Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Caractérisation des lésions"
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Barbier, Ewa. "Caractérisation de l'interactome protéique des lésions de l'ADN : application aux lésions d'oxydation". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV032/document.
Texto completo da fonteDNA is a molecule, which integrity is crucial for correct functioning of all the living organisms. However, it is regularly submitted to different stresses coming from endogenous or exogenous sources, which are able to generate various damages in its structure. Each damage may be recognized by multiple proteins, among which one can find repair proteins, inhibitors of DNA repair, transcription factors or proteins of chromatin remodelling. All these proteins constitute the interactome of a given DNA lesion.Cyclonucleosides are complex damages of DNA, which imply the base and the sugar residue at the same time, since an additional covalent bond is generated between these two. The consequence of the presence of this bond is the deformation of the double helix. For this reason, cyclonucleosides are not recognized by the base excision repair system, as the majority of the oxidative lesions are, but rather by the nucleotide excision repair system, which takes in charge bulky lesions.The objective of this thesis is to study the interactome of the cyclonucleosides, by using different biological models: eucaryotes, bacteries and archaea. By using the technique that enables trapping of proteins on the probes holding these lesions, we realised a screening of interactions between cyclonucleosides and proteins issued from the HeLa extracts. We identified the negative influence of cyclonucleosides on the recognition of its target sequence by the transcription factor DREF, as well as on the PARP1 interactions with DNA. These results were then confirmed by complementary techniques.We have also analysed the interactions between the bacterial glycosylase Fpg and cyclonucleosides: this enzyme possesses an affinity for these lesions, without however exerting an excision activity. This affinity is lower than the Fpg affinity for abasic sites, but it is higher than its affinity for non-damaged DNA. The role that could play cyclonucleosides in DNA is discussed following these results.Finally, a radioresistant archaea Thermococcus gammatolerans was studied. First, the formation of simple and complex oxidative lesions at the high radiation doses (2500 and 5000 Gy) was evaluated. 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, which is an example of simple oxidative lesions, is formed in great quantity at high irradiation dose, and is rapidly repaired once the cells are put in their optimal culture conditions. As for cyclonucleosides, they are not detected even at very high doses of radiation, which raises questions concerning the formation of these damages. Next, two new glycosylases isolated from Thermococcus gammatolerans were studied: their mechanism of action, as well as their specificity against the substrates, were elucidated.The work accomplished during this thesis contributed to the better understanding of the interactions between cyclonucleosides and the proteins that interact with them. Also, the development of the protein trapping techniques on the damaged probes, which constituted an important part of this work, can be applied to study the interactome of other complex DNA lesions
Calderaro, Julien. "Caractérisation moléculaire des adénomes hépatocytaires et des lésions prénéoplasiques hépatiques". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S016/document.
Texto completo da fonteFirst Part: Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are benign tumors which most often develop in young women taking oral contraceptives. They are classified as : 1) inflammatory HCA (IHCA), characterized by mutations of genes (IL6ST, GNAS, STAT3) involved in the interleukin 6 pathway; 2) HCA with biallelic inactivating mutations of HNF1A (H-HCA) ; 3) CTNNB1 mutated HCA (bAHC), which harbour a high risk of malignant transformation and 4) unclassified HCA (UHCC). Glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD1) is a rare hereditary metabolic disease that predispose to HCE development. The main molecular studies of HCA were pervformed on sporadic cases, and the molecular profile of HCA associated to GSDI remains to be investigated. The aim of our study was to characterize, by gene sequencing and gene expression profiling, a series of HCA developed in patients with GSD1. The molecular profile of GSD1 HCA was different to that of sporadic HCA, with a lack of H-HCA and a high frequency of b-HCA. We also observed that non tumoral livers of GSD1 patients featured several metabolic alterations (gluconeogenesis repression, glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis activation) that were also observed in sporadic H-HCA and may favor carcinogenesis. Alltogether, our study demonstrated that GSD1 predispose to particular HCA subtypes and the metabolic alterations observed in non tumorl liver of GSD1 patients may contribute to tumor formation. Second Part: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCCIt is the fifth most frequent cancer and the third cause of cancer related death worldwide. If TERT promoter mutations are, so far, the most frequent recurrent molecular alterations of HCC, genetic determinants of the early steps of carcinogenesis on cirrhosis are still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations in a series of 96 macrondouels developed in a cirrhotic background. For 30 cases, 10 genes frequently mutated in HCC were also screeened. Six liver pathologists reviewed all the samples, and mmunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed for glypican 3, glutamine synthase, and heat shock protein 70. TERT promoter mutations were highly related to the step-wise hepatocarcinogenesis because mutations were identified in 6% of low grade dysplastic nodules, 19% of high grade dysplastic nodules, 61% of high grade nodules with foci of transformation into HCC, and 42% of small HCC. Mutations in the 10 genes recurrently mutated in HCC were only identified in 28% of the small HCC. In conclusion, Frequency of TERT promoter mutations rapidly increases during the different steps of the transformation of premalignant lesions into HCC on cirrhosis. Consequently, somatic TERT promoter mutation is a new biomarker predictive of transformation of premalignant lesions into HCC
Quatrehomme, Auréline. "Caractérisation des lésions hépatiques focales sur des acquisitions scanner multiphasiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20207/document.
Texto completo da fonteMedical imaging acquisition has taken benefits from recent advances and is becoming more and more important in the patient care process. New needs raise, which are related to image processing. Hepatic lesion recognition is a hot topic, especially because liver cancer is wide-spread and leads to death, most of the time because of the diagnosis which is made too late. In this context is born this manuscrit research project, a collaboration between IMAIOS company and the Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics and Micro-electronics ofMontpellier (LIRMM).This thesis presents a complete and automated system that extracts visual features from lesion images in the medical format DICOM, then differenciate them on these features.The various described contributions are: intensity normalization using healthy liver values, analysis and experimentations around new visual features, which use temporal information or tissue density, different kind of caracterisation of the lesions. This work has been done on multi-phase Computed Tomography acquisitions
Delatour, Thierry. "Photooxydation des bases de l'ADN : mécanismes et caractérisation de lésions doubles". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10219.
Texto completo da fonteRibault, Mathieu. "Caractérisation ultrasonore de lésions induites par ultrasons focalisés de haute intensité". Lyon 1, 1999. http://u556.lyon.inserm.fr/theses/pdf/ribault.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBalleyguier, Corinne. "Elastographie-IRM pour le diagnostic et la caractérisation des lésions du sein". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824882.
Texto completo da fonteMonnin, Elisabeth. "Caractérisation tomodensitométrique des lésions pariétales du colon sigmoi͏̈de : recherche de signes spécifiques". Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11168.
Texto completo da fonteSebiskveradze, David. "Caractérisation de lésions tumorales par imagerie spectrale infrarouge associée à la biométrie floue". Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMP204/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn oncology, anatomical pathology is the "gold standard" for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of tumor lesions on a tissue scale. Since recently, vibrational spectroscopies, especially IR spectroscopy, represent promising guidelines of development for this specialty paving the way for spectral histology. Although "proof of concept" of this approach is now done, there are still many issues before its transfer into the clinic. In this study we focused on two important issues, namely digital dewaxing of the paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and automatic and unsupervised construction of spectral images by fuzzy biometric methods, which are rapid and provide high quality content spectral information.In order to overcome the chemical dewaxing, we have shown that compared to the ICA-NCLS, the IR spectra preprocessing method by EMSC is better for the elimination of paraffin spectral signature. This step thus allows the direct use of conventional tissue sections in spectral histology and enables retrospective studies. The construction of spectral images which reveal tumor areas and the different tissue structures requires efficient methods of IR data clustering. Based on the fuzzy clustering (FCM, Fuzzy C-Means), we developed an algorithm permitting to automatically and simultaneously optimize the number of clusters K and the fuzzy parameter m. This algorithm was applied to different types of skin cancers such as basal cell carcinomas (BCC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), Bowen's diseases and melanomas and compared with the "hard" clustering methods as K-means (KM) and Analysis by Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The FCM images reveal strong intratumoral heterogeneity for BCC, SCC and melanomas and allow better characterization of the interconnectivity between the tumor and healthy tissue structures. In addition, for some invasive tumors such as SCC, a tumor invasive front is highlighted as well as its connections with the surrounding tissue. In conclusion, all these results highlight the potential of the IR microspectroscopy/fuzzy biometric methods association for characterization of tumor lesions
Fischer, Raphaël. "Analyse vibratoire de la colonne cervicale humaine : Caractérisation et modélisation physique". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/FISCHER_Raphael_2004.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteVizio-Boucard, Nadège. "Élaboration et caractérisation d'hydrogels physiques de chitosane pour la cicatrisation thérapeutique des brûlures". Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10284.
Texto completo da fonteGodbout, Charles. "Blessures tendineuses : pistes de traitement et caractérisation du processus de réparation". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26789/26789.pdf.
Texto completo da fontePineau, Isabelle. "Caractérisation de la réponse inflammatoire suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22396.
Texto completo da fontePalud, Adeline. "Caractérisation des ADN polymérases de Pyrococcus abyssi en présence de matrices ADN endommagées". Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2019.
Texto completo da fonteHyperthermophilic archaea cope with harsh conditions such as high temperatures, pH shifts and ionising radiations. Such environments favour the apparition of DNA lesions, Here, Pyrococcus abyssi (Pab) was used as an attractive model to analyse the impact of DNA lesions onto the maintenance of genome integrity. The 1st part aimed at detecting DNA damages in the genome of Pab and showed that endogenous AP sites and the oxidized DNA base 8-oxo-dG persist at a higher level in Pab genome compared with E. Coli. Under oxydative stress conditions performed in a gas-lift bioreactor, the 8-oxo-dG increasing rate is correlated to the important cell survival diminution, assessing the genotoxic effects of this stress on Pab. The 2nd objective was to unravel the behaviour of the replicative DNA polymerases from Pab, PabpolB (Familly B) and PabpolD (Familly D). In presence of damaged DNA. Both Pabpols are able to bypass 8- oxo-dG and 8-oxo-dA whereas they are blocked by the AP site. Steady-state kinetics reinforced that Pabpols are high-fidelity DNA polymerases onto undamaged DNA. Moreover, Pabpols preferentially inserted dAMP opposite an AP site albeit inefficiently. Their exonuclease function seemed to endow with an important role in the protection against mutagenesis since it acts as a kinetic barrier, preventing misincorporation. The incorporation of the dAMP is also favoured in front of 8-oxo-dG by both Pabpols. However, only Pabpol inserts a dAMP or a dTMP opposite 8-oxo-dA. The biotechnological 3rd part showed that both Pabpols are able to amplify damaged DNA by PCR
Jolivot, Romuald. "Développement d'un outil d'imagerie dédié à l'acquisition, à l'analyse et à la caractérisation multispectrale des lésions dermatologiques". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00695305.
Texto completo da fonteBarcy, Serge. "Caractérisation de la spécificité et des modalités d'activation de lymphocytes T infiltrant les lésions cervicales associées à HPV". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212683.
Texto completo da fonteFoy, Jean-Philippe. "Caractérisation transcriptomique de l’hétérogénéité des lésions à potentiel malin et des carcinomes épidermoïdes HPV-négatifs de la cavité orale". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1086.
Texto completo da fonteOral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), which may develop from oral premalignant lesions (OPL), are associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality. A better understanding of the molecular heterogeneity at different steps of oral carcinogenesis may help to refine prevention and treatment strategies of patients suffering from OPL and OSCC. Our goal was to decipher transcriptomic hetereogeneity of OPL as well as OSCC. Using the 4-NQO murine model of oral carcinogenesis, we first identified transcriptomic signatures that characterized the dynamics of gene expression changes through different stages of disease progression, and that could be relevant for refining prevention strategies. Because this model represents only a subgroup of patients suffering from OSCC, we then investigated inter-OPL molecular heterogeneity. We identified two distinct gene expression subtypes, which were named classical and immunological and were characterized by different biomarkers of cancer risk. At invasive steps, we investigated transcriptomic heterogeneity between HPV-negative OSCC from never-smoker never-drinker (NSND) and smoker drinker (SD) patients. The immune microenvironment was the main biological difference between OSCC from NSND and SD, suggesting higher clinical benefit of immunotherapies in OSCC from NSND. The antiviral gene expression profile of OSCC from NSND could suggest a viral origin.In conclusion, we investigated transcriptomic heterogeneity of OPL as well as OSCC, that could help to refine their prevention and treatment strategies
Béliveau, Lapointe Mariline. "Caractérisation d'un modèle murin déplété en la protéine FANCI : phénotypes méiotiques et comportementaux, et résistance aux aldéhydes". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27874.
Texto completo da fonteFanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive disease associated with a defect in the pathway of DNA double strand breaks repair (FA pathway). These double stranded breaks are caused by crosslinking agents by creating a covalent bond between the two opposite strands and blocking polymerases during DNA replication or transcription. My project’s principal interest is a major protein it this pathway : the FANCI protein. It is described as acting together with FANCD2 protein to recruit DNA repair machinery. We hypothesised that FANCI has an important role in development, in meiosis and that it is implicated in cells’ aldehydes resistance. After the creation of a mouse model depleted in FANCI, with did anxiety and memory behavior tests to deeply characterize our mouse model. Also, results of gonad histologic cuts confirmed mouse sterility. More specifically, we did a meiotic spread and immunofluorescence to see FANCI on meiotic chromosomes. We also treated embryonic fibroblasts with mitomycin C, an exogenous crosslinking agent, and then wanted to check with an endogenous source, like aldehydes, on FANCI depleted human cells. We also observed 53BP1 and γ-H2AX foci formation to check for double strand break accumulation. Behavior tests do not show any significative tendancy. We observe a colocalization between FANCI and the resection marker RPA. Moreover, FANCI depletion gives an aldehyde resistance to cells. 53BP1 and γ-H2AX foci show a population of cells with a very high level of foci and others that have the same amount of foci as the control cells.
