internacional do trabalho,que minou as condições materiais que historicamente colocaram o trabalho, nos paísescentrais, numa posição melhor em relação ao capital em oposição ao trabalho na periferia. Poroutro lado, discutimos a formação do exército de reserva industrial da China, que tem apoiadoo processo de proletarização no país como criaturas do partido-estado alcançado por meio deacumulação primitiva. Afirmamos que os salários baixos e estagnados dos trabalhadores nãoqualificados chineses, que prevaleceram na década de 1990 até meados dos anos 2000, nocerne da transformação da China na fábrica do mundo, resultou não só do desmantelamentodas comunas e danweis, mas também na alienação dos camponeses e no aumento doexcedente de produção dos camponeses pelo estado, promovendo a estagnação da renda realna agricultura e impelindo os camponeses a seguir o rumo à proletarização, formando umgrande exército industrial de reserva. Mais adiante, discutimos como o capital dos paísesavançados acessou esse vasto exército industrial de reserva em termos preferenciais,ativamente habilitado pelo partido-estado chinês, aumentando a rentabilidade através de doisresultados cruciais, pela redução imediata e drástica dos custos unitários do trabalho e fazendoexército industrial de reserva da China uma arma global, inclinando a balança de poder devolta para casa do capital. Em seguida, abordamos a interação dos efeitos opostos desses doisresultados - os 'efeitos dos termos de troca "e do enfraquecimento do poder de negociação dostrabalhadores - sobre os salários reais e as condições de trabalho nos países desenvolvidos.Afirmamos que a globalização do vasto exército de reserva industrial da China tem oferecidouma massa crítica para quebrar a ligação histórica entre a produção industrial e os mercadosconsumidores nos países avançados, condição que forneceu a base material para que ostrabalhadores fossem capazes de conquistar vínculos institucionais entre a produtividade e ocrescimento real dos salários. Em contrapartida, à medida em que essa globalização, baseadana transformação dos camponeses chineses em espinha dorsal do exército industrial dereserva da economia global, houve um aumento dos conflitos de classe no interior da China eum rápido crescimento dos salários, além de mudanças institucionais a partir de meados dosanos 2000. Na medida em que essas conquistas minaram as bases que levaram o capital apromover a globalização do exército de reserva industrial da China, nós estudamos se aintegração da China na economia capitalista global, através do seu papel central nas cadeiasde eletrônica e TI, está mudando em direção à mão de obra mais intensiva e qualificada, o quepoderia colocar pressões baixistas sobre os salários dos trabalhadores qualificados nos paísesavançados, por meio do estudo de caso da indústria de semicondutores
Pigneur, Judith. "Mise au point d’une méthode intégrée d’analyse des impacts des filières de matières premières minérales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC093.
Texto completo da fonteThe subject of the thesis is the development of an integrated method of analysis of the social and environmental costs of depletion in the metal value chains. The supported thesis is that the depletion of metallic resources, beyond the question of the economic limits of exploitation, is a multiplier of the social and environmental costs generated by our current modes of production and consumption. The thesis was carried out as part of the Bureau for Appraisal of Social Impacts for Citizen information (Basic) research and development project on the development of sustainability indicators. The thesis is part of a transdisciplinary approach, combining an approach from the management sciences, namely the analysis of global value chains (GVC), mobilized to understand the influence of the organization of globalized chains on social and environmental impacts, and an economics-based approach, that of social costs, as developed by Karl William Kapp, which looks at the costs of social and environmental damage inherent in our economic system. The thesis aims to contribute to both the reinforcement of the methodological framework of social costs developed by the Basic, but also to the emerging research on depletion within the field of development of sustainability indicators. The research aims to explore the links between depletion, increased social and environmental costs of exploitation, and the influence of globalized chains on the occurrence of these costs. This general problem is divided into two parts. A first theoretical part, composed of chapters 1 and 2, contributes to define the depletion of metals in a perspective of strong sustainability and to formalize a framework of evaluation of the social costs coherent with this definition. In Chapter 1, depletion is redefined as two joint, continuous and irreversible phenomena: 1) loss of quantity (loss of material throughout the supply chain) and quality (diminution of ore grades and difficulties of recycling) of the resource.2) as a multiplier of environmental, health and social impacts of the metal value chains. Chapter 2 proposes a new framework to account for depletion and its social costs, linking the work of ecological economics and institutional economics based on the work of Karl William Kapp. This methodology develops an approach focused on studying the causes of social costs and levers to reduce these costs. A second empirical part applies the evaluation framework to the case study of the neodymium chain used in Nd-Fe-B magnets. This case study shows that, although the depletion of rare earth reserves is not perceived as an imminent danger, the social costs of depletion are already significant and that actions could be implemented to reduce these costs. This case study demonstrates the social and ecological relevance of the analysis of social cost depletion
Walker, Anne-Sophie. "Diversité et adaptation aux fongicides des populations de Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00852740.
