Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Casa Amatller (Barcelona, Spain)"

Spain has created an innovative foreign policy instrument: its network of public diplomacy Casas, comprising Casa América, Casa Asia, Casa Árabe, Casa África, Casa Mediterráneo, and Centro Sefarad-Israel. The network of Casas is, today, an essential asset of Spanish foreign policy, one with an ever-increasing international projection. Located in landmark buildings in different Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Alicante and Córdoba), the Casas have a threefold advantage. First, they are much more than a cultural space — they are institutions that help strengthen relations with a region or group of countries in many aspects (scientific and economic, among others). Second, they are spaces for collaboration, both among public administrations (national, regional and local) and with private partners. Last but not least, they were created and function as a public diplomacy instrument, to keep in touch — through an increasing use of new technologies — with civil society representatives from different countries.

Luis Barragán (Guadalajara, Mexico, 1902-1988) and José Antonio Coderch (Barcelona, Spain, 1913-1984), despite having different origins, shared a common ground. Their architecture – based on Mediterranean tradition – was adapted to similar mild climate conditions, where shadowed and protected open spaces played a role as transitional spaces between indoors and outdoors. Those spaces were not treated as traditional elements incorporated within the buildings’ repertories, but were spatial proposals with a goal – rooted in their cultural backgrounds – of enriching the relationship between both realms. In this essay, common features arise when comparing two paradigmatic houses built by Barragán (Casa Prieto López, Mexico City, Mexico, 1950) and Coderch (Casa Ugalde, Caldes d’Estrach, Spain, 1951), within subjects such as the role of tradition, the relationship to the place, or the explanation of their architecture as a plastic experience.Private and public are clearly separated in both architects’ works, generally by a hermetic and neutral facade, behind which indoors and outdoors are interwoven, in such a way that open spaces take part of the interior of their houses and views towards the landscape or the sky break up the limits. Some of the spaces are settled in a kind of ambiguous category: there will be enclosed rooms with no ceiling, or patios and porches with windows in them.The common Mediterranean heritage appears within plane and plastered abstract walls, where plasticity rises from roughness, colour, light and shadow. The nuances appear in the personal interpretation of the experience of space, as well as in answer to the local conditions, and it is then that a different position in relation to nature emerges; whereas the Mediterranean coast is naturally soft and mild, the Mexican vegetation and geological features introduce a brave contrast between the open and the built.

The main aim of this study is to improve the understanding of historical buildings through the use of advanced visual technologies. The main innovative features of the project are focused on the use of mobile and wearable technologies, the indoor location, and their mixed assessment an educational project. We will use smartphones, virtual reality and indoor positioning systems. Both the devices and the users' experience will be assessed with a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The proposal seeks to complement, the real experience of visiting an emblematic space (our case study: the Casa Batlló Museum, 1904-1906, Antonio Gaudí, Barcelona, Spain), in order to improve the spatial skills of architecture students and general visitors of this type of architectural landmarks.

To analyze the life and transformation of modern housing is a key subject for architectural knowledge. There are very positive cases of evolution, such as Casa Bloc in Barcelona, Spain, by GATCPAC architects, which still functions as living patrimony after two architectural rehabilitations; and disastrous, such as Robin Hood Gardens in London by Alison and Peter Smithson. The article explains why some cases are very alive while others have suffered progressive degradation and will be demolished. A key and decisive element is the design of the corridors, which due to their forms and sizes might be positive. And one of the reasons why these complexes have become obsolete has been the excessive architectural definition of both the exterior and the interior. Also the heritage of the Villes Nouvelles in France has been disastrous and, in response to the policy of demolition, architects such as Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal, Roland Castro and Sophie Denissof, or Paul Chemetov, have defended the logic of redoing, remodeling and metamorphosing. The challenge is to project and to build collective housing capable of absorbing transformations.

Subjective semen evaluation using standard optical microscopy is the most common practice. Semen parameters routinely assessed are volume, concentration, progressive motility, and morphology. However, computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) represents an objective evaluation, sperm assessment that are reproducible and reliable. Such semen parameters have not been evaluated in Afrikaner, Brahman, and Bonsmara bulls’ semen. The present study evaluated the sperm motion and kinematics characteristics of semen from stud Afrikaner, Brahman, Bonsmara, and Nguni bulls using CASA technology. The electro-ejaculator was used for semen collection from Afrikaner (n = 11), Brahman (n = 7), Bonsmara (n = 10) and Nguni (n = 16) bulls of known and proven fertility. Semen was collected following 4 days of resting period. The bulls ranged between 5 and 6 years of age. After collection, the semen samples were immediately transferred to a thermo-flask and maintained at 37°C for further evaluation in the mobile laboratory (Nedambale, 2014). The CASA-Sperm Class Analyzer® system (Microptic, Barcelona, Spain) was used to evaluate sperm motion, velocity, and kinematic parameters or characteristics of raw/fresh semen from 4 cattle breeds. Data were analysed using GenStat® statistical programme (VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom). Treatment means were compared using one-way ANOVA. The total sperm motility rate was similar for all breeds: Afrikaner (92.2 ± 4.2), Brahman (90.7 ± 9.0), Bonsmara (93.9 ± 4.0), and Nguni (96.0 ± 2.7). However, Brahman and Afrikaner bull semen had higher sperm cells moving in a progressive motility of 57.3 and 45.6%, respectively, compared with other breeds (P < 0.05). Nguni, Afrikaner, and Bonsmara had the highest sperm cells moving in a rapid movement of 73.7, 72.4, and 67.4% (P > 0.05), respectively. The bulls sperm trajectories had a variation, as they were recorded to be irregular and not linear (P < 0.05). The straight-line sperm velocity (µm s−1), wobbling %, and amplitude of lateral head displacement % was similar for the 4 breeds (P > 0.05). In conclusion, CASA technology was a useful technique for assessing differences in sperm motion and kinematic (motility and velocity characteristics) among different bull breeds.

The Somalia wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis) is a critically endangered taxon (IUCN 2004 red list) which could benefit from biological resource banking. In this work, we studied the effect of different extenders applied to the cryopreservation of epididymal sperm obtained from one male of this subspecies. This animal (13 years old; housed in Cabarceno Park, Cantabria, Spain) was castrated because of very aggressive behavior with other mature males. Genitalia were dissected and weighed (testicles: right, 166 g, and left, 179 g; cauda epididymis: right, 9.3 g, and left, 11.8 g). Sperm were flushed from the cauda epididymis, yielding 15 mL of sample. Sperm concentration was 15 × 109 spermatozoa/mL, totaling 225 × 109 (allowing 4500 doses at 50 × 106 sperm/dose). Sperm motility (TM = % total motile; PM = % progressive; VAP = average path velocity) was assessed by CASA (Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). Viability (VIAB = % viable sperm) and acrosomal status (ACR = % viable spermatozoa with intact acrosomes) were assessed using propidium iodide (37 μmol/L) and PNA-FITC (1 ng/L) and flow cytometry. Chemicals were purchased from Sigma (Madrid, Spain). Part of the sample was divided into six aliquots and diluted 1:1 with different extenders: UL4: Tes-Tris-Fructose (TTF), 10% egg yolk (EG), and 4% glycerol (G); UL8: TTF, 20% EG, and 8% G; AND4: Andromed® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) and 4% G; AND7: Andromed® and 7% G; GENT: Gent 1045; and INRA: INRA96 and 4% G. Andromed, Gent, and INRA are commercial extenders. Samples were cooled to 5°C (−0.2°C/min) and then diluted to 200 × 106 sperm/mL. Samples were packed (0.5-mL straws) and frozen using a biofreezer (from 5°C to −15°C at −15°C/min, and from −15°C to −100°C at −25°C/min). Samples were thawed at 65°C for 6 s, and assessed as for pre-freezing (Table 1). Post-thawing motility recovery using AND7 was excellent. The highest viability recovery was achieved by UL4, although that in AND7 was similar. The poor results of equine commercial extender Gent 1045 in this species are remarkable. Our results highlight the importance of species differences in the field of sperm cryopreservation. It is necessary to carry out continuous research for optimizing cryopreservation protocols in order to create germplasm banks for wild species. Table 1. Quality assessment results

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) has proven to be efficient as a supplement for cryopreservation boar spermatozoa (Roca et al. 2004 J. Androl. 25, 397–405). Moreover, it has been successfully used as an egg yolk substitute to cryopreserve goat spermatozoa (Khalifa and El-Saidy 2006 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 93, 303–315). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BHT as an egg yolk substitute for freezing boar spermatozoa. Nine sperm-rich ejaculate fractions were collected from 3 boars (3 ejaculates per boar) using the gloved-hand method. After centrifugation (2400g for 3 min), the sperm pellet of each ejaculate was split into 5 aliquots. The aliquots were diluted (to a final concentration of 1 � 109 sperm/mL) in a Tris-citric-glucose extender with 3% glycerol and supplemented with 20% egg yolk (positive control, PC aliquot) or BHT at the final concentrations of 0 (negative control, NC aliquot), 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mM. Diluted semen samples were dispensed into 0.5-mL straws, and frozen in a programmable cell freezer at 20�C min. Thawing was carried out in a water bath at 70�C for 8 s. Post-thaw sperm survival was assessed according to total sperm motility (TSM, %) using a CASA system (SCA�; Microptic, Barcelona, Spain), and plasma membrane integrity (PMI, %) and acrosome membrane integrity (AMI, %) using a flow cytometric procedure (SYBR-14/propidioum iodide/FITC-phycoerythrin), at 30 and 150 min post-thawing in diluted Beltsville thawing solution with spermatozoa held in a waterbath at 37�C (3 straws per ejaculate). Data were analyzed using a ANOVA mixed model including the main effects of aliquot, boar, post-thaw assessment time, and their interactions, with ejaculate and straw as random effects. All main effects had significant influence (P ≤ 0.01) in all post-thaw sperm assessments. However, no interactions (P ≥ 0.05) among main effects were shown. Data were combined for the 2 post-thaw assessment times. The best (P ≤ 0.05) post-thaw sperm quality (mean � SEM) was achieved in PC aliquots (47.11 � 3.10, 58.98 � 2.78, and 51.35 � 3.42 for TSM, PMI, and AMI, respectively). In NC aliquots, the percentage of TSM, PMI, and AMI were always below 1% (P ≤ 0.05). BHT has a beneficial (P ≤ 0.05) effect on post-thaw sperm assessments, and no differences (P ≥ 0.05) among concentrations were shown. The mean post-thaw sperm quality in the BHT aliquots was 8.50 � 0.80, 20.29 � 0.53, and 16.03 � 0.55 for TSM, PMI, and AMI, respectively. On the basis of these data, we can conclude that BHT has a protective effect for boar spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process. However, BHT alone is insufficient to replace the protective effect of egg yolk. This work was supported by CICYT (AGF2005-00706), Madrid, Spain.

The need to conserve farm animal biodiversity is accepted by many countries through the ratification of the convention of biological diversity, and sperm quality is known to be an important criterion in the evaluation of breeding soundness. The aim of this work was to characterize the semen of a local breed of ponies 'Asturcon' (maintained free over the mountains all year around) before its incorporation into a germplasm bank. Semen was obtained from six stallions (6–17 years of age) using an artificial vagina, 3 days/week, during 12 weeks. Immediately after collection, gel-free semen was evaluated for volume, sperm concentration, and motility. Semen motility was again evaluated after equilibration/refrigeration. For evaluation of individual (IM) and progressive motility (PM) rates, semen was diluted (20 � 106 spermatozoa/mL) and analyzed with a CASA System (SCA; Microptic S.L., Barcelona, Spain). Five fields per sample were evaluated (minimum 500 spermatozoa/sample) under a phase contrast microscope (100�). Semen samples were subjected to a hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS) test to detect the presence of swollen tails in a 100 mM citrate–fructose solution. Percentages of altered acrosomes and morphological abnormalities were determined by counting 100 spermatozoa (1000�). Then, semen was diluted and centrifuged for 10 min at 600g. After the supernatant was discarded, the pellet was re-suspended in freezing medium (skim milk extender containing 2% egg yolk and 2.5% glycerol) to a final concentration of 100 � 106 spermatozoa/mL, and equilibrated/cooled (60 min) to 4�C. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of the GLM and CORR procedures and Duncan test for means (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A significant effect between males (P &lt; 0.05) on semen quality, such as volume of the ejaculate, sperm concentration, and morphological abnormalities, were detected among stallions. On the other hand, positive and significant correlations were found between the sperm motility immediately after collection and after equilbration/refrigeration (r = 0.73; P &lt; 0.05); moreover, sperm motilities (both fresh and refrigerated) correlated with the results of the HOS test (r = 0.56; P &lt; 0.001, and r = 0.27, P &lt; 0.05, respectively). These preliminary results confirm that the sperm of the Asturcon ponies breed can be collected and will survive the equilibration/refrigeration procedures. Conservation and development of local breeds is important because they represent a unique source of genes for improving health and performance traits of industrial breeds. However, complementary studies on the ability of the stallion sperm to survive freezing/thawing procedures in rates higher than 30% are needed to ensure that genetic banks are correctly created. This work was performed in collaboration with ACPRA and Dep�sito de Sementales de Santander (Spain), and supported by RZ2004-00031-C02-01.

The Bermeya goats are an endangered autochthonous breed distributed in the north of Spain. To ensure their genetic diversity and long-term survival, morphological and functional parameters of the semen must be known in order to preserve the current genetic stock in a germplasm bank. The aim of this work was to establish basic characteristics and post-thaw survival of Bermeya goat's semen obtained by electro-ejaculation, that is not well described in the literature. The semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from 7 bucks, 1 to 7 years old, twice per week, for 9 weeks (n = 83). Fresh semen was evaluated for volume (V), concentration (C), motility, morphology, functional integrity of the sperm (spz) membranes (hypoosmotic swelling test; HOST), and acrosome integrity rate (NAR). Individual and progressive sperm motility were analyzed by means of a computer-assisted sperm analysis system (CASA: SCA 2002�, Microptic, Barcelona, Spain) immediately after dilution with the extender at 37�C, and after cooling to 4�C; five fields per sample (diluted to 204 � 106 spz mL–1) were evaluated under a phase contrast microscope (100�). The NAR and morphological abnormalities of sperm head, midpiece, tail, and cytoplasmic droplets were determined by counting 100 spz under 1000�. For freezing, ejaculates with at least 80% motile spz were diluted at 32�C with Krebs-Ringer solution containing 20% egg yolk and 14% glycerol to a final concentration of 400 � 106 spz mL–1, cooled to 4�C for 90 min, aspirated into 0.25-mL plastic straws (IMV�, L'Aigle, France), frozen at 7 cm above liquid nitrogen (LN2) phase for 10 min, and then plunged into the LN2. Straws were thawed in a water bath at 39�C for 30 s for post-thaw survival analysis. Data were analyzed by the GLM and FREQ procedures (SAS; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and expressed as means � standard error. Fresh semen characteristics were: V = 1.7 � 0.1 mL; C = 2619 � 106 � 153 spz mL–1; total and progressive motility were 89.0 � 2.1% and 66.9 � 2.1%, respectively. Percentages of head abnormalities were 4.8 � 0.5; midpiece: 3.8 � 0.7; tail: 4.7 � 1.0; cytoplasmic droplets: 8.3 � 0.7; intact acrosome: 91.8 � 0.6; and membrane integrity: 49.2 � 2.1. At 4�C, the % of total motile spz was 62.6 � 1.6, and the post-thaw survival rate was 46.3 � 1.5. There were only individual differences (P < 0.001) between bucks on sperm concentration, head abnormalities, and cytoplasmic droplets. In conclusion, our results indicate that semen quality is related to each individual animal and that electro-ejaculation allows collection of semen of satisfactory quality to use as fresh and for cryopreservation. However, the validity of our results for possible future sperm banking of endangered Bermeya goats semen must be confirmed by field trials.

The preservation of threatened species, such as the cantabric brown bear, requires the establishment of genetic resource banks. In these species it is important to increase the efficiency of the electroejaculation techniques so as to collect as many gametes as possible from each collection, and to decrease risks of anesthesia and immobilization. Our objective was to study several characteristics of brown bear semen quality obtained in three consecutive electroejaculations (a, b, and c) in the same anesthetic session. Ejaculates were collected from 11 adult males living in the Cabárceno Nature Park during the breeding season (May–July). Animals were anesthetized by administration of tiletamine + zolazepan (Zoletil 100®) and ketamine (Imalgene 1000®) before being subjected to electroejaculation (6 to 10 V; 250 to 300 mA). From each ejaculate we assessed motility (CASA: SCA, Microptic, Barcelona, Spain), osmolality (mOsm k–1), and viability (VIAB: % viable spermatozoa (spz), SYBR-14 and propidium iodide) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MIT: % spz, JC-1) by flow cytometry. Our results show that total spz (×106 spz) varies widely among individuals depending on the number of electroejaculation. In five males we observe a decreasing pattern (a: 454.50; b: 341.7; c: 138.0); in other two males it is observed an increasing pattern (a: 24.9; b: 70.3; c: 334.3) while in the remaining four males we see a varied pattern, with the sperm production peak in the second electroejaculation (a: 53.4; b: 270.6; c: 107.5). Motility parameters do not show differences among the three electroejaculations, showing a reduction of the progressive motility in the males with increasing pattern with respect to the other patterns. Also, spermatozoa physiology indicators show a relation with the sperm production patterns. For viability (%) it is shown a rising tendency in the increasing pattern (a: 64.0, b: 80.0, c: 79.5) and a reduction tendency in the decreasing pattern (a: 68.7, b: 61.0, c: 58.7). The same is observed in the case of mitochondrial membrane potential (%) (increasing pattern [a: 77.0, b: 89.0, c: 87.0]; decreasing pattern [a: 80.0, b: 76.3, c: 55.7]). Ejaculates of the varied pattern show irregular data for these parameters. On the other hand, osmolality changes depending on the number of electroejaculation (increasing pattern [a: 324.0, b: 289.0, c: 298.3]; decreasing pattern [a: 333.0, b: 297.0, c: 283.0]; varied pattern [a: 264.0, b: 294.6, c: 318.54]) which would determine a change in the spz microenvironment that regulates their physiological activity. Although the high individual variability observed does not lead to solid conclusions, our results indicate that consecutive electroejaculations can be useful for increasing the technique yield in brown bear. Supported by CICYT (CGL2007-63788/BOS) and Cantur SA. 3Supported by Juan de la Cierva program (MICINN, Spain).

This experiment was designed to test the efficacy of 2 different preparation protocols of zwitteronic soyabean-origin lipids for the production of lipidsglycerol liposomes for use in bull semen cryopreservation. Lipids liposomes were prepared at 10% concentration in Tris buffer by 1. highpressure homogenization (Panda 2K, Parma, Italy) and then 8% glycerol were added, extender-1 (E-1); Lipids were homogenized together with glycerol, extender-2 (E-2). Bioxcell extender (E-3) was used as control. Semen was collected 3 times from 3 endangered Asturiana de la Monta�a bulls by the means of an artificial vagina. Ejaculates with at least 70% motility were processed further by a standard freezing protocol used in our AI station. Semen was diluted at 37�C with each of the 4 extenders to a concentration of 92 � 106 spermatozoa per mL, cooled to 4�C over 4 h, aspirated into 0.25-mL plastic straws (IMV Technologies, Aigle, France), frozen in a bio-freezer (IMV Technologies) in 3 steps from 4 to –140�C, and then plunged into liquid N2. Straws were thawed in a water bath at 37�C for 30 s. Sperm motility was analyzed microscopically immediately after collection, after dilution, and after 4, 24, 48, and 72 h of storage at 4�C. Post-thaw semen progressive motility was assessed microscopically, and sperm movement characteristics were analyzed by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) (SCA�, Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). Data were compared between extenders and bulls by 2-way ANOVA; percentages were transformed by arcsine transformation before ANOVA. Total and progressive sperm motility at 0 h after dilution ranged from 90 to 70% and was not different between extenders and bulls. There was no difference between bulls in total and progressive motility after 24 h of cold storage; however, both were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for Control (62.4 � 14.7 and 41.4 � 14.9) and E-1 (70.1 � 12 and 33.8 � 7.0) extenders than for the E-2 extender (22.5 � 17 and 1.2 � 1.3). Average post-thaw sperm motility was not different between bulls for either extender, but motility for Bioxcell (Control, 48.1 � 14.6%) and E-1 extenders (43.2 � 13.0%) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than for E-2 extender (18.7 � 8.8%). There were no differences between bulls for all kinematic semen parameters: curvilinear (VCL), straight line (VSL), average path (VAP) velocities, linearity (LIN) and straightness (STR), evaluated by CASA before and after freezing; however, all were lower (P < 0.05) for the E-2 extender and not different between Control and E-1 extenders. Sperm movements derived from heads (VCL) and linearity of sperm(LIN), both closely related to field fertility, were in the range of 90.9 � 2.1 and 63.0 � 5.5 for E-3 (Control) extender; 99.1 � 3.4 and 49.4 � 3.5 for E-1; and 21.8 � 2.2 and 29.9 � 4.0 for E-2. In summary, zwitteronic soyabean lipid liposomes are an effective egg yolk substitute for the cryopreservation of Asturiana de la Monta�a bull semen; however, the homogenization protocol of the lipids-glycerol mixture must be improved.

The processes of cooling and freezing/thawing produce physical and chemical stress on the sperm membrane, and this stress is associated with oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that further reduce sperm viability and fertilizing ability. It is known that the process of freezing is associated with a significant reduction of the intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content. The aim of these experiments was to investigate the effects of addition of GSH to thawing extenders on motility parameters and ROS generation in frozen-thawed ovine and caprine spermatozoa. Frozen spermatozoa from eight rams (Ovis aries) and eight bucks (Capra hircus) (generously provided by Ovigen, Zamora, Spain) were thawed in a water bath at 37�C for 30 s and resuspended in sperm-TALP medium (Parrish et al. 1986 Theriogenology 25, 591-600) without (control) and with addition of 1 mM or 5 mM GSH. After 30 min of incubation at 37�C, sperm motility was evaluated using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system (SCA, Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). The recorded parameters of motility were: % total, % progressive, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, linearity of the curvilinear trajectory, straightness, amplitude of lateral head displacement, wobble of the curvilinear trajectory and beat cross frequency. Another set of sperm samples was incubated in the presence of (0.7 �M) 22,72-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (Gadea et al. 2005 J. Androl. 26, 396-404) to estimate production of ROS by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, considering the specific sperm treatment (GSH addition) and the males as the main variables. In ram frozen spermatozoa, all of the motility parameters were significantly improved when the medium was supplemented with GSH (P < 0.01) with even better results when 5 mM GSH was used. As an example, progresive motility increased from 31.16% (control) to 39.17 and 43.97%, respectively, for 1 and 5 mM GSH. Despite of the male effect detected (P < 0.01), all eight rams studied presented a similar pattern (interaction P > 0.05). The generation of ROS was significantly reduced when GSH was added (6.23a for control vs. 5.32b and 3.85c for 1 and 5 mM, respectively; P < 0.01). In buck frozen spermatozoa, % motility and progressive motility were significantly higher in GSH groups than in the control (P < 0.01), with no differences between 1 and 5 mM GSH. However, for the other motility parameters, the differences were not significant, which probably could be related to differences in the pattern shown by different animals (interaction of buck by treatment P < 0.05). ROS generation was significantly reduced when GSH was added (7.50a for control vs. 4.32b and 2.70b for 1 and 5 mM, respectively; P < 0.01). The addition of GSH to the thawing medium had a positive influence on the parameters studied in both species, increasing the motility patterns and reducing the ROS generation. In conclusion, we can assume that the addition of reduced glutathione to the thawing medium exerts a protective effect on spermatozoa functionality. This work was supported by AGL-2003-03144.

Artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation have significantly improved the breeding potential of male animals. However, current freezing techniques commonly result in reduced semen quality (Januskauskas et al. 1999 Theriogenology 52, 641-658), and surviving cells are affected post-thaw either structurally or functionally (Nagy et al. 2004 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 80, 225-235). In this work we analyze the impact of cryopreservation on Asturiana de los Valles bull sperm. Ejaculates (n = 373) from seven adult bulls were weekly collected by means of artificial vagina. Immediately after collection, routine parameters including volume (V), mass motility (MM), and concentration (C) of sperm cells were evaluated. Then the semen was extended with a commercial extender, loaded into 0.25-mL plastic straws at a concentration of 23 � 106 per straw, frozen and stored for further analysis. Four straws per ejaculate were thawed, pooled and analyzed for motion characteristics by means of a CASA system (Sperm Class Analyzer, SCA 2002� Microptic S. L., Barcelona, Spain) added to an optical phase-contrast microscope with heatable (37�C) stage. Immediately after thawing, we analyzed the % of motile spermatozoa (MS) and the % of progressively motile spermatozoa (PMS); then samples were incubated for 3 h at 37�C and MS and PMS were measured again (MS3 and PMS3, respectively). Functional integrity of the plasmallema was evaluated by the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) together with the % of typical tail coiling/swelling (percentage of HOST-positive spermatozoa, HOST-PS). The % of viable spermatozoa (VS) [membrane integrity was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy with a dual staining system (propidium iodide (PI) and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA)]. Sperm showing partial or complete red fluorescence (PI staining) were considered nonviable, whereas sperm showing complete green fluorescence were considered viable. Altered acrosomes (AA) and morphological abnormalities were also determined. The % of morphological abnormalities was classified according to their location in head (HA), midpiece (MA), and tail (TA). Proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplets were counted as separate abnormalities (CD). Data were analyzed by the MEANS procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the sperm motility was observed after freezing/thawing (MS: 80.20 � 0.75 vs. 47.36 � 1.04, and PMS: 68.73 � 0.73 vs. 42.14 � 0.96 for fresh and frozen-thawed semen, respectively). Also, the frozen-thawed sperm showed increased % of HA, MA, AA, HOST-PS, and VS (P < 0.05). These morphological abnormalities could contribute to decreasing sperm motility. The new computer and video technologies provide useful information about sperm quality and can be used in the daily routine of processing semen. This work was performed in collaboration with ASEAVA.

Centrifugation has been the routine procedure used to concentrate the highly diluted spermatozoa obtained after sorting. However, this harmful procedure has a detrimental effect on the lifespan of the spermatozoa, particularly when a short-term storage period is required to perform the inseminations in the farms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the procedure of concentration by sedimentation of the flow cytometrically sex-sorted boar spermatozoa after a 24-h storage period, in terms of sperm functionality and recovery efficiency. Spermatozoa were sex-sorted by flow cytometry (Johnson and Welch 1999 Theriogenology 52, 1323-1342) and collected in 50-mL tubes containing 5 mL of Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) with 10% seminal plasma (SP). The collected samples were split into two aliquots. The first aliquot was concentrated by centrifugation (800g/5 min) just after sorting and stored at 17�C for 24 h at a concentration of 6 � 106 sperm/mL. The second aliquot was directly stored (0.5 � 106 sperm/mL) at 17�C for 24 h. In this case, after storage the supernatant was discarded and the pellet obtained by sedimentation was adjusted to 6 � 106 sperm/mL. For assessment of the sperm functionality after the storage, motility and viability of the spermatozoa were analyzed using a CASA system (Sperm Class Analyzer; Microptic, Barcelona, Spain) and a EPICS XL flow cytometer (Coulter Corporation, Inc., Miami, FL, USA) after the sperm were stained with propidium iodide and SYBR-14, respectively. For assessment of the recovery efficiency, the total number of spermatozoa in each sample was counted. The results are expressed as percentages of five replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using a �2 test. Percentages of motile and viable spermatozoa just after sorting were 80% and 83.3%, respectively. After storage at 17�C for 24 h, the percentage of viable spermatozoa was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in settled spermatozoa (82.4%) compared to centrifuged spermatozoa (63.3%). Similarly, the percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in settled spermatozoa (78.3%) compared to centrifuged spermatozoa (58.3%), as was the percentage of progressive motility (63.6% vs. 35.5%, respectively; P < 0.05). Interestingly, the percentage of cell recovery was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after sedimentation (80% of the sorted population) than after centrifugation (60.3% of the sorted population). The results show that sedimentation is more beneficial than centrifugation when short-term storage of sex-sorted boar sperm is required. This work was supported by CDTI and Fundaci�n Seneca.

RESUMENEl estudio histórico de la religiosidad islámica se ha encontrado tradicionalmente con el problema de la escasez de fuentes. Además, siempre se ha estudiado a partir de las fuentes islámicas, obviando las cristianas. Si es cierto que para la Edad Media las fuentes cristianas no ofrecen demasiada información y están además viciadas por su carácter polémico, también lo es que para la Edad Moderna, con el surgimiento de un tipo de literatura sobre el islam que está alejado de la tradición polémica, disponemos de un buen número de importantes fuentes cristianas que merecen ser tenidas en cuenta en cualquier análisis histórico de la religiosidad islámica. Es el caso especialmente de la Topographía e Historia general de Argel (1612), cuyas descripciones y observaciones resultan de una riqueza sin precedentes.PALABRAS CLAVE: Edad Moderna, cinco pilares del islam, religiosidad, España, Argel.ABSTRACTTraditionally, the historical study of Islamic religiosity has been faced with the problem of the scant amount of sources. Moreover, it has always been approached on the basis of Islamic sources, disregarding the Christian ones. If for the Middle Ages Christian sources do not present much information about the subject and this is tainted by its polemical character, for the Early Modern Age, with the emergence of a new kind of literature about Islam that does not belong to the polemical tradition, we have at our disposal a good number of sources of information. This is particularly thecase of the Topographía e Historia general de Argel (1612), with descriptions and observations of an unprecedented quality. It is an evident indication that, from the sixteenth century onwards, there are Christian sources that must be taken into account in any historical analysis of Islamic religiosity.KEY WORDS: Image of Islam, early modern Spain, five pillars of Islam, religiosity. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAfricanus, L., Descripción general del África y de las cosas peregrinas que allí hay, traducción y edición de S. Fanjul, Barcelona, Lunwerg, 1995.Alfonso, P., Diálogo contra los judíos, traducción de E. Ducay, Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 1996.Berkey, J. P., The formation of islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.Berque, J., Al-Yousi: problémes de la culture marocaine au XVIIème siècle, Paris, Moutin & Co., 1958.Bunes Ibarra, M. Á. de, La imagen de los musulmanes y del norte de África en la España de los siglos XVI y XVII: los caracteres de una hostilidad, Madrid, CSIC, 1989.Camamis, G., Estudios sobre el cautiverio en el Siglo de Oro, Madrid, Gredos, 1977.Cardaillac, L., Moriscos y cristianos: un enfrentamiento polémico (1442-1560), 2ª ed., Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2016.Constable, O. R., “Regulating religious noise: the Council of Vienne, the mosque call and Muslim pilgrimage in the late medieval Mediterranean world”, Medieval Encounters, vol. 16, núm. 1 (2010), pp. 64–95.Cruz Hernández, M., El islam de al-Andalus: historia y estructura de su realidad social, 2ª ed., Madrid, AECI, 1996.Cruz Palma, Ó. de la, “Las cinco oraciones islámicas diarias (Salawat) en las fuentes latinas medievales”, en Martínez Gázquez, J. y Tolan, J. V. (eds.), Ritus infidelium. Miradas interconfesionales sobre las prácticas religiosas en la Edad Media, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2013, pp. 133-149.— Machometus: la invención del profeta Mahoma en las fuentes medievales, Bellaterra, Institut d’Estudis Medievals, 2017.Daniel, N., Islam and the West: the making of an image, Oxford, Oneworld Pub., 1993.Eckhart, A., “Le cercueil flottant de Mahomet”, en Mélanges de philologie romane et de littérature offerts à Ernest Hoepffener, París, Les Belles Lettres, 1949, pp. 77-88.Eisenberg, D., “Cervantes, autor de la Topografía e historia general de Argel publicada por Diego de Haedo”, Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, vol. 16, núm. 1 (1996), pp. 32-53.Evans, R. J. W. y Marr, A. (eds.), Curiosity and wonder from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, Abingdon y Nueva York, Routledge, 2016.Fierro, M., “Prácticas y creencias religiosas en al-Andalus”, Al-Qantara, vol. 13, núm. 2 (1992), pp. 463-474.Garcés, M. A., Cervantes en Argel: historia de un cautivo, Madrid, Gredos, 2005.— “Introduction”, en Sosa, A. de, An early modern dialogue with Islam: Antonio de Sosa’s Topography of Algiers (1612), Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 2011, pp. 1-78.García-Arenal, M., Inquisición y moriscos: los procesos del Tribunal de Cuenca, 3ª ed., Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1987.García Sanjuán, A., “La celebración de la navidad en al-Andalus y la convivencia entre cristianos y musulmanes”, en Miura, J. M. (ed.), Te cuento la navidad: visiones y miradas sobre las fiestas de invierno, Sevilla, Aconcagua, 2011, pp. 43-49.Gonzalbes, C., “Un ensayo para la catalogación de los amuletos de plomo andalusíes”, Boletín Arqueológico Medieval, 12 (2005), pp. 7-17.González de Clavijo, R., Embajada a Tamorlán, edición de F. López Estrada, Barcelona, Castalia, 2017, pp. 188-189.Halevi, L., Muhammad’s grave: death rites and the making of Islamic society, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 2007.Hammoudi, A., The victim and its masks: an essay on sacrifice and masquerade in the Maghreb, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1993.Höfert, A., “The order of things and the discourse of the Turkish threat: the conceptualisation of Islam in the rise of Occidental anthropology in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries”, en Höfert, A. y Salvatore, A. (eds.), Between Europe and Islam: shaping modernity in a transcultural space, Bruselas, PIE-Peter Lang, 2000, pp. 39-70.Ibn Battuta, A través del islam, traducción, introducción y notas de S. Fanjul y F. Arbós, Madrid, Alianza Ed., 2005.Ibn Yubayr, A través del oriente (Rihla), estudio, traducción, notas e índices de F. Maíllo, Madrid, Alianza Ed., 2007.Irwin, R., For lust of knowing: the orientalists and their enemies, Londres y Nueva York, Penguin, 2007.Jiménez de Rada, R., Historiae minores. Dialogvs libri vite, edición y estudio de J. Fernández Valverde y J. A. Estévez Sola, Turnhout, Brepols, 1999.Kaptein, N. J. G., Muhammad’s birthday festival: early history in the central Muslim lands and development in the Muslim west until the 10th/16th century, Leiden, Nueva York y Colonia, Brill, 1993.Maliki, S., “Religiosidad y alteridad: una aproximación a la imagen del musulmán en la Topografía e Historia general de Argel de Antonio de Sosa”, ‘Ossour al-Jadida, 19-20 (2015), pp. 66-82.Montecroce, R., Reprobación del Alcorán, Sevilla, por dos alemanes compañeros, 1501.Parreño, J. M., “Experiencia y literatura en la obra de Antonio de Sosa”, en Sosa, A. de, Diálogo de los mártires de Argel, Madrid, Hiperión, 1990, pp. 9-23.Pascual, P., Sobre la se[c]ta mahometana, edición y estudio de F. 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RESUMENMiguel Archer forma parte del enorme contingente de exiliados que dejaron Irlanda durante el siglo xviii y se establecieron a comienzos de la centuria en la villa de Bilbao. Junto a su mujer, María Geraldino –también irlandesa–, crio una próspera y exitosa familia, al tiempo que se posicionaba sólidamente en el comercio y la sociedad bilbaína. Archer trabajó en múltiples ámbitos para el Consulado de Bilbao, vínculo que su hijo Miguel hizo perdurar y engrandecer durante años. El padre ejerció durante más de 30 años como arqueador y corredor de navíos en el puerto bilbaíno, cargo que fue legándose sucesivamente a través de varios miembros de la familia. El hijo fue designado maestro de la recién creada y pionera Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao –que años después le propiciaría el nombramiento como capitán de fragata–, así como toda una suerte de comisiones relacionadas con la ingeniería civil –en muchos casos de gran relevancia– que las instituciones vizcaínas precisaban. Sin embargo, en lo más alto de los logros que la familia había alcanzado, en 1752 las calamidades comenzaron a recaer sobre los Archer-Geraldino en una sucesión de tragedias que acabarían con la casi totalidad de la familia en unos pocos años. Palabras clave: Archer, Geraldino, Consulado de Bilbao, corredor de navíosTopónimos: Bilbao, IrlandaPeríodo: siglo xviii ABSTRACTMiguel Archer is part of the huge number of exiled Catholics that were forced to leave Ireland during the early modern period. He settled in Bilbao in the early 18th century, where he married Maria Geraldino, also an Irishwoman, and both raised a prosperous and successful family whereas Archer took hold in the trade and society of Bilbao. He worked for the Consulate of Bilbao in different ways; and likewise the link was preserved and enlarged by his son Miguel. The father acted as a ship tonnage surveyor and sworn translator –successively bequeathed to other relatives– in the port of Bilbao for more than thirty years. The son was nominated lecturer of the newly created and pioneer Navigation School of Bilbao –lately enabling his appointment as navy commander in Spanish Armada– as well as many commissions related to civil engineering issues very relevant for the Biscayan public bodies. Nevertheless, in the summit of the family achievements, in 1752 a series of misfortunes arose to the Archer-Geraldinos and they were nearly extinguished as a result of a succession of tragedies in very few years. Keywords: Archer, FitzGerald/Geraldine, Consulate of Bilbao, sworn translatorPlace name: Bilbao, IrelandPeriod: 18th century REFERENCIASBilbao Acedos, A. (1999): “Los Irlandeses y el sector del curtido en Bizkaia en el siglo xviii”, Bidebarrieta, 4, pp. 295-309.— (2004): Los irlandeses de Bizkaia “Los chiguiris”. Siglo xviii, Bilbao, Fundación BBK.Binasco, M. (2018): Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908, London, Palgrave Macmillan.Cagigal Montalbán, E. (2019): “La presencia irlandesa en Bizkaia a través de los registros parroquiales (siglos xvii-xviii)”, Revista de Demografía Histórica, 37 (1), pp. 15-46.— (2020a): “Los irlandeses en los pleitos de hidalguía del Señorío de Bizkaia. Estudio comparado de fuentes”, Revista de Historia Moderna. Anales de la Universidad de Alicante, 38, pp. 255-291.— (2020b): “Miguel Archer: Desmontando el mito, aumentando el mito”, Vasconia, 44, pp. 65-91.Canny, N. (2021): “How the local can be global and the global local: Ireland, Irish Catholics and European Overseas Empires, 1500-1900”, en P. Griffin y F. D. Cogliano (eds.), Ireland and America: Empire, Revolution, and Sovereignty, Chalottesville, University of Virginia Press, pp. 23-52.Chauca García, J. (2019): De comerciante a gobernante: Ambrosio O’Higgins virrey del Perú, 1796-1801, Madrid, Ediciones Sílex.Crooks, P. y Duffy, S. (eds.) (2017): The Geraldines and Medieval Ireland: The Making of a Myth, Dublin, Four Courts Press.Cullen, L. M. 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Lyons (eds.), Irish communities in early modern Europe, Dublin, Four Court Press, pp. 267-293.—(2009): Ireland and Spain in the Reign of Philip II, Dublin, Four Court Press.García Hernán, E. y Pérez Tostado, I. (eds.) (2010): Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico. Movilidad, participación e intercambio cultural, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.García Hernán, E. y Lario de Oñate, M. C. (eds.) (2013): La presencia irlandesa durante las Cortes de Cádiz en España y América, 1812, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.Guiard Larrauri, T. (1972): Historia del Consulado y Casa de Contratación de la villa de Bilbao, Bilbao, La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, vols. 1 y 2.Larrea Sagarmínaga, M. Á. y Labayru y Goicoechea, E. J. (1974): Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya: Caminos de Vizcaya en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii, Bilbao, La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.Llombart, J. y Hormigón, M. (1990): “Un libro de texto de la Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao en el siglo xviii”, en R. Codina y R. M. 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RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. (eds.), La Salette. Apocalypse, pèlerinage et littérature (1846-1996), Actes du colloque de l’institut catholique de Paris (29- 30 de novembre de 1996), Grenoble, Jérôme Million, 2000.Apolito, P., Apparitions of the Madonna at Oliveto Citra. Local Visions and Cosmic Drama, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1998.Apolito, P., Internet y la Virgen. Sobre el visionarismo religioso en la Red, Barcelona, Laertes, 2007.Astell, A. W., “Artful Dogma: The Immaculate Conception and Franz Werfer´s Song of Bernadette”, Christianity and Literature, 62/I (2012), pp. 5-28.Barnay, S., El cielo en la tierra. Las apariciones de la Virgen en la Edad Media, Madrid, Encuentro, 1999.Barreto, J., “Rússia e Fátima”, en C. Moreira Azevedo e L Cristino (dirs.), Enciclopédia de Fátima, Estoril, Princípia, 2007, pp. 500-503.Barreto, J., Religião e Sociedade: dois ensaios, Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, 2003.Bayly, C. A., El nacimiento del mundo moderno. 1780-1914, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2010.Béjar, S., Los milagros de Jesús, Barcelona, Herder, 2018.Belli, M., An Incurable Past. Nasser’s Egypt. Then and Now, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2013.Blackbourn, D., “Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany”, en Eley, G. (ed.), Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930, Ann Arbor, The University Michigan Press, 1997.Blackbourn, D., Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.Bouflet, J., Une histoire des miracles. Du Moyen Âge à nos jours, Paris, Seuil, 2008.Boyd, C. P., “Covadonga y el regionalismo asturiano”, Ayer, 64 (2006), pp. 149-178.Brading, D. A., La Nueva España. Patria y religión, México D. F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2015.Brading, D. A., Mexican Phoenix, our Lady of Guadalupe: image and tradition across five centuries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.Bugslag, J., “Material and Theological Identities: A Historical Discourse of Constructions of the Virgin Mary”, Théologiques, 17/2 (2009), pp. 19-67.Cadoret-Abeles, A., “Les apparitions du Palmar de Troya: analyse anthropologique dun phenómène religieux”, Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 17 (1981), pp. 369-391.Carrión, G., El lado oscuro de María, Alicante, Agua Clara, 1992.Chenaux, P., L´ultima eresia. La chiesa cattolica e il comunismo in Europa da Lenin a Giovanni Paolo II, Roma, Carocci Editore, 2011.Christian, W. A., “De los santos a María: panorama de las devociones a santuarios españoles desde el principio de la Edad Media a nuestros días”, en Lisón Tolosana, C. (ed.), Temas de antropología española, Madrid, Akal, 1976, pp. 49-105.Christian, W. 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RESUMENEl presente trabajo trata de mostrar los nexos entre el republicanismo político y el movimiento obrero en la provincia de Toledo. A través de las diferentes manifestaciones en la prensa, el posicionamiento de individuos o las acciones colectivas desde el nacimiento del republicanismo político y el asociacionismo de los trabajadores, se analiza un espacio compartido que se mantuvo hasta las primeras décadas del siglo xx en el que se prestó atención la mayoría de las veces a los mismos intereses. Palabras clave: republicanismo, movimiento obreroTopónimos: España, ToledoPeríodo: siglo xix, siglo xix ABSTRACTThe present work tries to show the links between political republicanism and the labor movement in the province of Toledo. Through the different manifestations in the press, the positioning of individuals or the collective actions since the birth of political republicanism and workers’ associations, a shared space is analyzed being maintained until the first decades of the 20th century, where most of the time attention was paid to the same interests. Keywords: republicanism, labor movementPlace name: Spain, ToledoPeriod: 19th century, 20th century REFERENCIASÁlvarez Junco, J., La ideología política del anarquismo español, 1868-1919, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1976.Aróstegui, J., Miseria y conciencia del campo castellano, Madrid, Narcea, 1977.Barrio Alonso, Á. “Anarquistas, republicanos y socialistas en Asturias”, en El anarquismo español y sus tradiciones culturales, Frankfurt am Main, Vervuet, 1995.Bascuñán Añover, O., Protestas y supervivencia. 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El objeto de este trabajo es el estudio del simbolismo de las aves en el ámbito tartésico y fenicio-púnico en la península ibérica durante el Bronce Final y el Hierro I. Se han recogido y analizado aquellas piezas con representaciones de aves, así como los restos orgánicos de éstas, si bien esto último no ha dado muchos frutos debido a las dificultades que existen tanto para su conservación como para la posterior identificación de especies. En total se han podido determinar ánades, gallos, palomas, flamencos, cisnes, lechuzas y halcones, todas ellas representadas en el Mediterráneo oriental y cuya iconografía se vincula al mundo funerario, al tránsito al Más Allá y a las divinidades. Gran parte de esa iconografía llegó a la península de mano de los fenicios, si bien su acogida y aceptación entre la población local fue variable. Palabras clave: aves, simbolismo, tartesios, fenicios, púnicosTopónimos: península ibéricaPeriodo: Hierro I. ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to study the symbolism of birds in Tartessian and Phoenician-Punic cultures within the Iberian Peninsula during the late Bronze and early Iron Age. To this end, items with any sort of symbolism connected with birds have been analysed. Organic remains have also been examined, although the latter did not make a relevant contribution to the study due to problems of conservation of the organic remains and subsequent identification of species. I have identified ducks, roosters, pigeons, flamingos, swans, owls and hawks, all located around the East Mediterranean basin and related to funerary contexts, the journey to the hereafter and deities. Most of this iconography reached the Iberian Peninsula via Phoenician culture, albeit its acceptance among the local population varied. Keywords: birds, symbolism, Tartesian, Phoenicians, PunicPlace names: Iberian PeninsulaPeriod: Iron Age REFERENCIASAlmagro Gorbea, M. J. 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PRESENTED in a hybrid format for the first time, this year’s European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress welcomed over 19,000 respiratory professionals, with over 10,000 attending in-person in Barcelona, Spain. Known for its stunning buildings, Barcelona is home to many unusual architectural wonders, including Antoni Gaudí’s Casa Batlló, which was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. For those who could not attend personally, a panoramic view of the city could be seen behind the presenters in the studio.