Bibliografias temáticas / Caméra 360

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Caméra 360"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 7 de dezembro de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Caméra 360"

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Blanc, P., E. Cassol, E. Ouhayoun, and P. Payoux. "Gamma caméra CZT 360° VERITON-CT : expérience toulousaine." Médecine Nucléaire 45, no. 4 (2021): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mednuc.2021.06.001.

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Piatkova, Y., P. Payoux, C. Boursier, et al. "Comparaison de l’imagerie TEMP au 123I-FP-CIT obtenue avec une caméra CZT 360° et une caméra conventionnelle : étude prospective." Médecine Nucléaire 45, no. 4 (2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mednuc.2021.06.021.

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Tran, Khanh Bao, Alexander Carballo, and Kazuya Takeda. "LiDAR-360 RGB Camera-360 Thermal Camera Targetless Calibration for Dynamic Situations." Sensors 24, no. 22 (2024): 7199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24227199.

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Integrating multiple types of sensors into autonomous systems, such as cars and robots, has become a widely adopted approach in modern technology. Among these sensors, RGB cameras, thermal cameras, and LiDAR are particularly valued for their ability to provide comprehensive environmental data. However, despite their advantages, current research primarily focuses on the one or combination of two sensors at a time. The full potential of utilizing all three sensors is often neglected. One key challenge is the ego-motion compensation of data in dynamic situations, which results from the rotational nature of the LiDAR sensor, and the blind spots of standard cameras due to their limited field of view. To resolve this problem, this paper proposes a novel method for the simultaneous registration of LiDAR, panoramic RGB cameras, and panoramic thermal cameras in dynamic environments without the need for calibration targets. Initially, essential features from RGB images, thermal data, and LiDAR point clouds are extracted through a novel method, designed to capture significant raw data characteristics. These extracted features then serve as a foundation for ego-motion compensation, optimizing the initial dataset. Subsequently, the raw features can be further refined to enhance calibration accuracy, achieving more precise alignment results. The results of the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing multiple sensor calibration compared to other ways. In the case of a high speed of around 9 m/s, some situations can improve the accuracy about 30 percent higher for LiDAR and Camera calibration. The proposed method has the potential to significantly improve the reliability and accuracy of autonomous systems in real-world scenarios, particularly under challenging environmental conditions.
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Barazzetti, L., M. Previtali, and F. Roncoroni. "CAN WE USE LOW-COST 360 DEGREE CAMERAS TO CREATE ACCURATE 3D MODELS?" ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-69-2018.

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360 degree cameras capture the whole scene around a photographer in a single shot. Cheap 360 cameras are a new paradigm in photogrammetry. The camera can be pointed to any direction, and the large field of view reduces the number of photographs. This paper aims to show that accurate metric reconstructions can be achieved with affordable sensors (less than 300 euro). The camera used in this work is the Xiaomi Mijia Mi Sphere 360, which has a cost of about 300 USD (January 2018). Experiments demonstrate that millimeter-level accuracy can be obtained during the image orientation and surface reconstruction steps, in which the solution from 360° images was compared to check points measured with a total station and laser scanning point clouds. The paper will summarize some practical rules for image acquisition as well as the importance of ground control points to remove possible deformations of the network during bundle adjustment, especially for long sequences with unfavorable geometry. The generation of orthophotos from images having a 360° field of view (that captures the entire scene around the camera) is discussed. Finally, the paper illustrates some case studies where the use of a 360° camera could be a better choice than a project based on central perspective cameras. Basically, 360° cameras become very useful in the survey of long and narrow spaces, as well as interior areas like small rooms.
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М.В., Михайлюк, Омельченко Д.В., Кононов Д.А. та Логинов Д.М. "Параметры камеры просмотра видео 360 градусов". Труды НИИСИ РАН 10, № 4 (2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25682/niisi.2020.4.0004.

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В работе рассматривается выбор параметров виртуальной камеры для просмотра видео 360 градусов, созданного с помощью кубической проекции. Проведены оценки искажения изображения при поворотах камеры для разных углов ее горизонтального поля зрения. Предлагаются алгоритмы реализации поворотов камеры в процессе просмотра видео 360 градусов. In the paper the virtual camera parameters for watching 360-degree video produced with a cubemap projection are considered. The image distortion estimates for camera rotations given different horizontal FOV angles are provided. The algorithms of virtual camera rotations during the watching 360-degree video are proposed.
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Lian, Trisha, Joyce Farrell, and Brian Wandell. "Image Systems Simulation for 360° Camera Rigs." Electronic Imaging 2018, no. 5 (2018): 353–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2018.05.pmii-353.

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Sakai, Tetsu, Michifumi Yoshioka, and Katsufumi Inoue. "Camera Tracking Improvement for LSD-SLAM System with 360-degree Camera." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 140, no. 7 (2020): 800–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.140.800.

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Yan, Zhisheng, and Jun Yi. "Dissecting Latency in 360° Video Camera Sensing Systems." Sensors 22, no. 16 (2022): 6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166001.

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360° video camera sensing is an increasingly popular technology. Compared with traditional 2D video systems, it is challenging to ensure the viewing experience in 360° video camera sensing because the massive omnidirectional data introduce adverse effects on start-up delay, event-to-eye delay, and frame rate. Therefore, understanding the time consumption of computing tasks in 360° video camera sensing becomes the prerequisite to improving the system’s delay performance and viewing experience. Despite the prior measurement studies on 360° video systems, none of them delves into the system pipeline and dissects the latency at the task level. In this paper, we perform the first in-depth measurement study of task-level time consumption for 360° video camera sensing. We start with identifying the subtle relationship between the three delay metrics and the time consumption breakdown across the system computing task. Next, we develop an open research prototype Zeus to characterize this relationship in various realistic usage scenarios. Our measurement of task-level time consumption demonstrates the importance of the camera CPU-GPU transfer and the server initialization, as well as the negligible effect of 360° video stitching on the delay metrics. Finally, we compare Zeus with a commercial system to validate that our results are representative and can be used to improve today’s 360° video camera sensing systems.
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Jauhari, Jauhari. "SOLO-YOGYA INTO 360-DEGREE PHOTOGRAPHY." Capture : Jurnal Seni Media Rekam 13, no. 1 (2021): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33153/capture.v13i1.3627.

