Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Calculs par la foule"
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Javet, Ludovic. "Privacy-preserving distributed queries compatible with opportunistic networks". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG038.
Texto completo da fonteIn today's society, where IoT and digital platforms are transforming our daily lives, personal data is generated in profusion and its usage is often beyond our control. Recent legislations like the GDPR in Europe propose concrete solutions to regulate these new practices and protect our privacy. Meanwhile, on the technical side, new architectures are emerging to respond to this urgent need to reclaim our own personal data. This is the case of Personal Data Management Systems (PDMS) which offer a decentralized way to store and manage personal data, empowering individuals with greater control over their digital lives.This thesis explores the distributed use of these PDMS in an Opportunistic Network context, where messages are transferred from one device to another without the need for any infrastructure. The objective is to enable the implementation of complex processing crossing data from thousands of individuals, while guaranteeing the security and fault tolerance of the executions.The proposed approach leverages the Trusted Execution Environments to define a new computing paradigm, entitled Edgelet computing, that satisfies both validity, resiliency and privacy properties. Contributions include: (1) security mechanisms to protect executions from malicious attacks seeking to plunder personal data, (2) resiliency strategies to tolerate failures and message losses induced by the fully decentralized environment, (3) extensive validations and practical demonstrations of the proposed methods
Dessarce, Rémi. "Calculs par lancer des rayons". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10161.
Texto completo da fonteL’emploi des méthodes asymptotiques nous permet d'obtenir une formulation moderne de l'optique géométrique qui constitue le fondement théorique de toutes les méthodes de rayons
La mise en œuvre d'une méthode de lancer de rayons en électromagnétisme passe par la maitrise d'une modélisation géométrique sophistiquée. Il nous faudra, en effet, satisfaire à des contraintes de précision importantes dues à l'instabilité des trajectoires mais aussi parvenir à effectuer un suivi d'informations d'ordre 2 (courbures) le long du trajet de chaque rayon. C’est pourquoi nous travaillerons sur une modélisation de l'objet 3D à base de surfaces polynomiales ou rationnelles
Nous présentons deux méthodes d'intersection rayon/surface de Bézier. La première, introduite par l. Biard est basée sur l'implicitisation de la surface. Nous présentons ses limitations en termes de coûts et de stabilité et nous proposons une alternative à l'aide d'une méthode de subdivision d'un système algébrique étendue au cas des surfaces de Bézier rationnelles
Pour les surfaces de révolution, nous avons traite le problème grâce a une formulation semi-implicite permettant de ramener le problème de l'intersection rayon/surface de révolution a la recherche des racines positives d'un polynôme univarié
Au total, nous présentons un code autonome complet permettant le calcul de la S. E. R. D'une géométrie 3D. D’autre part, les nouvelles méthodes d'intersection rayon/objet ont été intégrées au sein d'un logiciel de calcul d'images de synthèse
Fagette, Antoine. "Détection de foule et analyse de comportement par analyse vidéo". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066709.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the similarity between a fluid and a crowd and on the adaptation of the particle video algorithm for crowd tracking and analysis. This interrogation ended up with the design of a complete system for crowd analysis out of which, this thesis has addressed three main problems: the detection of the crowd, the estimation of its density and the tracking of the flow in order to derive some behavior features.The contribution to crowd detection introduces a totally unsupervised method for the detection and location of dense crowds in images without context-awareness. After retrieving multi-scale texture-related feature vectors from the image, a binary classification is conducted to identify the crowd and the background.The density estimation algorithm is tackling the problem of learning regression models when it comes to large dense crowds. In such cases, the learning is impossible on real data as the ground truth is not available. Our method relies on the use of synthetic data for the learning phase and proves that the regression model obtained is valid for a use on real data.Our adaptation of the particle video algorithm leads us to consider the cloud of particles as statistically representative of the crowd. Therefore, each particle has physical properties that enable us to assess the validity of its behavior according to the one expected from a pedestrian, and to optimize its motion guided by the optical flow. This leads us to three applications: the detection of the entry and exit areas of the crowd in the image, the detection of dynamic occlusions and the possibility to link entry areas with exit ones, according to the flow of the pedestrians
Fagette, Antoine. "Détection de foule et analyse de comportement par analyse vidéo". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066709.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the similarity between a fluid and a crowd and on the adaptation of the particle video algorithm for crowd tracking and analysis. This interrogation ended up with the design of a complete system for crowd analysis out of which, this thesis has addressed three main problems: the detection of the crowd, the estimation of its density and the tracking of the flow in order to derive some behavior features.The contribution to crowd detection introduces a totally unsupervised method for the detection and location of dense crowds in images without context-awareness. After retrieving multi-scale texture-related feature vectors from the image, a binary classification is conducted to identify the crowd and the background.The density estimation algorithm is tackling the problem of learning regression models when it comes to large dense crowds. In such cases, the learning is impossible on real data as the ground truth is not available. Our method relies on the use of synthetic data for the learning phase and proves that the regression model obtained is valid for a use on real data.Our adaptation of the particle video algorithm leads us to consider the cloud of particles as statistically representative of the crowd. Therefore, each particle has physical properties that enable us to assess the validity of its behavior according to the one expected from a pedestrian, and to optimize its motion guided by the optical flow. This leads us to three applications: the detection of the entry and exit areas of the crowd in the image, the detection of dynamic occlusions and the possibility to link entry areas with exit ones, according to the flow of the pedestrians
GABANOTI, PATRICE. "Fragmentation in vitro des calculs biliaires par laser pulse". Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M304.
Texto completo da fonteVarignon, Julien. "Étude du couplage magnéto-électrique par des calculs ab initio". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651567.
Texto completo da fonteRoche, Jean-Christophe. "Localisation spatiale par subdivision pour l'accélération des calculs en radiométrie :". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006752.
Texto completo da fonteVarignon, Julien. "Etude du couplage magnéto-électrique par des calculs ab initio". Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2035.
Texto completo da fonteIn multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, magnetic properties can be controlled by applying an electric field and conversely. Those materials are generally divided into two classes: for the type I, ferroelectric and magnetic phase transitions are uncorrelated whereas for the type II, ferroelectricity is a consequence of a particular magnetic arrangement. In spite of numerous models, the microscopic mechanisms of the magnetoelectric coupling remain unknown. In the frame of this thesis, we have studied the mechanisms governing the magnetoelectric coupling with ab initio calculations on two multiferroic compounds: YMnO3 (type I) and MnWO4 (type II). We have developed a method to study the influence of an applied electric field on the magnetic coupling. We have also studied the influence of magnetism on phonons. For YMnO3, spin-orbit interaction is found negligible into the magnetoelectric coupling and this latter is found to be principally governed by magnetostrictives and electrostrictives effects. For MnWO4, in spite of spin-orbit interaction is found to have a small intensity into the magnetoelectric coupling, this latter remains essential for the multiferroicity of this compound. We have determined that atomic displacements induced by the electric field increase the effects on the intensity of the magnetoelectric coupling
Kesteloot, Stephan. "Réhabilitation des ouvrages d'assainissement par matériaux composites : étude expérimentale et dimensionnement par calculs numériques". Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0202.
Texto completo da fonteThe sewerage systems represent a significant inheritance of works. In France, 10% of the linear total is considered by the building owners like requiring work of reorganization. After having listed the causes and consequences of existing pathologies in the field of the drainage systems of the type man-entry, the current techniques of rehabilitation will be detailed. These techniques are applied to the totality of the periphery of the work generating a high cost of rehabilitation. So it is proposed to transpose the techniques of repair and reinforcement by joining of composite dishes containing carbon fibre (CFRP) to the sewerage systems of the type worth visiting. In the second part of our work, a vast experimental study on materials is undertaken. This study makes it possible to validate the use of the CFRP in environment saturated with water concerning the field with the cleansing. These tests highlighted the utility of a its environment and safety coefficient adapted to the moisture of the facings. Within sight of the results of the tests, a coefficient of about 1,40 must be taken into account during the application of the process on wet facing. Tests, on scale 1, are then carried out on ovoid reinforced concrete T180 not reinforced, to determine their mechanism of ruin. Then, basing itself on the results of modelling in non-linear elasticity by finite elements realized using software URUS, of the tests are carried out on the ovoid ones reinforced by CFRP continuously out of keystone of the ovoid ones. Within sight of the results and to limit the costs of reinforcement, the number of dishes stuck is fallen by carrying out numerical calculations into three dimensions (3d). A reduction of 1/3 of the reinforcements is then possible, with a provision of the plates with spacing. This provision of the composite dishes is then validated by tests on scale 1. To check the application of the process in-situ, of the tests of joining were carried out on a work damaged in service
Parret-fréaud, Augustin. "Estimation d'erreur de discrétisation dans les calculs par décomposition de domaine". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846069.
Texto completo da fonteTruchet, Guillaume. "Développements et validation de calculs à énergie continue pondérés par l'importance". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI037/document.
