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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Central Jurisdictional Conference"
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Grafenreed, Mark. "The Central Jurisdiction: Methodism’s Original and Central Sin". Methodist History 60, n.º 2 (outubro de 2022): 272–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/methodisthist.60.2.0272.
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ABSTRACT: The United Methodist Church acknowledged “racism as sin” for the first time in the 1988 Book of Discipline, a concession coming after two centuries riddled by sin and schisms and twenty years after the posthumous dissolution of the Central Jurisdiction. The Methodist Church constitutionally ratified a legally, race-based Jurisdictional Conference as a compromise to the 1939 Plan of Union. Though it has been well-documented in the annals of Methodist history, this article claims that the Central Jurisdiction’s creation is Methodism’s original and central sin whose residual effects are still visible in today’s Central Conferences.
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O’Byrne, Darren. "Nazi Constitutional Designs: The State Secretaries’ Meetings and the Annexation of East Central Europe". European History Quarterly 54, n.º 2 (abril de 2024): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914241237731.
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This article examines the state secretaries’ meetings as an instrument of government in Nazi Germany. They are mostly known as the forum at which the infamous Wannsee Conference took place, but here the 20 January 1942 meeting will be situated in a context previously ignored by historians by showing that such gatherings were an increasingly regular occurrence during the ‘Third Reich’, and that a range of policy issues were discussed there – not just mass murder. As such, it will shed new light on how the ‘Hitler state’ functioned at this level by showing that Wannsee was not entirely extraordinary, the format having become established practice long before 1942. Similarly, the article will also show that the jurisdictional conflicts that played out at Wannsee were equally common, with participants generally jockeying for influence and advancing claims to departmental authority. Indeed, although they effectively replaced cabinet meetings, which were formally banned by Hitler in 1938, the state secretaries’ meetings did little to salvage collegial government. To illustrate this, a series of meetings called to coordinate the government's response to a particular issue will be examined – the annexation of ‘Greater German’ territories in Austria, the Sudetenland and Poland. As will be shown throughout, very little was achieved by way of coordination, with the state secretaries only advancing those constitutional designs that served their ministries’ claims to power.
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Fassberg, Celia Wasserstein. "Judicial and Legislative Jurisdiction in the Hague Conventions on Private International Law". Israel Law Review 27, n.º 3 (1993): 460–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700011389.
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The aim of the Hague Conference on Private International Law is to work towards international unification of the rules in this area. Its hundred years of activity, and particularly the past forty years, have been devoted to producing conventions unifying the rules of law in the three central issues of private international law: jurisdiction, choice-of-law, and the enforcement and recognition of foreign judgments. These three distinct issues correspond to three distinct stages of litigation. The rules of jurisdiction answer the question, which state's courts have jurisdiction to decide a case or, from the perspective of any given state: does its courts have jurisdiction over the case? Choice-of-law rules, in contrast, answer the question, which law should govern the case, irrespective of where it is being adjudicated? Finally, the rules relating to foreign judgments define the terms on which a decision given in one state will be recognised and enforced in another.
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Shepsle, Kenneth A., e Barry R. Weingast. "The Institutional Foundations of Committee Power". American Political Science Review 81, n.º 1 (março de 1987): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1960780.
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Legislative committees have fascinated scholars and reformers for more than a century. All acknowledge the central strategic position of committees in legislatures. The consensus, however, centers on empirical regularities and stylized facts, not on explanations. We seek to explain why committees are powerful. We formulate an institutionally rich rational-choice model of legislative politics in which the sequence of the legislative process is given special prominence. Committees, as agenda setters in their respective jurisdictions, are able to enforce many of their policy wishes not only because they originate bills but also because they get a second chance after their chamber has worked its will. This occurs at the conference stage in which the two chambers of a bicameral legislature resolve differences between versions of a bill. A theory of conference politics is offered and some evidence from recent Congresses is provided.
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Jogarajan, Sunita. "Tax In History: The 100th Anniversary of International Institutions and International Taxation". Intertax 48, Issue 10 (1 de setembro de 2020): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020091.
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The year 2020 got off to an encouraging start. On 29-30 January 2020 … the 137 countries and jurisdictions of the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework on BEPS reaffirmed their commitment to reach a consensus-based solution and endorsed the ‘Outline of the Architecture of a Unified Approach on Pillar One.’(OECD, OECD Secretary-General Tax Report to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) (OECD Publishing, Feb. 2020), available at http://www.oecd.org/ctp/oecd-secretary-general-tax-report-g20-finance-ministers-riyadhsaudi- arabia-february-2020.pdf (accessed 11 June 2020).) League of Nations, international tax, tax treaty, Great War, international institutions, International Financial Conference, tax evasion, double taxation, model treaties.
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Binet, Henri. "Juridical Consequences of the Decisions of the International Labour Conference". Relations industrielles 8, n.º 1 (25 de fevereiro de 2014): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022981ar.
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Summary The Author describes the International Labour Conference, as the "annual meeting of the Member States of the International Labour Office. " The I.L.O. has as purpose "to promote social justice in the interest of world peace.'' After a short analysis of the means at the disposal of this organization, the Author establishes the necessary distinctions between three types of decisions which the I.L.O. may reach: Resolutions, Recommendations and Conventions. He then emphasizes the characteristics of the obligation of the Member States towards conventions, discussing the rôle of public opinion and of the functions of boards of inquiry. The author gives considerable attention to the case of federated states such as Canada, who enjoy a privileged situation, as the legislative jurisdiction here on labour questions is not entirely confined to the central authority. The possible points of dispute are studied in conclusion as well as the eventual sanctions.
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Prip, Christian. "Identifying and Describing Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs): A Key Tool for the Protection of Ocean Biodiversity in Dispute". Arctic Review on Law and Politics 13, n.º 2022 (2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v13.3635.
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The distribution of legal authority to protect biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) between the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) has been a contentious issue. In practice, main responsibility has been allocated to LOSC, under which a new implementing agreement on conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) is currently being negotiated. CBD was allocated responsibility for providing scientific information and advice on marine biodiversity, which has resulted in the identification and description of 321 Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) worldwide, within and beyond national jurisdiction. These could provide important scientific backing for a coming BBNJ instrument under LOSC, especially as regards the designation of marine protected areas and the conduct of environmental impact assessments in ABNJ. However, the process of modifying EBSAs and identifying new ones has recently been challenged by the CBD Conference of the Parties, harking back to previous disputes over the legal mandate and thereby threatening the entire mechanism that has been established. In the context of international environmental law and law of the sea, this article discusses the potential importance of EBSAs for the expected BBNJ instrument, using the Central Arctic Ocean EBSA as an example. Responsible Editor: Øyvind Ravna, Faculty of Law, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
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Oczkowski, Simon J. W., Ian Ball, Carol Saleh, Gaelen Kalles, Anatoli Chkaroubo, Mike Kekewich, Paul Miller, Marianne Dees e Andrea Frolic. "The provision of medical assistance in dying: protocol for a scoping review". BMJ Open 7, n.º 8 (agosto de 2017): e017888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017888.
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IntroductionMedical assistance in dying (MAID), a term encompassing both euthanasia and assisted suicide, was decriminalised in Canada in 2015. Although Bill C-14 legislated eligibility criteria under which patients could receive MAID, it did not provide guidance regarding the technical aspects of providing an assisted death. Therefore, we propose a scoping review to map the characteristics of the existing medical literature describing the medications, settings, participants and outcomes of MAID, in order to identify knowledge gaps and areas for future research.Methods and analysisWe will search electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, PsycINFO), clinical trial registries, conference abstracts, and professional guidelines and recommendations from jurisdictions where MAID is legal, up to June 2017. Eligible report types will include technical summaries, institutional policies, practice surveys, practice guidelines and clinical studies. We will include all descriptions of MAID provision (either euthanasia or assisted suicide) in adults who have provided informed consent for MAID, for any reason, including reports where patients have provided consent to MAID in advance of the development of incapacity (eg, dementia). We will exclude reports in which patients receive involuntary euthanasia (eg, capital punishment). Two independent investigators will screen and select retrieved reports using pilot-tested screening and eligibility forms, and collect data using standardised data collection forms. We will summarise extracted data in tabular format with accompanying descriptive statistics and use narrative format to describe their clinical relevance, identify knowledge gaps and suggest topics for future research.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review will map the range and scope of the existing literature on the provision of MAID in jurisdictions where the practice has been decriminalised. The review will be disseminated through conference presentations and publication in a peer-reviewed journal. These results will be useful to clinicians, policy makers and researchers involved with MAID.
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Popova, Irina. "Emission trading systems as an instrument in decarbonization strategies’ toolkit". International Organisations Research Journal 17, n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2022): 62–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-04-03.
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At the 2021 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Glasgow, many leading economies have cemented the intention of achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century (2050-2070). However, the geopolitical and economic crisis of 2022 threatens to reduce the priority of decarbonization policy and postpone the introduction of more restrictive measures. In the face of growing constraints, the choice of climate policy instruments becomes even more complex and important. It is necessary to analyze different options from the low-carbon development policy toolkit, to understand their strengths and weaknesses, and their potential to be used to build a comprehensive policy. This article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a tool for direct carbon pricing - a measure that experts from international organizations, as well as the academic community, believe is essential for achieving climate goals. Despite the fact that carbon taxes (the second option of direct pricing) is easier to implement and administer, many jurisdictions still opt for an ETS. Several factors influence the choice of ETS as a decarbonization tool: if optimally designed, a market-based mechanism provides cost-effective emission reductions, there is potential for linkage into a larger systems, the flexibility of the instrument can also provide additional benefits, China’s national ETS is a good example of exploiting the ETS’ flexibility. Political and administrative characteristics (EU, Germany, UK, California), Kyoto, Brussels, and OECD effects (Mexico and other jurisdictions) play an important role in the choice in favour of ETS. The experience of complex and comprehensive low-carbon development strategies already being implemented shows that it is not necessary to place the ETS at the center, making it the cornerstone of policy. The role of ETS in the entire set of decarbonization measures can be central, supportive, or enabling. ETS can have different objectives and stimulate not only direct emission reductions, but also technological transformation, energy transition. For Russia as a federal state, conducting pilot projects with different instruments of carbon pricing implemented in different regions seems to be the best solution for the near future and finding the right instruments for the Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions Development Strategy.
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Zworth, Max, Carol Saleh, Ian Ball, Gaelen Kalles, Anatoli Chkaroubo, Mike Kekewich, Paul Q. Miller, Marianne Dees, Andrea Frolic e Simon Oczkowski. "Provision of medical assistance in dying: a scoping review". BMJ Open 10, n.º 7 (julho de 2020): e036054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036054.
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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to map the characteristics of the existing medical literature describing the medications, settings, participants and outcomes of medical assistance in dying (MAID) in order to identify knowledge gaps and areas for future research.DesignScoping review.Search strategyWe searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL and CENTRAL), clinical trial registries, conference abstracts and professional guidelines from jurisdictions where MAID is legal, up to February 2020. Eligible report types included technical summaries, institutional policies, practice surveys, practice guidelines and clinical studies that describe MAID provision in adults who have provided informed consent for MAID.Results163 articles published between 1989 and 2020 met eligibility criteria. 75 studies described details for MAID administered by intravenous medications and 50 studies provided data on oral medications. In intravenous protocols, MAID was most commonly administered using a barbiturate (34/163) or propofol (22/163) followed by a neuromuscular blocker. Oral protocols most often used barbiturates alone (37/163) or in conjunction with an opioid medication (7/163) and often recommended using a prokinetic agent prior to lethal drug ingestion. Complications included prolonged duration of the dying process, difficulty in obtaining intravenous access and difficulty in swallowing oral agents. Most commonly, the role of physicians was prescribing (83/163) and administering medications (75/163). Nurses’ roles included administering medications (17/163) and supporting the patient (16/163) or family (13/163). The role of families involved providing support to the patient (17/163) and bringing medications from the pharmacy for self-administration (4/163).ConclusionsWe identified several trends in MAID provision including common medications and doses for oral and parenteral administration, roles of healthcare professionals and families, and complications that may cause patient, family and provider distress. Future research should aim to identify the medications, dosages, and administration techniques and procedures that produce the most predictable outcomes and mitigate distress for those involved.
Livros sobre o assunto "Central Jurisdictional Conference"
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Official Journal, Louisiana Annual Conference, the Methodist Church, Central Jurisdiction; 1942. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Methodist Church (U S ) Louisiana Co. Official Journal, Louisiana Annual Conference, the Methodist Church, Central Jurisdiction; 1945. Hassell Street Press, 2021.
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Official Journal, Louisiana Annual Conference, the Methodist Church, Central Jurisdiction; 1962. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Official Journal, Louisiana Annual Conference, the Methodist Church, Central Jurisdiction; 1948. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Official Journal, Louisiana Annual Conference, the Methodist Church, Central Jurisdiction; 1940-1941. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Official Souvenir Program, Third (79th) Annual Session of the Louisiana Conference of the Methodist Church, Central Jurisdiction; 1942. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Annual of the Louisiana Conference, Containing the Journal of the ... Session of the Methodist Church, South Central Jurisdiction; 1952. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Annual of the Louisiana Conference, Containing the Journal of the ... Session of the Methodist Church, South Central Jurisdiction; 1960. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Annual of the Louisiana Conference, Containing the Journal of the ... Session of the Methodist Church, South Central Jurisdiction; 1962. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Annual of the Louisiana Conference, Containing the Journal of the ... Session of the Methodist Church, South Central Jurisdiction; 1948. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Central Jurisdictional Conference"
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Parker, James EK. "Gavel". In International Law's Objects, 214–24. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0018.
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The gavel is one of the most widely recognized objects of law around the world today. Images of it are everywhere. Gavels feature in some of the most prominent institutions of international law as well as in many courts and legislatures internationally. Even in jurisdictions where the gavel doesn’t appear in conventional legal settings it can still be found at auctions, conferences, and meetings, and will be doing important juridical work. It is not, however, well understood. Drawing on contemporary work in sound studies and jurisprudence, and via a close reading of a film by Italian artist Diego Tonus, this chapter provides a critical evaluation of the gavel’s material, symbolic, and sonic lives. It suggests that the gavel is right at the centre of the global juridical imaginary, and that this serves as a reminder that sound matters in law in ways that are not yet adequately explored.
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Martin F, Gusy, Hosking James M e Schwarz Franz T. "Part III Arbitral Rules, 18 The International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) Rules". In Practitioner's Handbook on International Commercial Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784807.003.0018.
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This chapter discusses the international arbitration rules of the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (‘ICDR’), the international arm of the American Arbitration Association (‘AAA’). It first provides a background on the AAA and the ICDR before analysing the ICDR’s International Dispute Resolution Procedures and the significant revisions to the ICDR Rules. It then offers a commentary on some key Articles of the ICDR Rules and explains how the ICDR Rules differ from those of other arbitral institutions. The comments particularly highlight the 2014 amendments and cover topics such as the scope of the ICDR Rules; joinder and consolidation; appointment of the arbitral tribunal; arbitral jurisdiction; arbitral awards, orders, decisions and rulings; and costs of arbitration. The chapter concludes with an overview of other important AAA/ICDR innovations, rules and practices, including those with regard to international expedited procedures, administrative conferences, appointment and qualifications of the arbitrator, and the arbitral award.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Central Jurisdictional Conference"
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Sudiana, Sudjanto, e Megawati Barthos. "Legal Protection Against the Defendants Who Are Not Guaranteed in Criminal Action Jurisdictions". In Proceedings of the 2nd Multidisciplinary International Conference, MIC 2022, 12 November 2022, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.12-11-2022.2327362.
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Chikobava, Malkhaz. "CBDC - Digital Currency of Central Banks: Advantages and Disadvantages". In V National Scientific Conference. Grigol Robakidze University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55896/978-9941-8-5764-5/2023-196-204.
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The article discusses the advantages and possible disadvantages of CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currencies). This issue gained special relevance after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. It is no exaggeration to say that in recent years the entire world has been swept up in the fever of creating Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). More than a hundred central banks are engaged in this topic. Central banks of the People's Republic of China, India, Sweden, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and some other countries can be considered the most advanced in this matter. In about a dozen countries, the authorities have already announced the introduction of digital currency. But it's mostly the smaller jurisdictions that experts say are being used as testing grounds. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has studied the issue of CBDC in depth. It provides advisory assistance to individual countries' central banks in the preparation of digital currency projects and also initiates projects to connect individual countries' digital currency systems to use CBDC as a means of payment between countries. Some experts suggest that the BIS has far-reaching goals to create a single CBDC for all countries - a global digital currency that should replace the US dollar (Heller, 2021). As for the International Monetary Fund (IMF), until recently the topic of CBDC was of peripheral interest to it. However, by 2023, the IMF's interest has shifted towards digital currency. In April of this year, the annual spring session of the governing bodies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (WB) was held in Washington, where there were a number of speeches on the topic of CBDC. Keywords: digital currency, cryptocurrency, bitcoin, central bank digital currency, commercial banks, central banks.
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Rodina, Anita, e Annija Karklina. "Control Over Legality of Parliamentary Elections in a State Governed by the Rule of Law". In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.14.
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The article examines the genesis of control over the legality of the Saeima (the parliament of the Republic of Latvia) elections, particularly focusing on the judicial review of the Saeima elections. The particularities of the control over elections, which differentiate them from typical administrative legal proceedings, are highlighted in the publication. The article presents findings of the case law regarding the limits of controlling the legality of elections and the cases when the court could revoke a decision by the Central Election Commission on approving the results of the Saeima elections. In view of the fact that sometimes the regulation set out in the Saeima Election Law has been criticised in the Latvian legal science, namely, that the legality of elections is controlled by the Department of Administrative Cases of the Supreme Court’s Senate rather than the Constitutional Court, the authors examine the models of controlling the legality of elections found in various states and provide their assessment of whether the control functions should be transferred into the jurisdiction of the Latvian Constitutional Court.
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Zaleski, Martin, Tom Greaves e Jan Bracic. "Meeting the Geohazards Management Guidelines of Annex N". In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31101.
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The Canadian Standards Association’s Publication Z662-07, Annex N provides guidelines for pipeline integrity management programs. Government agencies that regulate pipelines in Alberta, British Columbia and other Canadian jurisdictions are increasingly using Annex N as the standard to which pipeline operators are held. This paper describes the experience of Pembina Pipeline Corporation (Pembina) in implementing a geohazards management program to fulfill components of Annex N. Central to Pembina’s program is a ground-based inspection program that feeds a geohazards database designed to store geotechnical and hydrotechnical site information and provide relative rankings of geohazard sites across the pipeline network. This geohazard management program fulfills several aspects of the Annex, particularly: record keeping; hazard identification and assessment; risk assessment and reduction; program planning; inspections and monitoring; and mitigation. Pembina’s experience in growing their geohazard inventory from 65 known sites to over 1300 systematically inspected and catalogued sites in a span of approximately two years is discussed. Also presented are methods by which consultants and Pembina personnel contribute to the geohazard inspection program and geohazard inventory, and how the ground inspection observations trigger follow-up inspections, monitoring and mitigation activities.
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Rajaguru, Krishanthi. "A Fly in the Ointment; Undue Liability on E-commerce Platforms". In SLIIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES [SICASH]. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/tjpg2930.
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Trade is now largely internet-centric, meaning internet is the medium through which most commercial transactions take place in today’s (information) economy. E-commerce has not only provided a greater market, but it also has changed the way businesses operate. This is indeed a platform economy. E-commerce is considered one of the main drivers of recent economic and social developments globally. In Sri Lanka e-commerce is emerging and in its infancy. The industry is currently expected to be operating within the margin of the law and selfregulated. In the absence of a separate law for e-commerce, e-commerce platforms (ecommerce marketplaces) meaning digital storefronts that connect sellers and customers to transact online, are exposed to a higher risk of being unreasonably penalized by applying the existing laws without mitigation. On the other hand, the platform users are left in a desperate situation with no remedy for harm caused. This article explores the responses of advanced jurisdictions such as China, the EU and the USA which are giant e-commerce markets, regarding platform liability. This study concludes that facilitating a business-enabled environment with holistic and innovative strategies that are aligned with social and economic status of the country with a businessfriendly legal landscape that matches the reality of the industry is imperative. Keywords: E-commerce, platform liability; platform law; policy consideration; law reforms.
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Vostricov, Denis. "Analysis of AIF regulation implementation in the Republic of Moldova and the Republic of Cyprus". In 26th International Scientific Conference “Competitiveness and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/cike2022.53.
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Modern financial relationships between investors and beneficiaries evolved, seeking efficient management of financial resources. Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) gain a greater role in international financial intermediation bringing plenty of benefits for market participants and the market as a whole: flexible investment tool, lesser administrative burden, wide diversity of asset classes, favourable taxation, market diversification and others. Legal regimes are important to promote investments and the employment of AIF as investment tools. The stable operation of AIFs in many EU countries is attributed to clear and efficient regulation. The Republic of Moldova adopted the EU AIF regulatory regime in 2020 but does not register the same success as many EU financial centres. The supposition is that the law is not being implemented as expected and that there are other structural factors requiring regulators’ attention. The aim of the paper is to compare the national AIF regime with one of the successful cases in the EU and determine which factors within the compared jurisdictions may hinder the appropriate application of AIF law in Moldova. The data used for the paper are official sources, legislation and market data. The methodology is mostly qualitative based on analysis and synthesis. Findings suggest that the adoption of EU AIF-related legislation had a beneficial effect on modernising Cypris AIF regulation. In order to develop the national AIF market, it is necessary for intersectoral cooperation of regulators to eliminate structural weaknesses and create incentives for AIF application.
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إسماعيل جمعه, كويان, e محمد إسماعيل جمعه. ""Forced displacement and its consequences Khanaqin city as a model"". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/36.
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"Humanity has known (forced displacement) as one of the inhuman phenomena, and international law considers it a war crime, and the forcibly displaced area is subjected to various types of psychological, physical, cultural and ethnic torture. Khanaqin has been subjected to more displacement compared to the rest of Iraq's cities, and forced displacement is a systematic practice carried out by governments or armed groups intolerant towards groups that differ from them in religion, sect, nationalism, belief, politics, or race, with the aim of evacuating lands and replacing groups other population instead. Forced displacement is either direct, i.e. forcibly removing residents from their areas of residence, or indirect, such as using means of intimidation, persecution, and sometimes murder. This phenomenon varies in the causes and motives that depend on conflicts and wars, and greed, as well as dependence on cruelty in dealing and a tendency to brutality and barbarism. With regard to forced displacement in Iraq before the year 2003 AD, it was a systematic phenomenon according to a presidential law away from punishment, and it does not constitute a crime, as evidenced by the absence of any legal text referring to it in the Iraqi Penal Code, but after the year 2003 AD, criminal judgments were issued against the perpetrators of forced displacement. For the period between 17/7/1967 to 1/5/2003 CE, displacement cases were considered a terrorist crime, and consideration of them would be the jurisdiction of the Iraqi Central Criminal Court. The deportations from the city of Khanaqin were included in the forced displacement, by forcibly transferring the civilian population from the area to which they belong and reside to a second area that differs culturally and socially from the city from which they left. Al-Anbar governorate identified a new home for the displaced residents of Khanaqin, first, and then some of the southern governorates. We find other cases of forced displacement, for example, what happened to the Faili Kurds. They were expelled by a presidential decision, and the decision stated: (They were transferred to Nakra Salman, and then they were deported to Iran). These cases of deportation or displacement have led to the emergence of psychological effects on the displaced, resulting from the feeling of persecution and cultural extermination of the traditions of these people, and the obliteration of their national identity, behavior and practices. After the year 2003 AD, the so-called office for the return of property appeared, and there was a headquarters in every governorate, Except in Diyala governorate, there were two offices, the first for the entire governorate, and the second for Khanaqin district alone, and this indicates the extent of injustice, displacement, deportation, tyranny, and extermination that this city was subjected to. The crimes of forced displacement differ from one case to another according to their causes, origins, goals and causes - as we mentioned - but there are expansive reasons, so that this reason is limited to greed, behavior, cruelty, brutality and barbarism. But if these ideas are impure and adopted by extremists, then they cause calamity, inequality and discrimination, forcing the owners of the land to leave. In modern times, the crime of forced displacement has accompanied colonial campaigns to control other countries, so that displacement has become part of the customs of war, whether in conflicts external or internal. Forced displacement has been criminalized and transformed from an acceptable means of war to a means that is legally and internationally rejected by virtue of international law in the twentieth century, especially after the emergence of the United Nations charter in 1945 AD And the two Additional Protocols attached to the Geneva Conventions of 1977 AD, as well as declarations, , conventions and international conferences that included explicit legal texts criminalizing forced displacement as a universal principle of genocide. My approach in this study is a field-analytical approach, as I present official data and documents issued by the competent authorities and higher government agencies before the year 2003 AD, and indicate the coordinates and modalities of the process of displacement and deportation, as well as an interview with the families of the displaced, taking some information and how to coexist with their new imposed situation. forcibly on them."