Michelet, Pierre. "Dysfonction pulmonaire et ventilation uni-pulmonaire chez le patient à fonction pulmonaire normale : caractérisation des lésions et mesures de correction". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20710.
Texto completo da fonteWe investigated the different effects of one-lung ventilation on healthy lungs. We have demonstrated that the OLV-induced pulmonary dysfunctions were more significant on healthy lung compared with COPD lungs. These results could be partially explained by a better preservation of lung volume related to intrinsic PEEP during and after OLV period. The effectiveness of the PEEP during the OLV period was experimentally confirmed. We have reported the benefit effect of PEEP on lung recruitment and oxygenation for moderate level. The accuracy of double dilution technique for the evaluation of extra vascular lung water as a marker of pulmonary edema in OLV condition and after major pulmonary resection was also ascertained. Based on these previous results, we showed that a ventilatory strategy associating a reduction of tidal volume and a moderate level of PEEP during the OLV period was able to reduce the development of VILI while preserving the oxygenation
Leroy, Christophe. "Isolement et caractérisation des partenaires de RAd53, une protéine kinase essentielle impliquée dans les voies de surveillance en réponse à l'ADN endommagé chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112072.
Texto completo da fonteDNA checkpoints are surveillance pathways that get activated in case of DNA damage or DNA replication blocks. These pathways trigger multiple responses including cell cycle arrest at different phases, or transcriptional activation of genes involved in DNA repair. These pathways are highly conserved among eukaryotes and mutations affecting their components are frequently found in human cancer cells. We have studied two subjects : activation of the DNA checkpoints by oxidative stress and inactivation of these pathways after formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in a model organism, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have analysed oxidative stress as a genotoxic agent. We have shown that treatment with sublethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide brings about DNA lesions and cell cycle blocks at all phases (G1, S or G2/M), but that only the delay induced in S phase is dependent on the DNA checkpoints and coincides with the activation of Rad53, a key-protein of yeast DNA checkpoints, homolog of the human tumor suppressor hChk2. The lack of DNA checkpoint activation by hydrogen peroxide treatment during the G1 and G2 phases is due to the 'silent repair' (unable to activate the checkpoints) of oxidative DNA lesions. These results have shown for the first time a disconnection between lesion appearance and repair, and the activation of the DNA checkpoints. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the presence of a single DSB induced by the HO endonuclease triggers the activation of the DNA checkpoints, which blocks the cell cycle in phase G2/M. Resumption of cell division (i. E. Cell survival) ultimately depends on DNA checkpoint inactivation, which can occur whether the DSB has been repaired (recovery) or not (adaptation). We have identified two PP2C phosphatases, Ptc2 and Ptc3, that are involved in both processes and probably act by ephosphorylating Rad53
Bourdet, Nicolas. "Biomécanique de la colonne cervicale humaine in vivo : Caractérisation modale et modélisation". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13214.
Texto completo da fonteNeybecker, Paul. "Caractérisation et étude des potentialités chondrogéniques des cellules souches mésenchymateuses d’origine synoviale pour le traitement des lésions focales et diffuses du cartilage". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0122.
Texto completo da fonteJoint cartilage is avascular and not innervated, which gives it very limited repair capabilities. Current surgical treatments do not provide repair tissue similar to native cartilage. For many years, research has been focused on cellular and tissue engineering of cartilage depending on the type of lesions to be treated, focal or diffuse. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an interesting cellular source for cartilage engineering. They are easily accessible and have the potential for chondrogenic differentiation. MSCs from bone marrow are the most studied and are the gold-standard. Other MSCs sources of are also very promising. We chose MSCs from the synovial membrane and synovial fluid. These both joint tissues have the advantage of being easily retrievable during arthroscopic examination and their MSCs are adapted to the microenvironment (hypoxia, inflammation) of the joint. This thesis work focused on the study of two cellular sources of synovial origin in the treatment of focal and diffuse cartilage lesions. These synovial-derived MSCs were first characterized according to their phenotypes and their ability to differentiate to the osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic pathways, compared to bone marrow derived MSCs. Then, the chondrogenic capacities of these synovial MSCs to produce a cartilage substitute for the treatment of focal lesions of joint cartilage were studied. The MSCs were seeded in a collagenic biomaterial and different environmental conditions (growth factors and oximetry) were evaluated to define the most appropriate culture conditions. Chondrogenesis has been induced with success by the use of growth factors such as TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 alone or in combination with BMP-2. Hypoxia has not exerted a beneficial effect on matrix synthesis in cartilage substitutes.Finally, we evaluated the ability of CSMs from human synovial fluid to treat diffuse cartilage lesions induced by an anterior cruciate ligament section model in athymic rats. The two intra-articular injections of synovial fluid MSCs, 1 and 2 weeks after surgery did not prevent osteoarthritic lesions
Boutry, Nathalie. "Apport de l'imagerie dans la caractérisation des affections synoviales". Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S029.
Texto completo da fonteThrough recent technological advances, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and high-frequency ultrasound (US) have provided new methods for diagnosing early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and therefore, managing patients. The purpose of my work was threefold: 1. To precise the MR features of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in early RA and to compare MR imaging involvement of MTP joints with that of the hands. Involvement of MTP joints is a classical feature of early RA and can precede involvement of the hands. Until now, there was no relevant reports in the literature about the MR imaging characteristics of the forefeet in early RA. 2. To assess the diagnostic value of MR imaging in patients who present with inflammatory polyarthralgia of the hands. In such a case, diagnosing early RA can be difficult. Moreover, other diagnoses such as systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren syndrome have to be considered by the clinician. The diagnostic value of MR imaging in differentiating patients with true RA from those with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren syndrome was not yet evaluated. 3. To define normal criteria regarding metacacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint anatomy with high-resolution US. Recent technological advances in the field of US have been responsible for great interest. However, the normal anatomy of MCP joints remained unclear. My results are the following: 1. Except the fact that intermetatarsal and submetatarsal bursitis is a common MR finding (63% of cases), MR imaging involvement of MTP joints in patients with early RA is similar to that of hand joints. There is no differences between MCP and MTP joints in terms of bone erosions. When MR evaluation of the hands does not help identify early RA, further evaluation of the MTP joints may be helpful. 2. Except for subchondral edema (which is more frequent within the MCP joints in patients with early RA), it may be impossible to differentiate patients with early RA from those with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren syndrome. 3. High-frequency US provides detailed and reliable assessment of MCP joints. Quantitative data related to synovial structures are also reported. These works enabled us to better precise MR and US features of early RA. They show our collaboration with the Rheumatology and Internal Medicine departments as well as the Anatomic department of our Medicine Faculty. We also collaborate with the Heudiasyc laboratory (UMR CNRS 6599) in order to develop a semiautomatic recognition of RA lesions (ie, synovitis and bone erosions)
Rigoard, Philippe. "Caractérisation physiopathologique, moléculaire et métabolique de la jonction neuromusculaire et du nerf périphérique après lésion du système nerveux central". Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT1405.