Texto completo da fonteA key issue in nowadays Reactor Physics is to propagate input data uncertainties (e.g. nuclear data, manufacturing tolerances, etc.) to nuclear codes final results (e.g. keff, reaction rate, etc.). In order to propagate uncertainties, one typically assumes small variations around a reference and evaluates at first sensitivity profiles. Problem is that nuclear Monte Carlo codes are not -- or were not until very recently -- able to straightforwardly process such sensitivity profiles, even thought they are considered as reference codes.First goal of this PhD thesis is to implement a method to calculate keff-sensitivity profiles to nuclear data or any perturbations in TRIPOLI-4, the CEA Monte Carlo neutrons transport code. To achieve such a goal, a method has first been developed to calculate the adjoint flux using the Iterated Fission Probability (IFP) principle that states that the adjoint flux at a given phase space point is proportional to the neutron importance in a just critical core after several power iterations. Thanks to our developments, it has been made possible, for the fist time, to calculate the continuous adjoint flux for an actual and complete reactor core configuration. From that new feature, we have elaborated a new method able to forwardly apply the exact perturbation theory in Monte Carlo codes. Exact perturbation theory does not rely on small variations which makes possible to calculate very complex experiments.Finally and after a deep analysis of the IFP method, this PhD thesis also reproduces and improves an already used method to calculate adjoint weighted kinetic parameters as well as reference migrations areas
Parret-Fréaud, Augustin. "Estimation d'erreur de discrétisation dans les calculs par décomposition de domaine". Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0022/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe control of the quality of mechanical computations arouses a growing interest in both design and certification processes. It relies on error estimators the use of which leads to often prohibitive additional numerical costs on large computations. The present work puts forward a new procedure enabling to obtain a guaranteed estimation of discretization error in the setting of linear elastic problems solved by domain decomposition approaches. The method relies on the extension of the constitutive relation error concept to the framework of non-overlapping domain decomposition through the recovery of admissible interface fields. Its development within the framework of the FETI and BDD approaches allows to obtain a relevant estimation of discretization error well before the convergence of the solver linked to the domain decomposition. An extension of the estimation procedure to heterogeneous problems is also proposed. The behaviour of the method is illustrated and assessed on several numerical examples in 2 dimension
Donadio, Sébastien. "Optimisation itérative de bibliothèques de calculs par division hiérarchique de codes". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS0009.
Texto completo da fonteLa complexité grandissante des architectures ne simplifie pas la tâche des compilateurs à générer du code performant. Les générateurs de bibliothèques comme ATLAS, FFTW et SPIRAL ont réussi à intégrer cette difficulté par l'utilisation de recherche itérative. Cette dernière génère différentes versions de programmes et sélectionne la meilleure d'entre elles. Cette thèse explore une solution automatique pour adapter les applications de calculs intensifs à l'architecture complexe des machines. Nous montrerons qu'une approche générative peut être un outil utile à l'implémentation d'une nouvelle approche de compilation hiérarchique pour la génération de code efficace. Cette approche, non spécifique, peut être appliquée sur des structures de boucle générales qu'elle divisera en des fragments de code plus simples à optimiser pour un compilateur. Nous proposerons une nouvelle approche de génération de bibliothèques qui s'appuiera sur la recomposition de ces codes avec un modèle très simplifié
Moschetta, Jean-Marc. "Calculs d'écoulements supersoniques turbulents par résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes parabolisées". Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT099H.
Texto completo da fonteMasson, Kevin. "Synthèse thermique de composés carbocycliques à huit chaînons supportée par calculs DFT". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0461.
Texto completo da fonteEight-membered carbocyclic systems are widely represented motifs in natural and bio-active molecules. However, they remain under-represented in both marketed drugs and in drug discovery programs. This is mostly due to the well-known challenge of making them, due to the inherent ring strain. On the other hand, small rings represent a valuable three-atoms building element in the search to reach molecular complexity in an atom economical manner and often participate in fascinating chemical transformations. This release of ring tension usually allows for a scalable, rapid and controlled synthetic access to the expected target molecules. In this context, a new class of donor-acceptor cyclopropane (DAC) has recently been developed in the laboratory combining a silyl protected cyclopropanol with an α,β-unsaturated ester. Gratifyingly, the latter delivered polyfunctionalized cyclooctadienes in good yields in purely thermal conditions. The experiments ran in the laboratory demonstrated that the thermal rearrangement of DACs is totally regioselective and highly diastereoselective. A small library of highly substituted cyclooctanoïds was obtained without the need of any reagent nor transition metals. Finally, mechanistic investigations performed on selected DACs allowed us to better understand the course of the reaction and highlighted the formation of highly reactive trans-cyclooctadienes as intermediates, known for their high and unusual reactivity
Laffay, Pierre-Olivier Neveu Alain Quéméner Olivier. "Sous-structuration de systèmes thermiques par modes de branche". S. l. : Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0020.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDonon, Jeremy. "Caractérisation de paires d’ions par spectroscopies IR, UV et rayons X, interprétées par calculs de chimie quantique". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS106.
