Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Carter, david"

Thesis advisor: Seth Jacobs
U.S. President Jimmy Carter's handling of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Middle East can only be properly understood in the context of his religious beliefs. Carter pursued what amounted to a faith-based foreign policy. Guided by the Christian concepts of justice, forgiveness, humility, and an emphasis on the importance of individuals, Carter attempted to make policy conform to the standards set by his faith. Viewing the Arab-Israeli conflict through this lens, he committed to advancing the Middle East peace process out of a Christian sense of duty. Religious belief caused Carter to champion the Palestinians' cause since he believed that the Palestinian people were suffering grave injustices under the Israeli occupation of the West Banka and Gaza. Ultimately, his faith-based approach proved unable to resolve the many diplomatic challenges facing his administration in the region. Fearing that any chance for peace might be lost, he invited Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt to Camp David for substantive talks in September 1978. Only when Carter abandoned his religiously grounded policy orientation and embraced a coldly calculating approach did he succeed in getting the Israelis and Egyptians to agree to a deal. With the conclusion of the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty in March 1979, Carter effectively removed himself from any further involvement in the process
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History

This thesis offers a study of the Israeli-United States relationship. It argues that this special relationship has evolved from an initial American support for the creation of a Jewish State in 1948 to a high level of economic and military aid. Although some U.S. presidents criticized the support and the general commitment to Israel because of an unfavorable improvement to the relationship with some Arab states, Washington never operates against its major strategic ally Tel Aviv. By examining news reports and several books, this thesis demonstrates how strategic and military interests are not enough to justify this high amount of financial and military assistance provided to Israel, the highest of any other country. Instead, in the United States the existence of a strong pro-Israel lobby can explain why at the end of the Cold War, Israel continues to be considered as the major U.S. ally in the oil-rich Middle East. This thesis does not want to accuse the pro-Israel lobby of conspiracy or secrecy, because the lobbying influence in the U.S. is legal, but analyzes how it can influence U.S. foreign affairs. To understand how important the lobbying phenomenon is, this thesis will focus specifically on the case study of Camp David Accords when Israel and Egypt signed Peace Accords in 1979. It examines the possibilities of presidential diplomacy and it argues that the domestic aspects of the dispute narrowed Carter’s options, limited public debate and influenced decisions in pivotal moments.

La question moyenne-orientale est dans l'actualité depuis 1948. C'est en cette année que se crée l'Etat d'Israël sur les décombres du mandat britannique en Palestine. Dès le commencement, la guerre va commencer à fixer les frontières entre Israël et ses voisins arabes. Cependant, après 1967, une nouvelle question va apparaître, celle des relations avec les Territoires occupés. En conséquence, l'Etat d'Israël aura deux questions frontalières à gérer : la question interétatique classique et la question interne avec les Palestiniens. Cette recherche tente de démontrer les voies employées par les différents acteurs régionaux et internationaux pour trouver une solution à cette question juridique qui cause l'instabilité régionale. On s'appuiera sur le droit, l'Histoire, la science politique (en particulier, l'étude des idéologies sioniste et arabiste) et les relations internationales pour trouver une cohérence aux réussites et aux échecs qui ont émaillé l'histoire du Moyen-Orient depuis 1948 et le fait qu'Israël n'ait encore que deux frontières internationalement reconnues, une avec l'Egypte et l'autre avec le royaume de Jordanie.

David Allan's artistic career may be divided into two major periods. Having first attended the Foulis Academy, he spent at least a decade in Italy, finally returning to Scotland in 1779, his home for the next seventeen years. The pictures which he executed during this second period form the basis of the present study. Since the emphasis of this study is thematic rather than biographical, some distortion of chronology is inevitable, though it is not uncomfortably obvious. At the same time, some element of biography is indispensable. This is particuarly true of the first chapter, a necessary setting of the scene which highlights Allan's training in the arts, his collection of prints, copies, original drawings and plaster casts, and the most important works from his years abroad. That part of this biographical account which deals with his Scottish career is devoted largely to Allan's work as Master of the Trustees' Academy, since the pictures with which he was occupied at this time - portraits, Conversation pieces, literary illustrations, Historical paintings and Genre scenes - are taken in groups and discussed in greater depth in the chapters which follow. Before the first chapter concerned with Allan's work in any of these genres, however, there stands a chapter dealing with the wider context of narrative painting in Britain at the time and introducing a number of themes traced throughout later chapters, where they are more fully and particularly discussed.