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Currently, technological developments have made it possible for photographic works not only to be present in the form of a flat 180 degree two-dimensional panorama, but even being able to present reality with a 360 degree perspective. This research on the creation of photographic works aims to optimize photographic equipment for photographing with a 360 degree perspective. Eventhough there are many 360 degree application in smartphones, but using a DSLR camera to create works with a 360 degree perspective has the advantage that it can be printed in large sizes with high resolution without breaking the pixels. The method of creating this work is based on the experimental process of developing DSLR camera equipment. This 360 degree photography creation technique uses the 'panning-sequence' technique with 'continuous exposure' which allows the images captured by the camera can be combined or mixed into one panoramic image. In addition to getting an important and interesting visual appearance, the presence of a 360 degree perspective in this work can also give a new nuances in the world of the art of photography.
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Sutrisno, Arif. "STUDI PERBANDINGAN ANIMASI 360 DERAJAT BERTEMA SEJARAH." JADECS (Jurnal of Art, Design, Art Education & Cultural Studies) 6, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um037v6i12021p22-34.

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To identify general characteristics of historical-themed 360o animation, visual characteristics, and ways of delivering material in historical learning media, this study attempts to compare three historical-themed 360o animations, namely the game trailler Assassin's Creed Syndicate Jack the Ripper, Dinosaurs World 360 VR, and Dunkirk 'Save Every Breath'. This research method is by determine the benchmark focus, planning and research, data collection, implementation, recommendations, and analysis. In general, historical 360o animation uses 3D animation techniques. The flow used tends to be linear with narrative storytelling. The point of view used is first person. The camera movement used is a follow subject. Key Words: Animation 360 Degree, Learning Media, History
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Caméra 360"

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Dluzniewski, Clément. "Télé-immersion 3D basée sur des caméras 360° et des casques de réalité étendue." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI057.

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Dans les environnements professionnels contemporains, le travail est souvent dispersé sur différents lieux géographiquement éloignés. La réunion des collaborateurs en présentiel pouvant s'avérer complexe, les professionnels se reposent aujourd'hui sur les technologies de l'information et de la communication pour organiser les interactions. La télé-immersion s'inscrit dans cette continuité de technologies avec l'ambition de rapprocher les individus séparés géographiquement comme s'ils étaient présents dans un même lieu. Cette thèse propose de réaliser un système de télé-immersion original basé sur une caméra 360° et des casques de réalité étendue. Ce système est conçu pour que des utilisateurs dans un lieu d'intérêt puissent ramener auprès d'eux des utilisateurs distants simplement en posant une caméra 360°. Grâce à la réalité étendue, les utilisateurs distants sont comme téléportés sur le lieu d'intérêt. Le système est spécifiquement développé pour répondre au besoin de nouvelles technologies d'enseignement à distance, afin que des enseignants puissent dispenser des cours immersifs à des étudiants chez eux.Le premier verrou pour atteindre un tel système consiste à gérer le point de vue de multiples utilisateurs avec une seule caméra 360°, tout en augmentant le sentiment de coprésence. En effet, chaque utilisateur distant ayant le point de vue de la caméra, tous se retrouvent localisés au même endroit sur le lieu d'intérêt. Le second verrou est de développer des interactions avec les données de la caméra 360°. Nous souhaitons particulièrement proposer aux utilisateurs distants de naviguer librement sur le lieu d'intérêt. Le problème est alors de trouver une représentation du lieu capable de générer plusieurs points de vue et qui peut être capturée avec une caméra 360° statique.Le manuscrit présente quatre contributions : un nouveau cadre théorique de la télé-immersion et trois versions de systèmes de télé-immersion basés sur une unique caméra 360° statique. La première exploite uniquement des images 360° sans informations 3D, la seconde intègre des informations 3D aux images 360° sous forme de cartes de profondeur, et la dernière profite d'une nouvelle représentation 3D 360°. Cette dernière version est évaluée avec une expérience utilisateur visant à montrer que le sentiment de présence qu'elle suscite est plus grand qu'avec la simple diffusion de la vidéo 360° capturée par la caméra<br>In contemporary professional environments, work is often dispersed across geographically distant locations. As organizing face-to-face meetings can be complex, professionals today rely on information and communication technologies to organize interactions. Tele-immersion is part of this technological trend, and aims to bring geographically separated individuals together as if they were present in the same place. This thesis proposes to develop an original tele-immersion system based on a 360° camera and extended reality headsets. The system is designed to enable users in a site of interest to bring distant users to them by simply placing a 360° camera. Thanks to extended reality, remote users are as if teleported to the place of interest. The system has been specifically developed to meet the need for new distance learning technologies, so that teachers can deliver immersive courses to students at home.The first challenge to achieve such a system is to manage the viewpoints of multiple users with a single 360° camera, while increasing the sense of copresence. In fact, as each remote user has the point of view of the camera, they are all located in the same place on the site of interest. The second challenge is to develop interactions with 360° camera data. In particular, we want to enable remote users to navigate freely around the place of interest. The problem is then to find a representation of the location capable of generating several points of view, and which can be captured with a static 360° camera.The thesis presents four contributions: a new theoretical framework for tele-immersion and three versions of tele-immersion systems based on a single static 360° camera. The first exploits only 360° images without 3D information, the second integrates 3D information into the 360° images in the form of depth maps, and the last takes advantage of a new 3D 360° representation. The latter version is evaluated with a user experience designed to illustrate that the sense of presence is greater than simply broadcasting the 360° video captured by the camera
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Desmonts, Cedric. "Apport des technologies TEMP et TEP numériques en médecine nucléaire dans le domaine de l’oncologie clinique et préclinique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC429.

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La médecine nucléaire a connu ces dernières années d’importantes évolutions technologiques grâce à l’arrivée de caméras dites numériques, qui reposent sur l’utilisation de détecteurs semi-conducteurs. En tomographie d’émission monophotonique (TEMP), cette technologie a d’abord été introduite sur des caméras CzT dédiées à l’exploration cardiaque. Plus récemment, des caméras CzT 360° à champ de vue étendu ont été développées pour permettre des explorations tomographiques corps entier. De même, les caméras utilisées en tomographie par émission de positon (TEP) ont connu une transition vers des technologies numériques grâce à l’utilisation de nouveaux détecteurs SiPM. Ce travail a permis d’évaluer les performances de ces caméras TEMP et TEP numériques en médecine nucléaire dans le domaine de l’oncologie clinique et préclinique. Nous avons ainsi démontré les gains en sensibilité, en résolution en énergie et en contraste image obtenus à l’aide des caméras CzT 360° par rapport aux caméras de Anger conventionnelles. Il a également été démontré la faisabilité d’utiliser ce type de caméra, initialement développée pour l’homme, pour réaliser de l’imagerie chez le petit animal. Dans un second temps, nous avons évalué sur fantôme les caméras TEP SiPM pour une utilisation en préclinique. Nous avons ainsi mesuré des performances s’approchant de celles obtenues avec des caméras microTEP dédiées, en permettant l’imagerie simultanée de quatre animaux, et montré la possibilité de réaliser de la quantification avec une précision suffisante en oncologie préclinique<br>In recent years, nuclear medicine has undergone significant technological advances with the introduction of digital cameras based on the use of semiconductor detectors. In single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), this technology was first introduced on dedicated cardiac CzT cameras. More recently, 360° CzT cameras with extended field-of-view have been developed to enable whole-body tomographic explorations. Similarly, the cameras used in positron emission tomography (PET) have undergone a transition to digital technologies thanks to the use of new SiPM-based detectors. This work has allowed for the evaluation of the performance of these digital SPECT and PET cameras in nuclear medicine, within the field of clinical and preclinical oncology. We have thus demonstrated the improvements in sensitivity, energy resolution, and image contrast achieved through the use of 360° CzT cameras compared to conventional Anger cameras. Additionally, we demonstrated the feasibility of using this type of camera developed for humans, to perform preclinical imaging in small animals. Furthermore, we have evaluated SiPM-based PET cameras using phantoms for potential preclinical applications. We have thus measured performance approaching that obtained with dedicated microPET cameras, enabling simultaneous imaging of four animals, and demonstrated the ability to perform accurate quantification in preclinical oncology
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Ali, Mazin. "360? View Camera Based Visual Assistive Technology for Contextual Scene Information." Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10621991.

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<p> In this research project, a system is proposed to aid the visually impaired by providing partial contextual information of the surroundings using 360&deg; view camera combined with deep learning is proposed. The system uses a 360&deg; view camera with a mobile device to capture surrounding scene information and provide contextual information to the user in the form of audio. The system could also be used for other applications such as logo detection which visually impaired users can use for shopping assistance. </p><p> The scene information from the spherical camera feed is classified by identifying objects that contain contextual information of the scene. That is achieved using convolutional neural networks (CNN) for classification by leveraging CNN transfer learning properties using the pre-trained VGG-19 network. There are two challenges related to this paper, a classification and a segmentation challenge. As an initial prototype, we have experimented with general classes such restaurants, coffee shops and street signs. We have achieved a 92.8% classification accuracy in this research project.</p><p>
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Maun, Jignesh D. "Thin-filament pyrometry with a digital still camera." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3602.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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MONTELEONE, Vito. "WATCHING PEOPLE: ALGORITHMS TO STUDY HUMAN MOTION AND ACTIVITIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395224.

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Nowadays human motion analysis is one of the most active research topics in Computer Vision and it is receiving an increasing attention from both the industrial and scientific communities. The growing interest in human motion analysis is motivated by the increasing number of promising applications, ranging from surveillance, human–computer interaction, virtual reality to healthcare, sports, computer games and video conferencing, just to name a few. The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of the various tasks involved in visual motion analysis of the human body and to present the issues and possible solutions related to it. In this thesis, visual motion analysis is categorized into three major areas related to the interpretation of human motion: tracking of human motion using virtual pan-tilt-zoom (vPTZ) camera, recognition of human motions and human behaviors segmentation. In the field of human motion tracking, a virtual environment for PTZ cameras (vPTZ) is presented to overcame the mechanical limitations of PTZ cameras. The vPTZ is built on equirectangular images acquired by 360° cameras and it allows not only the development of pedestrian tracking algorithms but also the comparison of their performances. On the basis of this virtual environment, three novel pedestrian tracking algorithms for 360° cameras were developed, two of which adopt a tracking-by-detection approach while the last adopts a Bayesian approach. The action recognition problem is addressed by an algorithm that represents actions in terms of multinomial distributions of frequent sequential patterns of different length. Frequent sequential patterns are series of data descriptors that occur many times in the data. The proposed method learns a codebook of frequent sequential patterns by means of an apriori-like algorithm. An action is then represented with a Bag-of-Frequent-Sequential-Patterns approach. In the last part of this thesis a methodology to semi-automatically annotate behavioral data given a small set of manually annotated data is presented. The resulting methodology is not only effective in the semi-automated annotation task but can also be used in presence of abnormal behaviors, as demonstrated empirically by testing the system on data collected from children affected by neuro-developmental disorders.
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Guimarães, Katharine Marques Muniz. "O desenvolvimento da autonomia na educação de filhos adolescentes: um estudo em famílias de camada média urbana." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2017. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/prefix/365.

