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Liang, Dongfang, Rebecca W. Zeckoski e Xiaolin Wang. "Development of a hydro-environmental model for inland navigational canals". Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, n.º 3 (9 de outubro de 2013): 572–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2013.021.
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Before railroad and lorry traffic became common, many canals were built for transportation purposes. Water quality in canals has become a major concern as maintenance of these historically active canals has declined. A generic canal model has been developed to simulate the hydro-environmental processes specifically relevant to inland navigational canals, namely lockage, weir overflow, boat traffic, and algal growth. Apart from the movement of water, three types of particulate matter are tracked: algae (chlorophyll-a), inorganic non-cohesive sediment, and inorganic cohesive sediment. The newly developed model was applied to the Kennet and Avon Canal in southern England. The method of determining the input parameters for the model was documented herein, including setting up a Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran model to obtain the landscape flow and sediment runoff to the canal. The model predictions were compared with the observed hydrological, sediment, and chlorophyll-a data at monitoring locations along the canal, and favourable agreements were achieved.
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Breul, Bertrand, e Pau Llinas. "Use of Bituminous Geomembrane (BGM) to Waterproof Large Canals". E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336803003.
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Bituminous geomembranes (BGM) collaborate in the global challenge of improving water resources management by waterproofing hydraulic works. BGMs are multi-layered composite geomembranes with each of the components providing a technical benefit on large canals projects. These technical advantages include: A very low Manning coefficient for efficient water flow, extreme puncture resistance, which allows rapid deployment on rougher subgrades and permits many types of cover directly on top, excellent resistance to wind uplift due to their high surface mass, meaning installation can be done in strong winds up to 40 km/h. BGMs also have a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and do not wrinkle with changes in temperature like other polymeric membranes do. This is particularly useful in high heat projects when geomembrane is left exposed, providing a more secure project in the long run with less risk of wrinkle-induced cracks and failures. To illustrate this, this presentation will describe the composite structure of bituminous geomembranes and will explain its main advantages in the hydraulic field. All these will be presented with the description of test results in different types of large width canals: Canals for irrigation: in France, for the waterproofing of the Canal de Provence; in India, where the Maharashtra state decided to replace original concrete for a geomembrane lining system in Pench Canal. Navigable canals: in France where VNF (French Waterways) chose the BGM for waterproofing the repairs of its canals. A work near Montargis will be presented as well as waterways in England (Lancaster Canal) and Canada (Chambly Canal). Finally, hydroelectric power canals will be also described: at the Sankt Dyonisen power plant in the Alps in Austria and the Cumpeo power plant in the Maule region in Chile.
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Vukov, Dragana, Tamara Jurca, M. Rucando, Ruzica Igic e B. Miljanovic. "Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray 1837: A new, alien and potentially invasive species in Serbia". Archives of Biological Sciences 65, n.º 4 (2013): 1515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1304515v.
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During field studies of the vegetation in the canal network of the Hydro-System Danube-Tisa-Danube in Serbia, in 2008, 2011 and 2012, populations of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray 1837 were recorded. Cabomba caroliniana was not previously recorded in the aquatic vegetation in Serbia. It is a popular aquarium plant native to South America (Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina) and, according to some authors, to southeastern United States. It was introduced into the rest of the USA, Canada, Australia, Asia (China, Malaysia, India, Japan), and in many regions of its new range it is considered an invasive and noxious aquatic weed. In Europe, it was found in the United Kingdom (introduced to England), Belgium, the Netherlands, and Hungary. Newly recorded populations in Serbia are restricted to the canals in Backa. Populations are established only on two localities (Mali Stapar and Odzaci).
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de Flon, Nancy M. "‘A Work to Do’: Edward Caswall and Pastoral Ministry at the Birmingham Oratory During the 1850s and 1860s". Recusant History 27, n.º 1 (maio de 2004): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200031198.
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The middle years of the nineteenth century witnessed the crest of a wave of rapid growth in English towns begun when workers, attracted by the higher wages offered by industry, started to migrate from rural areas to the towns, thereby swelling the populations of the latter at enormous rates.Birmingham was no exception to this growth spurt. During the last forty years of the eighteenth century Birmingham’s population doubled, a phenomenon that owed not a little to its canal system. ‘By the end of the eighteenth century, the canals [crucial to a region farther away from a coast than any other industrial area in England,] had already transformed the Birmingham neighbourhood, and factories and workshops clustered along their banks.’ Then, between 1831 and 1871 its population increased from 144,000 to 344,000.
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Sutton, M. D., D. E. G. Briggs, David J. Siveter e Derek J. Siveter. "A soft-bodied lophophorate from the Silurian of England". Biology Letters 7, n.º 1 (4 de agosto de 2010): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0540.
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Soft-bodied taxa comprise an important component of the extant lophophorate fauna, but convincing fossils of soft-bodied lophophorates are extremely rare. A small fossil lophophorate, attached to a brachiopod dorsal valve, is described from the Silurian (Wenlock Series) Herefordshire Lagerstätte of England. This unmineralized organism was bilaterally symmetrical and comprised a subconical body attached basally to the host and partially enclosed by a broad ‘hood’; the body bore a small, coiled lophophore. Where the hood attached laterally, there is a series of transverse ridges and furrows. The affinities of this organism probably lie with Brachiopoda; the hood is interpreted as the homologue of a dorsal valve/mantle lobe, and the attachment as the homologue of the ventral valve and/or pedicle. The ridges are arranged in a manner that suggests constructional serial repetition, indicating that they are unlikely to represent mantle canals. Extant brachiopods are not serially structured, but morphological and molecular evidence suggests that their ancestors were. The new organism may belong to the brachiopod stem group, and might also represent a significant element of the Palaeozoic lophophorate fauna.
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Harvey-Fishenden, Alice, e Neil Macdonald. "The development of early reservoirs to supply water to arterial canals in England and Wales". Landscape History 42, n.º 2 (3 de julho de 2021): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999016.
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Ok, Evren, Necdet Adanir e Tuba Ozturk. "Antibacterial and smear layer removal capability of oregano extract solution". European Journal of Dentistry 09, n.º 01 (janeiro de 2015): 020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149633.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of oregano extract solution (OES) against Enterococcus faecalis within root canals and dentin tubules, and its effect on smear layer. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 human maxillary central incisors was selected. After removal of coronal part of the teeth, root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files (Dentsply, Tulsa Endodontics, OK, USA) to #F3 with the crown-down manner. The roots were randomly assigned to 15 groups (n = 12 for each). In the first seven groups, the antimicrobial effects of the test groups were evaluated. Suspensions of E. faecalis cultures were adjusted to 1.0 McFarland (1 × 108 colony-forming unit [CFU]/ml), and sterilized teeth were placed in Eppendorf tubes and kept at 37°C for 4 weeks. Samples were then taken from the root canals before irrigation using three sterile paper points. Dentin samples were taken from root canals with ProTaper #F4 and #F5 series rotary instruments after irrigation. The aliquots of samples were placed into the brain heart infusion and incubated at 37°C for 48 h and then the CFUs were counted. In the other eight groups, the efficacy of the irrigation solutions on removing the smear layer was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (Leo 440, Oxford Microscopy Ltd., Cambridge, England) analysis. Statistical evaluation of the microbiological data was performed using the Kruskall–Wallis and Mann– Witney U-test (P < 0.05). Results: There was a statistically difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), 5% and 2% OES wasn't found to be statistically significant regarding their antibacterial activities against E. faecalis (P > 0.05). 1% OES and NaOCl showed similar antimicrobial effect (P > 0.05), and 1% OES and NaOCl were better than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and saline (P < 0.05) but not as successful as CHX. According to the results obtained from dentin, CHX is the most effective solution within dentinal tubules. Different concentrations of OES were not achieved smear layer removal alone but OES in conjunction with 17% EDTA was the final irrigating solution achieved the smear layer removal without dentin erosion. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, OES appears to be a possible alternative to NaOCl as a root canal irrigant on the eradication of E. faecalis and removal of smear layer.
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Dunn, Oliver. "A Sea of Troubles? Journey Times and Coastal Shipping Routes in Seventeenth-Century England and Wales". Journal of Transport History 41, n.º 2 (28 de janeiro de 2020): 184–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619886061.
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As revealed by John Armstrong, coastal shipping was vital to Britain’s Industrial Revolution: it was a system of mass transport for coal, grain, and myriad other goods that long predated railways and canals. Despite this, we know little about how it functioned. This paper examines some fundamental characteristics, namely ship speeds, times spent in port, and trade patterns, to examine its effectiveness long before Britain’s industrialisation. Local customs records provided data covering thousands of recorded departures and arrivals of coasters. These data are analysed using a geographical information system and panel-data analysis. Methods are described and new insights given. While seacoasts boasted opportunities, observed coasting vessels exhibit severe timing irregularities and clearly operated in very challenging seas where delays and troubles were to be expected.
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Pappas, Dennis G. "Otology Through the Ages". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 1996): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670162-6.
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Recounted are some, not all, of the most significant contributions to otology. The history of otology has, for the most part, followed the history of medicine: Little was known of otology by the ancient physicians, but their work must be reviewed to appreciate the progress that has been made. Most of the otology produced during the Middle Ages was limited to those structures that were readily accessible; otologic surgery was confined to trauma and removal of foreign bodies from the external auditory canals. Examination of the ear began after studies of the ear by Italian anatomists during the seventeenth century. It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that magnification was used so that the minute anatomic details could be observed. The clinical specialty of otology started in France (1850s), emerged as a scientific specialty in England, and received explosive progress from the German-speaking countries at the end of the nineteenth century. Otology has a remarkable background.
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Pal, Chhatra. "Dr. Gadgal in the Midst of the Industrial Evolution in India". RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 9, n.º 5 (25 de maio de 2022): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53573/rhimrj.2022.v09i05.003.
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The first Industrial Revolution began in England in about 1750-1760 that lasted to sometime between 1820 and 1840. It is one of the most distinguished turning points in human history. During this period human and animal labor technology transform into machinery, such as the stream engine, the spinning jenny, and coke something pudding and rolling processes for making iron, etc. Industrial Revolution is renewed for global economic growth, increase in production and consumption of common people. The system of transportation communication through canals, road and rails had improved. Also, banking and other financial systems improved to run the industries and business firms smoothly. Child and infant mortality rate decreased and fertility rate increased. As a result, population growth had dramatically changed. On the other hand, women and child unhygienic condition. Factory workers have to work sixteen hours in the day merely to save the family from starvation. Industrial Revolution created a wide gap between the rich and the poor. An attempt has taken here to describe the various effects of Industrial Revolution.
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Davey, Samantha. "Plastic ‘Highways’ to the Sea: The Problem of Litter in English Inland Waterways". Social Sciences 10, n.º 12 (9 de dezembro de 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120473.
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There is a conspicuous lacuna in the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 because it imposes no legal duty on statutory bodies to clear litter from aquatic environments (rivers, canals and lakes) in England and Wales. This paper identifies a significant gap in the law on aquatic environmental protection by undertaking doctrinal research, including contextual analysis of references to rivers in ‘soft’ law (e.g., policy documents such as the Conservative Government’s Litter Strategy) and ‘hard law’ (e.g., legislation including the EPA 1990); an examination of the problems with existing legal frameworks in this sphere and an exploration of legislative and practical measures which could protect our rivers and other inland waterways from litter. A legislative amendment to the EPA is proposed with discussion of whether imposing a duty on an existing body or a new, specialised body to clear litter from rivers will ameliorate these problems. The intention behind this paper is to initiate an informed debate on how to protect aquatic environments from the harmful effects of litter.
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Clarkson, Euan N. K., e Zhang Xi-guang. "Ontogeny of the Carboniferous trilobite Paladin eichwaldi shunnerensis (King 1914)". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 82, n.º 4 (1991): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000417x.
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ABSTRACTThe Carboniferous trilobite Paladin eichwaldi shunnerensis (King 1914), at its type locality in northern England is exceptionally well-preserved, and shows all stages of growth from the degree 0 meraspis onwards. The post-protaspid ontogenyis described here with particular reference to the development of cuticular sculpture. On the dorsal surface of the smallest specimens a polygonal network of raised ridges (cell polygons) is apparent. With size increase, granules progressively appear amongst the polygons, which in turn change into large tubercles as the polygonal network fades. As the trilobite grows into an adult, the tubercles become relatively smaller, and pits, the openings of cuticular canals, appear amongst them. Marginal terrace lines become pronounced. On the hypostome, however, terrace lines become effaced centrally, while large pits develop. In the early meraspis the eyes are “schizochroal”, but the lenses rapidly become closely packed and contiguous and the eye is soon of “holochroal” type. The meraspid phase is passed through very rapidly. Whereas the earlymeraspis could not enroll, its pygidium could be bent down vertically, and this facility might have allowed the larva an escape reaction.