Arpenteur de métier et fin connaisseur des cartes, Thoreau appréciait leur exactitude et le savoir immédiat et panoptique qu'elles produisent sur l'espace. Cependant, il savait aussi que, dans l'Amérique des années 1840-50, celles-ci pouvaient servir des projets d'appropriation ou d'exploitation, et que le cadastre dresse un enclos qui fige et limite les possibles. Ce travail de thèse reconstitue l'importante documentation cartographique de cet auteur et identifie les cartes consultées, copiées et annotées au cours de sa vie d'écrivain, pour montrer comment le texte devient le lieu où Thoreau, arpenteur et vagabond, conjugue son goût pour la précision cartographique et son attrait pour l'inattendu, la désorientation et l'extravagance - lexicale et politique tout à la fois. Le chapitre 1 s'interroge sur la nature du geste cartographique et identifie à l'aide d'une importante iconographie les quatre types de cartes que Thoreau connaissait. Le chapitre 2 s'intéresse aux textes des années 1840 et montre comment Thoreau y déconstruit la notion de découverte chère à son époque. Le chapitre 3 s'intéresse à Walden, Cape Cod et The Maine Woods et établit que ces récits sont fondés sur une riche documentation cartographique, que l'écriture s'efforce cependant de défaire en multipliant les phénomènes de désorientation. Le chapitre 4 s'intéresse aux textes politiques de Thoreau et montre que son expérience d'arpenteur est le point de départ d'une réflexion sur la langue et les découpages qu'elle opère. Le chapitre 5 examine les textes tardifs de Thoreau sur la nature et propose de les lire comme l'aboutissement de la réflexion de Thoreau sur l'espace et la communauté
As a professional surveyor, Thoreau was familiar with maps and their history. He appreciated their exactitude and the immediate and panoptic knowledge of space one can gain from them. Yet he was also aware that they could be used for territorial appropriation and exploitation - especially in the 1840s and 50s in the US - and that mapping draws enclosures that limit the scope of possibilities. This thesis is a detailed study of the numerous maps used, copied and annotated by Thoreau in the course of his writing career. As a surveyor and a saunterer all at once, Thoreau conceived of his texts as the place where he could combine his fascination with cartographic accuracy and his taste for lexical as well as political disorientation and extravagance. Chapter 1 examines the nature of mapping processses and identifies the four types of maps that Thoreau was familiar with. Chapter 2 looks at the texts written in the 1840s and shows how Thoreau questions the very notion of discovery - a central idea in his time. Chapter 3 shows how Waiden, Cape Cod and The Maine Woods were written with the help of specific maps, even as Thoreau's prose takes the form of an exercise in disorientation. Chapter 4 addresses Thoreau's political essays and shows how his experience as a surveyor was the starting point for a reflection on language and the way it maps the world. Chapter 5 looks at later texts about nature and reads them as the achievement of Thoreau's reflections on space and community

This thesis looks at how changes in the Australian Federal Government’s economic policy have affected career advice practices in New South Wales Secondary Schools. From 1927 – 75, career advice practices were primarily used to assist the nation in the process of industrialisation. However, from 1975 – 96 careers advice in schools has become increasingly marginalised as a result of the professionalisation of the role during the 1970s. The process of professionalisation had the effect of estranging Careers Advisers from the educational establishment and reducing their utility in facilitating the economic ambitions of the Federal Government.

Orientador: Jose Oscar de Almeida Marques
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A dissertação examina a análise de Hume dos conceitos de liberdade e imputabilidade moral. O texto de referência para a pesquisa é a seção VIII da Investigação sobre o entendimento humano. Mostro, a partir do estudo dessa seção, em que sentido os conceitos de liberdade e necessidade são compatíveis para Hume. Para tanto, analiso o compatibilismo humeano enfatizando a unidade explicativa que o autor esposa claramente na obra citada. De fato, Hume, em seu exame das noções de liberdade e necessidade anuncia introduzir novidades que prometem ao menos algum resultado na decisão da controvérsia entre a doutrina da necessidade e a doutrina da liberdade (da vontade). Ele propõe um 'projeto de reconciliação¿ (reconciling project) que consiste em mostrar que liberdade e necessidade são perfeitamente compatíveis entre si, e que afirmar que as ações humanas são livres não é afirmar que estejam fora do âmbito da necessidade, mas apenas que se realizaram sem constrangimento. Em seguida, esclareço as razões que conduzem à crença na vontade livre, crença esta infundada, segundo Hume. Por fim, procuro estabelecer as conseqüências que o compatibilismo humeano traz para a noção de responsabilidade moral. Hume entende que não só é perfeitamente possível explicar os juízos morais pelo seu compatibilismo, como também que o seu compatibilismo é a única alternativa de fato consistente para dar conta dos ajuizamentos que fazemos acerca da moralidade. Entendo que a explicação dos juízos morais de imputabilidade oferecida por Hume representa uma hipótese altamente persuasiva e com vigor suficiente para responder a objeções geralmente apresentadas pelos incompatibilistas
Abstract: The dissertation examines the analysis of Hume of the concepts of freedom and moral imputability. The text of reference for the research is section VIII of the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. I show, from the study of this section, how freedom and necessity are compatible for Hume. To this effect, I analyze the humean compatibilism emphasizing the unit of the explanation that the author maintains in the cited work. Hume, in his examination of freedom and necessity, announces a new approach that promises at least some results for the decision of the controversy between the doctrine of the necessity and the doctrine of the freedom (of the will). He proposes a conciliatory project that consists in showing that freedom and necessity are perfectly compatible, and that to say that the human actions are free is not to say that they are out of the scope of the necessity, but only that they are without constraint. After that, I clarify the reasons that lead to the belief in free will, which is baseless according to Hume. Finally, I establish the consequences that humean compatibilism brings for the notion of moral responsibility. Hume understands not only that it is perfectly possible to explain moral judgments by means of his compatibilism, but also that his compatibilism is the only consistent alternative to account for moral judgement. I understand that the explanation of moral judgments of imputability offered by Hume represents a highly persuasive hypothesis, and strong enough to answer the objections generally raised by incompatibilists
Mestrado
Filosofia Moral
Mestre em Filosofia

abstract: Time magazine called 1976 "the year of the evangelical" partly in response to the rapid political ascent of the previously little-known Georgia governor Jimmy Carter. A Sunday school teacher and deacon in his local church, Carter emphasized the important role of faith in his life in a way that no presidential candidate had done in recent memory. However, scholarly assessments of Carter's foreign policy have primarily focused on his management style or the bureaucratic politics in his administration. This study adds to the growing literature in American diplomatic history analyzing religion and foreign policy by focusing on how Carter's Christian beliefs and worldview shaped his policymaking and how his religious convictions affected his advisors. To better demonstrate this connection, this dissertation primarily discusses Carter's foreign policy vis-à-vis religious nationalist groups of the three Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). By drawing on archival materials from the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Carter's own voluminous writings, and memoirs of other administration officials, this dissertation argues that Carter's religious values factored into policymaking decisions, although sometimes in a subtle fashion due to his strong Baptist doctrinal commitment to the separation of church and state. Moreover, Carter's initial success in using his religious beliefs in the Camp David negotiations raised expectations among administration officials and others when crises arose, such as the hostage taking in Iran and the electoral threat of the Christian Right. Despite his success at Camp David, invoking religious values can complicate situations already fraught with sacred symbolism. Ultimately, this dissertation points to the benefits and limits of foreign policy shaped by a president with strong public religious convictions as well as the advantages and pitfalls of scholars examining the impact of religion on presidential decision making.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. History 2013

This thesis analyses the conflict resolution process between Israel and Egypt and provides a new angle for explaining the signing of the first Arab-Israeli peace treaty. Author uses a case study research method that facilitates an in-depth analysis of the topic and answers to three selected research questions: Why did long-lasting hostile countries engage in the negotiations to resolve their conflict?, How did Jimmy Carter mediate the Camp David Summit? and What persuaded Israel and Egypt to finalize the peace treaty?. The thesis is divided into two main analytical parts, according to the theoretical model used for its examination of the research questions. The first part makes use of William I. Zartman's theory of ripeness and its concept of a "mutually hurting stalemate" to explain why two opposing parties might become gradually open towards finding a "way out" from their protracted conflict. By analysing these conditions to reach a "ripe moment", the third-party may produce substantial proposals to resolve their dispute. The second part of this thesis focuses on the mediation process of the U.S. President Jimmy Carter between September 1978 and March 1979. The umbrella theory of third-party mediation is employed to elucidate the mediation strategies, potential biases and leverage of Jimmy...