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Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2017-08-31T13:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOKATHARINEMARQUES.pdf: 1568719 bytes, checksum: 9813ae289c1fad71cc11f91d0bc85bcc (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-08-31T13:33:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOKATHARINEMARQUES.pdf: 1568719 bytes, checksum: 9813ae289c1fad71cc11f91d0bc85bcc (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T13:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOKATHARINEMARQUES.pdf: 1568719 bytes, checksum: 9813ae289c1fad71cc11f91d0bc85bcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29<br>É crescente a necessidade de rediscutir e repensar compreensões cada vez mais ampliadas sobre as relações intrafamiliares e os padrões de interação entre pais e filhos, como aspectos que interferem na criação dos filhos e na constituição de pessoas autônomas e colaborativas em seus diversos contextos. Nesse viés, o contexto familiar e as práticas educativas adotadas por pais e mães são aspectos centrais para o desenvolvimento da autonomia de seus filhos. Diante do exposto, temos como objeto de pesquisa a participação de pais e mães de adolescentes por meio de suas dinâmicas de interações vivenciadas em suas práticas educativas desempenhadas no exercício da parentalidade. Temos como problema de pesquisa: Como as práticas educativas de pais e mães da camada média urbana de Salvador contribuem no processo de desenvolvimento da autonomia de seus filhos? Para respondê-la, levantamos como objetivo geral: i) analisar a compreensão de pais e mães acerca de suas práticas educativas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da autonomia de seu(s) filho(s) adolescente(s) e como específicos: ii) investigar as concepções de autonomia para pais e mães de filhos adolescentes; iii) compreender as práticas educativas de pais e mães relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da autonomia dos seus filhos adolescentes; e iv) discutir o papel parental no desenvolvimento da autonomia de filhos adolescentes na contemporaneidade. A metodologia utilizada foi de natureza qualitativa (MINAYO, 2010) e exploratória (YIN, 2010), sendo um estudo de casos múltiplos. Foram realizadas entrevistas abertas com três pais e três mães, casados entre si, do modelo de família nuclear. Aplicamos uma questão disparadora para permitir que os entrevistados respondessem de forma livre. Para a obtenção de dados complementares foi utilizado um roteiro de identificação com dados relacionados a cada participante. Posteriormente, as entrevistas foram analisadas com base na construção de categorias de análise de conteúdo (MINAYO, 2010). Foi feito uso de aportes teóricos sistêmicos (BOWEN, 1991; MINUCHIN, 1982, 2003, 2008; BRONFENBRENNER, 1996, 2011), com o intuito de fundamentar a análise e compreensão dos dados. Obtivemos como resultado relevante que o desenvolvimento da autonomia dos adolescentes é um processo contínuo, complexo e relacional e acontece na relação do indivíduo com a família e a sociedade mais ampla. Observamos que cada uma das famílias em estudo apresenta especificidades em relação às suas crenças e valores que medeiam o processo de educação dos filhos, como uma experiência única.<br>There is a growing need to rediscuit and rethink increasingly extended understandings about intrafamily relationships and patterns of parent-child interaction as aspects that interfere with parenting and the constitution of autonomous and collaborative people in their various contexts. In this bias, the family context and the educational practices adopted by fathers and mothers are central aspects for the development of the autonomy of their children. In view of the above, the present study has the objective of research the participation of parents and adolescents through their dynamics of interactions experienced in their educational practices performed in the exercise of parenting. We have as a research problem: How do the educational practices of urban middle-class parents contribute to the process of developing their children's autonomy? In order to answer this question, we have as a general objective: (i) to analyze the parents' understanding of their educational practices related to the development of the autonomy of their adolescent child (ren) and how specific: (ii) Conceptions of autonomy for fathers and mothers of adolescent children; Iii) understand the educational practices of parents related to the development of the autonomy of their adolescent children; And iv) to discuss the parental role in the development of the autonomy of adolescent children in contemporary times. The methodology used was qualitative (MINAYO, 2010) and exploratory (YIN, 2010), being a multiple case study. Open interviews were conducted with three parents and three mothers, married to each other, of the nuclear family model. We applied a triggering question to allow respondents to respond freely. To obtain additional data an identification roadmap was used with data related to each participant. Subsequently, the interviews were analyzed based on the construction of categories of content analysis (MINAYO, 2010). It was made use of systemic theoretical contributions (BOWEN, 1991; MINUCHIN, 1982, 2003, 2008; BRONFENBRENNER, 1996, 2011), in order to base the analysis and understanding of the data. We obtained as a relevant result that the development of adolescents' autonomy is a continuous process, complex and relational and happens in the relationship of the individual with the family and the wider society. We observed that each of the families studied presents specifics regarding their beliefs and values that mediate the process of raising their children as a unique experience.
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Maghin, Victor. "Les angles morts de la caméra intelligente : filtres scientifiques, débat confiné et marché discret." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PESC2005.