Texto completo da fontePhi, Minh Hong. "Déterminants de la causalité entre le développement financier et le commerce international". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR067.
Texto completo da fonteMajor changes in international trade related to the crucial participation of emerging countries inworld markets have been challenging the traditional perception of trade. Instead of only specializing inthe products in which they have a comparative advantage, developing countries consider export diversificationas an alternative way to improve economic growth and reduce external adverse shocks. Besides,the global financial crisis in 2008 raised the need for an examination of the relationship between realexchange rate (RER) and trade.In this line, this thesis attempts to investigate the causal link between export diversification andRER in the middle-income countries. Firstly, we find a bidirectional causality between our two variablesof interest. By differentiating the countries’ exports by destination, the same bidirectional link isrecorded in the case of South-North trade, while a unidirectional causality running from RER to exportdiversification is recorded in the South-South trade.Secondly, we compare this relationship between two groups of countries, Asia versus Latin America,and the effect of the two financial crises (in 1997 and 2008) on this link. We show that, regardlessof the financial crises, the bidirectional causality exists for the Latin American countries and the conventionallink from RER to export diversification for Asian countries. However, when accounted forfinancial crises, the bidirectional causality is found in both subgroups.Thirdly, we address the question of the effect of export diversification on price elasticity of importsin two models of integration in the Pacific-Rim, that is: the traditional model (the US) and a new modelof integration (China). We find consistent negative price elasticity of imports for China and a positive onein the case of the US. When their trading partners are successful in diversifying their export destinations,import price elasticity of either China or the US becomes very low. This result challenges our awarenessof the Marshall-Lerner condition.Fourthly, to investigate how a country could diversify her exports, we look at real exchange rateshocks as a factor that may promote firm productivity. Using the difference-in-differences methodologyon firm-level data for Vietnamese manufacturing, we find a positive effect of a persistent real appreciationin the Vietnamese dong on firm productivity. We note that research and development (R&D) could explainthe mechanism by which real appreciation improves firm productivity
Ferrando, Tomaso. "Land and territory in global production : a critical legal chain analysis". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0028.