Texto completo da fonteIon pairs are ubiquitous in nature, from sea water, aerosols, to living organisms. They influence the properties of concentrated ion solutions, and thus play a crucial role in various chemical reactions and biological processes. However, the characterization of ion pairs faces some difficulties: on one hand, several types of pairs coexist, and on the other hand, they are transient species in solution. In this context, this work presents several studies carried out according to three main research studies, backed by an original approach in the gas phase, and then in solution. Firstly, the effects of the electric field produced by the ion pair on the UV spectroscopy of a chromophore in gas phase (Stark effects) are studied. The ion groups can produce an electric field high enough to induce significant electronic Stark effects on a nearby UV chromophore. This study is conducted on model systems (C₆H₅-(CH₂)n-COO⁻,M⁺) with M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and n = 1-3, allowing to vary the electric field experienced by the UV chromophore. These different systems are studied in the gas phase by UV spectroscopy combined with quantum chemistry calculations, as well as by conformation selective IR spectroscopy. Based on the analysis of the electronic Stark effects, precise conformational assignments can be proposed for electronic transitions separated by a few cm-1, without resorting to IR spectroscopy, or frequency calculations. The next study is focused mainly on understanding the environmental effects on ion pairs by microsolvation experiments in gas phase. The pair of sodium acetate ions [CH₃-COO⁻,Na⁺] is studied for the first time in a trimer complex with p-xylene by IR spectroscopy. Microhydration experiments are then carried out on charged ion pairs ([CH₃-COO⁻,M²⁺]; M = Ca, Ba), highlighting two different behaviours depending on the nature of the cation. The final research is to detect and identify the structures formed by the ions in electrolytic solutions by IR and RX spectroscopy. The first experiment is carried out on electrolytic solutions ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺]; M = Li, Na and K) by TF-IR spectroscopy by varying the ion concentration. A theoretical study is then carried out in order to propose a theoretical spectrum for each type of pair, and to confront them with experimental spectra in solution. The approach is based on the calculation of the IR signature of pairs ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺]; M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) and free anion in solution, where the first solvation layer were described at the quantum level, followed by a solvent continuum. For each type of pair, spectroscopic families, consistent with the experimental data, are identified. This original approach paves way to the identification of supramolecular structures in electrolytic solutions. Finally, the first FZRET experiment in liquid micro-jet is carried out on a potassium acetate solution, providing access to a measurement of the distance distribution between cations and paired anions.In these studies, different methods are used ranging from experiment to theory, from the gas phase to solution. This work illustrates the need to combine several methods in order to obtain additional data and allow a better characterization of the supramolecular organisation of ions and their environment
Durinck, Julien. "Modélisation de la plasticité de la forsterite par calculs à l'échelle atomique et par dynamique des dislocations". Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9fd43a9a-26ef-450b-93e3-5ad8c43033b0.
Texto completo da fonteLemercier, Samuel. "Simulation du comportement de suivi dans une foule de piétons à travers l'expérience, l'analyse et la modélisation". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724072.
Texto completo da fonteLemercier, Samuel. "Simulation du comportement de suivi dans une foule de piétons à travers l'expérience, l'analyse et la modélisation". Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/03ce7038-80f3-4c57-bf93-47adc49be8fd.
Texto completo da fonteRealistic crowd simulation is an open and challenging problem due to the high quantity of information that is taken into account by a human to determine his walking trajectory. In this thesis, we aim at modeling and simulating the following interactions between individuals moving in crowds. We propose an approach in three major steps. Firstly, we build up a kinematic database to observe following behaviors during pedestrian groups movement from an original experimental process using motion capture. Acquired data treatment requires to develop a specific reconstruction method of the raw data. The obtained database is our first result. Secondly, we propose a detailed analysis of these data. We highlight both the nature of the local interactions between participants and the global patterns that emerge from the combination of these interactions, in particular, the formation of propagating speed waves. This analysis is our second major result and leads up to our third and last result : a numerical model of following behavior between pedestrians calibrated on our experimental data. Simulation results are evaluated on their capacity to reproduce the macroscopic patterns we have observed and analyzed. We finally show different applications of our model
Albrecht, David. "Simulation par éléments finis à partir de calculs ab-initio du comportement ferroélectrique". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545426.
