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1
Melloni, Giacomo. "E. A. Butti : portrait d'un écrivain mineur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUL119.pdf.
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Dans le panorama de la littérature italienne de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle Enrico Annibale Butti (Milan 1868 - Milan 1912) a une place plus que mineure. Né dans la même décennie que Federico De Roberto (1861), Italo Svevo (1861), Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863) et Luigi Pirandello (1867), il est connu principalement par ses drames, représentés à partir de 1890, et dont les plus remarqués sont Fiamme nell'ombra (1904) et Lucifero (1901). Avant de se consacrer au théâtre - environ vingt pièces représentées entre 1889 et 1913 - il écrit cinq romans psychologiques : L'immorale (écrit en 1889, publié cinq ans plus tard), L'automa (1892), L'anima (1893), L'incantesimo (1897), dont un inachevé : L'ombra della croce (1905). La thèse porte sur l'ensemble de sa production littéraire et fournit de nouveaux éléments sur la biographie de l'auteur. Une place importante est réservée à la recherche de ses textes non répertoriés : nouvelles, articles, journal intime. Butti est mis en relation avec d'autres écrivains de la même époque, et une réflexion est menée sur son rôle dans la littérature italienne et française. Dans la thèse sont étudiées les raisons qui ont déterminé sa mise à l'écart de l'histoire de la littérature et est dressé le portrait emblématique de cet écrivain mineurIn the panorama of Italian literature at the end of the nineteenth century Enrico Annibale Butti (Milan 1868 - Milan 1912) has a more than minor place. Born in the same decade as Federico De Roberto (1861), Italo Svevo (1861), Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863) and Luigi Pirandello (1867), he is known mainly for his dramas, performed from 1890, and whose most noted are Fiamme nell'ombra (1904) and Lucifero (1901). Before devoting himself to theater - around twenty plays performed between 1889 and 1913 - he wrote five psychological novels: L'immorale (written in 1889, published five years later), L'automa (1892), L'anima (1893), L'incantesimo (1897), including one unfinished: L'ombra della croce (1905). The thesis covers his entire literary production and provides new elements on the author's biography. An important place is reserved for the research of his unlisted texts: news, articles, diary. Butti is put in contact with other writers of the same period, and a reflection is carried out on his role in Italian and French literature. In the thesis the reasons which determined his exclusion from the history of literature are studied and the emblematic portrait of this minor writer is drawn up
2
Stancanelli, Carla <1996>. "Una tavola a Venezia. Ceramica post medievale dai butti del contesto archeologico dell’Ex-cinema San Marco a Venezia". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19582.
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Tema del lavoro è lo studio di due butti contigui appartenenti alle fasi moderne del contesto archeologico dell’Ex-cinema San Marco sito nel complesso del Ridotto a Venezia, uno dei quali particolarmente ricco di manufatti ceramici.
Nel primo capitolo viene riportata un’introduzione al sito pluristratificato, ricavata dalle fonti storiche pervenute e dalla documentazione di scavo realizzata fra il 1999 e il 2000. Parte centrale del lavoro è la presentazione del catalogo del record ceramico, composto da più di 200 individui, fra i quali alcuni pezzi di importazione. Una sezione a parte è dedicata agli elementi di servizi ceramici. Nell’ultimo capito vengono esposte delle riflessioni circa le dinamiche di formazione del butto, le associazioni ceramiche e le modalità di impego del materiale preso in esame, tentando di ricavare da questo quante più informazioni possibili riguardo la popolazione che lo ha utilizzato.
3
Scott, Amber. "Crested Butte: the Paradox of Paradise". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1734.
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I have attempted to denaturalize and historicize tourism in Crested Butte as an economic, social, and physical phenomenon that fits into the broader histories of Colorado and the West, as well as the broader histories and realities of travel and tourism. Why do people seek out certain places and experiences in the name of pleasure? How did these activities and spaces come to qualify as desirable? What about people who fall outside temporally limited definitions of tourist, such as those who come to Crested Butte for only a season or a year, or second homeowners who stay for months at a time, or, really, any resident? All these people value the place and their experiences in the exact same ways, influenced by the same physical and psychic constructions of desirability. These current constructions are informed by a long history of evolving tastes and interests, the products of converging local, national, and international dynamics. In tracing a history of tourism and especially tourism in the West, I used a variety of secondary sources authored by scholars of tourism, the West, and Colorado. In charting a history of Crested Butte, I utilized archived local newspapers. I spoke to a number of current Crested Butte residents to understand how Crested Butte locals view themselves, their community, their lifestyles, and their town.
4
Evans, Carol Susan. "The Geology, Geochemistry, and Alteration of Red Butte, Oregon: A Precious Metal-Bearing Paleo Hot Spring System". PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3444.
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Red Butte is located 60 km south of Vale, Oregon, about 20 km west of the Oregon/Idaho border. The butte is within the Owyhee Upland physiographic province of eastern Oregon which lies at the intersection of the Western Snake River Plain, the High Lava Plains, and the Northern Basin and Range provinces.
The butte is composed of Miocene to Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial volcaniclastic sediments. The topography of the butte is controlled by silicification of the sandstones and mudstones which cap it. Silicification and hydrothermal alteration are both structurally and stratigraphically controlled. North-trending normal faults dominate the area, and show progressively less offset in younger units. Strong northwest and minor northeast faults also cut the area.
Anomalous concentrations of Au, As, Sb, and Hg occur in banded quartz, quartz-adularia veins and rarely in calcite-quartz veins cutting basalts. The silicified mudstones at the butte top are generally barren. An hydrothermal explosion crater exposed on the southeast side of the butte lies at the intersection of north and northwest-trending faults. Banded quartz veins, quartz-adularia veins, and quartz-cemented breccias are exposed in the walls of the explosion crater. There is evidence of multiple brecciation events. A few mudstones exposed in the crater wall have an exhalative texture, contain pyrite des seminated along bedding, and contain trace amounts of Au.
The Red Butte system developed as a hot spring venting into a lake, possibly within a caldera. Periodic influxes of air fall tuffs and coarser clastic sediments diluted accumulating fine grained clastic and chemical sediments. As hot, silica saturated fluids rose into cooler lake waters they were cooled and diluted, resulting in silica flocculation near the vents and silicification of the lake sediments as they were deposited. Faults cutting the butte acted as conduits for the hydrothermal fluids. Overpressuring, caused by silica sealing of open fractures, resulted in explosions, generally followed by resealing of the system. Simultaneous faulting, sedimentation, and hot spring activity occurred at different rates throughout the life of the system.
Late in the life of the system, the local water table dropped, and the lake was replaced by a high-energy fluvial system. As the water table dropped below the surface, zones of low pH alteration and bleaching were developed above the hydrothermal vents, implying boiling at depth.
The large explosion crater and bedded explosion breccia on the southeast side of the butte were formed in these last stages of hydrothermal activity.
5
Haunton, Jan. "Butt fusion welding of polyethylene". Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332077.
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Haga, Jens. "Virvelavløsning fra butte objekter i en kanalstrømning". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18664.
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I denne hovedoppgaven har slippstrømninger generert av sirkulære sylindre og to typer elliptiske varmeveksler - rør blitt undersøkt. Målet med arbeidet har vært å beskrive virvelavløsningsfenomener på elliptiske varmeveksler - rør i håp om å kunne belyse innvirkningene dette fenomenet har i forbindelse med støy-, og vibrasjonsproblematikk i en varmeveksler utviklet ved NTNU i samarbeid med Norsk Hydro. Studiet har blitt gjort gjennom eksperimenter i vindtunnel ved Strømningsteknisk laboratorium ved Institutt for energi-, og prosessteknikk under veiledning av Professor Lars Roar Sætran. Forsøkene som har blitt gjennomført innbefatter målinger av turbulente hastighetsfelt og virvelavløsningsfrekvenser med hetetrådsanemometer. Måling av gjennomsnittshastigheter med pitotrør har også blitt gjennomført. Resultater fra målingene har vist at Strouhal - tallet for den ene typen elliptiske varmeveksler -rør har en verdi på 0.2 for Reynolds - tall i området $3.8 cdot 10^3$ til $2.38 cdot 10^4$, hvor den karakteristiske lengden i Strouhal - tallet og Reynolds - tallet er definert som to ganger den lille halvaksen til det elliptiske røret. Ingen periodiske virvelavløsninger ble detektert for den andre typen varmeveksler - rør. Det ble konkludert med at virvelavløsningene fra den ene typen elliptiske varmeveksler - rør genererer dynamiske krefter som har samme frekvens som de observerte vibrasjonene fra varmeveksleren der rør av denne typen er installert. Dette tilsier at virvelinduserte krefter er involvert i dannelsen av vibrasjoner og støy i varmeveksleren.
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CLIFFORD, SARS. "BUTTE CREEK TRAILS PROJECT: A MASTER PLAN". The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555252.
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Rashid, Haroon. "Butt fusion welding of polyethylene pipes". Thesis, Brunel University, 1997. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6623.
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The butt fusion process is extensively used in the joining of polyethylene (PE) pipes by the water and gas industries. This welding process although deceptively simple, is rather poorly understood, with much of the initial developments being of a rather empirical nature. The Water Research centre (WRc) have funded the present research in an attempt to optimise the welding of high pressure pipeline (PE100) systems. The main aims of this research were to investigate the effect of different welding conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of the joints produced and to investigate these effects on the micro- and macro-structures of the joints produced. A series of welds were made using Eltex Tub 124 and Rigidex 002-50 pipes of 180mm diameter. The fusion pressure and heatsoak times were varied. A milling machine witha twin cutter arrangement was used to obtain the test specimens from around the circumference of the pipes. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the effect of sample preparation methodology on the thermo-oxidative stability. Polarised light microscopy and image analysis were used to study the macro- and micro-structural developments in the weld joint. Joint strength was evaluated via standard and non-standard tensile test methods. Milling the samples to produce the test specimens was found to decrease significantly the thermo-oxidative resistance of the polymer. Reasons for this behaviour have been proposed. In order to achieve high quality thin films from microtomy, custom-made blades were used. This programme also developed the optimum polishing method for the microtomed blades. The macro-structure of the bead: its shape and dimensions were found to be a function of temperature and pressure. Correlation was found between the bead geometry and the position around the circumference of the pipe. The macrostructures within the weld zone also showed this dependence on the position along the circumference of the pipe. An examination of the microstructures of each weld had shown the presence of five different zones. The feasibility of using microtomed thin sections in a tensile test was demonstrated. The test method provides a means to study failure initiation and propagation in the tensile test specimen. Initial deformation was found to occur in the centre of the melt-affected zone (MAZ) and the final failure occurs at the junction of the weld bead and the bulk polymer. Tests on films without the weld bead showed that maximum deformation occurred at the centre of the sample within the MAZ. The presence of the bead and the asymmetry in the test specimens caused by the welding process were found to have a significant influence on the failure mode and the failure strain. The strain rate was also found to play a significant role in both beaded and debeaded samples. The failure was initiated from the pseudo notches in the beaded samples. In the debeaded sample the failure was within the MAZ.
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Fentress, Jeffrey B. "The archaeology of Butte Valley, Siskiyou County, California /". view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055687.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 474-500). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Hackett, Joshua Andrew. "Hydrogeology of the McKinney Butte Area: Sisters, Oregon". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/371.
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McKinney Butte, a late Tertiary andesite vent and flow complex, is located near the town of Sisters, Oregon, in the upper Deschutes Basin, and is situated along the structural trend that forms the eastern margin of the High Cascades graben (Sisters fault zone and Green Ridge). Rapid development and over appropriated surface water resources in this area have led to an increased dependence upon groundwater resources. A primary concern of resource managers is the potential impact of expanding groundwater use on stream flows and spring discharge. Two sets of springs (McKinney Butte Springs and Camp Polk Springs) discharge to Whychus Creek along the east flank of McKinney Butte, and during low-flow conditions supply a substantial component of the total flow in the creek. Despite their contribution to Whychus Creek, the springs along McKinney Butte are small-scale features and have received less attention than larger volume (> 2 m³/s) springs that occur in the basin (i.e., Metolius Spring and Lower Opal Springs). This study used discharge measurements in Whychus Creek upstream and downstream of the springs, and mixing models using measurements of electrical conductivity and temperature in the springs and Whychus Creek to determine the contribution of the springs to the creek. Isotopic, thermal, and geochemical signatures for the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs, and local streams (Whychus Creek and Indian Ford Creek) and springs (Metolius Spring, Paulina Spring, Alder Springs, and Lower Opal Spring) were assessed to determine the source(s) of the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs. The discharge and hydrochemical data along with hydraulic head data from local wells were used in the development of a conceptual model of groundwater flow for the McKinney Butte area. Discharge from the McKinney Butte Springs supplies the majority of water to Whychus Creek on the east flank of McKinney Butte (~0.20 m³/s), provides up to 46% of the flow in the creek, and is relatively stable throughout the year. Discharge from the Camp Polk Springs is less than 0.05 m³/s. Isotopic, thermal, and geochemical signatures indicate distinct sources for the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs. Groundwater discharged at the McKinney Butte Springs is depleted in heavy stable isotopes (δD and δ¹⁸O) relative to the Camp Polk Springs. Recharge elevations inferred from stable isotope concentrations are 1800-1900 m for the McKinney Butte Springs and 950-1300 m for the Camp Polk Springs. Elevated water temperature in the McKinney Butte Springs relative to the average air temperature at the inferred recharge elevation indicates the presence of geothermal heat and implies deep circulation in the flow system. The temperature in the Camp Polk Springs is not elevated. The Camp Polk Springs, though not the McKinney Butte Springs, contain elevated concentrations of ions Cl, SO₄, and NO₃ that are indicative of contamination. The study results indicate the source of the Camp Polk Springs is shallow groundwater whereas the McKinney Butte Springs discharge water that has circulated deep in the groundwater flow system. Additionally, the hydrochemical traits of the McKinney Butte Springs are similar to Metolius Spring, suggesting discharge from the McKinney Butte Springs is controlled by the structural trend that forms the eastern margin of the High Cascades graben. The significant difference in discharge between the McKinney Butte Springs and Metolius spring may be related to the size of faults that occur locally.
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Birrell, L. "Mathematical modelling of flash butt weld failure". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596660.
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The work described in this thesis details the investigation into flash butt weld failure at Corus, Port Talbot, where the process is used to join coils of steel, permitting cold rolling without interruption. The aim of this work was to examine the factors which constitute weld failure and to determine whether failure could be eliminated. It was shown that weld failure cannot be predicted with appreciable levels of confidence with the use of neural networks based on inputs such as steel composition and the thickness and width of the coils to be joined. 817 weld breaks were recorded during 2006, of which all but two were observed during cold rolling. Analysis of the samples provided indicate that in some case the term weld break was incorrectly used to describe what was in fact failure in the base material, away from the joint. Prior to this work there were no reported data on the residual stress levels generated after flash butt welding of sheet steel with a thickness of 2.5 mm. It is now clear that in addition to the expected tensile stress in the weld, there is also a compressive stress of up to 200 MPa in the base material which extends far beyond the heat-affected zone. This result may go someway to explain why failure in the base material is observed outside the heat-affected zone during cold rolling. Finally, a post-weld heat treatment for a high hardening boron-steel was examined. The heat treatment was intended to supersede previous attempts to reduce the post-weld cooling rate by applying a voltage across the weld to locally heat the region to a desired temperature.
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Miller, Jeremy J. "You My Honeybee, I'm Your Funky Butt". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154716100.
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Butt, Uzma [Verfasser]. "Rezidivquote und Risikoprofil bei Makulachirurgie / Uzma Butt". Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1010030256/34.
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Wilkening, Richard Matthew. "The geology and hydrothermal alteration of the Bear Creek Butte area, Crook County, central Oregon". PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3656.
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The Eocene Clarno Formation, the Oligocene John Day Formation and basalts of the High Lava Plains are exposed in the Bear Creek Butte area in Central Oregon. In this area the Clarno Formation can be divided into a lower sequence composed of intermediate lava flows with intercalated mudflows and volcaniclastic sediments and an upper sequence of rhyolite and basalt flows and felsic ruffs. Separating the two units is a well developed saprolite. The change from intermediate to rhyolite-basalt volcanism reflects a change in the tectonic environment of the Cascade volcanic arc from compression to relaxation as subduction of the Farallon plate by the North American plate slowed, allowing extension of the continental plate margin to occur.
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Nielsen, Eric J. "Algal suscession and nutrient dynamics in Elephant Butte Reservoir /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd741.pdf.
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Slingsby, Thomas Luke. "The Sacred and the Esoteric : Locating Mary Butts' Modernism". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508975.
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During her lifetime, the modernist novels and short stories of Mary Butts (1890 1937) were championed by luminaries such as Bryher and Ezra Pound. Thereafter her work fell into neglect. Since 1984 Butts has been the subject of renewed critical interest which has gathered pace over the last decade. Still, much of her oeuvre is yet to receive sustained attention, and scholars are divided over whether Butts' sacral modernism should be championed as a harbinger of liberatory subjectivities or denounced as validating a racial nationalism. Whereas critics have tended to emphasise one of these elements of Butts' oeuvre to the exclusion of the other, this thesis uses the concepts of the sacred and the esoteric to illustrate their intermeshed nature. Butts' preoccupation with spiritual experience produces not doctrinal constancy, but constellations of syncretic and geographically contingent practices. The term sacred describes Butts' hope that her literary rituals would rejuvenate the "Waste Land" of interwar culture. This attitude prevails in her work of 1916 - 1928, and correlates with a phase of "flight" which sees her react against dispossession from her native Dorset, absorb continental influences, and explore the fractal subjectivities of the city. Chapter Two sees Butts developing a Bergsonian optics which posits the redemption of her "war-ruined generation" from the urban "logic of solids". Chapter Three considers transitional texts in which the object is deployed to probe the ontological limits of the sacral text. Butts' work from 1928 onwards is marked by a shift to esoteric poetics: it encodes a process of "settlement" which retreats from modernity into centripetal, exclusionary metaphysics. In Chapter One, analysis of the holographs of The Crystal Cabinet (1937) shows how a conflicted attitude to the body restricts Butts' palingenetic autogeographics to esoteric registers of meaning. Chapter Four explores the revisionary, homosocial politics of her 1930s classical novels and shows how the rarified psychological spaces privileged here are invested in violence against the African 'other
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Nielsen, Eric J. "Algal Succession and Nutrient Dynamics in Elephant Butte Reservoir". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/280.
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A water quality model was created for Elephant Butte Reservoir, New Mexico to understand nutrient dynamics and algal response during a three year period. The model chosen for this study was CE-QUAL-W2 because of its proven ability to represent hydrodynamics and the ability to represent multiple algal groups. Elephant Butte has been subject to large algal blooms. This study examined the phosphorus loading into the reservoir to see if it could sustain the observed algal growth. Data showed that the amount of bioavailable phosphorus was more than enough to support large blooms. This study also was an initial attempt to model multiple groups of algae that will later be used in other water quality models built and maintained by the US Bureau of Reclamation. Four algal species were modeled; diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria and greens. Research into literary values of kinetic parameters for multiple algal species was conducted and the results were compiled in this paper to assist future modeling efforts. Because Elephant Butte was often nitrogen-limited the calibration of algal growth was difficult. Algal growth was very sensitive to the adjustment of kinetic parameters for nitrogen half-saturation, light requirements, growth rates and temperature rate multipliers.
18
Zhang, Cheng. "Robotic 3D friction stir welding : T-butt joint". Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för automationssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8250.
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This Master Thesis was performed in terms of robotic three dimensional friction stir welding with T-butt joint. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding method that achieves the weld temperature by friction of a rotating non-consumable tool with the workpiece. Science and technology fast developing requires for higher seam quality and more complex welding joint geometry like 3D welds. In order to acquire high productivity, capacity and flexibility with acceptable cost, robotic FSW solution have been proposed. Instead of the standard FSW machine, using a robot to perform complicated welds such as, three-dimensional. In this report, a solution for weld a 3D T-butt joint, which located in an aluminium cylinder with 1.5 mm thickness using a robot, was developed. Moreover, two new paths were investigated in order to avoid the use of two welds to perform this type of joint. The paths were tested on 2D and on 3D (with a 5050 curvature radius) geometries. Both paths had good results. What is more, the parameter developing methods of FSW process, which is composed of necessary parameter setting, positional compensation was introduced. Specially,the study demonstrates how complicate geometry can be welded using a robot. Also,it shows that TWT temperature control is able to acquire high quality 3D welds. In addition, an analysis of the 2D welding and 3D welding was performed, which exposed that, keeping exactly the same welding conditions, higher lateral forces on the tool were found during 3D welding. Basis on the special case in this paper, when the tool goes like "climbing" the sample, the suffering force of tool decreasing with increasing the height(Z position); nevertheless, when the tool goes like "downhill", the suffering force of tool decreasing with decreasing the height (Z position). What is more, in 2D weld, increasing the downforce (Fz) results increasing the lateral forces which can be Fx and/or Fy. Finally, the future works suggestions were presented in terms of (1) performing the new paths into a real cylinder, (2) performing tensile test on the paths and comparing it with conventional path which weld twice, (3) researching how the downforce (Fz) influence the Fx and Fy during welding of different 3D geometries, (4) how the cooling rate of backing bar influence the seam quality when it is use the same welding parameters and (5) the effect of performing welds in the same welding temperature achieved with different combination of the tool rotational speed and downforce on the material properties
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Naples, Jessica R. "Goose Butt, Grandma Glasses, And Other Ordinary Things". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405594537.
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Stasiuk, Davie D. "Contestation of Place: Bear Butte and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1353509620.
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Stoffle, Richard W., Michael Evans, M. Nieves Zedeño, Brent W. Stoffle e Cindy Kesel. "American Indians and Fajada Butte: Ethnographic Overview and Assessment for Fajada Butte and Traditional (Ethnobotanical) Use Study for Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico". Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272152.
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This ethnographic overview documents the contemporary values of American Indians regarding Fajada Butte. The study defines which Indian tribes have traditional or historic cultural ties to Fajada Butte and Chaco Culture National Historical Park (NHP). The study was funded by the National Park Service on September 15, 1992, and was managed by the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office. The ethnographic overview is focussed on two broad issues: (1) Fajada Butte and its significance to American Indian people and (2) the traditional use of plants and their cultural significance to American Indian people. An additional goal of this study is to contribute information about to the process of general tribal -park consultation including Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
This study documented that 11 tribes and pueblos have cultural relationships with Fajada Butte and Chaco Culture NHP. American Indians feel a contemporary identification with the Fajada Butte and Chaco Culture NHP. There are three main ways for expressing this identification (1) direct descent ties, (2) tribal ties, and (3) ethnic ties. No tribal or pueblo representatives expressed knowledge of living families who are direct descendants from the people of Chaco; however, many of them stated that Chaco people were their direct ancestors. All tribes and pueblo representatives who participated in the on -site visit claimed tribal or pueblo ties to the people of Chaco.
The research also was concerned with the plant life of the area both on and around Fajada Butte. This study documented the American Indian traditional use placess around Fajada Butte and elsewhere in Chaco Canyon. All Indian representatives expressed the desire that the park continues to protect these plants from disturbance and emphasized the need to have a park-wide ethnobotanical study.
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Stoffle, Richard W. "Fajada Butte, Chaco Culture National Park: A Multi-tribal Affiliation Place". University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301443.
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Bukhari, Rizal. "Visitor Use of lnterpretive Facilities at Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming". DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6539.
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Visitors expect to a gain high-quality outdoor experiences at any recreation site they visit. In order to support that effort, most recreation managers utilize interpretive facilities to educate and inform visitors about the site. It is important for interpretive managers to be aware of what kind of interpretive media could best be used in a given setting for the type of visitor anticipated. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to understand visitors' behavior and incorporate that understanding into the interpretive planning process.
This study looks at visitor use of interpretive facilities provided at Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming. The primary method of data-gathering for this study was observation (participant observation and behavioral mapping). Observations were made at randomly selected times over 63 hours of observation in 1995. Data were collected at three locations: Fossil Butte visitor center, Fossil Lake self-guided trail, and roadside displays. Analysis was made using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data.
A 13-minute audiovisual program was the most attractive interpretive facility at the visitor center. Other popular activities in the center include: examing standing displays on paleontology, asking information or directions, taking pictures, making purchases, and certain activities for children. Nature trail hiking usually was done in conjunction with use of nearby picnic facilities. More visitors in vehicles passed by the roadside display than those who stopped to read it. Based on these and other results, several recommendations are made for park managers.
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Ovington, Stephen. "Fusion welding of crosslinked polyethylene". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297127.
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Lawson, Shaun W. "Automatic defect detection in industrial radioscopic and ultrasonic images". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843944/.
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This thesis describes a number of approaches to the problems of automatic defect detection in ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) and X-ray radioscopic images of butt welds in steel plate. A number of novel image segmentation techniques are developed, two of which feature the use of backpropagation artificial neural networks. Two new methods for defect detection in ultrasonic TOFD images are described - the first uses thresholding of individual one-dimensional A-scans, and the second uses a neural network to classify pixels using two dimensional local area statistics. In addition, three new methods for defect detection in radioscopic images are described - the first is based on the use of two conventional spatial filters, the second uses grey level morphology to replace the 'blurring' stage of conventional "blur and subtract' procedures, and the third uses a neural network to classify pixels using raw grey level data at the input layer. It is considered that all five methods which have been developed show novelty in their methodology, design and implementation, most specifically in that (1) no previous methods for automatic defect detection in TOFD images, (2) very few successful implementations of grey level data processing by neural networks, and (3) few examples of local area segmentation of 'real' textured images for automatic inspection have been reported in the literature. The methods developed were tested against data interpreted by skilled NDT inspectors. In the case of the ultrasonic TOFD image processing, both automatic methods performed exceptionally well, producing results comparable to that of a human inspector. In the case of the radioscopic image processing, the ANN method also produced results comparable to that achieved by a human inspector and also gave comparable or consistently better results than those obtained using a number of existing techniques.
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Britts, Angus. "Neglected Skies: The Far Eastern Demise of British Naval Supremacy, 1922 – 1942". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13595.
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This thesis concludes that Britain’s longstanding command of the sea was initially terminated in early April 1942 through the culmination of a two-decade process in which the Royal Navy did not keep pace with the rapid evolution of the air weapon at sea. Whereas it is conceded that British strategic sea power became eclipsed by the United States Navy during the second half of the Second World War, the inability of the Royal Navy to compete effectively with Japan’s massed carrier spearhead ended the RN’s capacity to dominate the battlefield itself, a reputation the service had enjoyed since the days of Trafalgar. The material examined will demonstrate how the relative neglect of offensive carrier aviation by the British Admiralty in the interwar period, in concert with unfavourable domestic and international circumstances, resulted in Britain entering the war with a fleet far short of optimum operational readiness. Although it shall be concluded that the Royal Navy successfully engaged its European Axis opponents, it remained in a parlous position if forced to confront an opponent that possessed a superior naval air force, which the Eastern Fleet encountered south of Ceylon from 4-9 April 1942 in the form of the Imperial Japanese Navy’s Kido Butai (Mobile Force), the most formidable concentration of naval airpower yet seen in modern warfare.
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Shillitoe, Stephen. "A study of the butt fusion welding of thermoplastic pipes". Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235570.
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Nardello, Chiara. "Il commento di Francesco da Buti all'Ars poetica di Orazio". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425078.
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The thesis prepared introduces the edition and analysis of the unpublished comment of Francesco da Buti on Horace's Ars poetica. The comment written at the end of XIV century and probably meant for scholarly aims, is to be considered a small, but precious example of the success of the Classics in medieval times and,in particular, of the great esteem granted to Horace's Ars poetica, which was used both by men of letters and by teachers at school education., owing to its contents of regulations.
The thesis first focuses on the figure of Francesco da Buti, an experienced grammarian, a good connoisseur of the Classics (Horace, Persio, Terenzio) and of medieval texts (the Commedia and the Dottrinale). Francesco da Buti's exegetical work can be inserted in the context of the medieval interpretation of the Classics and, in particular, of Horace's work.
This frame of reference is further analysed through a proper confrontation of a number of comments on Ars poetica written before (and limited to those published for practical reasons). Accordingly, particular attention has been given to the first work (Porfirione's and pseudo-Acrone's), to the comment handed down by codes Par.Lat. 7971,7972,7974, probably written in the late Carolingian Age, to Scholia, handed down by Par.Lat. 17897 dating back to the XI century as well as to other following expositions. The Scholia are the first, known example of the renewed interest in Horace's poetry following the rules of the Auctores, that is, the Scholia Vindobonensia (IX century), the Anonymus Turicensis (XII century) and the Materia (XII, area id Chartres).
The main part of the thesis work is devoted to the edition and analysis of the Butian comment. The text is written on the basis of Ambr. E 3 Sup. manuscript, as the other evidence, ms 30 of the Biblioteca Comunale of San Gimignano, is here described.
The ample number of notes included, apart from quoting the sources accurately and examining the grammar observations in the comment exhaustively , also appears to clarify the letter of the text, not always clear, and to suggest a possible interpretation of ambiguous settings. In addition, the thesis work carried out an accurate and meaningful comparison with previous comments and as far as possible, with the other exegetical works of Francesco da Buti, so that as to characterize the comment with rapport to the different kinds of medieval comments and to propose its proven position being used in traditional writing genres, mainly those connected with the university milieu and thus aimed at teaching.
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Barry, Stacie Lynn. "Coming to the surface the environment, health, and culture in Butte, Montana". UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, 2012. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3495256.
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Briggs, Christopher W. "Survival and nesting ecology of the Swainson's hawk in Butte Valley, CA /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1447802.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007."May, 2007." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2007]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Kent, Candice Lee. "Permeable boundaries : science and the writings of Virginia Woolf and Mary Butts". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609376.
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Edds, Donald Dean. "Structural geology of Black Butte area, Northwest Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas". Kansas State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18556.
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Limbu, Sal Bir. "Estimating Upper Red Butte Watershed Contribution to Salt Lake Valley Water Resources". DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7503.
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Water is crucial for domestic, agricultural, industrial, environmental, and hydropower uses. Once precipitation occurs, it eventually partitions into streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), and groundwater recharge. Distribution of precipitation into these partitions is called a hydrologic budget. The hydrologic budget of any geographic area or watershed under different climate change conditions help water managers to make appropriate water management plans. Computer based hydrologic modeling software has been used extensively to solve many water resources problems including hydrologic budgets. Hydrologic modeling requires high quality weather parameter data.
This study projected surface and groundwater flows from the portion of RBC watershed that lies above Red Butte Reservoir (RBR) to Salt Lake Valley (SLV) for water years (WYs) 2051-2060 in two climatic Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. RCP 8.5 corresponds to the pathways with higher greenhouse gas emission than RCP 4.5. To project flows, we first used Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) 4.3 model to calibrate and validate the observed streamflow for WYs 2016 and 2017 respectively. However, within RBC study area weather stations, all three weather parameters (Precipitation (P), Temperature (T), and Net Radiation (NR)) required for HEC-HMS model were missing on the same day for some periods of WYs 2016-2017. This necessitated to fill the missing parameters prior to the model calibration and validation.
We hypothesized that systematically using ANN and SMs would enable making accurate estimates, even when multiple parameter values are missing on the same day. The hypothesis-estimated the missing weather parameters (P, T, and NR) values are useful for hydrologic modeling in a watershed. We ran the HEC-HMS validated model for WY 2051-2060 once for each RCP scenario, and quantified the flows to SLV. The model results showed that average stream and groundwater flows of WYs 2016 and 2017 were 14.1% and 55.7% of total study area precipitation, respectively. In the future 2051- 2060, compared with average annual surface and groundwater flows of WYs 2016-2017, percent changes in flows, respectively, were i) decreases of 29.6% and 24.2% for RCP 4.5 and ii) decreases of 26% and 23.9 % for RCP 8.5.
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Nguyen, N. T. "Advanced modelling of the fatigue of butt-welded structures : a thesis /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn576.pdf.
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Cadden, S. "Prediction of the in-plane contractions in thin butt welded joints". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382262.
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Kasikci, Ilker. "Effect Of Gap Distance On The Mechanical Properties And Cross-sectional Characteristics Of The Mig-mag Butt Welds". Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1027283/index.pdf.
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This study was undertaken with the objective of determining the effect of gap distance on the weld bead geometry and the mechanical properties of the weldments. Low-alloyed and low carbon steel plates were welded under different conditions where each weldment had different gap distance and weld bead grooves. The influences of welding parameters namely, welding speed, current and voltage on the weld bead were examined in terms of weld bead penetration and heat affected zone and weld metal zone hardness variations.
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Stoffle, Richard W. "Chaco: More on Indian Identity and The Cant of Re-conquest". University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301444.
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Parmar, Ravindra. "The long-term behaviour of butt fusion welds in polyethylene pipeline systems". Thesis, Brunel University, 1986. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6631.
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The objective of the study was to examine factors that influence the strength of butt welds and gain an understanding of the process of failure. The study was divided into several sectors. The first and primary part of the programme was to determine the extent to which the pipe system's long-term strength under both internal fluctuating and constant pressure is reduced by the presence of axially misaligned butt welds. The second objective was to examine fracture initiation sites and crack propagation paths of the failed aligned and misaligned butt welded samples in relation to the melt flow zone and the weld bead in order to establish the cause of failure. Finally the project considered the influence of selected welding parameters on the fatigue performance of aligned butt fusion welds and an investigation into the influence of elevated temperature (79°C) testing technique on the basic material's properties. Fatigue and stress-rupture lifetimes were found to decrease significantly with increasing axial misalignment at the butt fusion weld in 63,90 and 125mm MDPE pipe systems at 79°C in a water environment. In the butt fusion weld having axial misalignment of 20 per cent of the wall thickness and above, the reduction in the fatigue and stress-rupture lifetime was greater than 50 per cent compared to the aligned weld. It was not clear whether there is a pipe size effect or not; there was no marked change in the fatigue performance of misaligned butt welds for the three pipe diameters examined. However, the fatigue performance of the aligned butt welds in 90 and 125mm was noticeably better compared to 63mm pipe systems. The stress rupture performance of misaligned butt welds in 90 and 125mm MDPE pipes was more than halved compared to those in 63mm pipe systems. Both the fatigue and stress rupture performance of misaligned butt welds could be explained in terms of amplified axial stress and in general, the Ory expression for evaluating the increase in axial stress due to misalignment appears to be valid. The temperature dependence of the fatigue performance of aligned and misaligned butt fusion welds in 63 and 90mm MDPE pipe systems suggests that if continuous internal fluctuating pressure under the conditions examined is maintained, then the butt fusion welds with axial misalignment of below 10 per cent of the wall thickness may well meet the design lifetime of 50 years at the service termperature. Under stress-rupture conditions, all the misaligned butt welds considered in the three pipe diameters surpassed the minimum specified requirement of 170 hours at 79°C. The fatigue was the most aggresive condition of the two for minor misalignment. Examination of the circumferential butt weld failures revealed that the crack invariably initiated from the notch located at the inner weld bead and no preferred crack propagation path was taken in relation to the melt flow zone. It was proved that the notch was responsible for the observed circumferential failure of aligned butt welds in 63mm MDPE pipes by testing these butt fusion welds where the internal weld bead was machined off. The failure site for the internal weld bead machined off sample was in the pipe remote from the weld inferring that the material in the melt flow zone does not constitute any weakness. The effect of elevated temperature (79°C) testing in 63mm HDPE pipe was found to increase the density (and crystallinity) signifying a slow annealing process in the material. However, the changes in these parameters were not of sufficient scale to strongly influence the performance. The main effect of elevated temperature testing in water environment appears to be the extraction of stabiliser from the base polymer as was indicated by the rapid decrease in oxidation induction time with the ageing times.
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Butt, Atif Ikram [Verfasser], Marianne [Gutachter] Kneuer e Uwe [Gutachter] Andersen. "Public policy and ideation / Atif Ikram Butt ; Gutachter: Marianne Kneuer, Uwe Andersen". Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114022378X/34.
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Jonsson, Tobias. "Fatigue and Ultimate StrengthAssessment of Post Weld TreatedStrenx 1100 Plus Butt Welds". Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277081.
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The demand of stronger and lighter constructions are rapidly growing. Today's applications vary over a large range industries where the requirements are di_erent from product to product. Therefore, the focus of much research are the 3rd generation of so called Advance High-Strength Steels (AHSS). These are high-strength steels that are taylormade to get desired mechanical properties. One AHSS manufactured by SSAB is their Strenx 1100Plus steel that is specially design to get excellent welding properties. In this project it was investigated if the two post weld treatments TIG dressing and HFMI has a larger e_ect in the material then the recommendations for steel in general by the International institute of Welding (IIW). By comparing nominal fatigue stresses to standards it could be determined that the post treatment improves the fatigue life with 1 more fatigue class then the recommendations for each treatment. E_ective notch stress simulations was used to derive S-N curves for comparative reasons.Efterfrågan av starkare och lättare konstruktioner har kraftigt ökat. Dagens tillämpningar omfattar många olika industriområden där kraven varierar från varje produkt. Detta har lett till att mycket resurser idag läggs på forskning inom utveckling av tredje generationen Advance High-Stength Steels (AHSS). Ett AHSS tillverkat av SSAB är deras Strenx 1100Plus som är specialdesignat stål för att få ultimata svetsegenskaper. I detta projektet undersöktes det om efter behandlingsmetoderna TIG omsmältnings och High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) ger större effekt i materialet än vad rekommendationerna för stål generellt sett av Internationella Institutet för Svetsning (IIW) säger. Genom att jämföra nominella utmattningsspänningar med standardvärden kunde detta bekräftas. Resultatet av testerna visade att de två efterbehandlingsmetoderna ger ytterligare en utmattningsklass förbättring än vad IIW rekommenderar. För att kunna jämföra simuleringar mot dessa resultat gjordes S-N kurvor med effective notch stress metoden (ENS).
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Portner, Christoph [Verfasser], e Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Butte. "Entwicklung flüssigkeitschromatographisch-massenspektrometrischer Methoden zum Nachweis von Mykotoxinen im Hausstaub / Christoph Portner. Betreuer: Werner Butte". Oldenburg : IBIT - Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1020663995/34.
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Buttmi, Inge L. [Verfasser], e Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Hesse. "Die Christuskirche in Mannheim Kirchenbau nach dem Wiesbadener Programm / Inge L. Buttmi ; Betreuer: Michael Hesse". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/118049945X/34.
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Alexander, Kenneth Cooper. "Developing and Sustaining Political Citizenship for Poor and Marginalized People: The Evelyn T. Butts Story". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1566483543046846.
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Lindgren, Lars-Erik. "Deformations and stresses in butt-welding of plates : numerical simulation and experimental verification". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Material- och solidmekanik, 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26528.
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Deformation and stresses in butt-welding of plates were studied. The work includes numerical simulation and experimental verification. The simulations were performed by use of the finite element method. Temperature dependence of material properties and phase transformations were considered. A thermo-elastoplastic material model was used. Plane stress conditions were assumed. Automatic butt-welding of plates without backing needs close tolerances of joint geometry. The thermally induced deformations and stresses are of great importance for joint geometry during welding. Therefore the change of gap width in front of the moving arc has been of special interest in these studies. The residual stresses, which may affect inservice behaviour of welded plates, were also calculated and measured. The tack-welds were found to influence the change in gap width in front of the moving arc. A proper tack-welding procedure is important in order to avoid large changes in gap width during butt-welding. The tack-welds should be made as soon after each other as possible. The sequence in which the tack-welds are made also affect the change in gap width. The gap width increased during the last part of the butt-welding in the simulations performed in this work. This increase was larger for wide plates than for narrow plates. Residual stresses close to the weld were large. The effective stress reached the yield limit of the material in the weld line.Godkänd; 1985; 20070424 (ysko)
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Ashford, Sheridan. "Validation of a Redwood Sequoia Sempervirens (D. Don) Endl Butt Log Sawing Simulator". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9904.
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Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) has been identified as a species with considerable potential for plantation forestry in New Zealand. Investment decisions in high value alternate species must be based on accurate wood quality and value predictions. There is an opportunity to extend non-destructive evaluation tools available to redwood growers, and to present the outputs of the growth model by log products and sawn timber.
A redwood pruned buttlog sawing simulator has been developed however the simulator had not been tested with real data. Twelve redwood trees from Mangatu estate were selected for a sawing study; these logs were reconstructed and run through the sawing simulator. Computerised log processing was used to produce simulated pruned log sawing outturn from the redwood Buttlog Sawing Simulator, and results were compared to real results from a sawing study.
The objective of the study was therefore to determine how well the simulator matched volume and grade out-turn from twelve logs. This study found the many inconsistencies between simulated data and real data; particularly related to log size. While this study was unsuccessful in validation of the redwood sawing simulator, it provides initial insight into the simulators strengths and short comings.
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Henrich, Franziska Monika [Verfasser], Steffen [Akademischer Betreuer] Hardt e Hans-Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Butt. "Dynamic dewetting of surfactant solutions / Franziska Monika Henrich ; Steffen Hardt, Hans-Jürgen Butt". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1158896913/34.
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Cosgrove, Brian George. "The toughness characteristics of butt fusion and electrofusion joints in polyethylene water pipe". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239469.
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Day, Kathryn Dawn. ""Girls who kick butt" : a cognitive interpretation of Tamora Pierce's adolescent feminist fantasy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284630.
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Recent empirical evidence supports the theoretical stance that fiction provides vicarious experiences of imagined spaces and situations that can help shape our perceptions of the real world, our social others, and the self. The implications for this are especially interesting for adolescents, as their brains undergo a restructuring during puberty, making them more responsive to change in executive function and social cognition. Few scholars have yet addressed how texts instruct young readers in how to use their developing cognition to assess characters' emotions and behavior, and how fiction can potentially affect these readers' cognitive and emotional development. This thesis analyzes the concept that potential adolescent readers can engage with a novel's characters' thoughts and behaviors by using their improving cognitive abilities to transmute what is on the page into real-life coping strategies. This phenomenon is especially compelling when considering the potential impact empowered female characters could have on adolescent girl readers, since their malleable brain around puberty makes them more receptive to accepting ideas - such as a person's gender not being a limitation. I examine what the primary texts themselves offer to potential readers, and analyze certain aspects of the texts that could be linked to potential readers' cognitive and affective engagement. The primary texts I have chosen are Tamora Pierce's two narrative quartets (The Song of the Lioness and Protector of the Small) that deal with characters from the fictional land of Tortall, as they focus closely on female characters in fantasy realms who are breaking gendered stereotypes by training to become knights. Pierce's books are representative of this adolescent feminist fantasy. I extrapolate that findings from this thesis will be applicable to other kinds of adolescent feminist fantasy texts; namely, that adolescent feminist fantasy fiction can beneficially change potential readers behavior and cognition.
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Schmidt, Henrik [Verfasser], Hans-Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Butt e Klitzing Regine [Akademischer Betreuer] von. "Internal deformation in Hybrid-materials / Henrik Schmidt ; Hans-Jürgen Butt, Regine von Klitzing". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-194548.
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Eriksson, