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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Cannabis products"
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Fernandes, César Eduardo, José Eduardo Lutaif Dolci, Leonardo Sobral Navarro, Marcelo Allevato, Clóvis Francisco Constantino, Rodrigo Pastor Alves Pereira, Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder, Flávia Torino e Wanderley Marques Bernardo. "Cannabis products: medical use". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 69, n.º 3 (março de 2023): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.2023d693.
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Ablin, J., P. A. Ste-Marie, M. Schäfer, W. Häuser e M. A. Fitzcharles. "Medical use of cannabis products". Der Schmerz 30, n.º 1 (14 de janeiro de 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00482-015-0083-4.
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Atapattu, Sanka N., e Kevin R. D. Johnson. "Pesticide analysis in cannabis products". Journal of Chromatography A 1612 (fevereiro de 2020): 460656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460656.
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Ličanin, Ifeta, e Amira Redžić. "Psycho-Social Characteristics of Cannabis Abusing Youth". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 5, n.º 1 (20 de fevereiro de 2005): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2005.3339.
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It is a well known fact that drug abuse is most common in early adolescence. The most popular substances among youth are cannabis products (made from Cannabis sativa L., Cannaba-ceae). The majority of heroin and cocaine addicts have started with marijuana. The aim of this study is to show some psycho-social characteristics of adolescents who abuse cannabis. Research conducted during the year 2001 was epidemiological and prospective. The study group included 600 adolescents of equal gender and age distribution. Q 2000 questionnaire was used, as a comprehensive tool for all aspects of adolescent life. The results show strong peer impact on one’s behavior. Youth who use cannabis had 2-3 friends of the same behavior, compared to others who had none. We found positive correlation between life stressful events and cannabis abuse. We also noticed tendency to delinquent behavior related to cannabis abuse (35%).
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Philips, Elisabeth, Simon Erridge e Mikael H. Sodergren. "Cannabis-based medicinal products: a clinical guide". British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 18, n.º 4 (2 de agosto de 2022): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2022.18.4.170.
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Cannabis sativa L has a long history as a medicinal plant, dating back more than two millennia. Preclinical studies using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have increased the understanding of this plant and its importance in providing therapeutic strategies for a variety of conditions. The cannabis plant comprises hundreds of different active compounds with potential therapeutic properties, with cannabinoids being the main class of active compounds. Recent drug development has produced cannabinoid-rich cannabis-based medicinal products, which were legalised in November 2018 in the UK. They are increasingly prescribed for conditions, including multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and chronic pain. This article aims to review the current literature on the therapeutic effects and applications of the two main cannabinoids found in cannabis-based medicinal products.
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Atkins, Patricia L. "Sample Processing and Preparation Considerations for Solid Cannabis Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2019): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0203.
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Abstract Background: The nascent cannabis industry is often challenged by a lack of guidance, unproven methodologies and conflicting legal challenges. The actual sampling and sample preparationof cannabis can be a difficult endeavor due the economic value, material complexity and heterogeneous nature of a plant based material. Objective: Examine the challenges of cannabis material sampling and sample processing as it relates toother similar materials. Method: In this paper, the complexity of sampling and samplepreparation are reviewed for use in the cannabis industry. The mechanisms for sample processing are examined and compared for the best preparation techniques for targeted analytes in cannabis analysis. Results: Cryogenic grinding is one of the best methods for sample processing for the preservation of volatile compounds. Conclusions: Proper sampling techniques and procedures, including the use of standards, ensure homogeneity and improve analysis accuracy. Highlights: Methods of sample processing and preparation for cannabis plant material were examined to ensure homogeneity, accuracy and reproducibility.
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Allem, Jon-Patrick, Patricia Escobedo e Likhit Dharmapuri. "Cannabis Surveillance With Twitter Data: Emerging Topics and Social Bots". American Journal of Public Health 110, n.º 3 (março de 2020): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305461.
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Objectives. To use publicly accessible data from people who post to Twitter to rapidly capture and describe the public’s recent experiences with cannabis. Methods. We obtained Twitter posts containing cannabis-related terms from May 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018. We used methods to distinguish between posts from social bots and nonbots. We used text classifiers to identify topics in posts (n = 60 861). Results. Prevalent topics of posts included using cannabis with mentions of cannabis initiation, processed cannabis products, and health and medical with posts suggesting that cannabis could help with cancer, sleep, pain, anxiety, depression, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Polysubstance use was a common topic with mentions of cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, LSD, meth, mushrooms, and Xanax along with cannabis. Social bots regularly made health claims about cannabis. Conclusions. Findings suggest that processed cannabis products, unsubstantiated health claims about cannabis products, and the co-use of cannabis with legal and illicit substances warrant considerations by public health researchers in the future.
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White, Alice E., Christine Van Tubbergen, Brianna Raymes, Alexandra Elyse Contreras e Elaine J. Scallan Walter. "Cannabis-Infused Edible Products in Colorado: Food Safety and Public Health Implications". American Journal of Public Health 110, n.º 6 (junho de 2020): 790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305601.
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Cannabis-infused “edibles” are a popular means of cannabis use, and the variety of edible food products available to consumers continues to grow. Although there has been much discussion on dose standardization, childproof packaging, and the prevention of overconsumption, the important topic of food safety has received less attention. We discuss potential food safety hazards associated with cannabis-infused edible food products, drawing on examples from Colorado, and describe edible-associated foodborne illness outbreaks and other contamination events. It is important for public health agencies, particularly environmental health and enteric disease programs, to be familiar with the cannabis industry, including regulatory partners, signs and symptoms of cannabis ingestion, the scope of edible products sold and consumed, and the food safety risks unique to cannabis products.
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Evoy, Richard, e Laurel Kincl. "Evaluation of Pesticides Found in Oregon Cannabis from 2016 to 2017". Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, n.º 7 (17 de outubro de 2019): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz075.