Texto completo da fonteJayyosi, Charles. "Caractérisation mécanique et microstructurale du comportement à rupture de la capsule de Glisson pour la prédiction du risque de lésions des tissus hépatiques humains". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10222/document.
Texto completo da fonteCustomized human body models offer a great potential to assess the injury risks in the fields of transport safety, surgery or sport. Various detail levels can then be needed, according to the targeted application. In particular, when the mechanical behavior of biological tissues needs to be accurately reproduced, numerical models have to include information about the structure of the tissue, and model the mechanisms of the response to mechanical loading. The work presented here focuses on the microstructural and mechanical characterization of the human liver capsule, in order to identify the important hypotheses that need to be included in a fibrous tissue constitutive model, based on microstructure. Thus, an experimental methodology has been developed to identify the mechanical behavior of this particular tissue, related with its microstructural organization. Uniaxial tensile tests, as well as bulge tests under a multiphoton confocal microscope have been performed, to observe the microstructure evolution during loading. Macroscopic strain has been assessed, and a method to measure local strain fields has been developed, to quantify the strain state of the fibrous network. The reorganization of the collagen fibers network has also been quantified. An analysis of the links between the measured macroscopic parameters and the microscopic phenomena is given. Therefore, the hypotheses that need to be included in constitutive models are highlighted, with particular consideration given to the affine transformation hypothesis which allows to link the fibers behavior to the global response of the tissue
Nallala, Jayakrupakar. "Caractérisation moléculaire de lésions tumorales par imagerie spectrale infrarouge : implémentation d'un nouveau concept basé sur l'histopathologie spectrale pour le diagnostic du cancer du côlon". Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS032/document.
Texto completo da fonteInnovative cancer diagnostic methods complementary to the gold standard histopathology are the need of the hour. In this perspective, the biophotonic approach of infrared spectral micro-imaging is one of the candidate methods capable of providing a biochemical fingerprint of cells and tissues in a label-free manner. Hence, a novel concept of infrared spectral histopathology of colonic tissues has been implemented in order to identify spectral signatures specific of colon histological structures, and to exploit these signatures to develop a prediction model comprising potential diagnostic markers for rapid and automated colon cancer diagnosis. For this, infrared images of colonic samples (moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and non-tumoral) were acquired using an infrared imaging system. A mathematical deparaffinization was carried out on the spectral images using a modified Extended Multiplicative Signal Correction (EMSC) algorithm. The spectral data was subjected to clustering analysis in order to identify spectral signatures specific of colonic tissues. These signatures were used to develop a robust prediction model which was applied on unknown colonic tissue samples for histopathological identification. The prediction model not only identified the unknown tumoral tissues with 100 % sensitivity, but also some important tumor associated features such as tumor budding and tumor stroma association. Infrared spectral micro-imaging in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis constituting a non-destructive and label-free approach, demonstrates the potential as a novel complementary tool to conventional histopathology for an automated and objective cancer diagnosis
Lafeuille, Pierre. "Prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique des lésions superficielles du tube digestif assistée par les techniques numériques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10292.
Texto completo da fonteDigestive cancers are among the most common cancers, with a high mortality rate. They most often develop from a benign lesion that slowly evolves and eventually becomes cancerous. Organized screening by endoscopy increases the chances of cure, thanks to early detection and treatment. With recent optical advances in endoscopic imaging, a wide variety of lesions can be visualized during colonoscopic examinations. We first demonstrated that, once detected, colorectal lesions need to be characterized in order to predict histology in real time during endoscopy and choose the best therapeutic option for each lesion. Biopsies (targeted or not) are unnecessary and may make subsequent resection more difficult. The many existing classifications have their limitations, however, and we have therefore merged the criteria of all the usual classifications into the CONECCT classification, which in a prospective evaluation demonstrated its good diagnostic performance, enabling appropriate treatment choices to be made for lesions. We then sought to develop the initial CONECCT classification, by adding lesions with a focal zone of deep invasion, showing that diagnostic submucosal dissection is feasible for these lesions, and by adding colonic submucosal lesions, showing that as most are not malignant, they do not warrant advanced endoscopic resection but could benefit from a step-up strategy starting with simple histological sampling with advanced resection for the rare malignant lesions in a second stage. As lesion degeneration is not homogeneous, we sought to improve detection of areas of interest by showing that an area stained green in virtual chromoendoscopy, or green sign, could be associated with a more pejorative lesion histology. All the more so as we have described the difficulty presented by AI systems in detecting flat lesions such as sessile serrated lesions and non-granular laterally spreading tumors. As the characterization of colorectal lesions is essential but very difficult, we then sought to improve the characterization training of French-speaking gastroenterologists, via a working group on a social network, featuring educational videos dedicated to characterization. However, passive use of the group, with a very low degree of user interaction, failed to show any progression among residents over one year. Finally, we have developed a free application on computer and smartphone, enabling collaborative characterization by a trio of experts of 20 colorectal lesions published by 12 gastroenterologists
Baboi, Loredana Maria. "Méthodologie pour l'IRM abdominale du petit animal à champ magnétique élevé : application à la caractérisation de lésions hépatiques sur un modèle murin de tumeurs endocrines". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10033.
Texto completo da fonteAt the moment, the information about the natural history of the hepatic lesions caused by the endocrine tumors is still limited. The experimental model of endocrine tumors with liver dissemination is available. Non-invasive small animal magnetic resonance imaging is of particular interest for the hepatic examination of lesions. In this context, our objective consisted in the evaluation of the detection level and characterization of the liver lesions for an athymic nude-mouse model. An adapted MRI protocol has been developed, based on the T2-weighted sequences and original cardio-respiratory gating strategies. These sequences have been specifically developed and validated along a longitudinal study performed at high magnetic field. Protocol was further improved with the development of additional methods to strongly reduce the acquisition time without contrast losses as well as acquired synchronized T1-weighted image independently of the respiratory period. Finally, an original gating device based on optical fiber has been validated for liver imaging
Zuluaga, tamayo Marisol. "Systèmes hydrophiles antioxydants pour applications cardiovasculaires : synthèse, caractérisation, études in vitro et in vivo". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD041/document.
Texto completo da fonteAn over concentration of reactive oxygen species induces a redox imbalance within the cell inducing oxidative tissue damage and leading to oxidative stress related diseases, particularly cardiovascular pathologies. Astaxanthin, a well-known and studied antioxidant molecule, member of the xanthophyll carotenoid family, presents an important therapeutic potential. However, the chemical structure confers to astaxanthin a hydrophobic character and renders it susceptible to air, light and temperate degradation. During this thesis, a carrier system based on astaxanthin inclusion within hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(CD-A) was developed. We demonstrate that after astaxanthin inclusion, not only its stability was enhanced by also the antioxidant scavenging capabilities were preserved, confirmed by chemical and biological tests. The action of CD-A seems to be mediated by PTEN/AKT, Nrf2/OH1/NQO1 signaling pathways of endothelial cells submitted to oxidative stress. Then, two systems based on PVA/dextran and Pullulan/Dextran loaded within CD-A were evaluated for astaxanthin in situ delivery in the stressed environment. The feasibility of using these systems in the local treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated as a proof of concept. PVA/Dextran patches showed good in vitro compatibility, high mechanical and stability properties, while preserving CD-A antioxidant capabilities, also the path suturability to the cardiac muscle and the in vivo biocompatibility were studied. The second system based on pullulan/dextran scaffolds were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in an ischemic/reperfusion model at different implantation periods. Results showed an inner body defense mechanism to foreign materials. Additionally, the Nrf2 translocation could indicate a protective effect of CD-A in treated tissues. This manuscript provides a support evidence of the therapeutic potential of CD astaxanthin delivery system, to act against oxidative stress linked to cardiovascular conditions
Andre, Thibaud. "Caractérisation des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses médullaires chez les sujets normaux et les patients atteints de myélome multiple: lien avec les lésions ostéolytiques et les réponses au traitement". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209313.