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Scott, Dawn M., Johanna Rabineau, Rod W. Wilson, Dave J. Hodgson e J. Anne Brown. "Can pikeperch colonise new freshwater systems via estuaries? Evidence from behavioural salinity tests". Marine and Freshwater Research 59, n.º 8 (2008): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07241.
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Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) are non-native in the United Kingdom. It is important to understand how environmental factors, such as salinity, influence the behaviour and activity of introduced fish species to identify their dispersal potential. Previous studies have shown that pikeperch, traditionally recognised as a freshwater fish, can tolerate brackish waters and demonstrate physiological acclimation. However, their behavioural responses to brackish waters are unknown. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the activity and swimming behaviour of pikeperch obtained from freshwater canals in southern England. In the laboratory, fish were exposed to a 12-h simulated tidal cycle and a 12-day stepped salinity challenge where salinity was increased by 4 every 2 days, up to a salinity of 20. In both regimes, fish showed increased swimming activity in response to increasing salinity, which may represent an avoidance response. The most dramatic changes, including vertical movements, occurred at salinities above ~16. At these higher salinities, head shaking and coughing behaviours were also observed, suggesting significant stress and respiratory impairment. However, during the simulated tidal cycle, normal behaviour was rapidly restored once salinity was reduced. The results of this study may have implications in understanding the dispersal of non-native fish in the wild.
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Tyler, Sophie, Nicola Swales, Aiden P. Foster, Toby G. Knowles e Natalie Barnard. "Otoscopy and aural cytological findings in a population of rescue cats and cases in a referral small animal hospital in England and Wales". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, n.º 2 (18 de março de 2019): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19834969.
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Objectives Otitis externa is seen clinically in cats, although studies investigating this condition within the UK are lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis mites and microbial infection in the ear canals of cats in various rescue centres and a referral hospital. Methods Otoscopy was performed in 332 cats. Otoscopic findings were noted, including the gross visualisation of Otodectes species. A sample of cerumen was collected for cytological evaluation and a cerumen smear for detection of Otodectes mites if there was a large amount of aural exudate present. Results O cynotis infestation was noted in 3/341 cats (0.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3–2.6). A total of 129/341 (37.8%; 95% CI 32.7–43.0) cats were found to have Malassezia species within one or both ears. Bacteria were found unilaterally in 9/341 (2.6%; 95% CI 1.4–4.9) cats. Analysis of the cytological findings showed an increased likelihood for Malassezia species to be present as age increased (n = 293; Pearson r = 0.204, P <0.001). There was also an increased likelihood of finding Malassezia species in both ears if found within one ear (n = 327; r = 0.499, P <0.001). There was a positive correlation between the number of Malassezia organisms and the quantity of aural exudate (n = 338; r = 0.778, P <0.001). Cats in which Otodectes species infestation were noted (n = 3) had moderate or large quantities of cerumen. Conclusions and relevance This study shows that there was a low prevalence of O cynotis in this cohort of cats. In normal cats it was not unusual to find Malassezia microorganisms upon aural cytology, bacteria were noted far less frequently and in two cats this was associated with underlying anatomical pathology.
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Lomax, Dean R., Laura B. Porro e Nigel R. Larkin. "Descriptive anatomy of the largest known specimen of Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) including computed tomography and digital reconstruction of a three-dimensional skull". PeerJ 7 (8 de janeiro de 2019): e6112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6112.
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Ichthyosaur fossils are abundant in Lower Jurassic sediments with nine genera found in the UK. In this paper, we describe the partial skeleton of a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Jurassic (lower Sinemurian) of Warwickshire, England, which was conserved and rearticulated to form the centrepiece of a new permanent gallery at the Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum in 2015. The unusual three-dimensional preservation of the specimen permitted computed tomography (CT) scanning of individual braincase elements as well as the entire reassembled skull. This represents one of the first times that medical imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction methods have been applied to a large skull of a marine reptile. Data from these scans provide new anatomical information, such as the presence of branching vascular canals within the premaxilla and dentary, and an undescribed dorsal (quadrate) wing of the pterygoid hidden within matrix. Scanning also revealed areas of the skull that had been modelled in wood, clay and other materials after the specimen’s initial discovery, highlighting the utility of applying advanced imaging techniques to historical specimens. Additionally, the CT data served as the basis for a new three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull, in which minor damage was repaired and the preserved bones digitally rearticulated. Thus, for the first time a digital reconstruction of the skull and mandible of a large marine reptile skull is available. Museum records show the specimen was originally identified as an example of Ichthyosaurus communis but we identify this specimen as Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis. The specimen features a skull nearly twice as long as any previously described specimen of P. prostaxalis, representing an individual with an estimated total body length between 3.2 and 4 m.
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Norman, David B. "Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190, n.º 1 (27 de janeiro de 2020): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz085.