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Abstract Pesticide use and worker exposures to pesticides in the US cannabis industry have not been studied due to cannabis being illegal at the federal level. Without knowing the types of pesticides being used in this industry, it is difficult to assess whether workers are being exposed to potentially dangerous pesticides. When recreational cannabis became legal in the state of Oregon in 2014, the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) published a list of recommended pesticides for use in the cannabis industry and developed the state's pesticide testing regulations for all cannabis products, medicinal and recreational. Using the state's pesticide testing data, the aim of this study was to investigate the types of pesticides being used in the Oregon cannabis industry and if they present a hazard to cannabis workers. Both recreational and medicinal cannabis samples contained high levels of residual pesticides and pesticides not legally allowed to be used on cannabis products. Medicinal cannabis products were found to have mean levels of residual pesticides that were 3–12 times higher than recreational products. Nine of the 50 pesticides identified were classified highly or extremely hazardous by the World Health Organization.
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De Briyne, Nancy, Danny Holmes, Ian Sandler, Enid Stiles, Dharati Szymanski, Sarah Moody, Stephan Neumann e Arturo Anadón. "Cannabis, Cannabidiol Oils and Tetrahydrocannabinol—What Do Veterinarians Need to Know?" Animals 11, n.º 3 (20 de março de 2021): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030892.
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As cannabis-derived products have become more available, veterinarians are seeing more cases of toxicosis. In addition, animal owners are having an increasing interest in using these products for their pets. This review looks at the situation in Europe and North America, the different types of cannabis and cannabis-derived products with historical examples of use in animals, and the cannabis industry. The existing regulatory framework for use in humans and animals as medicines and/or supplements was examined. Finally, a review of the clinical indications for which medicinal cannabis is authorised, a discussion of toxicosis, and recommendations and warnings around medical cannabis use are presented.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Cannabis products"
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Lee, Tiah. "Cannabis Metabolomics: Comparison of Cannabis Products and Effect of Vaporization". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39706.
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Cannabis is widely consumed medically and recreationally due to the presence of cannabinoids, but the phytochemical complexity of different varieties and preparations is a major knowledge gap. This thesis investigated the phytochemicals present in thirteen different cannabis strains using untargeted and targeted phytochemical analysis to determine “strain” differences in cannabis tinctures and oils. In addition, the phytochemical differences between different oil products, namely oils extracted by ethanol and CO2 supercritical fluid, were also determined to evaluate different processing methods. It was found that inter-strain variability was more significant than the preparation methods due to the strain-specific presence of major cannabinoids, specifically THCA and CBDA. Furthermore, a processing step like drying removed phytochemicals contributing to strain differences, most notably terpenes. The results suggested that consumers can expect different strains and products to have different chemical profiles, as CO2 oils were found to be more chemically consistent across products than tinctures.
Cannabis can be consumed in many different ways, and one popular mode of delivery is vaporization. Vaporization extracts active principles of cannabis with heated gas and could lead to a different phytochemical profile compared to the original flower counterpart. Consequently, the product label based on the raw material may not be representative of what is phytochemically available during consumption. The results of this study showed a reduction in available chemicals after vaporizing flower and oils, and little new chemical formation through this process. Decarboxylated cannabinoids were the most significant contributors to differences between pre and post-vaporized samples, and different phytochemistry composition was observed after vaporization. The results also demonstrated that vaporization reduces inter-strain and inter-product chemical diversity, but the content of the vapor can still be affected by the strain used. Furthermore, it showed that vaporization could extract phytochemicals differently from oils than flower material.
This thesis provides a new understanding of phytochemical differences, extraction and vaporization processes of cannabis, and provides novel insights into cannabis for producers and consumers. Understanding the differences in chemical content of different types of concentrates can better inform producers and consumers about the products they make, sell and use. In addition, this thesis supports the use of vaporization as a harm reduction method for the consumption of cannabis, and increases understanding of cannabis vaporization. The information from this thesis contributes novel insights into cannabis research and provides a foundation for further studies.
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Seneca, Michael J. "Meta-Analysis of Herbal Cannabis Therapy for Chronic Pain". UNF Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/503.
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Since the first so-called “medical marijuana” legislation was passed in California in 1996, a total of twenty states and the District of Columbia have passed laws permitting limited use of cannabis. Despite the changes in state laws, cannabis remains illegal for any purpose under federal law. Changes in state laws have coincided with a renewed interest in the substance for the treatment of a variety of conditions. There has been a significant increase in published data over the past twenty years examining the efficacy of cannabis as an appetite stimulant, antiemetic agent, and analgesic adjuvant. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to synthesize published data on cannabis use as an analgesic agent. Five studies meeting inclusion criteria were located through searches of online databases, review of reference lists, author correspondence, and review of clinical trials databases. Meta-analysis was conducted using fixed-effects modeling. The overall effect of mean reduction of pain intensity was -4.895 (Z-score) with an associated p value of 0.003. The combined standardized mean difference (SMD) was -0.362 (CI -0.507 to -0.217), indicating on average a moderate significant reduction in pain intensity for patients with chronic pain. As the legal status of the substance evolves, additional research is needed to establish evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding the use of medicinal cannabis in pain management.
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MARZULLO, PAOLA. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF MAYTANSINOL, CANNABIDIOL AND CALLYSPONGIOLIDE IN NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/920111.
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The development of new drugs has long been inspired by Nature as the main source of the biologically active compounds. This practice has motivated total synthesis and diversity-oriented synthesis in the drug discovery and drug design process because natural products offer great opportunities to find new low molecular weight structures active against a wide range of assay targets. Obtaining a synthetic source and creation of derivative analogs would allow a greater understanding of the biologocal effects because natural products has tipically been extracted in complex mixture with other compounds making isolation impossible with useful quantities.
With this in mind, the enantioselective syntheses carried out to obtain maytansinol-based conjugates as microtubule modulators, cannabidiol-C4, and two fragments of callyspongiolide are described in this thesis.
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Soulama, Sagnaba. "Caractérisation mécanique et thermique de biocomposites à matrice polystyrène recyclé renforcée par des coques de cotonnier (Gossypium Hitsutum L.) ou des particules de bois de Kénaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.)". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0243/document.
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Dans le contexte actuel marqué par une grande émergence des questions environnementales, de l’économie circulaire et du développement durable, la mise au point d’éco-matériaux représente un enjeu majeur qui offre une alternative aux plastiques recyclés en fin de cycles de vie.L’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer au développement de deux éco-matériaux à partir des biomasses végétales cultivables non alimentaires disponibles, associées à des polymères synthétiques recyclés en fin de cycles de vie.Il s’agit d’une part, de développer un matériau biosourcé constitué de polystyrène recyclé, renforcé de coques de cotonnier. Ce matériau devra être susceptible de se substituer au polystyrène dans des domaines d’applications diverses telles que la fabrication de pièces d’isolation thermique, d’habillage intérieur de voitures, des coques de portables cellulaires, d’ordinateurs, de photocopieurs et d’emballages divers.D’autre part, de développer des panneaux de particules en bois de tiges de cotonnier et de tiges de kénaf associés à un liant naturel (la colle d’os) pour une utilisation dans le domaine de l’isolation thermique d’intérieur en remplacement des panneaux de particules élaborés avec la colle urée formaldéhyde.L’influence des paramètres d’élaboration pour chacun des deux matériaux a été analysée. Après optimisation des conditions de mise en œuvre pour chaque matériau, la tenue mécanique, les propriétés thermiques et la microstructure ont été déterminées et optimisées dans chaque casIn the current context marked by a large emergence of environmental issues, the circular economy and sustainable development, the development of eco-materials represents a major challenge which offers an alternative to plastics recycled at end of life cycles.The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of two eco-materials from plant biomass non-cultivable food available, associated with synthetic polymers recycled at end of life cycles.It is a part, to develop a biosourced material constitutes of recycled polystyrene, strengthened of hulls of cotton. This material will be likely to be a substitute for polystyrene in areas of various applications such as the manufacture of parts for thermal insulation, interior trim from cars, the hulls of cellular mobile, computers, photocopiers, and various packaging.On the other hand, to develop particle board in wood of cotton stems and stalks of kenaf associated with a binder natural (the glue of bone) for use in the area of the thermal insulation of interior in replacing the panels of particles prepared with glue urea formaldehyde.The influence of the parameters for the development for each of the two materials was analyzed. After optimization of conditions of implementation for each material, the holding mechanical, thermal properties and the microstructure have been determined and optimized in each case
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Simson, Lana. "Cannabis exchange: Empowering rural communities through the legal trade and production of Cannabis plant products". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15627.
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What is becoming inherently more recognised within many of the rural settlements situated in the foothills of the Drakensberg
Mountain Range of South Africa are the effects of the illegal ‘dagga’ trade on the surrounding natural environment.
The trade is predominantly a result of the poverty which is prevalent in the area (60.4% unemployment in
Okhahlamba district). Although the region’s economy is dominated by agricultural activities, the considerable
agricultural potential within traditional settlement areas has not been used to it’s full potential. As a result, this project
seeks to empower the impoverished rural community in the Okhahlamba district of the Drakensberg through legal
means of agriculture using hemp rather than dagga. Hemp is for the use in industrial applications compared to dagga
used for the psychoactive effects. Plant fibre from the crops will be used as a by-product for the production of goods
to go to market.
In finding ways of manufacturing products which are crafted from the illegal dagga crops, the building complex serves
to PROCESS, EXCHANGE and EXHIBIT the craft of hemp production from the raw material to the finished product. The
building will provide opportunities to educate on the processes and agricultural practices of industrial hemp production,
and will promote tourism by showcasing this process and the goods to visitors. The medicinal potential of the cannabis
plant will be investigated on site, providing a scientific research component to the activities of the complex.
The project develops an approach which is sensitive to both the local community and the land. The typology of farm
buildings, vernacular architecture and the landscape building have been considered to engage with the rural context.
The architectural response addresses the functions and characteristics of a rural public building, exploring and overlapping
the perimeters of private-public space in order to expose the production process and showcase hemp.
This thesis does not aim to find a solution to the illegal trade of dagga, but rather to isolate a region where such activity
does occur, provide an alternative that can have a positive impact on the community, enhancing social and environmental
aspects of the area. It is the intention of this project to educate the community on the alternative hemp crop,
placing focus on the cannabis plant or it’s industrial, nutritional and medicinal benefits. Providing adult education within
this rural area, the centre will give access to a great body of human knowledge, creating a platform for
community interaction, contribution and development.
Livros sobre o assunto "Cannabis products"
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Cannabis Products. Independently Published, 2020.
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Navigating The Highs: A Guide To Cannabis Delivery In Durham. calikushweb, 2024.
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A Comprehensive Guide To Weed Delivery In Durham. calikushweb, 2024.
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Cali Kush - The Top Cannabis Delivery Services In Durham, Canada. calikushweb, 2024.
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Exploring The Top Online Cannabis Stores Based In Ontario. calikushweb, 2023.
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Nations, United. Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products. United Nations, 2009.
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Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/1e8e4f16-en.
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Hurtado, Minerva. Medical Cannabis : What and How These Cannabis Products Can Help: Cbd Oil Benefits Reddit. Independently Published, 2021.
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Karz, Kristel. Marijuana Extraction Guide : Step-By-Step Guide to Extracting Cannabis Products: Cannabis for Dummies. Independently Published, 2021.
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College, Minnesota Cannabis. Minnesota Cannabis Retail Training Manual: The Best Practices for Legally Selling Edible Cannabis Products in Minnesota. Minnesota Cannabis College, 2024.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Cannabis products"
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Nadar, Rishi M., Suhrud Pathak, Sindhu Ramesh, Manoj Govindarajulu, Timothy Moore, Dinesh Chandra Agrawal e Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran. "Cannabis-Based Cosmetic Products and Their Uses". In Cannabis/Marijuana for Healthcare, 253–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8822-5_13.
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ElSohly, Mahmoud A., Mohamed M. Radwan, Waseem Gul, Suman Chandra e Ahmed Galal. "Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L." In Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1.
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Shanmugam, Aravindan, Balamurugan Mohanapriya, Kalaiarasan Manivelan e Raman Pushpa. "Selective Breeding for Cannabis Variety". In Revolutionizing the Potential of Hemp and Its Products in Changing the Global Economy, 181–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05144-9_10.
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Mercolini, Laura, Roberto Mandrioli e Michele Protti. "New Trends in the Analysis of Cannabis-Based Products". In Recent Advances in the Science of Cannabis, 111–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429274893-5.
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Jack, Stephanie. "Pharmacovigilance of Cannabis Products for Medical and Non-medical Purposes". In Pharmacovigilance for Herbal and Traditional Medicines, 317–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07275-8_20.
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Devkota, Hari Prasad. "Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)-Taxonomy, Distribution and Uses". In Revolutionizing the Potential of Hemp and Its Products in Changing the Global Economy, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05144-9_1.
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Gumus, Z. Pinar, Zeliha Ustun Argon, Veysel Umut Celenk e Hasan Ertas. "Bioactive Phytochemicals from Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Seed Oil Processing By-products". In Reference Series in Phytochemistry, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63961-7_31-1.
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Gumus, Zinar Pinar, Zeliha Ustun Argon, Veysel Umut Celenk e Hasan Ertas. "Bioactive Phytochemicals from Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Seed Oil Processing By-products". In Reference Series in Phytochemistry, 669–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91381-6_31.
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Rathi, Vaibhav, Gurvirender Singh, Praveen Kumar, Meenu Chaudhary, Pooja Singh e Mudita Mishra. "Legality of Worldwide Cannabis Use and Associated Economic Benefits". In Revolutionizing the Potential of Hemp and Its Products in Changing the Global Economy, 27–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05144-9_3.
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Origer, Alain. "Controlled Drugs, Use, Abuse and Youth: A Meaningful, Yet Evolving Relationship". In Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter, 343–61. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_16.
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AbstractPsychoactive substances take a functional role in the management of emotional and social life of humankind. However, the bond between mind-altering substances and their users or potential users is of changing nature, since the diversity and the accessibility of these substances, as well as the perception of expected benefits and related risks are constantly evolving. Science and technology have contributed to develop new or more potent drugs. The legal status of drugs has become blurrier with the emergence of new synthetic psychoactive substances, highly accessible and most attractive, especially to younger users. New information and communication technologies have changed the way information is spreading among us as well as the means and channels to procure various controlled and non-controlled substances. The increasing popularity and varieties of hemp and psychoactive cannabis products, their developing medicinal use and their potential impact on the perception and acceptance of cannabis are equally at stake when it comes to understand changing patterns in cannabis use for instance. More opportunities stand for more choices to make, especially by young people. Knowing that regular drug use bear highest risks, notably in terms of cognitive and psychosocial developments in children and adolescents, it is sound to question its impact on public health and challenges in terms of prevention, demand and harm reduction. This paper reflects the attempt to describe and to analyse evolutions in drug supply, drug demand and drug use as well as other behaviors with addictive potential in youngsters over the last two decades in Luxembourg and to address national specificities, trends and challenges in terms of response and to place the national situation in a wider international context.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Cannabis products"
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Khangura, Jasan, Melanie Flores e Jane Ishmael. "Product text labels indicate the presence of other pharmacologically active ingredients in many OTC hemp- and CBD-containing preparations". In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.32.
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Introduction: The 2018 Farm Bill changed the legal status of cannabis plants that meet the definition of industrial hemp and allowed for the rapid expansion of hemp-based products into commercial spaces. With an emphasis on industrial hemp as the source of naturally-occurring cannabinoid compounds, a niche market for cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products was quickly established in pharmacies and grocery stores. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has retained oversight of all cannabis-based products, labelling of hemp-derived products for retail markets remains largely unregulated. Under federal law, CBD cannot be added to foods, beverages, sold as a dietary supplement or marketed for a therapeutic benefit, however the perceived health benefits of CBD as an acceptable and safe ingredient contribute to the growing market for these health products. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the range of over-the-counter (OTC) hemp- and CBD-based products available to consumers and determine the prevalence of other pharmacologically active agents identified as ingredients in these products. Labels were scored for the presence of: active and inactive ingredients, percent CBD, full-spectrum hemp, full-spectrum CBD or CBD isolate. Methods: Two large pharmacy chains and one medium-sized grocery store located in the Pacific Northwest were surveyed between May 2020 and February 2021 and OTC hemp-derived products on display were recorded. Identification of pharmacologically active ingredients on the product label was validated using the National Medicines Comprehensive Database. Products that were noted to have CBD or hemp ingredients were included in the study, while any products that did not accurately report the amount of CBD in the product were excluded. Products that did not list the total weight of the product were excluded from the analysis. Results: Thirty-three unique products were recorded from 19 different manufacturers. 39% of product labels indicated the presence of Full-Spectrum Hemp as part of the base product, while 66% of products listed Hemp Extract as the base product. Text labels on CBD-containing products, on average, indicated more than 3 additional pharmacologically active ingredients were contained in each product. Topical CBD products were more likely to have other ingredients such as arnica montana, menthol and camphor, whereas products for oral ingestion were more likely to have only CBD as the primary active ingredient. Text labels on 52% of topical CBD products listed the presence of 10% menthol. Average concentrations of CBD in OTC products was found to be 1.12% ± 1.48 %, based on dry weight. Conclusion: Product text labels on OTC hemp-and CBD-containing preparations is varied and presented in a non-standardized format. Topical CBD products were more likely to contain other pharmacologically active natural products that can be used for the treatment of pain symptoms. Concentrations of arnica montana, menthol and camphor were as much as 10-fold higher than the proportion of CBD contained in these products. The absence of a standard format for labelling of OTC hemp- and CBD-derived products and the frequent presence of other active ingredients has the potential to create confusion and risk for the consumer.
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Egan, Kathleen, Sophia Villani e Eric Soule. "Absence of age verification for delivery of online purchases of CBD and Delta-8: implications for youth access to CBD and Delta-8 Products". In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.44.
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While marijuana is currently illegal in the United States (US) at the federal level and is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the 2018 Farm Bill exempted some products containing cannabinoids from the Drug Enforcement Agency’s controlled substance list. Under the 2018 Farm Bill, products containing <0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-8 THC, would not be considered Schedule I controlled substances. Dependent on state law, individuals must be either 18+ or 21+ to purchase CBD and 21+ to purchase Delta-8. The proliferation of online CBD/Delta-8 shops and the shipment of these products from brick-and-mortar locations may contribute to youth access and use of these products in the absence of age verification checks. As part of a pilot study, we aimed to purchase a variety of CBD and Delta-8 product types (e.g., edible, flower, vape, etc.) from CBD shops located in 18 unique states throughout the US. We identified 18 states based on those that permitted the sale of CBD and Delta-8 products and represented all four Census regions of the US (i.e., West, Northeast, Midwest, and South). We searched for the top-rated CBD shops in the largest city in the selected state using Yelp. We selected the highest rated CBD/Delta-8 product available of the identified product type. If we were not able to purchase the product at the shop, we would search the next shop that was in the Yelp review. All products were ordered by someone over 21 years of age and were shipped to a residential address. We documented ability to purchase the product online, online age verification, and whether or not identification or a signature was required at the time of delivery. We had to visit different 26 CBD store websites to reach our goal of purchasing 20 CBD and Delta-8 products from 20 unique states across all four Census regions of the US. Of the websites we visited to purchase CBD products, 37.5% required the customer to verify their age prior to viewing products, and 70.0% of the websites we visited to purchase Delta-8 products required age verification. There were 6 shops that we were unable to purchase a product from. In most cases, this was due to a lack of shipping options, and one store required that the credit card used matched a valid ID which was not possible given our use of an university credit card. At the time of delivery, none of the products required an age identification check or contact with the customer. All deliveries were either left in the mailbox or on the porch. The findings of our pilot study suggest that youth can obtain CBD and Delta-8 products from online sources without age verification. Efforts are needed to increase the utilization of age verification at the point of delivery by stores that ship CBD and Delta-8 products.
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Smith, Danielle, Lorraine Collins, Lynn Kozlowski, Richard O'Connor, Andrew Hyland e Maciej Goniewicz. "Do consumers seek out terpenes in their vaping products? Findings from a pilot study of concurrent vapers of nicotine and cannabis". In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.30.
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Background: Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in nicotine and cannabis vaping products. Terpenes are promoted by the cannabis industry as having beneficial health effects, yet the evidence on this topic is still evolving. We examined whether vapers consider terpenes as a factor in their cannabis purchasing decisions, and their awareness of terpenes in their vaping products. Methods: We used Amazon Mechanical Turk to administer a survey on nicotine and cannabis use to 112 concurrent vapers of both substances, who resided in legal cannabis policy environments. Participants were asked to select from a list of 14 non-mutually exclusive factors that influence their cannabis purchases, including terpene content. Those who endorsed terpenes as a factor in their cannabis purchases were asked to identify specific terpenes they sought. A subset of vapers who used cannabis e-liquids (n = 86) were asked to identify ingredients present in their products from a list of six pre-specified constituents, including terpenes. Responses were assessed using descriptive statistics. Results: The top five factors influencing cannabis purchasing decisions were THC content (83%), price (79%), smell/taste (59%), availability (58%), and strain (47%); terpene content ranked 11th (13%) out of the list of 14 purchase-related factors. Among those who sought out terpenes (n = 13), most reported seeking products containing limonene (67%), terpinolene (40%), myrcene (40%), and linalool (33%). Terpenes were the most frequently reported individual e-liquid constituent among participants who vaped cannabis oils in an e-cigarette, with nearly one-quarter (24%) of participants selecting this option. Conclusions: In this sample of co-users, most vaping consumers did not cite terpenes as a major factor in their cannabis purchases. Among the few who did, limonene was the most commonly sought after terpene, which is also present in many nicotine containing e-liquids. Nearly one-quarter of those vaping cannabis oils reported awareness of terpenes as a constituent in their vaping product. Findings support monitoring consumer awareness of terpene-containing products as well as any increases in use as the cannabis vaping market evolves.
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Melanson, JE, G. McRae, PM Le e J. Bates. "Measurement Science for Enhanced Cannabis Testing". In Abstracts of the NHPRS – The 15th Annual Meeting of the Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada (NHPRS). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644912.
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Doonan, Samantha, Olivia Laramie, Jessica Liu, Marianne Sarkis e Julie Johnson. "Unexpected Public Health Emergencies—A Descriptive Analysis of Trends in the Massachusetts Medical and Adult-use Cannabis Markets". In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.49.
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In the United States (U.S.), access to legal cannabis through regulated state markets is rapidly changing, but little is known about consumer behavior when states with legal access choose to restrict access due to public health or safety concerns. This exploratory study examines the Massachusetts recreational (“adult-use”) and medical cannabis markets before and during two major public health crises that changed consumer access: (1) the e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (“EVALI”) crisis and state requirements to stop vape product sales in the adult-use and medical markets from 9/24/2019-12/12/2019, and (2) the SARS-CoV-2 (“COVID-19”) crisis and state emergency order that temporarily halted all adult-use retail sales but not medical sales from 3/24/20-5/24/20. We used the Massachusetts seed-to-sale tracking system (i.e., Metrc) to run descriptive statistics examining medical sales for patients and all adult-use sales across the largest product segments: buds, vapes and concentrate (each), edibles, and other categories (i.e., prerolls, concentrate, infused nonedible, infused beverage, kief, shake/trim, suppository) spanning May 2019-December 2020. To account for classification changes in the dataset, sales for vape products and concentrate (each) product were summed into a single category. We further examined trends in registered patients and “per patient” spending across cannabis product types (i.e., monthly sales per product category divided by monthly registered patients). Our findings showed a decline in market share for the vape and concentrate (each) product category in the adult and medical markets during the EVALI crisis when sales were halted, while buds, followed by edibles and other products increased in market share during this time. After vape products could be sold again, the market share of vape and concentrate (each) products rose but did not return to pre-EVALI levels. We did not observe an overall shift in market share by product type in the medical market during the COVID-19 adult-use store closure. Although gross medical sales trended upward, increases in the medical market did not account for the vast majority of prior spending in the adult-use market during the market’s closure. The number of registered active patients also trended upward. From December 2020 to December 2021, there was a 56% increase in patients (59,173 to 92,148 patients), and we observed a marked increase following the temporary halt of adult-use sales. During and prior to halted adult-use sales, we observed an increase in per patient monthly spending for cannabis products. This was particularly salient for buds. Per patient monthly spending for buds peaked in May 2020. Study limitations include a single state sample and that this study does not examine changes to the illicit market. We cannot make any causal claims and any long-term implications of trends observed during the EVALI and COVID-19 crises are unknown. Our exploratory findings suggest that there are a range of consumer responses in the legal market in response to temporary loss of access, including evidence of consumers changing legal markets (i.e., adult-use to medical) and changing product types. More research is needed, particularly to understand potential concurrent changes in the illicit market during these crises.
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Fechtel, Hannah, Ruba Sajdeya, Yan Wang, Gabriel Spandau, Amie Goodin, Almut Winterstein e Robert Cook. "Medical Marijuana & Me (M3): Designing Measures of Medical Marijuana Dose in an Observational Study". In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.25.
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Measuring marijuana exposure represents one of the biggest challenges in marijuana-related outcomes research. The challenge mainly emerges from the significant variability in medical marijuana (MMJ) use characteristics on both the product level, including inter-product and intra-product composition variability and possibility of using multiple consumption modes, and the patient level, including variations in use patterns, frequency and intensity of use, and routes of administration. While MMJ-related observational research still mainly relies on self-reported MMJ exposure, there remains a lack of validated and reliable exposure measures and a lack of standardized dose units, necessitating the development of such measures. In the Medical Marijuana & Me (M3) study, a new combined cohort and cross-sectional study aiming to assess a multitude of MMJ-related outcomes among MMJ patients in Florida, we developed a set of new comprehensive measures to quantify MMJ use by assessing the specific modes of consumption, doses, frequency, and patterns of MMJ use. After reviewing the literature for existing MMJ measures, a multidisciplinary team of MMJ certifying physicians, pharmacists, researchers, MMJ patients, and dispensary personnel designed and developed a questionnaire covering a wide range of MMJ products, including flower, vape cartridges, concentrates for smoking, topical products, tinctures, oral concentrates, edible products, and others. MMJ dose and use are assessed via a nine-item MMJ use measure for each MMJ product participants use that gauges modes and routes of administration, frequency of use (per day, per week, per month), amount of consumed products, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol concentrations and ratios, and potency. For specific consumption modes (e.g., smoking and vaping), additional questions (e.g., number of inhalation seconds) were included to ensure a comprehensive approach of exposure measurement. Visual prompts such as product example photos were also included to enhance participant engagement and ease. We pilot-tested the questionnaires on twenty current MMJ patients in Florida, who provided feedback to improve the measures’ relatability and enhance accuracy in capturing their MMJ exposure. Some of the key challenges we encountered were measuring the “amount” of solid and liquid concentrates, and difficulty in determining dose of vape cartridges due to inconsistencies in THC concentration between nearly identical cartridges. The nine-item MMJ use questionnaire developed for M3 offers a framework for MMJ exposure quantification in current and future observational MMJ-outcomes research. Analyses resulting from M3 data will add to the sparse literature on MMJ dose measures and assist in validating measures similar to the measure developed for M3.
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Smith, Danielle, Lynn Kozlowski, Richard O'Connor, Andrew Hyland, Maciej Goniewicz e Lorraine Collins. "Reasons for individual and concurrent use of vaped nicotine and cannabis: their similarities, differences, and association with product use". In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.15.
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Background: Understanding similarities, differences, and associations between reasons people use vaped nicotine and cannabis may be important for identifying underlying contributors to co-use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of n=112 co-users of vaped nicotine and cannabis was conducted in 2020. Participants reported on their use of nicotine and cannabis products (vaped and smoked), along with reasons for individual product use, nicotine-cannabis co-use, and engagement with sequential use and co-administration. Results: Cannabis vaping and smoking exhibited similar ratings for user experience and product/substance-related reasons for use. Reasons related to product utility were similar for cannabis vaping and nicotine vaping. Ratings for utility-related reasons for use were significantly higher for cannabis vaping than cannabis smoking (mean (SD):3.6(±1.0) vs. 2.6(±1.2), difference=0.98, t=7.84, p<0.0001). Harm reduction-related reasons for use were rated higher for nicotine vaping than cannabis vaping (2.4(±1.6) vs. 1.8(±1.4), difference=0.65, t=4.24, p<0.0001). Regression models showed higher ratings for utility-related and harm reduction-related reasons for nicotine vaping were significantly associated with more frequent nicotine vaping (both p<0.05). Greater endorsement of instrumentality-related reasons for co-use corresponded with more frequent monthly nicotine vaping and a three-fold increase in odds of ever chasing cannabis with nicotine. Conclusions: Vaping serves purposes that differ by substance; nicotine vaping was more closely related to reducing tobacco smoking-related harms, and cannabis vaping was more closely related to circumventing social problems posed by cannabis smoking. Lifetime sequential co-use practices and more frequent nicotine vaping were associated with enhancing the intoxicating effects of cannabis. Findings have implications for understanding nicotine and cannabis co-use.
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Close, Natasha, Julia Dilley e Janet Baseman. "Poison Center Reports of Cannabis Exposures among Children in Washington State, 2016". In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.20.
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Washington State began legal cannabis retail sales in 2014. Legalization of adult use cannabis and retail sales may result in more cannabis products in homes and opportunities for accidental exposures among young children. Consumption of cannabis by young children can result in significant adverse health effects. This study examined details of cannabis exposure events involving children under age 12 that were reported to the Washington State Poison Center (WAPC) during January – December 2016. Redacted charts were obtained from the WAPC “Toxicall” database. 50 eligible events were identified. Structured data were used to describe child age and gender and to obtain information about the involved products, route of administration, exposure setting, and clinical effects. Additional information about the exposure event was available in case notes; qualitative methods were used to develop themes and categorize the cases. Most exposure events (62%) were for children ages 0-2, and 26% were for ages 3-5. None of the exposures were reported as intentional. Of those where the source of the product could be determined (N=29) either a parent (n=20, 69%) or grandparent (n=6, 21%) was the most common source. Nearly all (94%) exposures occurred at the patient’s home and involved a single substance (90%). Of those that noted the type (N=13), 85% indicated that the cannabis was obtained for medical purposes. Most exposures were by ingestion (86%), and edibles were the most often reported form (52% of 41 cases with product specified). Nearly all edibles were brownies, cookies, and candies (96%). Baked goods were reported to be both homemade and purchased. Three cases were exposures to cannabidiol (CBD) among children being treated for seizures by their parents: one was the result of a therapeutic error, one an adverse reaction, and one an unintentional exposure. A single child was reported as exposed through breastmilk. Of those with known medical outcomes (N=33), nearly all caused no or minor clinical effects (78%), and nearly all had symptoms for less than 24 hours, most commonly lethargy and drowsiness (50%), but five children were hospitalized for non-critical care and one child with a history of seizures, who was given CBD oil containing THC, required intensive care and intubation. Risk for accidental exposures to cannabis among young children may be increasing as legal cannabis markets become more common. Although most exposures do not cause long-lasting harms, some children can experience significant harm requiring medical intervention. Caregivers of young children are advised to safely store cannabis products in the home so that they are out of reach of children, and to use caution and consult with a healthcare provider about use of cannabis products for medical treatment of a child or adult use while breastfeeding. Clinicians may play a role by screening for household cannabis use among parents and other caregivers, and advising about safe home practices. Continued regulatory approaches to limit exposure, such as limits on THC potency and single-serving packaging designs, may also be useful.
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Bone, Carlton, Charles Klein, Robert Strongin e Kaelas Munger. "New Kinds of [Hash]tags: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoid Products". In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.52.
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The rise of distinct subcultures of cannabinoid users and the proliferation of new psychoactive substances derived from the hemp plant reflects a dynamic relationship between the development of new cannabis products and the growth of the markets for these goods. This research combines social science and analytical chemistry framework to explore the historical, linguistic, and chemical developments of cannabis acetates and related products over time. Understanding the multiplicity of contexts that have influenced the trajectory of moieties like THC-O-Acetate is an attempt at detecting and identifying other new psychoactive substances with structural or functional similarities to Δ⁹-THC through an interdisciplinary lens.
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Sidhu, SK. "Medical Cannabis: Regulatory Updates, Industry Perspective and Misconceptions". In Abstracts of the NHPRS – The 15th Annual Meeting of the Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada (NHPRS). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644913.
Texto completo da fonteRelatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Cannabis products"
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Chou, Roger, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin J. Morasco, Christina Bougatsos, Tracy Dana, Rongwei Fu e Terran Gilbreath. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2023 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, agosto de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250update2023.
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Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and other plant-based compounds to treat sub-acute and chronic pain in adults and adolescents using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; and reference lists of included studies were searched to April 23, 2023. Review methods. An updated protocol with expanded inclusion criteria (addition of sub-acute [4 to 12 weeks’ duration] pain and adolescents) was posted on the PROSPERO registry. We grouped studies based on their THC to CBD ratio and by product type, i.e. whole-plant (extracted or purified), or synthetic. We conducted random effects meta-analyses and categorized magnitude of benefit (large, moderate, small, or no effect [less than small]). Results. Two new RCTs (n=115 and 15) and two new observational studies (N=2,071) were added for this annual update; no study addressed subacute pain or adolescents. One new RCT compared high and low THC to CBD ratio products versus placebo; the other new RCT evaluated was very small and had methodological limitations. Since the inception of this living review, from 5,228 total abstracts identified, 23 RCTs (N=2,035) and 10 observational studies (N=15,840) assessing different cannabinoids were included; no study evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 58 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. Strength of evidence was low, unless indicated otherwise. Compared with placebo, plant-extracted, comparable ratio THC to CBD oral spray was associated with a small decrease in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to 10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%; SOE: moderate) versus placebo. There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic high-THC to CBD ratio products were associated with a small improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in risk of nausea following the addition of one new RCT (pain: 7 RCTs, N=448, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.95, 95% CI −1.81 to −0.25, I2=60%; sedation: 4 RCTs, N=386, 19% vs. 12%, RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.95, I2=8%; nausea: 3 RCTs, N=353, 11.1% vs. 5.2%, RR 2.22, 95% CI 0.90 to 5.05; I²=0%). There was also moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (3 RCTs, N=353, 29% vs. 11%, RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.82, I2=41%). Extracted whole-plant high-THC to CBD ratio products (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, viii 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD products (2 new RCTs), other cannabinoids, comparisons with active non-cannabis treatments or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids also remained insufficient. Evidence was not available on important harms such as psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products versus placebo during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months) in adults with chronic pain. Evidence for low-THC to CBD ratio products, whole-plant cannabis, and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions.
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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Rongwei Fu, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara e Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), outubro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250.
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Objectives. To evaluate the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases, reference lists of included studies, submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to July 2021. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence. Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as high-THC to CBD ratio, comparable THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or synthetic. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square and the I2 test for inconsistency. Magnitude of benefit was categorized into no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 2,850 abstracts, 20 RCTs (N=1,776) and 7 observational studies (N=13,095) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none of kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 75 percent enrolled patients with a variety of neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The strength of evidence (SOE) was low, unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=28%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=24%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 30% vs. 8%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 22% vs. 16%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.78, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=39%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=0%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12% vs. 6%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=0%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34). We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=50%; SOE: moderate). Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, topical CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) and study withdrawal due to adverse events with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products in short-term treatment (1 to 6 months). Evidence for whole-plant cannabis, and other comparisons, outcomes, and PBCs were unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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Chou, Roger, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin J. Morasco, Devan Kansagara, Shelley Selph, Rebecca Holmes e Rongwei Fu. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for iii Chronic Pain: 2022 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), setembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250update2022.
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Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; reference lists of included studies; and submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to April 4, 2022. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence (SOE). Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as comparable THC to CBD ratio, high-THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or a synthetic product. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square test and the I2 statistic. Magnitude of benefit was categorized as no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 3,283 abstracts, 21 RCTs (N=1,905) and 8 observational studies (N=13,769) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 59 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The SOE was low unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390, 0 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=48%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=28%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12.3% vs. 6.1%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We also found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=40%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=58%; SOE: moderate). Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months); high-THC to CBD ratio products were also associated with increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Evidence for whole-plant cannabis and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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Chou, Roger, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Christina Bougatsos, Benjamin J. Morasco, Rebecca Holmes, Terran Gilbreath e Rongwei Fu. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2022 Update—Surveillance Report 2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), janeiro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250.2022updatesr2.
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Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; reference lists of included studies; and submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to October 24, 2022. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence (SOE). Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as comparable THC to CBD ratio, high-THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or a synthetic product. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square test and the I2 statistic. Magnitude of benefit was categorized as no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From a total of 3,568 abstracts, 21 RCTs (N=1,905) and 9 observational studies (N=15,079) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 60 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The SOE was low unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to 10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390, 0 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=48%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=28%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12.3% vs. 6.1%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We also found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=40%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=58%; SOE: moderate). Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months); high-THC to CBD ratio products were also associated with increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Evidence for whole-plant cannabis and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara e Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: May 2021 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccerplantpain3.