Texto completo da fonteune accumulation de plasmocytes monoclonaux dans la moelle osseuse. Le MM se caractérise par
la nature inéluctable de ses rechutes de plus en plus réfractaires au traitement. Au sein de la moelle
osseuse, les cellules malignes interagissent avec leur microenvironnement notamment composé de
cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM). Les CSM apportent un soutien aux cellules
plasmocytaires (PC) malignes via des interactions cellulaires directes (VLA-4, VCAM-1, CD44,…)
ou par la production de cytokines (IL-6, SDF1, VEGF,…). De ces interactions résulte l’apparition
d’altérations constitutives au sein des MM-CSM telles qu’une production réduite de dépôts de
calcium et une augmentation de la sécrétion de nombreux facteurs (IL-6, GDF-15, etc.).
L’objectif de ce travail est de mieux caractériser les anomalies constitutives (génomiques,
prolifératives, immunomodulatrices, etc.) des MM-CSM et d'évaluer l’impact des traitements reçus
par les patients sur ces anomalies. Ces analyses permettront de mieux définir le rôle des CSM dans
la physiopathologie et la progression de la maladie afin de mettre en évidence d’éventuelles cibles
thérapeutiques.
Compte tenu de l’altération de nombreux acteurs du cycle cellulaire mise en évidence par
notre analyse du profil d’expression génique des MM-CSM après comparaison avec celui des CSM
de donneurs sains (DS-CSM), nous avons décidé d’étudier leurs capacités prolifératives. Nos
observations démontrent que a) les MM-CSM sont caractérisées par une réduction de leur
clonogénicité et par un temps de doublement plus important par rapport aux DS-CSM b) l’entrée
précoce des MM-CSM en sénescence est confirmée par l'augmentation drastique du nombre de
cellules exprimant la « senescence-associated β-galactosidase », par l’augmentation de la taille
cellulaire, par l’expression spécifique de membres du « senescence-associated secretory profile »
(SASP) et par la surexpression de TP53 et TP21, deux facteurs importants du cycle cellulaire et de
la sénescence c) l’ostéoblastogenèse des MM-CSM est altérée en raison de ce processus de
sénescence, à savoir, une réduction de la production de calcium et une hausse précoce de l’activité
de la phosphatase alcaline des MM-CSM par rapport aux DS-CSM d) l’activité de support à
l’hématopoïèse des MM-CSM est augmentée (« increased Blast-Colony Forming Cells and LongTerm Culture Initiating Cells »).
Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, on s’est intéressée plus particulièrement aux capacités
immunomodulatrices des MM-CSM. Nous avons observé, par réaction mixte lymphocytaire et
stimulation mitogénique (PHA/IL-2), a) une réduction de l’inhibition de la prolifération des
lymphocytes T activés en présence de MM-CSM par rapport aux DS-CSM b) une inversion du ratio
Th17/Treg lorsque des lymphocytes T activés sont cultivés en présence de MM-CSM par rapport
aux DS-CSM ;les mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans ces altérations ont été investigués c)
les MM-CSM présentaient une expression anormale du CD40/40L, VCAM1, ICAM-1, LFA-3
HLA-DR et HLA-ABC et des taux d’IL-6 et d’IL-10 altérés ont été mesuré dans le milieu de
culture lorsque les lymphocytes T activés étaient cultivés en présence de MM-CSM par rapport aux
DS-CSM.
Nos résultats suggèrent que les MM-CSM entrent précocement en sénescence avec de
profondes altérations de leurs propriétés biologiques et notamment leur capacités
d'immunomodulation et de différenciation ostéogénique. Nous concluons que l’entrée en
sénescence des MM-CSM pourrait être à l’origine d’une altération du microenvironnement tumoral
qui favoriserait rechutes et résistances aux traitements.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Arab, Tanina. "Caractérisation des vésicules extracellulaires (VEs) d’origine microgliale et mise en évidence de leur effet neurotrophique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1S100/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn Mammals, microglial cells are considered as the resident immune cells in central nervous system (CNS). Many studies demonstrated that, after injury, these cells are activated and recruited at the lesion site. Leech microglia presents a similar pattern of microglial activation and migration upon experimental lesion of its CNS. This activation is associated with the release of a large amount of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). EVs are small particles produced by numerous cell types and found in several biological fluids including saliva, urine, breast milk, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ... Their size fluctuates between 30 nm and 1 µm in diameter. Depending on their cell origin, two EVs populations are reported: exosomes are described to be endosomales vesicles, while microvesicles are generated after plasma membrane shedding. The main goal of this work was to isolate microglia EVs released in primery culture. For this purpose, microglial cells were separated from neurons after leech CNS dissociation. After four days, EVs were isolated from conditionned medium and their protein content was investigated by mass spectrometry analyses. In the other hand, EVs were assessed for their potential to induce neuritite outgrowth on both leech neurons and mammal neuroblastoma cell lines
Gory, Benjamin. "Caractérisation IRM d’un modèle murin d’ischémie-reperfusion cérébrale induit par cathétérisme de l’artère cérébrale moyenne et évaluation du post-conditionnement à la Cyclosporine A". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1208/document.
Texto completo da fonteEarly and complete reperfusion is the most effective therapy to limit the extent of brain infarction. The treatment of acute anterior ischemic stroke has been revolutionized by the intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy allowing a 70% recanalization rate and a significant reduction of morbidity compared with thrombolysis alone. The prognosis of basilar artery occlusion remains catastrophic, and to date any trial has demonstrated the benefit of intra-arterial approach. In the first part of the work, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all previous studies of stent retriever thrombectomy in basilar artery occlusion patients between November 2010 and April 2014: recanalization (TICI≥2b)=81% (95% CI: 73-87); symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage at 24 hours=4% (95% CI 2-8); favorable neurological outcome (mRS≤2 at 3 months)=42% (95% CI: 36-48); mortality=30%(95% CI 25-36). Intra-arterial approach opens new avenues for the developement of treatments for brain infarction, but a relevant animal model of acute ischemic stroke is required for preclinical evaluation. In the second part of the work, we evaluated the spatiotemporal evolution of cerebral ischemia by sequential multimodal MRI in a new minimally invasive model of transient focal ischemia by selective intra-arterial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rat. A complete occlusion of the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery was observed in 75% of 16 operated rats, and a mismatch diffusion/perfusion in 77% of cases. Acute stroke volume during arterial occlusion was 90±64 mm3 on diffusion-weighted imaging, and 57±67 mm3 at 24 hours on T2-weighted imaging. Recanalization is associated with tissue reperfusion in 36% of cases. The hypoperfusion persisted in the majority of animals 3 hours after recanalization. Brain infarction was cortical in 31%, striatal in 25%, and corticalstriatal in 44% of cases. All animals were alive at 24 hours, confirming the minimally invasive nature of the model. Although reperfusion saves a portion of ischemic tissue, it also carries specific irreversible damage, called reperfusion injury, in addition to initial damage caused by ischemia. Limiting the size of infarction is a major objective. In the third part, we tested the neuroprotective effect of Cyclosporine A in reducing the lesion volume and functional outcome. A total of 48 adult rats underwent the intra-arterial ischemia reperfusion procedure, and were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (control, preconditioning, intravenous and intra-arterial postconditioning with Cyclosporine A). Intravenous or intra arterial injection of Cyclosporine A at reperfusion does not either reduce the volume of stroke or improve the neurological outcome. Administation of Cyclosporin A at reperfusion does not limit the extension of reperfusion injuries within the ischemic risk area at 24 hours
Vejux, Anne. "Caractérisation des figures myéliniques associées à l'accumulation de lipides polaires induites par différents oxystérols cytotoxiques identifiés dans les lésions athéromateuses : étude des relations entre apoptose et métabolisme des lipides". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00168283.
Texto completo da fonteLe travail réalisé a été effectué sur des cellules monocytaires humaines U937 et THP-1, aortiques de rat A7R5 et carcinomateuses humaines MCF-7 (déficientes en caspase-3). Différents oxystérols, présents en quantité importante dans les lésions athéromateuses, ont été utilisés (7-cétocholestérol (7KC), 7Β-hydroxycholestérol, 25-hydroxycholestérol, cholestérol-5Α, 6Α-epoxide, cholestérol-5Β, 6Β-epoxide) ainsi que du cholestérol.
La première partie du travail a montré que la mort cellulaire induite par le 7KC est un phénomène complexe présentant des caractéristiques apoptotiques accompagnées d'une synthèse de structures multilamellaires cytoplasmiques appelées corps myéliniques visualisés par microscopie électronique à transmission. La synthèse rapide de ces structures précède les effets cytotoxiques : chute du potentiel membranaire mitochondrial, augmentation de la perméabilité à l'iodure de propidium et modifications de la morphologie nucléaire (condensation, fragmentation, gonflement des noyaux). L'isolement de ces structures par ultracentrifugation après coloration à la monodansylcadavérine (fluorochrome lysosomotropique acide) ou au Nile Red (fluorescence jaune en présence de lipides neutres et rouge en présence de lipides polaires) a permis de montrer qu'elles sont riches en lipides polaires (sphingomyéline, phosphatidylcholine) et en cholestérol et qu'elles accumulent le 7KC. Au sein de ces corps myéliniques, une co-localisation du 7KC avec les lipides polaires a été démontrée par la technique de FRET réalisée par microscopie confocale mono- et bi-photonique. Les caractéristiques morphologiques et biochimiques des figures myéliniques ont permis d'établir que le 7-cétocholestérol est un puissant inducteur de phospholipidose.
Compte tenu des modifications lipidiques spatiotemporelles, quantitatives et qualitatives, induites par le 7KC et révélé par le Nile Red, la seconde partie du travail a précisé les relations entre la mort cellulaire, la synthèse de corps myéliniques, l'accumulation de lipides polaires et l'activité caspase. Avec les différents oxystérols étudiés, les corps myéliniques ne sont observés qu'avec des composés cytotoxiques (7KC, 7Β-hydroxycholestérol, cholestérol-5Β, 6Β-epoxide) et leur synthèse est indépendante d'activité caspase. En revanche, l'accumulation de lipides polaires induite par le 7KC est inhibée en présence de z-VAD-fmk (inhibiteurs de caspases large spectre) et de z-VDVAD-fmk (inhibiteur de caspase-2). Certaines caspases et en particulier la caspase-2 pourraient contribuer à l'accumulation de lipides polaires.
La troisième partie du travail a conduit à étudier les effets de la Vitamine-E (VitE) sur la mort cellulaire induite par le 7KC en raison de ses propriétés anti-apoptotiques et anti-oxydantes. La VitE protège de la mort cellulaire induite par le 7KC. Les effets protecteurs pourraient en partie être dus à la capacité de la VitE à maintenir fonctionnelle la voie PI3-K/c-Akt en s'opposant aux déphosphorylations de PDK-1 et de c-Akt, et en préservant l'activité PI3-K. Par ailleurs, la VitE s'oppose aux modifications lipidiques au niveau de la membrane cytoplasmique et à l'accumulation de lipides polaires. La VitE réduit aussi la dégradation de la pro-forme de la caspase-2L et augmente les taux d'ARNm correspondants.
Ces travaux montrent des relations entre la mort cellulaire induite par des oxystérols et le métabolisme des lipides. Ils révèlent aussi que la VitE protège de la mort induite par le 7KC en agissant au niveau de la voie PI3-K/c-Akt. Par ailleurs, la VitE s'oppose aux modifications lipidiques membranaires et cytoplasmiques associées à la mort cellulaire induite par le 7KC.
Dousset, Vincent. "Imagerie par transfert de magnétisation : application in vivo à l'étude des tissus cérébraux normaux et à la caractérisation des lésions de sclérose en plaques et d'encéphalomyélyte allergique aiguë expérimentale". Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR23082.
Texto completo da fonteKhalfa, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation des asymétries fonctionnelles de l'appareil auditif périphérique chez l'humain : relations avec la spécialisation hémisphérique ?" Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T181.
Texto completo da fonteRegulus, Peggy. "Détection, caractérisation et mesure d'un nouveau dommage radio-induit de l'ADN isolé cellulaire". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134380.
Texto completo da fonteBoidin, Céline. "Caractérisation et étude fonctionnelle des acteurs de la réponse immunitaire du système nerveux de la sangsue : Hirudo medicinalis". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10138/document.