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Les caméras de surveillance font depuis quelques années partie de nos paysages urbains, voire même ruraux. Ces dispositifs n’ont pourtant pas réglé l’ensemble des problèmes qui ont amené à leurs déploiements dans de nombreux espaces publics. L’une des solutions proposées afin de régler ce défaut de la vidéosurveillance consiste alors en l’ajout de logiciels de détection automatique au système existant. Ces briques supplémentaires sont de différentes sortes : comptage de personnes, détection de types de véhicule, détection de dépôts sauvages, analyse de situations anormales, reconnaissance faciale etc. Les premiers usages de ces nouvelles formes de vidéosurveillance ont eu lieu en France, bien que celles-ci ne soient pas aussi nombreuses que dans d’autres pays. Cette thèse cherche à apporter des première réflexions concernant ces nouveaux outils de surveillance et le contexte qui les entoure en les abordant par trois aspects principaux. Le premier de ces aspects concerne les développements scientifiques qui participent de la construction de ces nouvelles solutions de surveillance. Le deuxième aspect se concentre sur le débat public autour de la vidéosurveillance automatisée et la forme particulière que prend ce débat. Le troisième et dernier aspect interroge les utilisations, expérimentales pour la plupart, qui ont lieu en France, les objectifs et les conditions de ces usages. Pour le premier aspect, ce travail tend à montrer l’importance particulière des infrastructures dans la réussite de ces outils d’intelligence artificielle. Que ce soit à l’étape du développement ou bien de l’usage, l’intelligence artificielle repose en grande partie sur tous outils, tous ces matériaux mobilisés dans son fonctionnement. Données, réseaux, capteurs sont autant de tamis par lesquels le travail du logiciel passe et qui imposent des limites techniques. Pour le second aspect, la recherche a exploré la question de la présentation de ces solutions techniques, de leur promotion ou de leur critique, en tant que problème, dans les débats publics ou bien dans les espaces économiques. Il en ressort que malgré une critique diffuse dans la société les arguments économiques dominent dans les rapports officiels. Pour le troisième aspect, alors que le sujet de la surveillance automatisée ne fait pas consensus, la thèse analyse l’ensemble des stratégies et ressources mobilisées afin de construire malgré tout un marché de la vidéosurveillance automatisée<br>CCTVs have been part of our urban and even rural landscapes for some years now. However, they have not solved all the problems that led to their deployment in many public spaces. One solution to this problem is to add automatic detection software to the existing system. These additional components come in a variety of forms: people counting, vehicle type detection, illegal dumping detection, analysis of abnormal situations, facial recognition, etc. The first uses of these new forms of video surveillance have taken place in France, although they are not as numerous as in other countries. This thesis seeks to provide some initial thoughts on these new surveillance tools and the context surrounding them, by approaching them from three main angles. The first concerns the scientific developments involved in the construction of these new monitoring solutions. The second focuses on the public debate surrounding automated video surveillance and the particular form this debate is taking. The third and final aspect examines the uses - most of them experimental - that are taking place in France, and the objectives and conditions of these uses. For the first aspect, this work tends to show the particular importance of infrastructures in the success of these artificial intelligence tools. Whether at the development stage or in use, artificial intelligence relies heavily on all the tools and materials mobilized for its operation. Data, networks and sensors are all sieves through which the software's work passes, and which impose technical limits. As for the second aspect, the research explored the question of how these technical solutions are presented, promoted or criticized as a problem, in public debates or in economic arenas. This revealed that, despite widespread social criticism, economic arguments dominate official reports. As for the third aspect, while there is no consensus on the subject of automated surveillance, the thesis analyzes all the strategies and resources mobilized to build an automated video surveillance market in spite of everything
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Allum, Felia Skyle. "The Neapolitan Camorra : crime and politics in post-war Naples (1950-92)." Thesis, Brunel University, 2000. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5085.

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In the post-war period, Italy has been plagued by different forms of organised crime (such as the Sicilian Mafia, the Neapolitan Camorra, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta and the Pugliese Sacra Corona Unita) which have managed in their individual ways to infiltrate both the State (in the form of political parties and local administrations) and society (businesses, cultural and voluntary organisations). In Campania, until 1991, the relationship between the Camorra and the local political elite (based on the exchange of votes for state contracts and protection) was tacitly accepted by the population and could not be studied by political scientists due to the lack of reliable source material. In 1991, a law was introduced which gave generous remission of sentences to criminals who became state-witness. Many members of the Camorra revealed important aspects of criminal, economic and political activities in Campania. This new material permitted a reexamination of the Camorra. This thesis on the Camorra hopes to fill a gap in the study of the relationship between politics and criminal organisations which so far has concentrated on the Sicilian Mafia. Part One is a general introduction and presents the theoretical model and methods adopted. The documentation available allowed us to adopt an agency-structure approach derived from Giddens's structuration theory (1984). This was complemented by Easton's systems analysis (1965) to understand the wider, macro-environment. We elaborated an 'interaction model' to analyse the changing nature of the Camorra's activities: from a simple social-criminal practice in the 1930s to a dynamic and secret cartel enacting a political-criminal practice in the 1980s. To test this model we applied it to case-studies of criminals using original judicial documents. In Part Two we look at the possible motives of people who join the Camorra. We analysed the agent's internal and external structure in both decades and concluded that the macro-environment as an influencing factor had changed more than the individual-agent. Part Three examines the lives of camorristi in the 1950s and 1980s in order to determine how far their criminal practice has been transformed. Part Four investigates the wider picture of system-interaction between the Camorra's social subsystem and the political system. Focussing on the relationship between camorristi and the political elite in the 1950s and 1980s we highlight the radical changes that occurred. This thesis presents a theoretical discussion of how to study organised crime and social behaviour in general and at the same time a detailed empirical study, in particular of the political role of a criminal organisation in a concrete historical situation, that of Naples over the last forty years.
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Luber, Andreas. "Ein generisches Abbildungsmodell für Stereokamerasysteme." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17114.