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Abstract Cranial exostoses (areas of periosteal ornamentation) are present on the external surfaces of the skull and mandible of Scelidosaurus harrisonii. True osteoderms have also been identified on the skull, forming a ‘brow-ridge’ of three supraorbital bones, dished plates that are attached to the lateral surface of the postorbitals and a pair of larger, horn-shaped structures that project from the posterodorsal surface of the occiput. Postcranial osteoderms form an extensive series of oval-based, ridged osteoderms that extend backward across the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the neck and torso. Smaller, narrow-based ridged osteoderms are also found on the lateral surfaces of the limbs. The tail is surrounded by four longitudinal rows of large, narrow-based, ridged or keeled osteoderms. The neck, unlike the rest of the body, is encased dorsolaterally by a variety of osteoderms. These can be differentiated into two fundamental types: base-plate osteoderms that develop deep within the compact layers of the dermis and, superficial to each base-plate, tall, ridged or cap-like osteoderms. These latter, project outward from the skin surface and were covered by an epidermal scale or a rigid keratinous sheath. The base-plates are true osteodermal components, but to differentiate them from the more familiar superficial osteoderms, they will be called here simply ‘base-plates’. Lying on the dorsal midline between and beneath the occipital horns is a single, ridged, nuchal osteoderm comprising a base-plate and osteoderm cap. The nuchal plate is flanked by a pair of prominent ‘tricorn’ osteoderm arrays mounted on shallowly arched blocks of fused base-plate osteoderms. Behind the tricorn arrays is a succession of four partial collar-like arrays of osteoderms formed (at least in ontogenetically mature specimens) by coalesced base-plates that anchor tall and either carinate or more plate-like osteoderms. The largest of these are always positioned on the ventrolateral margin of each collar. The osteoderms become progressively smaller toward the midline. It is at present unclear whether the base-plate supported collar arrays on either side fuse together along the midline to form cervical half-rings, as is often reported in more derived ankylosaurian thyreophorans. Individual collar arrays do not imbricate with each other, but are likely to have been interconnected by sheets of tough connective tissue. On the ventrolateral flanks of the pectoral region are found the largest, bladed osteoderms. In two partly articulated skeletons an osteoderm is preserved on the posterodistal surface of the scapular blade. Although this position is reminiscent of the parascapular spines found in some stegosaurs, these bones are not regarded as homologues; their placement is a coincidence of positioning an osteoderm row adjacent to the scapular blade. The torso preserves three principal rows of large, ridged osteoderms that show no evidence of accompanying base-plates. The ventrolateral row has the largest osteoderms and these are succeeded in size by the lateral row and dorsolateral row, respectively. There is no evidence to support the existence of a midline dorsal row of osteoderms. The principal rows extend backward across the dorsal and lateral flanks of the body as far as the pelvic area. Smaller cap-shaped osteoderms are scattered between the principal rows, but whether they were organized into subsidiary rows or were more randomly distributed cannot be ascertained. Smaller, narrow-based, ridged osteoderms are found in oblique rows across the anterior chest; they also flank the proximal half of the forelimb (as far as the elbow) and extend to the ankle region in the hind limb. The tail is surrounded by large, narrow-based, high-ridged osteoderms. Unlike the neck and torso, there is a row of dorsal midline osteoderms that are flanked by large, lateral osteoderms, and beneath these there is a midline ventral row. The latter are close-set and particularly deeply keeled in the area nearest to the pelvis. Osteoderms vary considerably both in structure and texture. Base-plates have a rough, porous external texture as a consequence of the abundant vascular canals that penetrate these bones. Internally, their surface is arched and has a woven-textured fabric comprising bundles of mineralized fibres interspersed with large vascular foramina. Accompanying osteoderms are generally a little denser than their base-plates and have a smoother cortex, although abundant small foramina and shallow vascular channels pit and groove this external surface. The pair of occipital osteoderms closely resemble bovid (ungulate mammal) horn-cores and are likely to have been sheathed by keratin (as preserved exceptionally in the ankylosaurians Zuul and Borealopelta). Farther posteriorly, the principal osteoderms in the major rows along the torso and tail are generally thin-walled, cap-shaped and ridged. They have a rough and porous external surface, which suggests that the bone surface was covered by keratinous scales. The generally porous fabric of these osteoderms has been remarked upon and it is probable that these were flushed with blood. Interspersed between the visually dominant parasagittal rows of osteoderms is a scattering of smaller cap-shaped osteoderms and polygonal or rounded, flat ossicles. Scattered populations of these ossicles were probably lost because they were, in effect, ‘invisible’ during excavation and skeletal preparation, being of millimetric dimensions. These smaller osteodermal ossicles formed a mosaic-like pattern on the skin surface and toughened the flexible portions of the skin of the animal. Skin impressions and epidermal peels, probably deriving from the ventral surface of the body, reveal a closely packed mosaic of smaller flat osteoderms that underlie similarly shaped keratinous scales. The discovery of smaller, partly articulated skeletons has revealed aspects of the growth and development of the cervical osteoderm arrays. Individual base-plates begin to form deep in the dermis through mineralization of the woven connective tissue fibres in the stratum compactum and, as these thicken, they also involve the looser and more irregular fibres of the stratum superficiale. Individual base-plates expand peripherally, deepen and form shallowly convex pads externally upon which primordial osteoderms developed. The latter form initially as narrow, elongate, pup-tent-shaped structures with a posteriorly off-set apex and arched, slightly hollow bases. Differential patterns of mineral deposition progressively modify these ‘templates’ into the range of osteoderm morphologies seen in ontogenetically mature skeletons: from subconical curved horns, through tall, carinate blades, to extremely tall, plate-shaped structures, as well as to the simpler oval-based, ridged, pup-tent-shaped osteoderms. As the skeleton approaches full size, in the neck region the base-plates and their osteodermal caps fuse together, and adjacent base-plates interlock before finally fusing together to form partial collars that anchor and support transverse arrays of prominent osteoderms. Osteoderms had the potential to contribute to a number of biological roles in the life of these animals, including protection (defence-retaliation), thermoregulation and more subtle aspects of their behaviour.
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Allen, John E. "CASE HISTORY OF THE CAPE COD CANAL". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n.º 3 (1 de janeiro de 2000): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v3.21.
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No more interesting or appealing subject than the Cape Cod Canal could be assigned to one who is engaged in the study and development of navigation in New England. This sea-level canal, located 50 miles south of Boston at the narrow neck of land joining Cape Cod to the mainland, principally serves coastwise shipping to and from Boston and Northern New England. While it was only completed in 1940 no one should entertain the thought that it is of recent origin.
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Evloeva, Rada D. "The Convention of 1818: preparation, conclusion, consequences". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n.º 3 (2022): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-3-821-828.
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Radical changes in the international situation after the end of the Napoleonic Wars forced many states, and first of all England, to rethink the system of their foreign policy interests. In the new situation, the question of revenge against the United States has lost its relevance for England. If from 1783 and before the War of 1812, this problem was important for England, now the bet began to be placed on establishing stable trade and economic relations, which, coupled with control over Canada, allowed us to hope that North America would turn into a vast extremely profitable market for England’s economic expansion. The purpose of the study is an attempt to identify the peculiarities of the origin of the Canadian-American borders to find out what role the Treaty of 1818 played in the development of relations between London and Washington. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that there are practically no studies in Russian historiography that specifically consider the convention itself, despite the fact that this event laid the current border of the two states. It was concluded that in the general vector of development of Anglo-American relations, thanks to the Treaty of 1818, the trend towards stabilization was undoubtedly increasing.
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Murray, James M. "Waterways and Canal-Building in Medieval England". History: Reviews of New Books 37, n.º 3 (abril de 2009): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2009.10527340.
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Harrison, D. "Waterways and Canal-building in Medieval England". English Historical Review CXXIII, n.º 502 (30 de maio de 2008): 704–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cen097.
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N Kyriakos, Christina, Filippos T. Filippidis, Katherine A. East, Jessica L. Reid, Pete Driezen e David Hammond. "Use of Menthol Cigarettes and Accessories Among Youth Who Smoked After the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England and Canada, 2021: Implications for Health Equity". Nicotine and Tobacco Research 26, Supplement_2 (31 de maio de 2024): S133—S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntad112.
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Abstract Introduction This study examined menthol cigarette use among youth who smoked, after menthol cigarette bans were implemented in England (May 2020) and Canada (October 2017). Aims and Methods Cross-sectional data come from 2021 ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey respondents aged 16–19 who smoked in the past 30 d in England (N = 715) and Canada (N = 419). Adjusted logistic regression models, estimated separately for each country, examined sociodemographic correlates of usually smoking menthol cigarettes (reporting currently most often smoking menthol cigarettes) overall, and by past 30-d use of any menthol accessories (e.g., filters, capsules). Youth reported the cigarette variety they smoked most often, coded as menthol or nonmenthol. Results Almost no youth who smoked in the past 30 d reported most often smoking a cigarette variety coded as menthol. However, 34.5% (95% CI: 30.4% to 38.9%) of youth who smoke in England and 30.9% (26.0%–36.3%) in Canada reported usually smoking menthol cigarettes, with greater odds of use among those identifying as black, or other race/ethnicity, respectively, compared to white in England (60.0%, aOR = 3.08, p = .001; 47.4%, aOR = 2.27, p = .011) and Canada (43.6%, aOR = 2.44, p = .046; 51.2%, aOR = 2.92, p = .001). Among those who reported usually smoking menthol cigarettes in England (N = 223) and Canada (N = 108), 71.7% (64.0%–78.2%) and 51.5% (41.1%–61.7%) reported using menthol accessories. Conclusions After menthol cigarette bans in England and Canada, approximately one-third of youth who smoked reported usually smoking menthol cigarettes, with disproportionately higher use among those identifying as black and other race/ethnicity. Menthol accessories accounted for most menthol cigarette use. Closing regulatory loopholes is critical to advancing public health equity. Implications Use of menthol cigarette accessories (eg, filters, cards, capsules) among youth who smoked was prevalent after implementation of menthol cigarette bans in England and Canada, and there was disproportionately higher use among those who identified as black and any other race/ethnicity. Efforts are therefore required to close regulatory loopholes of menthol cigarette bans. Findings further support countries, such as the United States, proposing menthol cigarette bans which extend coverage to accessories. More comprehensive menthol bans that also restrict accessories are likely to be more effective in reducing flavored tobacco use among young people and in advancing health equity.
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Christopher, M. Green, e Laurence J. Naismith. "A Comparative Perspective on Forensic Psychiatry in Canada and England". Medicine, Science and the Law 28, n.º 4 (outubro de 1988): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248802800413.
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ABSTRACT: An outline is presented of the development and practice of forensic psychiatry, including relevant legal aspects, in Canada, in comparison to the English system. It is written by two English-trained psychiatrists, who have provided forensic services in both Canada and England. Canadian forensic psychiatry is portrayed as having a greater medico-legal emphasis than at present in England, with a continuing dependence on the insanity verdict for seriously mentally disordered offenders. Canadian forensic psychiatric institutions are often attached to the correctional system, whereas in England they are under the Department of Health. Within this framework, the article elaborates upon clinical and medico-legal differences.
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Abel, Douglas, e R. H. Thomson. "Drawing Strength from Within". Canadian Theatre Review 62 (março de 1990): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.62.007.
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Since his return to Canada from studies in England in 1973, R. H. Thomson has advanced steadily from being a rising young star to one of Canada’s most praised and respected actors. He has performed on the stage, on television and in film. Despite having success here, in the United States, and in England, his career choices demonstrate a fiercely passionate commitment to the development of the performing arts in Canada.
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Buckley, R. A. "Occupiers' Liability in England and Canada". Common Law World Review 35, n.º 3 (setembro de 2006): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2006.35.3.197.
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Acostová, Anna. "Development of the garden design of 18th century in Sankt Petersburg and comparison with main European patterns". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, n.º 1 (2007): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755010185.
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The 18th century was the period when the Russian empire started to open to the western culture. The economic and cultural development of this country started after the reforms of the emperor Petr I. Large number of the imperial palaces where built after the foundation of Santk Petersburg in 1703. Peter I was a big admirer of the western culture, his knowledge about it increased during two visits through Europe. Therefore, the formal gardens and baroque palaces built during the reign of Peter the Great are called Peter’s baroque.Until 1715 were all Russian gardens influenced by the Holland pattern like the palaces built by William of Orange in Holland – Het Loo and in England part of the Hampton Court. The first garden laid out in formal style in Sankt Petersburg was the Summer Garden – located in the architectural heart of the city. Gardens of this period were characteristic by small closed ground plan surrounded by water canals, an absence of using terrace as a symbol of majesty and highest point of view and finally by modest architecture. After the second visit of Peter I to Europe, he started to use all principles of the French formal gardens based on Andre Le Notre work. Palaces like Petrodvorets, Strelna and residence of first minister Alexander Menshikov in Oranienbaum were laid out on a natural terrace overlooking the Gulf of Finland. During the reign Elizabeth Petrovna started a huge expansion of palaces Petrodvorets, Hermitage and Tsarskoe Selo by the Italian architect Francisco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, whose combinations of rich ornaments, soft unusual colours and white columns are symbol of Russian baroque of the middle of 18th century. Moreover, F. B. Rastrelli also rebuilt some garden pavilions giving a new dimension of composition between buildings and garden. His sense of buildings soft colours in contras to the dark colours of north nature was very important and helped to improve Russian garden design of this time.After the start of reign Catherine II in 1761 begun new period of architectural style – Classicism and English Landscape School. At first was rebuilt a part of the formal gardens in Tsarskoe Selo for which was used the composition of the famous Stowe Park as a pattern. Others built landscape parks were Pavlovsk, Gatchina and Alexandrowski Park. In the process of creating those imperial residences were used principles of the work of William Kent, with antique temples, also Lancelot Brown’s famous nature scenery. Moreover, the compositions of landscape parks are good examples of oriental and neo-gothic pavilions. Russian formal gardens and landscape parks are inseparable part of European art in 17th and 18th century. They composition content basic characteristic of French baroque and English landscape school together with different elements originated as a adaptation to the specific climatic conditions of this region.
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Bligh, David, David Brown e Nigel Crowe. "Birmingham Canal, England—a future unlocked by Telford". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 160, n.º 5 (maio de 2007): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2007.160.5.56.
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WAKO, Tatsuo. "Canal, River, and Tide on Romney Marsh, England". Kikan Chirigaku 48, n.º 4 (1996): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5190/tga.48.303.
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Carey, Malcolm. "What difference does it make?" International Social Work 51, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2008): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872807083918.
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English The article explores the privatization of social work in both England and Canada. Although differences persist in the structural organization of social services in both countries, it is argued that such disparities are increasingly blurred by radical market reforms of the social work labour process (among other changes). French Cet article étudie la privatisation du travail social en Angleterre et au Canada. Même s'il subsiste des différences quant à l'organisation des services sociaux dans ces deux pays, cette étude soutient que ces différences s'estompent de plus en plus en raison des réformes de marché radicales qui s'opèrent notamment en ce qui concerne le traitement de la main-d'œuvre en travail social. Spanish Se explora la privatización en Inglaterra y Canadá. Aunque perduran las diferencias respecto a la organización estructural de los servicios sociales en ambos países, se arguye que tales diferencias se oscurecen cada vez más por las reformas radicales derivadas del mercado de los procesos laborales del trabajo social (entre otros cambios).
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Baines, Stephen G. "La etnología indígena en Canadá vista desde Brasil". Boletín de Antropología 20, n.º 37 (9 de setembro de 2010): 81–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.boan.6890.
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Resumen. Este trabajo, basado en dos temporadas de investigación en Canadá (en 1995 y 2002), debe entenderse como el ejercicio de entender la etnología indígena que se hace en Canadá a través del prisma de la etnología que se hace en Brasil. Se inspira en la propuesta del profesor Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira de estudiar los estilos de las antropologías periféricas, esto es, aquellas antropologías de los países al margen de los centros metropolitanos de la disciplina —EE. UU., Inglaterra y Francia—, donde la antropología, en tanto disciplina científica y académica, surgió y se consolidó. El artículo se concentra en la etnología indígena a partir de una comparación, apoyada ésta en el hecho de que tanto en Canadá como en Brasil fueron estudiados pueblos indígenas sobre cuyos territorios se expandió el estado nacional. Abstract. This article, based on two research surveys carried out in Canada (in 1995 and in 2002), was written within the theme on ethnology with indigenous peoples done in Canada examined through the prism of ethnology with indigenous peoples done in Brazil. It was inspired on the proposal of Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira to study the styles of peripheral anthropologies, that is to say, those anthropologies situated in countries which are in the periphery of the metropolitan centres of the disciplne —the USA, England, and France— where Anthropology originally emerged and was consolidated as a scientific discipline. The article focuses ethnology with indigenous peoples from a comparison made from the fact that in Canada, as in Brazil, ethnology with indigenous peoples studies peoples over whose lands the national state has expanded.
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Cho, Yoo Jin, James F. Thrasher, Pete Driezen, Sara C. Hitchman, Jessica L. Reid e David Hammond. "Trends in exposure to and perceptions of e-cigarette marketing among youth in England, Canada and the United States between 2017 and 2019". Health Education Research 36, n.º 6 (25 de novembro de 2021): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyab039.
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Abstract E-Cigarette marketing may influence e-cigarette use among youth. This study examined reported exposure to and perceptions of e-cigarette marketing among youth between 2017 and 2019 across countries with varying e-cigarette marketing restrictions. Cross-sectional online surveys were conducted with 35 490 youth aged 16–19 from England, Canada and the United States in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Weighted logistic regression models examined trends in the adjusted prevalence of self-reported exposure to e-cigarette marketing and the perceived appeal of e-cigarette ads between 2017 and 2019, by country and by smoking/vaping status. Reports of frequent exposure to e-cigarette marketing increased between 2017 and 2019 in all countries, but less so in England, where e-cigarette marketing is more restricted. Perceiving e-cigarette marketing as appealing increased from 2017 to 2019 in Canada and the United States, but not in England. In England, exposure to e-cigarette marketing did not increase in prohibited channels between 2017 and 2019. Between 2017 and 2019, never-users’ reports increased for exposure to and appeal of e-cigarette marketing. The results suggest some effectiveness of e-cigarette marketing bans in England and receptivity to e-cigarette marketing among youth never users.
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Czoli, Christine D., Christine M. White, Jessica L. Reid, Richard J. OConnor e David Hammond. "Awareness and interest in IQOS heated tobacco products among youth in Canada, England and the USA". Tobacco Control 29, n.º 1 (29 de janeiro de 2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054654.
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IntroductionHeated tobacco products (HTPs), such as IQOS, have been introduced in a growing number of international markets. However, little is known about perceptions of HTP products among youth.MethodsData are from wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control Youth Tobacco and E-cigarette Survey (2017), a web-based cohort survey of people aged 16–19 years from Canada, England and the USA. Respondents (n=12 064) were shown an image of IQOS and asked about their awareness, interest in trying and susceptibility to trying the product. Youth awareness, interest in trying and susceptibility to trying IQOS were analysed using descriptive statistics, and logistic regression models were used to examine correlates of these outcomes.ResultsOverall, 7.0% of youth reported awareness of IQOS (England=5.6%, Canada=6.4% and USA=9.1%) and 38.6% expressed interest in trying the product (England=41.8%, Canada=33.0% and USA=40.9%). Within each country, all key outcomes varied by smoking status: greater proportions of youth who were currently smoking or had a history of smoking reported being aware of, interested in trying and susceptible to trying IQOS. Interest and susceptibility to trying IQOS were associated with male sex, current tobacco use and current e-cigarette use. Across all countries, susceptibility to trying IQOS (25.1%) was higher than for tobacco cigarettes (19.3%), but lower than for e-cigarettes (29.1%).ConclusionsAwareness of HTPs, such as IQOS, is emerging among youth in Canada, England and the USA. Interest in trying these products is very high among smokers, but also present among non-smokers.
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Harron, Katie, Ruth Gilbert, David Cromwell, Sam Oddie, Astrid Guttmann e Jan van der Meulen. "International comparison of emergency hospital use for infants: data linkage cohort study in Canada and England". BMJ Quality & Safety 27, n.º 1 (12 de junho de 2017): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016-006253.
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ObjectivesTo compare emergency hospital use for infants in Ontario (Canada) and England.MethodsWe conducted a population-based data linkage study in infants born ≥34 weeks’ gestation between 2010 and 2013 in Ontario (n=253 930) and England (n=1 361 128). Outcomes within 12 months of postnatal discharge were captured in hospital records. The primary outcome was all-cause unplanned admissions. Secondary outcomes included emergency department (ED) visits, any unplanned hospital contact (either ED or admission) and mortality. Multivariable regression was used to evaluate risk factors for infant admission.ResultsThe percentage of infants with ≥1 unplanned admission was substantially lower in Ontario (7.9% vs 19.6% in England) while the percentage attending ED but not admitted was higher (39.8% vs 29.9% in England). The percentage of infants with any unplanned hospital contact was similar between countries (42.9% in Ontario, 41.6% in England) as was mortality (0.05% in Ontario, 0.06% in England). Infants attending ED were less likely to be admitted in Ontario (7.3% vs 26.2%), but those who were admitted were more likely to stay for ≥1 night (94.0% vs 55.2%). The strongest risk factors for admission were completed weeks of gestation (adjusted OR for 34–36 weeks vs 39+ weeks: 2.44; 95% CI 2.29 to 2.61 in Ontario and 1.66; 95% CI 1.62 to 1.70 in England) and young maternal age.ConclusionsChildren attending ED in England were much more likely to be admitted than those in Ontario. The tendency towards more frequent, shorter admissions in England could be due to more pressure to admit within waiting time targets, or less availability of paediatric expertise in ED. Further evaluations should consider where best to focus resources, including in-hospital, primary care and paediatric care in the community.
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Matthijs, Herman, e Mark Scholliers. "The No-Gold Central Banks". Review of European Studies 14, n.º 3 (27 de julho de 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v14n3p43.
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This article examines the central banks of three countries with no membership of the eurozone or the us-dollar zone: the ‘Bank of England’, the ’Norges Bank’ and the ‘Bank of Canada / Banque du Canada.’ It uses a descriptive, factual analysis including a short history, their structure and administrative bodies, and some key financial figures. While there are a number of similarities between the three banks e.g. on the level of administration, they differ considerably with respect to external controls and financial solidity. The ’Norges Bank’ and the ‘Bank of Canada / Banque du Canada‘ have sold all of their gold reserves, while the ‘Bank of England’ only holds a small amount compared to the size of its other assets. Hence, the no-gold banks.
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Black, Alexander J. "Pretrial Discovery in Scotland, England and Canada". Netherlands International Law Review 39, n.º 03 (dezembro de 1992): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00006227.
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Taylor, Duncan. "Book Review: Waterways and Canal-Building in Medieval England". International Journal of Maritime History 20, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2008): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140802000232.
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Backhouse, Constance B. "Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada". Law and History Review 6, n.º 2 (1988): 211–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743684.
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English common-law rules that transferred the property of women to their husbands upon marriage were part of the larger package of laws emigrants from England brought to Canada. These harsh rules left Canadian women in a most unenviable position—the equitable precedents that had evolved in England to prevent the most glaring instances of abuse had less impact in Canada where courts of equity developed slowly and sporadically, and many individuals had no practical access to their jurisdiction. The need for reform of married women's property law was made even more pressing because of an apparently high rate of wife abandonment, which left women without the benefit of matrimonial support, yet still subject to the disabilities of coverture.
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HEATH, WILLIAM. "Thomas Morton: From Merry Old England to New England". Journal of American Studies 41, n.º 1 (abril de 2006): 135–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875806002787.
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Nathaniel Hawthorne claims, in his brief preface to “The May-pole of Merry Mount,” that “the facts, recorded on the grave pages of our New England annalists, have wrought themselves, almost spontaneously,” into a “philosophical romance” and “a sort of allegory.” He later refers to these “true” and “authentic passages from history” as “a poet's tale.” Yet to anyone familiar with the sources available to Hawthorne,1 nothing is more striking than how much authentic history he has left out – most notably Thomas Morton himself, whose version of what transpired at his fur-trading post on Massachusetts Bay (New English Canaan) is indeed a tale told by a poet, albeit a minor one. What do we know about the man who put up the maypole that so outraged his pious neighbors? Who was Thomas Morton and why were the Puritans so offended by him? If his maypole symbolized the festive culture of Merry Old England, Morton epitomized its spirit. No wonder he was a persona non grata among the Puritans of New England, although Falstaff would have welcomed him to the Boar's Head Tavern. Like many a man of the Elizabethan Renaissance, he was enamored of classical learning and the New World; three times he abandoned London's Bankside to seek his fortune in Massachusetts Bay, at the risk of his life.
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Mehri, Nader, Takashi Yamashita, Roberto Millar e Phyllis Cummins. "AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF INCOME DISPARITIES BY PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS, GENDER, AND AGE". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (novembro de 2019): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.013.
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Abstract Income disparities by gender have been a persistent problem in economically-developed countries for decades, with income gaps often widening over the adult life course. We use data from the 2012 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine relationships among problem solving skills in technology-rich environments (PSTRE), income, sex, and age in Australia, Canada, England/Northern Ireland and the United States. Women age 35 to 44 in the middle-to-high (i.e., 50th - 75th percentile) income group had significantly higher PSTRE scores than their male counterparts in Australia and Canada. For the same income group, women ages 55 to 65 had significantly higher. PSTRE scores than men in Canada and England/Northern Ireland. These results suggest that women with similar skills lagged their male counterparts in income in specific sub-populations in specific countries. We provide possible explanations for these differences and conclude with implications for policy and practice.
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Sergeev, V. A. "III National Congress on Respiratory Diseases (St. Petersburg, December 1-5, 1992)". Kazan medical journal 74, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 1993): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj64656.
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The Congress was attended by representatives of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, as well as specialists from Austria, England, Germany, Holland, Canada, Poland, France, Finland, USA, Sweden.
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Harris, Alma, e Jon Young. "Comparing School Improvement Programmes in England and Canada". School Leadership & Management 20, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2000): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632430068860.
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Philpott, Wendy. "Nature, War and Will: New Plays from the Past". Canadian Theatre Review 129 (janeiro de 2007): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.129.018.
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If there is a point of agreement suggested by the three plays discussed here, it’s that history never goes out of style. Taken together, the plays present a tour of review and revision through Scotland in 1899, Canada and England during World War II and Elizabethan England. While the attractiveness of historical context may be an initial hook, the veteran writers represented here reconfirm that contemporary concerns are often most clearly viewed through the lens of a true or imagined past.
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Brown, David Henthorn, e Paul Howlett. "Recent canal reservoir improvements in the north-west of England". Dams and Reservoirs 21, n.º 3 (setembro de 2011): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/dare.2011.21.3.113.
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Petra J. E. M. van Dam. "Waterways and Canal-Building in Medieval England (review)". Technology and Culture 50, n.º 2 (2009): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0268.
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Ivan, Gabriela. "Child Protection in Canada and England: A Comparative Analysis". Journal of Politics and Law 14, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n1p100.
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At a time when the Canadian child welfare is at a crossroads and strives for a direction that leads to better outcomes and engagement with the families and service providers, placing the Canadian child’s welfare in the international context of child protection is essential for improving the system and learning from others.
This phenomenological research endeavours to compare the child protection systems of Canada and England from the legislation perspective, with the focus on the definitions of child abuse and neglect, in order to identify some of their similarities and differences and capture some aspects of the child protection workers’ experience with the legislation and with these definitions. Furthermore, this explorative paper examines the implication of the legislation and the definitions of child abuse and neglect on the day-to-day work of the child protection workers who have experience in working in both countries – Canada and England – and identifies some of the similarities and differences of the two child protection systems.
The child-protection system in Canada and England has undergone many changes over the years to ensure the safety and wellbeing of all children, but the direct implications of these changes on the child-protection workers and their day-to-day work is little known and understood. While in England the child protection legislation is consistent along the country, in Canada each province/territory has its own legislation in child protection, and therefore each of them has policy manuals, guides and protocols providing working definitions of abuse and criteria used in making determinations of abuse.
The legislation and policy in child protection act as essential tools in the interventions with the main focus to keep children safe. In order to ensure that the children have the right to live a life free from any form of maltreatment, most countries have developed their own child-protection system, which is highly influenced by the cultural and socio-economic context of that specific country, as well as by the needs of its various communities.
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Huang, Gary G. "Mathematics Achievement by Immigrant Children". education policy analysis archives 8 (30 de maio de 2000): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v8n25.2000.
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In this study, I examined academic achievement of immigrant children in the United States, Canada, England, Australia, and New Zealand. Analyzing data from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), I gauged the performance gaps relating to the generation of immigration and the home language background. I found immigrant children's math and science achievement to be lower than the others only in England, the U.S., and Canada. Non-English language background was found in each country to relate to poor math and science learning and this disadvantage was stronger among native-born childrenpresumably children of indigenous groupsthan among immigrant children. I also examined the school variation in math performance gaps, using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to each country's data. The patterns in which language- and generation-related math achievement gaps varied between schools are different in the five countries.
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Gupta, Divya, e Deepak Gupta. "Sibling Authors Propose Bipolar Disorder Of Publishing Biomedical Research: With MEDLINE Footprint Imploding And Retraction Footprint Fudging, Can Pursuit For PubMed® Footprint Challenge Humane Human Imprinting By Physician Scientists?" Indian Journal of Community Health 35, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2023): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2023.v35i03.024.
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With continents and oceans in-between, sibling authors, one from a BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) nation and other from a G7 (Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United States) nation, propose christening bipolar disorder of publishing biomedical research.
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Marshall, Bethan, e Simon Gibbons. "Assessing English: A Comparison between Canada and England’s Assessment Procedures". Education Sciences 8, n.º 4 (5 de dezembro de 2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci8040211.
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English as a subject used to be assessed using course-based or portfolio assessments but now it is increasingly examined through terminal tests. Canada is an exception to this rule. This paper compares the way English is assessed in England and Canada and looks to the ways in which the kind of assessment undertaken affects the practices of English teachers both in the teaching of summative and formative assessment.
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Freitas-Lemos, Roberta, Jeffrey S. Stein, Allison N. Tegge, Brent A. Kaplan, Bryan W. Heckman, Ann McNeill, K. Michael Cummings, Geoffrey T. Fong e Warren K. Bickel. "Illegal Experimental Tobacco Marketplace II: effects of vaping product bans — findings from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Project". Tobacco Control 31, Suppl 3 (novembro de 2022): s1—s9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc-2022-057515.
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SignificanceRestrictive e-cigarette policies may increase purchases from illegal sources. The Illegal Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (IETM) allows examination of how restrictions impact illegal purchases. We investigated (1) the effect of a vaping ban, total flavour vaping ban and partial flavour vaping ban on the probability of purchasing illegal vaping products among different regulatory environments (USA, Canada and England) and tobacco user types (cigarette smokers, dual users and e-cigarette users); and (2) the relation between ban endorsement and illegal purchases.MethodsParticipants (N=459) from the International Tobacco Control Survey rated their support of bans and chose to purchase from a hypothetical legal experimental tobacco marketplace or IETM under control and the three ban conditions.ResultsIn total, 25% of cigarette smokers, 67% of dual users and 79% of e-cigarette users made IETM purchases. Cross-country comparisons depicted dual users from Canada (OR: 19.8), and e-cigarette users from the USA (OR: 12.9) exhibited higher illegal purchases odds than the same user type in England. Within-country comparisons showed e-cigarette and dual users are more likely to purchase from the IETM than cigarette smokers in the most restrictive condition, with the largest effects in e-cigarette users (England—OR: 1722.6, USA—OR: 22725.3, Canada—OR: 6125.0). Increased opposition towards partial or total flavour ban was associated with increased IETM purchasing in the corresponding condition.ConclusionsVaping restrictions may shift users’ preference to the illegal marketplace in a regulatory environment. Evidence of the IETM generalisability in a geographically dispersed sample enhances its utility in tobacco regulatory science.
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Janick, Jules. "Fanny R. Wilkinson; The First Woman Member of ASHS". HortScience 23, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1988): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.958.
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Abstract The first volume of the Proceedings of the Society for Horticultural Science, which includes the Preliminary Meeting, Boston, Mass., 9–10 Sept. 1903; the First Meeting, St. Louis, 28–29 Dec. 1903; and the Second Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 27–28 Dec. 1904; contains a list of Members for 1903–4 and 1905. Miss Fanny R. Wilkinson with the address Hor't College, Swanley, Kent, England, is one of five foreign Members listed in 1905—the other four being Ed Andre, Paris, France; Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, London, England (both honorary members); W.T. Macoun, Canada; and Dr. L. Wittmach, Berlin, Germany.
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Côté, J. E. "History of Factums". Alberta Law Review 52, n.º 1 (4 de novembro de 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr12.
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The history of the factum in Canada is little known but greatly significant in the development of written argument. Written argument grew alongside the oral legal tradition. The factum developed in Canada in an unorthodox way. Unlike most Canadian laws and procedures, which find their roots in common law England, the factum originated in Quebec’s civil jurisdiction before being adopted in the NorthwestTerritories. This article explores the evolution of written argument and the historical use of the factum in the United Kingdom and Canada and details the practice of factum use in Alberta particularly.