Texto completo da fonteFollowing trauma, the central nervous system (CNS) of the medicinal leech, unlike the mammalian CNS, has a strong capacity to regenerate neurites and synaptic connections that restore normal function. Our team demonstrated that this regenerative process is enhanced by a controlled bacterial infection. As a first step of my PhD, the interaction between the activation of a neuroimmune response and the process of regeneration were explored by studying the role of three effectors newly characterized from the leech nerve cord: two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Hm lumbricin and neuromacin) and one cytokine-like named Hm-EMAPII. Altogether the obtained results allowed reporting for the first time (i) the neuronal synthesis associated with a neurotrophic effect of AMPs and (ii) the ability of EMAPII to exert chemoattractant effect towards both leech and human microglial cells giving a function to this cytokine in the human SNC. Indeed, even if EMAPII is described as a marker of microglial cell reactivity in injured human brain, its function in the neural immunity has not been yet elucidated. As a second step of my PhD, the close contact of the blood with the nerve cord conducted us to explore the participation of blood in neural repair in our model. Our data evidenced that in addition of exerting peripheral immune functions, leech blood optimizes CNS neural repair through the release of neurotrophic substances. Circulating blood cells appeared also able to infiltrate the injured CNS where, in conjunction with microglia, they limit the formation of a scar. In mammals, CNS injury conducts to the generation of a glial scar that blocks the mechanism of regeneration by preventing axonal regrowth. The results presented here constitute the first description of neuroimmune functions of invertebrate blood cells. Altogether these studies introduce the leech CNS as an interesting model for studying the implication of immune molecules in neural repair
Molenaar, Ciska. "Caractérisation biomécanique du transfert latéral chez la personne vivant avec une lésion de la moelle épinière : influence de facteurs environnementaux". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0032/document.
Texto completo da fontePeople living with spinal cord injury (SCI) depend on a wheelchair for daily life mobility. One of the most strenuous activities associated with wheelchair use is the performance of lateral sitting transfers, needed to get in and out of their wheelchair. Through the high demand on the upper extremities and many repetitions, this activity exposes people living with SCI to injury risks, between which the development of musculoskeletal disorders and traumatic lesions due to falls. This PhD thesis aims to evaluate the exposure to these risks during parallel lateral sitting transfers, and more in particular how the environment might influence this exposure. The evaluation realized uses instruments for human movement analysis (motion capture, force plates and electromyography) to calculate joint angles, external and internal mechanical efforts, muscular activation and postural control strategies used to perform transfers. A statistical analysis of the results determines the modifications induced by the use and the height of an armrest. The results are synthesized and combined to generate an integrative conclusion on the injury exposure risk during transfers realized by people living with SCI
Cloutier, Jean-François. "Caractérisation et distribution des dommages à l'ADN induits par les Métabolites réactifs de la 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone spécifique à la fumée de tabac". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17778.
Texto completo da fonteLescot, Thomas. "Caractérisation d'un modèle de traumatisme crânien en imagerie et spectroscopie par résonance magnétique : application à l'étude des effets de l'inhibition de la poly(ADP-ribose)polymérase". Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P615.
Texto completo da fonteTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Mechanical forces trigger a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to cause cerebral edema. Recent evidence supports a crucial role for matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in BBB disruption and vasogenic edema formation after (TBI). Sveral arguments suggest a contribution of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in the neuroinflammatory response leading to MMP-9 activation. As the first part of the study, we performed a detailed in vivo assessment of the brain lesions induced in rats by lateral fluid percussion. We studied the time-course of edema (24, 48, 7 days) using T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MR imaging and we measured concomitant alterations in metabolites using 1H-MRS. In cortical area, cytotoxic edema appeared to be the major contributor to posttraumatic swelling and was associated with biochimical alteration suggesting cellular disturbances. In the ipsilateral subcortical region, we reported persistent biochemical alterations without concomitant MRI evidence of edema. As the second part of the study, we evaluated the effect of PARP inhibition by 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), on MMP-9 upregulation, BBB dysfunction, and edema formation after lateral fluid percussion-induced TBI in rats. Our main findings are that PARP inhibition by 3-AB diminished the BBB dysfunction associated with proMMP-9 upregulation, diminished the increase in “free” water content induced by TBI in the ipsilateral cortex 6 hours after injury and improved neurological function during the first 24 h after TBI. These data suggest that PARP inhibition by 3-AB protected the BBB against hyperpermeability induced by MMP-9 upregulation, thereby decreasing edema formation, 6 hours after TBI. Furthermore, our data confirm the neuroprotective effect of 3-AB at the very acute phase of TBI
Rambaud, Fabienne. "Caractérisation, Analyse et Modélisation statistiques de fragments osseux crâniens pour la prédiction de paramètres mécaniques lésionnels". Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00290942.
Texto completo da fonteCette thèse est une contribution à l'amélioration de la connaissance du comportement mécanique des os crâniens, en particulier dans le contexte accidentologique.
Les mécanismes de fractures du crâne ont été étudiés par un grand nombre de chercheurs. De multiples techniques et approches ont été élaborées pour la modélisation du comportement mécanique des os crâniens ; ces modèles ne permettent cependant pas de pallier aux problèmes de dispersions inter et intra individuelles propres aux sujets humains.
Dans un premier temps, selon un protocole expérimental, 289 éprouvettes prélevées sur différentes zones osseuses de 17 calottes crâniennes humaines sont testées en essais de flexion trois points quasi-statiques. La force de rupture obtenue à partir des courbes effort/déplacement représente le paramètre mécanique à prédire dans nos modèles statistiques. A partir de mesures morphométriques obtenues par analyse d'images et tests expérimentaux, 15 paramètres morphométriques et densitométriques sont définis pour chaque éprouvette.
Ensuite, une analyse de données exploratoire multidimensionnelle est réalisée sur le tableau de données préalablement fuzzifiées. Cette analyse a permis de nous orienter sur les liaisons linéaires et non linéaires existant entre les paramètres. Des régressions multiples linéaires et curvilinéaires sont réalisées par ajustement des paramètres jugés pertinents. Les modèles sont choisis par la méthode de validation croisée, et par une étude complète de diagnostic des résidus.
L'élaboration de modèles statistiques a permis, selon un sexe et une classe d'âge, de prédire le comportement mécanique de fragments osseux crâniens soumis à des sollicitations de flexion quasi-statique de manière personnalisée.
Pionnier, Raphaël. "Caractérisation biomécanique des différents mécanismes impliqués dans l'instabilité chronique de la cheville". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0033/document.
Texto completo da fonteChronic Ankle Instability (CAI) is a possible functional complication consecutive to a lateral ankle sprain and is defined by a feeling of ankle “giving way”, subjectively described, which corresponds to a flinch of this joint during its loading. In order to improve CAI characterization, it is important to submit objectives measures.The objective of this work is to globally assess the different mechanisms involved in CAI, during several functional tasks. A comparison between asymptomatic subjects and subjects with CAI is made about functional abilities.Results highlight several characteristic mechanisms that attest of an increase of ankle sprain and lateral instabilities risks. These mechanisms affect postural control of people complaining CAI, and result in an alteration of proprioceptive system, useful in movement and positioning regulation of body segments, and an alteration of muscular system, which generates force and stabilizes the ankle joint. Central adaptations illustrating a protective strategy against prospective traumatic movements are also suggested by the results.Tests used in this work can provide objective information about CAI to the therapists. Efficiency of these tests to characterize CAI is demonstrated, but they could also be used as an initial or final diagnostic during a rehabilitation program. Indeed, these new information can complete the patient historic and could adduce an objective regard to the characterization of a pathology initially described subjectively by the patient
Luet, Carole. "Caractérisation du sous-marinage chez l'occupant de véhicule en choc frontal". Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00904407.
Texto completo da fonteMontava, Marion. "Traumatisme de l'os temporal : de la caractérisation biomécanique à la régénération du nerf facial". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5064/document.
Texto completo da fonteTemporal bone fracture is a frequent pathology insufficiently studied on terms of biomechanical, and poorly managed on terms of therapeutic. The biomechanical complexity and the clinical polymorphism of temporal bone trauma were analysed in this study. Our dynamic was to zoom from patient with temporal bone trauma to lesional process of temporal bone fracture. A prospective database of patients with temporal bone fracture was initiated to analyse sequelae and their impact on quality of life. An experimental study of temporal bone trauma was conducted to bring data in biomechanical characterization of temporal bone. In addition, a finite element model of the temporal bone was designed, and a lateral impact was simulated. The regeneration of traumatized facial nerve was studied, and a therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 (cholécalciférol) was evaluated with animal experimental study. Our results showed that an improvement of temporal fracture prevention is necessary by promoting the use of helmets and improvements in helmet design as part of cycling practice. This prevention must base on biomechanical characterization of temporal bone trauma with experimental and numerical approach. Vitamin D3 increases significantly functional recovery and myelination in an animal model of facial nerve trauma. It paves further the way for clinical trials. The frequency of cochleovestibular sequelae after temporal bone fracture and their impact on quality of life demonstrate the importance of, and the need for, on-going follow up with a multidisciplinary management
Boudenot, Arnaud. "Caractérisation de l'os sous chondral : du traumatisme du genou à la gonathrose : étude chez l’homme et dans un modèle expérimental : effets de l’activité physique". Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2072/document.
Texto completo da fonteKnee injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament rupture, occur frequently in sport or exercise. Mid-term or long-term consequence is an early osteoarthritis. If physical activity can be indirectly the cause of development of this disease, it is also a form of non-pharmacological therapy. The effects of exercise will be studied both in humans and animals at different osteoarthritis severity stages on various parameters. Knee osteoarthritis is a disease that is characterized by many changes in the structure of the joint. Thus, the subchondral bone is particularly involved in the initiation or progression of osteoarthritis. Diagnostic methods usually employed, will be complemented by the analysis of trabecular bone organization, analysis of bone mineral density, microscopic analysis of osteocytes and their lacunae in which they are embedded. Our results show that exercise has positive effects on subchondral bone with better control of the mineralization probably through an increase in the viability of osteocytes
Podwojewski, Florence. "Caractérisation biomécanique globale de la paroi abdominale saine, lésée et réparée : de l’ex vivo à l’in vivo". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10270.
Texto completo da fonteData on the biomechanical behaviour of the abdominal wall are limited. This lack of knowledge is a limiting factor for the development of numerical models of this anatomical area. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to provide quantitative data on the biomechanical behaviour of the abdominal wall, adopting a global experimental approach ranging from ex vivo to in vivo. As a first step, a protocol for ex vivo characterization is develop and validated on porcine specimens and then applied to human anatomical specimens. This protocol allows testing a same abdominal wall under two loading types (pressure and contact) in the elastic range. It also enables to assess the influence of an incision and of a repair with a surgical implant on the mechanical response. Measurements by 3D digital image correlation performed simultaneously on the internal and external surfaces quantify differences in strain distribution of the abdominal wall. As a second step, in vivo examinations on volunteers enable to take into account muscle activity. A local stiffness is thus assessed for various physiological activities. This stiffness increases with the level of muscle contraction and reaches on average six times the stiffness at rest. In conclusion, this research proposes a methodology to better understand the global mechanical behaviour of the abdominal wall. This methodology can now be used in order to study the influence of the different components of the abdominal wall. Beyond this thesis, these data will contribute to the construction and validation of a numerical model of the abdominal wall
Wateau, Océane. "Mise au point et caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un modèle d'ischémie-reperfusion cérébrale chez le Macaque cynomolgus A non-human primate model of stroke reproducing endovascular thrombectomy and allowing long-term imaging and neurological read-outs". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC401.
Texto completo da fonteStroke is a devastating disease and is one of the first causes worldwide of acquired disability. Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy is dramatically changing the management of acute ischemic stroke, allowing a quick reperfusion of hypoperfused tissues and reducing the size of the final infarct. Although reperfusion is undoubtedly beneficial, it can also cause irreversible tissue damage. Therefore, the development of so-called neuroprotective strategies is essential to counteract these deleterious events. In this context, relevant experimental models are required for testing new therapies and addressing important questions about infarct progression despite successful recanalization, reversibility of ischemic lesions, blood-brain barrier disruption, reperfusion damage all with the goal of improving functional recovery post-infarction. During my thesis, we developed a minimally invasive non-human primate model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (Macaca fascicularis) based on an endovascular approach allowing transient occlusion and recanalization of the middle cerebral artery and its reperfusion. The first part of my work was devoted to the development of the occlusion method and the neurofunctional monitoring of animals thanks to the use of three tools that I developed: a neurological evaluation scale, a hand dexterity task and a delayed response task. In the second part of my work, I validated and characterized the newly developed model. We have thus succeeded in evaluating the brain damages per- and post-occlusion by innovative imaging methods (multiparametric PET-MRI) as well as assessing the long-term neurological deficits of the animals. This new model, similar to the clinical reality, is an essential and innovative tool for the search for therapeutic targets to improve the effectiveness of treatments in the new era of mechanical thrombectomy
Ly, Elodie. "Caractérisations des lésions cutanées par microspectroscopies optiques vibrationnelles : applications ex vivo et in vivo". Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMP202.
Texto completo da fonteMessé, Arnaud. "Caractérisation de la relation structure-fonction dans le cerveau humain à partir de données d'IRM fonctionnelle et de diffusion : méthodes et applications cognitive et clinique". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845014.
Texto completo da fontePineau, Isabelle. "Caractérisation de la réponse inflammatoire suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26055/26055.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBlandeau, Mathias. "Modélisation et caractérisation de la stabilité en position assise chez les personnes vivant avec une lésion de la moelle épinière". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0021/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe ability to maintain stability in an unsupported sitting position often becomes challenging after an individuals is affected by a spinal cord injury (SCI). In order to better understand sitting postural control as a combination of active, passive and neuronal contribution, a modelling approach is chosen. Two problems arise; first of all, existing models of sitting control are very scarse and inapplicable to people living with a SCI who will use their upper in a compensatory strategy to balance their trunk. Moreover, the majority of biomechanical models nonlinear equations are linearized with small angle hypothesis for an easier processing which is not acceptable when movements become large. Recent advances in nonlinear control theory provide the theoretical tools for the creation of nonlinear observers using the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy formalism. This work aims at the study of postural control for people living with a SCI by use of nonlinear tools from control theory; three main goals are formulated: 1. Creating new nonlinear biomechanical models aiming at the study of sitting stability of people living with SCI. 2. Using tools coming from nonlinear control theory to estimate model unmeasured variable 3. Improve the current knowledge on stability for people living with a SCI by estimating internal efforts depending on personal parameters in experimental conditions. The models created in this manuscript are, to the best of our knowledge, the first to consider the upper limbs displacement for the control of sitting stability and the first biomechanical models to use the recent advances in nonlinear control theory for the estimation of unmeasured variables