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Overview This is the third quarterly progress report for an ongoing living systematic review on cannabis and other plant-based treatments for chronic pain. The first progress report was published in January 2021 and the second in March 2021. The draft systematic review was available for public comment from May 19 through June 15, 2021, on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Health Care website. The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, addressing concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. The purpose of this progress report is to describe the cumulative literature identified thus far. This report will be periodically updated with new studies as they are published and identified, culminating in an annual systematic review that provides a synthesis of the accumulated evidence. Main Points In patients with chronic (mainly neuropathic) pain with short-term treatment (4 weeks to <6 months): • Studies of cannabis-related products were grouped based on their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratio using the following categories: high THC to CBD, comparable THC to CBD, and low THC to CBD. • Comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray is probably associated with small improvements in pain severity and may be associated with small improvements in function. There was no effect in pain interference or serious adverse events. There may be a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea. • Synthetic THC (high THC to CBD) may be associated with moderate improvement in pain severity and increased risk of sedation, and large increased risk of nausea. Synthetic THC is probably associated with a large increased risk of dizziness. • Extracted whole-plant high THC to CBD ratio products may be associated with large increases in risk of withdrawal due to adverse events and dizziness. • Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, low THC to CBD ratio products (topical CBD), other cannabinoids (cannabidivarin), and comparisons with other active interventions was insufficient to draw conclusions. • Other key adverse event outcomes (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cognitive deficits) and outcomes on the impact on opioid use were not reported. • No evidence on other plant-based compounds, such as kratom, met criteria for this review.
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Wiley, Jenny L., Camille K. Gourdet e Brian F. Thomas. Cannabidiol: Science, Marketing, and Legal Perspectives. RTI Press, abril de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0065.2004.
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Recent loosening of legal restrictions on cannabis and its chemical constituents, including phytocannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), has led to rapid proliferation and wide availability of products containing CBD. Although using pure CBD does not result in THC-like intoxication, it is not risk-free. In this review, we examine CBD from scientific, marketing, and regulatory perspectives. Specifically, we evaluate the evidence used to support statements concerning CBD’s real and putative medical effects and discuss misleading information that has been used in marketing approaches. Also, we explore the current legal landscape surrounding CBD. We conclude that further research is necessary to clarify legitimate therapeutic effects of CBD. Federal regulation is also necessary to assure quality, safety, and efficacy of CBD products. Until new regulations are enacted to ensure purity and label accuracy, consumers should balance any perceived benefits of CBD use against potential risks associated with using products of unknown quality.
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Chou, Roger, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Suchitra Iyer, Tracy Dana, Christina Bougatsos e Benjamin J. Morasco. Living Systematic Reviews: Examining Excluded Full-Text Articles To Better Understand the Evidence Base on Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), janeiro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepaperevidence.
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Living systematic reviews are a relatively new approach to keeping the evidence in systematic reviews current by frequent surveillance and updating. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence-based Practice Center Program commissioned a living systematic review of plant-based treatments for chronic pain management and a series of related white papers. The first white paper described challenges and practical and methodological considerations encountered during the first year of the living review. The second white paper focused on practical considerations for adapting scope and communicating findings. This white paper examined published articles excluded after full-text review, to better understand the broader evidence base on plant-based treatments for chronic pain. Although the literature base continues to expand, many published articles are excluded due to failure to meet eligibility criteria. The most frequent reasons for exclusion of articles at the full-text review stage were study designs that lacked comparison groups and evaluation of populations with pain conditions that were ineligible for inclusion, such as pain related to advanced cancer, multiple sclerosis, of mixed pain conditions without distinguishing patients with chronic pain. Some articles were excluded at the full-text stage because the intervention consisted of cannabis products that were not specifically identified or products that were outside the scope of the review.
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Bryan Sallee, Colleen E. Characterization of Reference Material 8210:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.260-248.
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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Material (RM) 8210 Hemp Plant delivers non certified values for cannabinoids and toxic elements in a dried ground hemp plant material to help cannabis and forensic laboratories for use as a control and research material. A unit of RM 8210 contains three sample packets (approximately 1.5 g each), each sealed with a desiccant pouch in an aluminized polyester bag. This publication documents the production, analytical methods, and computations involved in characterizing this product.
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Rojas Guillén, Lilliana, Stefany arela Vásquez, Melanie Sánchez Argüello, Daniel Alpízar Segura e Pablo Chacón López. El desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Mercado del Cannabidiol (CBD). Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/kerwa.90531.
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F-GC-02 Informe de Inteligencia Competitiva y de Mercado1 Introducción Este estudio permite desarrollar inteligencia de mercado, científica y tecnológica sobre el extracto de Cannabis sativa, específicamente del Cannabidiol, para mapear los avances científicos y tecnológicos que se han venido desarrollando en los últimos años, así como su aplicación y desarrollo de productos derivados. El CBD es un componente extraído de la planta de cáñamo, la cual se refiere específicamente a Cannabis sativa con un THC total inferior a 1% en peso seco en hojas y cogollos. La marihuana y el cáñamo pertenecen biológicamente al mismo género, su única distinción es su concentración de THC. Por su baja concentración de THC el cáñamo no es psicoactivo, a diferencia de la marihuana (Hilderbrand, 2018). El cáñamo es cultivado en aproximadamente 40 países, siendo Canadá, Corea, Francia y China los más grandes productores (ONU, 2022). En el caso de América Latina los países más avanzados en el cultivo son Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador, Chile y Colombia, esto debido a que fueron los primeros países en poseer acciones legislativas a favor de la producción y uso del cáñamo (LAIHA, s. f.). El cultivo de cáñamo se considera sostenible y versátil porque se aprovecha la totalidad de la planta, absorbe grandes cantidades de CO2 y se usa en productos alimenticios, biocombustibles, textiles y materiales de construcción. Este cultivo cumple con varios de los atributos demandados para las producciones agropecuarias actuales, se puede mencionar el aprovechamiento industrial de toda la planta y el alto potencial como cultivo orgánico. El mercado mundial del cáñamo, en su totalidad de industrias, podría alcanzar los 18 600 millones de dólares en 2027 (ONU, 2022)