Texto completo da fonteBrochu, David. "Étude de la sensibilité des explosifs plastiques par des calculs de mécanique moléculaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30558/30558.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSensitivity of plastics explosives is one of the most important problems with energetic materials. In this work, models of plastic-bonded explosives were created with the aim of correlating their energetics to their sensitivity. Three representative RDX-based formulations were simulated where HTPB-DOA, Estane and EVA were used as the polymeric phase for the simulations. A new molecular model was develop using single chain system with a compression–minimization iterative procedure. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried using conditions similar to those found experimentally in hot-spots. Resulting models were analysed in terms of potential energy and conformational and compared to sensitivity values (Drop Weight Impact Test and GAP test) reported in the literature. Then the effect of the chain groups in HTPB was analysis to correlate with sensitivity. Preliminary models show a good correlation between sensitivity of explosives and molecular modelling data.
Lacroix, Jean-François. "Conception de catalyseur pour la carboxylation du diméthyle éther assistée par calculs DFT". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5403.
Texto completo da fonteSHEN, WEN ZHONG. "Calculs d'ecoulements tourbillonnaires visqueux incompressibles par une methode de couplage differences finies/particulaire". Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112066.
Texto completo da fonteBailac, Laura. "Composés organiques fluorés : Étude par RMN multinoyaux {1H, 13C, 19F} et calculs DFT". Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES008.
Texto completo da fonteFor more than 40 years, fluorinated compounds have become increasingly important in the field of pharmaceutical, food chemistry and polymers. The knowledge of the 3D structure of those compounds can be of great importance especially in the case of molecule interaction studies. NMR is the most powerful method for the structural characterization of synthetic and natural compounds. Moreover, fluorine 19 owns remarkable magnetic properties which make it an interesting probe for the structural characterization of fluorinated organic compounds by NMR. During this project, a thorough structural study of fluorinated compounds by NMR and DFT has been realized. Recent NMR experiments, using selective pulses and encoding gradient such as the 1D Pure Shift and 2D G-SERF experiments, helped extract very accurate spectroscopic data such as chemical shifts and homo- and heteronuclear scalar coupling constants. Those spectroscopic data have been then completed by structural data such as internuclear distances and dihedral angles obtained by DFT geometry optimization of those compounds. In the second part of this work, the data obtained by NMR were used to develop a DFT computational model using a benchmark to predict, from the 3D structure, the heteronuclear coupling constants nJHF. This model also allows to determine the different contributions composing the scalar coupling. The access to each contribution's weight for a given coupling allows a better understanding of the mechanism of coupling's transmission, in particular in the case of long distance scalar couplings
Girard, Guillaume. "Caractérisation structurale de systèmes désordonnés par RMN de l’état solide et calculs DFT". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10081.
Texto completo da fonteThe combination of solid-state NMR spectroscopy with GIAO/GIPAW-DFT calculations is nowadays a well-established method to characterize the atomic structure of simple molecular and crystalline compounds. The present work is dedicated to the application of this methodology to more complex systems, in particular those with local disorder. In a first part, this manuscript is dedicated to the structural characterization of niobiophosphate based materials by 31P/93Nb solid-state NMR and DFT-GIPAW calculations. The cationic disorder of one of these phases has been identified and characterized by the use of a combinatory approach associating 31P solid-state NMR and DFT-GIPAW calculations. In parallel, a new methodology combining 17O solid-state NMR and DFT-GIAO calculations has been proposed in order to characterize the structure of one oxo-tungsten based precatalyst supported on amorphous silica. This approach was initially validated by studying molecular oxo-tungsten based molecular compounds. The 17O-NMR response of each oxo group is, in fact, specific to the studied compound and the related anisotropic NMR parameters can be reproduced with high accuracy by DFT-GIAO calculation. Finally, this methodology allowed us to verify the nature and structure of the supported species by taking into account different grafting pathways
Couka, Enguerrand. "Modélisation des propriétés optiques de peintures par microstructures aléatoires et calculs numériques FFT". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0034/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work presents a numerical and theoretical study of the optical properties of paint layers, in the classical framework of homogenization of heterogeneous media. Objectives are : describing and modeling the heterogenous microstructures used in paint coatings, and predicting the optical response of such materials by numerical ways, depending of the pigments morphology. This work was carried out as part of the LIMA project (Light Interaction Materials Aspect), in partnership with the Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the PSA company. Images of differents paint layers are acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different length scales are considered for the microstructures and pigments : microscopic and nanoscopic. Representatives images of these scales are chosen and segmented in order to estimate morphological measurements. Using these measurements, random models are developed depending on the scales. These models, of a multiscale nature, are optimized and validated. The prediction of the optical behaviour of random models describing heterogenous materials is carried out using numerical process based on fast Fourier transforms (FFT). Optics of composite materials theory is introduced, as well as the limits of FFT methods. The quasi-static approximation is a constraint which implies the use of the FFT method on the nanoscopic model only. Dielectric functions of the components of the paint have been measured on macroscopic samples at the Museum of Mineralogy of Mines de Paris by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The optical response of the optimized nanoscopic model is computed and compared to ellipsometry measurements carried out on a reference paint layer. The computed and measured responses are also compared with analytical estimates. In addition, a statistical characterization is made on the random model and the local dielectrical displacement fields, by using the representative volume element (RVE)