Texto completo da fonteHistorically, land has been central to the construction of states, along with social distinctions and attributions of power that characterize each community. With different modalities and in different contexts, occupations, treaties and enclosures have shaped the political and legal structure of nations, including who owned the right to exclude and the territorial limits of authority. However, the interrelation between land, territory and global production has received little attention from legal scholars who are interested in the generation and distribution of value in contemporary supply chain capitalism.For the reasons mentioned above, I wrote this dissertation with the objective of exposing the role that law has in determining how land and territory are integrated in transnational capitalism, particularly when it comes to transforming them into sources of value that can be appropriated. According to the 'critical legal chain approach' that I explain in my work, law is not only a connector that allows intra-chain coordination between different hubs of the network but also a central element in the construction, reproduction and existence of each node of the chain and of the whole system of production. As a consequence, law deals with the allocation of bargaining power among the different actors at the micro-level (state, capital, labor) and is involved in the distribution of value and resources at the macro-level (throughout the chain). In Chapter I, the European Renewable Energy Directive, Bilateral Investment Treaties and investment agreements are presented as legal structures that are only superficially operating at different legal levels and in different geographies.Chapter II focuses on the role that 'foreign' courts have in defining the form and mechanisms of production elsewhere in the world. Adopting a combination of Private International Law and Global Value Chains analysis, the Chapter engages with the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) as a privileged jurisdictional space for transnational tort adjudication.Chapter III harnesses the complexity of global chains of production to think about alternative forms of redistributive legal intervention. In particular, the case of the 'blood sugar' chain originating in Cambodia is utilized as laboratory for a theoretical reflection that starts from the recognition that changes in the form and geographies of production can be obtained through the redefinition of legal structures not immediately related with the issue under investigation
Muffat-Jeandet, Morgan. "Essai sur l’intensification des relations économiques entre la Chine et l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes. Internationalisation des firmes chinoises, déterminants et modalités de leurs investissements directs au Mexique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA012/document.
Texto completo da fonteChinese footprint in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as in other parts of the globe, has surged in the last fifteen years. Beyond the traditional drivers of this expansion from an economic perspective (securing resources and new markets), China represents a special partner for Latin-American countries because of grey lines delimiting public and private ownership, strict industrial policy and long-term development goals. Besides, regional discrepancies have appeared between South America, which benefited from the boom of Chinese demand for raw materials, and Mexico, which found itself in direct competition with China on different segments of his secondary sector, and whose integration dynamic in North America was deeply impacted by the growing shares of Chinese companies in the US market. Combining an extensive analysis of existing databases about foreign direct investments (FDI) from China in LAC and three original case studies of Chinese companies located in the manufacturing industry in Mexico, this dissertation shows unique features in these operations such as an accelerated growth path and relative adaptive skills to foreign environments. Nevertheless, the positive or negative externalities of Chinese FDI remain dependent upon the interactions between the institutional context of the host country and the companies’ strategies
Ollendorf, Franziska. "The transformative potential of corporate social responsibility in the global cocoa-chocolate chain : Insights from sustainability certification practices in Ghana". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU20078.
Texto completo da fonteThis study engages with the implications of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in their supply chains. Taking the case of an UTZ cocoa sustainability certification project in Ghana, the study examines the implementation process of a transnational CSR intervention and its local outcomes. The Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain (GCCC) is a particular interesting case for this study because the GCCC is facing complex sustainability challenges, most notably the extreme poverty of millions of cocoa farmers and environmental degradation in production areas, and therefore, CSR projects became widespread over the past decades. The study explores how CSR strategies affect sustainability conditions in a supply chain and who is finally benefitting from it. Thereby, it puts a particular emphasis on changes in the organization of the local level Ghana’s cocoa sector linked to CSR and in farmers perspectives. The study reveals that CSR rather helps TNCs to increase their influence over local cocoa production instead of overcoming key sustainability challenges in the GCCC
Colon, Célian. "Modeling economic resilience". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX098.
Texto completo da fonteA wide range of climatic and ecological changes are unfolding around us. These changes notably manifest themselves through an increased environmental variability, such as shifts in the frequency, intensity, and spatial distribution of weather-related extreme events. If human societies cannot mitigate these transformations, to which conditions should they adapt? To many researchers and stakeholders, the answer is resilience. This concept seems to subsume a variety of solutions for dealing with a turbulent and uncertain world. Resilient systems bounce back after unexpected events, learn novel conditions and adapt to them. Theoretical models, however, to explore the links between socioeconomic mechanisms and resilience are still in their infancy. To advance such models, the present dissertation proposes a novel conceptual framework. This framework relies on an interdisciplinary and critical review of ecological and economic studies, and it is based on the theory of dynamical systems and on the paradigm of complex adaptive systems. We identify agent-based models as crucial for socioeconomic modeling. To assess their applicability to the study of resilience, we test at first whether such models can reproduce the bifurcation patterns of predator–prey interactions, which are a very important factor in both ecological and economic systems. The dissertation then tackles one of the main challenges for the design of resilient economic system: the large interconnectedness of production processes, whereby disruption may propagate and amplify. We next investigate the role of delays in production and supply on realistic economic networks, and show that the interplay between time delays and topology may greatly affect a network’s resilience. Finally, we investigate a model that encompasses adaptive responses of agents to shocks, and describes how disruptions propagate even though all firms do their best to mitigate risks. In particular, systemic amplification gets more pronounced when supply chains are fragmented. These theoretical findings are fairly general in character and may thus help the design of novel empirical studies. Through the application of several recent ideas and methods, this dissertation advances knowledge on innovative mathematical objects, such as Boolean delay equations on complex networks and evolutionary dynamics on graphs. Finally, the conceptual models herein open wide perspectives for further theoretical research on economic resilience, especially the study of environmental feedbacks and their impacts on the structural evolution of production networks
Gonzalez, rodriguez Magno angel. "Intégration de concepts de gestion de chaine logistique en boucle fermée (CLSCM) et d'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) : contribution à l’économie circulaire et application aux batteries au plomb". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0114.
Texto completo da fonteOver the past decade, the supply chain concept has undergone significant evolution, transitioning toward an integrated approach that considers both upstream and downstream chains simultaneously. This evolution has led to the development of the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), aimed at optimizing material utilization across various manufacturing processes. While progress in managing and designing CLSCs has been notable, most research approaches have primarily focused on economic aspects, often addressing environmental concerns as an afterthought or separately via life cycle assessment (LCA). The closure of the supply chain loop typically results in a more intricate system compared to traditional supply chains. Consequently, there is an urgent need for specifically tailored quantitative methods and models to assist managers and professionals in creating more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable closed-loop systems. The overarching scientific objective of this study is to conduct an integrated analysis that combines CLSC management concepts and Life Cycle Assessment, exploring their interdependence. This investigation will be supported by the increased utilization of lead-acid batteries in motor vehicles, especially in the context of electric vehicles, considered a promising future vehicle option.The model formulation relies on a mixed-variable linear mathematical programming procedure (MILP), incorporating a multi-criteria approach focused on cost minimization and environmental impact. This formulation considers five tiers in the forward network (suppliers, producers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers) and seven tiers in the reverse network (collection and recycling centers, product disposal, disassembly plant, raw material disposal, third parties, and remanufacturing). The multi-level multi-period strategy involves initially identifying and reducing significant criteria applicable in the multi-objective (in this case, bi-objective) optimization procedure. Two crucial criteria emerged: the total cost of the supply chain and total greenhouse gas emissions, which were recognized as conflicting, warranting the implementation of an epsilon-constraint procedure.The first application of decision support methods (M-TOPSIS and TOPSIS) facilitated the identification of potential supply chain configurations. Subsequently, a life cycle assessment was conducted on the Pareto front-end solutions, enabling a comprehensive multi-criteria analysis involving the selected impact analysis method (Impact 2002+) and the cost criterion. This step revealed solutions that outperformed those previously identified, validating the approach.Strategically, this required the development of environmental submodules for the supply chain blocks to consistently compute environmental indicators. This involved extracting data from the EcoInvent database and utilizing impact factors pertinent to the study's analysis method.Lastly, a sensitivity study highlighted that, for the case study: (i) an increase in the percentage of raw materials recovered from a product designated for recycling, (ii) an improved recovery rate, and (iii) enhancements in the manufacturing/remanufacturing process regarding GHG emissions, are particularly significant in improving the performance of all indicators