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In den letzten Jahren kommen immer mehr nicht perspektivische Kamerasysteme beim maschinellen Sehen zur Anwendung, die vor allem ein deutlich erweitertes Blickfeld bieten. Das klassische perspektivische Abbildungsmodell lässt sich hier häufig nicht mehr erfolgreich anwenden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein generisches Abbildungsmodell vorgestellt, welches übliche Kamerasysteme akkurat modellieren kann. Solche Kamerasysteme schließen insbesondere klassische perspektivische Systeme, aber auch Fischaugen- und Spiegellinsen-Kamerasysteme ein. Die Nutzung eines einheitlichen Abbildungsmodells ermöglicht schließlich eine einfache Verwendung und Kalibrierung von heterogenen Stereokamerasystemen, also einer Kombination von unterschiedlichen Kameratypen, die vorteilhafte Eigenschaften gegenüber klassischen Stereosystemen bieten. Nicht zuletzt trägt die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte einheitliche Modellierung und Kalibrierung von Mono- und Stereokamerasystemen dazu bei, Fehler durch falschen Umgang oder falsche Wahl von Methoden der Modellierung oder Kalibrierung zu vermeiden und den Kamerakalibrierprozess insgesamt zu vereinfachen. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Ansätze der Modellierung untersucht und evaluiert. Es wurde eine generische Modellierung vorgeschlagen, die die untersuchten spezifischen Abbildungsmodelle vollständig ersetzen kann. Für die Kalibrierung nicht linearer Abbildungsmodelle wurde eine einheitliche Methode zur Startwertbestimmung vorgeschlagen und evaluiert. Die Genauigkeit der Kalibrierung mittels einheitlicher Methoden wurde anhand diverser realer Kamerasysteme untersucht und bewertet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die dabei auftretenden Fehler deutlich im Subpixelbereich liegen. Durch Erweiterung des klassischen Konzepts der Epipolargeometrie um die generische Abbildungsmodellierung konnten schließlich heterogene Stereokamerasysteme kalibriert und genaue Stereomodelle abgeleitet werden.<br>The application of perspective camera systems in photogrammetry and computer vision is state of the art. In recent years non-perspective and especially omnidirectional camera systems have increasingly been used in close-range photogrammetry tasks. In general, the perspective camera model, i.e. pinhole model, cannot be applied when using non-perspective camera systems. However, several camera models for different omnidirectional camera systems are proposed in literature. Using different types of cameras in a heterogeneous camera system may lead to an advantageous combination. The advantages of different camera systems, e.g. field of view and resolution, result in a new enhanced camera system. If these different kinds of cameras can be modeled, using a unified camera model, the total calibration process can be simplified. Sometimes it is not possible to give the specific camera model in advance. In these cases a generic approach is helpful too. Furthermore, a simple stereo reconstruction becomes possible when using a fisheye and a perspective camera for example. In this work camera models for perspective, wide-angle and omnidirectional camera systems were evaluated. A generic camera model were introduced that fully substitutes specific camera models. The crucial initialization of the model''s parameters is conducted using a new generic method that is independent of the particular camera system. The accuracy of this generic camera calibration approach is validated by the calibration of a dozen of real camera systems up to subpixel accuracy. Finally, it has been shown that a unified method of modeling, parameter approximation and calibration of interior and exterior orientation can be applied to a generic stereo system to derive precise 3D object data.
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Reichel, Peter. "Effizienter Einsatz von Bildsensoren mit integrierter Signalverarbeitung." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-227708.

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Bildsensoren mit integrierter Signalverarbeitung - sog. "Vision Chips" - ermöglichen die Ausführung ansonsten rechenintensiver Verarbeitungsschritte während oder unmittelbar nach der Bildaufnahme. Gegenüber konventionellen CMOS-Bildsensoren, die sich vor allem durch eine gute Bildqualität auszeichnen, werden die auszugebenden Daten bereits auf dem Chip auf relevante Informationen beschränkt und lediglich extrahierte Merkmale anstelle vollständiger Bilder ausgegeben. Vision Chips ermöglichen somit eine sehr hohe Bildwiederholrate bei gleichzeitig deutlich niedrigeren Anforderungen bzgl. der Übertragungsbandbreite und sind insbesondere für die Beobachtung sehr schneller Prozesse attraktiv. Obwohl das Konzept der gemeinsamen Betrachtung von Bildaufnahme und -verarbeitung bereits in den Anfangsjahren der Halbleiter-Bildsensoren aufgegriffen wurde, können die meisten beschriebenen Sensoren als Machbarkeitsnachweise für bestimmte Pixelzellen- bzw. Bildverarbeitungstechnologien betrachtet werden. So finden sich, bis auf den in der optischen Maus eingesetzten Sensor zur Bestimmung der Verschiebung relativ zum Untergrund, nur für sehr wenige Sensoren Hinweise auf einen kommerziellen Einsatz. Neben einer geringen optischen Auflösung und einer eingeschränkten Empfindlichkeit können der Verzicht auf integrierte Steuerwerke und die erhebliche Komplexität bzgl. der Programmierung als wesentliche Hindernisse für einen breiten Einsatz genannt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden wesentliche Beiträge zu der zum Einsatz von Vision Chips in realen Aufgabenstellungen erforderlichen Infrastruktur geliefert. So wird zur Ansteuerung der einzelnen Funktionseinheiten (Functional Unit, FU) zunächst das Konzept eines integrierten, Multi-ASIP (Application Specific Instruction-set Processor) basierten Steuerwerks erarbeitet, das durch die Bereitstellung mehrerer Kontrollflüsse die Ansteuerung paralleler FU ermöglicht. Die praktische Umsetzung des Konzepts in Hardware erfolgt als Bestandteil eines Vision-System-on-Chip (VSoC). Dieses verfügt gegenüber dem Stand der Technik über eine höhere Auflösung sowie eine größere Empfindlichkeit und bildet die Grundlage der weiteren Betrachtungen. Eine umfangreiche Simulationsumgebung ermöglicht Untersuchungen implementierter Algorithmen sowohl hinsichtlich zeitabhängiger Effekte als auch bzgl. der Auswirkung einzelner, in Bildaufnahme- und Verarbeitung gezielt eingebrachter Fehler und Nicht-Idealitäten. Die zum Betrieb des VSoC erforderliche Entwicklungs- und Kameraplattform ist sowohl für den Einsatz unter realen Bedingungen als auch zur Entwicklung von Bildverarbeitungsaufgaben geeignet und ermöglicht dabei die transparente Nutzung der Simulationsumgebung komplementär zur eigentlichen Hardware. Zur Erschließung der vom VSoC bereitgestellten Funktionalität für tatsächliche Aufgabenstellungen erfolgt die ganzheitliche Betrachtung einer Bildverarbeitungsaufgabe bestehend aus VSoC-basierter Vor- und konventioneller Nachverarbeitung in Form sog. "Vision Tasks". Zur Vereinfachung der Implementierung werden parametrierbare Skeletons bereitgestellt, in denen generelle Abläufe zur Bildaufnahme und -verarbeitung hinterlegt werden. Basierend auf den entwickelten Konzepten werden schließlich mehrere Anwendungsbeispiele umgesetzt.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Caméra 360"

1

Storer, Jay. Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 300/330 automotive repair manual. Haynes Pub. Group, 2005.

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2

Storer, Jay. Chilton's Toyota Camry 2002-05 repair manual: Covers U.S. and Canadian models of Toyota Camry, Avalon, Solara, and Lexus ES 300/330 models. Haynes North America, Inc., 2005.

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(Firm), Clip Away, ed. Direct-marketing coupon designs: 300 creative, copyright-free, camera-ready professional layouts. Design Press, 1990.

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Killingsworth, Jeff. Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 350 automotive repair manual. Haynes Publishing Group, 2011.

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Storer, Jay. Chilton's Toyota Camry 2002-06 repair manual: Covers U.S. and Canadian models of Toyota Camry, Avalon, and Lexus ES 300/330 models 2002 through 2006 and Toyota Solar 2002 through 2008. Haynes North America, Inc., 2012.

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Storer, Jay. Chilton's toyota camry 2002-06 repair manual: Covers U.S. and Canadian models of Toyota Camry, Avalon, Solara, and Lexus ES 300/330 models : does not include information specific to the 2005 and 2006 3.5L V6 engine. Haynes North America, Inc., 2009.

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Maddox, Robert. Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 300 automotive repair manual. Haynes Pub. Group, 2000.

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8

Maddox, Robert. Chilton's Toyota Camry 1997-01 repair manual: Covers all U.S. and Canadian models of Toyota Camry, Avalon, Camry Solara, and Lexus ES 300 models. Haynes Pub. Group, 2002.

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9

Sheppard, Rob. Magic Lantern Guides: Canon EOS Digital Rebel EOS 300 D (A Lark Photography Book). Lark Books, 2004.

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10

Landau, David, and Bruce Finn. Multi-Camera Cinematography and Production. Edited by David Landau. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501374616.

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A how-to book on the art, craft and practice of TV/video/streaming cinematography for multi-camera shooting. This book is written for anyone wanting to film, direct or produce multiple camera productions. Lighting Directors, Directors of Photography, Camera Operators as well as Directors, Producers and Production Managers will all find valuable information that will help them do their job and accomplish their goals of effectively filming with more than one camera at the same time. This book could be seen as an intermediate to advanced media production course book for colleges. It is also meant to give insight and inspiration to those starting out their professional careers in multi-camera productions. The text covers advice for producing and filming content using two or more cameras in many genres including Sitcom, Stand-up, News, Talk Show, Interview, Reality, Corporate Video and Indie Movies, with budgets both big and small, by two award winning professional industry cinematographers/lighting directors with over 30 years of experience each.
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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Caméra 360"

1

Davidson, Benjamin, Mohsan S. Alvi, and João F. Henriques. "360$$^{\circ }$$ Camera Alignment via Segmentation." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2020. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58604-1_35.

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Kotfis, Dave. "Octree Mapping from a Depth Camera." In GPU Pro 360. A K Peters/CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351052108-18.

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Luzzi, Damiana. "Realizzazione di un video a 360°: dimensioni tecniche e operative." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-646-9.05.

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After a brief overview of some sectors where 360° video is used and which can benefit from its adoption, the chapter illustrates the technical aspects of 360 ° video, the equipment needed for shooting, the requirements and functionalities to choose the most suitable 360 ​​° camera, the shooting strategies, the delivery methods, the software for inserting interaction points, concepts such as immersion, presence and degrees of freedom, and the technical terms that must be known in order to easily move in the production of 360 ​​° video.
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Greco, Luca, and Marco La Cascia. "360° Tracking Using a Virtual PTZ Camera." In Image Analysis and Processing - ICIAP 2017. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68560-1_6.

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Morteza Safdarnejad, S., Xiaoming Liu, and Jingfeng Liu. "360° Panoramic Video from a 3-Camera Rig." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3187-8_47.

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Fassold, Hannes. "Automatic Camera Path Generation from 360$$^\circ $$ Video." In Advances in Visual Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33720-9_39.

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Monteleone, Erminio, and Lapo Pierguidi. "Il video a 360° come supporto didattico. Un caso di studio nell’insegnamento di Analisi Sensoriale degli Alimenti." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-646-9.11.

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The chapter presents a case study based on the design, development, and testing of an interactive 360° video applied to the teaching of Sensory Analysis of Food at the University of Florence. The case study describes the design of 360° video storyboards and the creation of the video by the use of 360° cameras for reproducing a sensory laboratory environment. Video enrichment with Vivista, an educational software allowing lecturers to embed interaction points (e.g. quizzes, texts, images) within the 360° videos is also described. Different immersive modalities for the use of the videos with students in different contexts are described and discussed. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the opportunities that 360° videos may provide to university students for practice and experience.
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Gómez Cruz, Edgar. "Immersive Reflexivity: Using 360° Cameras in Ethnographic Fieldwork." In Refiguring Techniques in Digital Visual Research. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61222-5_3.

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Peteva, Maria. "Methodological Creation of HDRI from 360-Degree Camera - Case Study." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17292-2_7.

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Lo Presti, Liliana, Giuseppe Mazzola, and Marco La Cascia. "Activity Monitoring Made Easier by Smart 360-degree Cameras." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25075-0_20.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Caméra 360"

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Pieper, Fynn. "Sensor Fusion of 2D-LiDAR and 360-Degree Camera Data for Room Layout Reconstruction." In 2024 27th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fusion59988.2024.10706530.

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Bauknecht, Andre, Friedrich Leopold, Benjamin Ewers, Christian Wolf, and Markus Raffel. "Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Blade Tip Vortices of a BO 105 using a Multi-camera BOS System." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9655.

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Noise and structural vibrations in rotorcraft are strongly influenced by interactions between blade tip vortices and the structural components of a helicopter. As a result, the three-dimensional localization of vortices is highly desirable, especially for the case of full-scale helicopters under realistic flight conditions. In the current study, we present results from a flight test with a full-scale BO 105 in an open pit mine. A background-oriented schlieren measurement system consisting of ten cameras was used with a natural background to visualize the vortices of the helicopter under maneuvering flight. Vortex filaments could be visualized and extracted up to a vortex age of 360°. Vortex instability effects were found for several flight conditions. Due to the large test dimensions, an iterative approach based on points on the helicopter fuselage was applied for the camera calibration. Point correspondence between vortex curves in the evaluated images was established by means of epipolar geometry. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the main part of the vortex system was carried out for the first time using triangulation-based stereo-photogrammetry. A quantitative evaluation of the 3D vortex system was carried out, demonstrating the potential of the multi-camera background-oriented schlieren measurement technique for the analysis of blade-vortex interaction effects in rotorcraft.
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3

Huang, Hao-Juan, I.-Chao Shen, and Liwei Chan. "Director-360: Introducing Camera Handling to 360 Cameras." In MobileHCI '20: 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3379503.3403550.

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Pasqua, Stefano, and Alessio Moriconi. "INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES: 360 ° CAMERA." In 12th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2019.1550.

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Li, Juan, Bart Goossens, Maarten Slembrouck, et al. "A new 360-degree immersive game controller." In ICDSC '15: International Conference on distributed Smart Cameras. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2789116.2802652.

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Rakkolainen, I., R. Raisamo, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer. "Illumination for 360 degree cameras." In VRST '18: 24th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3281505.3281589.

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Chua, Anna Veronica S., Joshua Cortez, Kim Sheena A. Cuasay, Julie Pearl G. Diaz, Roxanne A. Rufo, and Roselito E. Tolentino. "Navigation by Landmark Recognition Using Camera 360°." In 2020 4th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoei48184.2020.9143020.

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Jokela, Tero, Jarno Ojala, and Kaisa Väänänen. "How people use 360-degree cameras." In MUM 2019: 18th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3365610.3365645.

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Delforouzi, Ahmad, Seyed Amir Hossein Tabatabaei, Kimiaki Shirahama, and Marcin Grzegorzek. "Unknown object tracking in 360-degree camera images." In 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2016.7899897.

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Delforouzi, Ahmad, Seyed Amir Hossein Tabatabaei, Kimiaki Shirahama, and Marcin Grzegorzek. "Polar Object Tracking in 360-Degree Camera Images." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2016.0077.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Caméra 360"

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Fagan, Joseph, Eddy Tsui, Terence Ringwood, Mark Mellini, and Amir Morcos. Catadioptric Omni-Directional System for M1A2 Abrams (360-Degree Camera System). Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440545.

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Yang, Jiann C. On the cooling of a 360� video camera to observe fire dynamics in situ. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2080.

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Glaspell, Garry. An assessment of an inexpensive COTS 360-degree camera for mapping and localization in a GPS-denied area. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/36835.

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Martin, Jeffrey Basil. A Compton scatter camera for spectral imaging of 0.5 to 3.0 MeV gamma rays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/167186.

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McKinnon, Mark, Sean DeCrane, and Steve Kerber. Four Firefighters Injured in Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System Explosion -- Arizona. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/tehs4612.

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On April 19, 2019, one male career Fire Captain, one male career Fire Engineer, and two male career Firefighters received serious injuries as a result of cascading thermal runaway within a 2.16 MWh lithium-ion battery energy storage system (ESS) that led to a deflagration event. The smoke detector in the ESS signaled an alarm condition at approximately 16:55 hours and discharged a total flooding clean agent suppressant (Novec 1230). The injured firefighters were members of a hazardous materials (HAZMAT) team that arrived on the scene at approximately 18:28 hours. The HAZMAT team noted low-lying white clouds of a gas/vapor mixture issuing from the structure and nearby components and drifting through the desert. The team defined a hot zone and made several entries into the hot zone to conduct 360-degree size-ups around the ESS using multi-gas meters, colorimetric tubes, and thermal imaging cameras (TICs). The team detected dangerously elevated levels of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide (CO) during each entry. The team continued to monitor the ESS and noted the white gas/vapor mixture stopped flowing out of the container at approximately 19:50 hours. The HAZMAT leadership developed an incident action plan with input from a group of senior fire officers and information about the ESS provided by representatives from the companies that owned, designed, and maintained the ESS. The HAZMAT team made a final entry into the hot zone and found that HCN and CO concentrations in the vicinity of the ESS were below an acceptable threshold. In following with the incident action plan, the team opened the door to the ESS at approximately 20:01 hours. A deflagration event was observed by the firefighters outside the hot zone at approximately 20:04 hours. All HAZMAT team members received serious injuries in the deflagration and were quickly transported to nearby hospitals. Note: The lithium-ion battery ESS involved in this incident was commissioned prior to release of a first draft of the current consensus standard on ESS installations, NFPA 855 [1]; the design of the ESS complied with the pertinent codes and standards active at the time of its commissioning.
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