Bakry, Marc. "Fiabilité et optimisation des calculs obtenus par des formulations intégrales en propagation d'ondes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLY013/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this work is to participate to the popularization of methods for the resolution of wave propagation problems based on integral equations formulations by developping a posteriori error estimates in the context of autoadaptive mesh refinement strategies. The development of such estimates is difficult because of the non-locality of the norms associated to the Sobolev spaces and of the involved integral operators. Estimates from the literature are extended in the case of the propagation of an acoustic wave. The proofs of quasi-optimal convergence of the autoadaptive algorithms are established. We then introduce a new approach with respect to the literature which is based on a new norm-localization technique based on the use of a well-chosen Λ operator and not on inverse inequalities as it was the case previously.We then establish new a posteriori error estimates which are reliable, efficient, local and asymptotically exact with respect to the Galerkin norm of the error. We give a method for the construction of such estimates. Numerical applications on 2D and 3D geometries confirm the asymptotic exactness and the optimality of the autoadaptive algorithm.These estimates are extended in the case of the propagation of an electromagnetic wave. More precisely, we are interested in the EFIE. We suggest generalization of the estimates of the literature. A proof for quasi-optimal convergence is given for an estimate based on a localization of the norm of the residual. The principle of Λ is used to construct the first reliable, efficient, local error estimate for this equation. We give a second forme which is eventually theoretically asymptotically exact
SANGARE, MOUSTAPHA. "Amelioration de la qualite des calculs elements finis par l'analyse auto-adaptative. Controle de la precision, et optimisation des calculs elasto-statiques de structures en plaques et coques par la methode p. )". Paris, CNAM, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CNAM0186.
Texto completo da fonteAmir, Yazdani Ali. "Fiabilité des calculs par éléments finis en mécanique des solides, estimateurs d'erreurs a posteriori". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ43045.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDréan, Pascal. "Caractérisation de molécules phosphorées ou arséniées par spectroscopie de rotation et calculs ab initio". Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10113.
Texto completo da fonteAggery, Alain. "Calculs de référence avec un maillage multigroupe fin sur des assemblages critiques par APOLLO2". Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11023.
Texto completo da fonteBibas, Hervé. "Réarrangement vinylcétène-acylallène et réaction rétro-ène : identification des entités moléculaires par spectrométrie IR-TF en matrices cryogéniques". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30019.
Texto completo da fonteSetiyanto. "Puissance déposée par les rayonnements gamma dans le réacteur Siloé : mesures par calorimétrie et calculs par le code GAMSET ; applications aux expériences complexes". Grenoble INPG, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPG0036.
Texto completo da fonteBen, Romdhanne Bilel. "Simulation des réseaux à grande échelle sur les architectures de calculs hétérogènes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0088.
Texto completo da fonteThe simulation is a primary step on the evaluation process of modern networked systems. The scalability and efficiency of such a tool in view of increasing complexity of the emerging networks is a key to derive valuable results. The discrete event simulation is recognized as the most scalable model that copes with both parallel and distributed architecture. Nevertheless, the recent hardware provides new heterogeneous computing resources that can be exploited in parallel.The main scope of this thesis is to provide a new mechanisms and optimizations that enable efficient and scalable parallel simulation using heterogeneous computing node architecture including multicore CPU and GPU. To address the efficiency, we propose to describe the events that only differs in their data as a single entry to reduce the event management cost. At the run time, the proposed hybrid scheduler will dispatch and inject the events on the most appropriate computing target based on the event descriptor and the current load obtained through a feedback mechanisms such that the hardware usage rate is maximized. Results have shown a significant gain of 100 times compared to traditional CPU based approaches. In order to increase the scalability of the system, we propose a new simulation model, denoted as general purpose coordinator-master-worker, to address jointly the challenge of distributed and parallel simulation at different levels. The performance of a distributed simulation that relies on the GP-CMW architecture tends toward the maximal theoretical efficiency in a homogeneous deployment. The scalability of such a simulation model is validated on the largest European GPU-based supercomputer
Gaudry, Emilie. "Structure locale autour des impuretés dans les gemmes, étudiée par spectroscopies et calculs ab initio". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00131051.
Texto completo da fonteBe_3Si_6Al_2O_18, sont des minéraux incolores. Ils deviennent colorés lorsque des ions paramagétiques sont présents en impureté. Le rubis (alpha-Al_2O_3 dopé avec du chrome) est rouge, l'émeraude (Be_3Si_6Al_12O_18 dopé avec du chrome) est verte. Le corindon dopé avec du fer est jaune, il est rose s'il est dopé avec du titane. Le saphir bleu contient à la fois du fer et du titane (alpha-Al_2O_3:Fe-Ti). La couleur est généralement interprétée dans le cadre de la théorie du champ cristallin. Elle doit donc s'expliquer par un champ cristallin spécifique autour de ces ions colorants, correspondant dans chaque cas à une structure locale (cristallographique et electronique) précise.
Notre objectif est de décrire précisément l'environnement autour des
impuretés dans les gemmes. Pour cela, nous effectuons à la fois des expériences d'absorption de rayons X, et des calculs ab initio. La structure cristallographique locale déduite des mesures expérimentales est comparée à celle déduite d'un calcul de relaxation de structure par minimisation d'énergie. La comparaison directe entre les spectres d'absorption de rayons X calculés et expérimentaux nous donne des informations à la fois sur la structure cristallographique et électronique locale. Tous ces calculs utilisent la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité.
Cette étude révèle que l'introduction d'une impureté dans une structure conduit à des modifications très locales du cristal autour de l'impureté. Les atomes d'oxygène de la sphère de coordination de l'impureté M (M = Fe ou Cr) dans alpha-Al_2O_3 adoptent un arrangement similaire à celui autour de M dans alpha-M_2O_3.
BARANGER, CHRISTOPHE. "Methodes de resolution parallele de grands systemes appliquees aux calculs de structures par elements finis". Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMP8495.
Texto completo da fonteGaudry, Émilie. "Structure locale autour des impuretés dans les gemmes, étudiée par spectroscopies et calculs AB initio". Paris 6, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00131051.
Texto completo da fonteRodet, Thomas. "Algorithmes rapides de reconstruction en tomographie par compression des calculs : application à la tomofluoroscopie 3D". Grenoble INPG, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPG0104.
Texto completo da fonteX-rays dynamic tomography is a method which is in strong progression over the last years. It consists in reconstructing a sequence of images rather than one static image. These dynamic data make it possible to study the time evolutions related either to the natural organs motion, or to the surgical instruments motion during image-guided interventional procedures. The tomographic reconstruction of data 4D (three space dimensions and temporal) requires a hundred GigaFLOPS (Floating Operation Per Seconde) when using a standard approach. This thesis proposes two original accelerated reconstruction methods aiming at reducing the number of operations of reconstruction. The first method consists in accelerating computations without theoretical loss of information (lossless approach). It is based on a decomposition in blocks of the Fourier transform of the image to be reconstructed. Acceleration is based on the reduction of the number of rétroprojections associated with each block. The second method allows an acceleration with a controlled loss of information (lossy approach). It is based on a hierarchical decomposition of the image using the wavelet transform. To accelerate computation we do not back-project the unsignificant wavelet coefficients. The support of the unsignificant values is determined by prediction of a structure (zerotree) which suppose that if a low frequency wavelet coefficient is unsignificant, then all the wavelet coefficients of the same localization of high frequencies are also unsignificant. We validated these approaches on simulated data. We reached comparable speed up factors in both cases (between 2 and 3). However, the lossy approach guarantees better a image quality
Haza, Elisabeth. "Ouvrages en terre renforcés par géosynthétiques, sollicités localement en tête : expérimentation et méthode de calculs". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785909.
Texto completo da fonteHaza, Elisabeth. "Ouvrages en terre renforcés par géosynthétiques, sollicités localement en tête : expérimentation et méthode de calculs". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10206.
Texto completo da fonteVoarino, Philippe. "Lumière diffuse et microsphères multicouches : calculs et réalisations". Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00083581.
Texto completo da fonteLa deuxième partie de notre travail a consisté en la réalisation des micro-composants. Pour cela nous avons entièrement mis au point une technologie de pulvérisation par faisceau d'ions (IBS), pour fabriquer des couches minces optiques métalliques ou diélectriques. Pour revêtir les microsphères, nous les animons d'un mouvement aléatoire conféré par une membrane vibrante. Les résultats montrent que notre procédé fonctionne très correctement pour une fabrication en série, ouvrant ainsi la porte à des poudres optiques interférentielles. Ensuite le problème de la caractérisation est traité à l'aide d'un diffusomètre laser et d'un spectro-diffusomètre, pour tenter de mesurer une sphère isolée ou des collections de microsphères.
De façon générale, ce travail trouve des applications dans la couleur et cosmétique, la visualisation, la furtivité et les télécom, le biomédical...
Bouajila, Wissam. "Modélisation des chambres de combustion de lanceurs (matériaux & calculs)". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066553.
Texto completo da fonteOhanessian, Gilles. "Étude théorique de la délocalisation électronique par la méthode Valence Bond". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112218.
Texto completo da fonteFaix-Gantier, Aurélie. "Phénoménologie et calculs numériques de la propagation d'une flamme prémélangée hydrogène-air pauvre dans un milieu turbulent". Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2327.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis concerns the study of flame propagation in a turbulent flow of lean hydrogen-air mixtures. The aim is to precise the characteristics of propagation as well as combustion and turbulence models able to take into account the pecularities of these mixtures. This research work is related to the prevention of firehazards associated with accidental release of hydrogen within the reactor of a nuclear power plant. In a first part, the scales (the flame velocity and thickness) associated with the laminar flame propagation in hydrogen-air mixtures are studied. A specific attention is devoted to the intrinsic instability properties of such flames. Then, the turbulence scales potentially present within a reactor are estimated in order to allow for the determination of the regimes of combustion that might be present within the reactor and among which the flamelet regime appears to be conceivable. In a second part, starting with the analysis of the propagation properties of a mean reaction zone calculated with a flamelet model, we show that, with an adequate tuning of the parameter appearing in the mean reaction rate expression, it is possible to predict numerically the turbulent flame speeds available with the litterature
Hauville, Frédéric. "Optimisation des méthodes de calculs d'écoulements tourbillonnaires instationnaires". Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125000.
Texto completo da fonteLe cadre général de cette thèse est l'amélioration de l'efficacité de ces méthodes sous trois aspects :
- décomposition linéaire / non linéaire
- approximation par domaine
- la programmation parallèle (PVM).
Des applications concernant des problèmes d'énergie éoliens, soit sur des générateurs à hélice (éolienne), soit sur les voiles de bateau pour l'interaction fluide/structure sont développés.
Le, Bacq Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude quantitative des défauts dans les métaux de transition par les calculs de structure électronique : calculs ab-inition et développement de modèles de liaisons fortes spd". Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0011.
Texto completo da fonteGamha, Habiba. "Calculs par éléments finis des structures élasto-viscoplastiques : analyse comparative et application à la fatigue thermique". Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD310.
Texto completo da fonteBteich, Sabath. "Caractérisation de précurseurs d’aérosols et leurs hydrates par spectroscopie microonde, infrarouge et calculs de chimie quantique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10169/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe formation of aerosols in the atmosphere follows complex processes. Rotation spectroscopy coupled with quantum chemistry calculations allows laboratory characterization and modeling of the physicochemical properties of gaseous precursors on a molecular scale. The aim of this work is to understand the process of hydration and dimerization. In this context, we first studied the methylglyoxal molecule, which is a precursor of secondary organic aerosols. The centimeter and millimeter rotation spectra were recorded and analyzed. We modeled to the experimental accuracy the large amplitude motion associated to the internal rotation of the methyl group at the ground state. Then, we recorded the spectrum of rotation of the same molecule in the presence of water with a microwave pulse spectrometer coupled to a supersonic jet. Two monohydrates were observed. With the support of structural calculations (performed with ab initio and the functional density method), we determined the position of the microsolvation sites (on the ketone function) and the energy of hydration. We observed and characterized the degradation products (diol and tetrol) as well. The last part of the thesis was devoted to the study of the cyclic dimer of the formic acid. This molecule, abundant in the atmosphere, was studied by the infrared spectroscopy. We recorded six rovibrational bands with high resolution by the Jet-AILES equipment at the SOLEIL synchrotron. The brightness of the radiation made it possible to observe, in particular, the fundamental band 24 in the far infrared. The spectrum revealed the presence of a large amplitude motion associated with the exchange of proton, which makes spectrum analysis very complex. Preliminary and encouraging results were obtained
Morinière, Véronique. "Etude des mécanismes aérodynamiques de réduction des bruits de jets subsoniques par injection de masse : analyses globale et spectrale des champs rayonnés". Poitiers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996POIT2260.
Texto completo da fonte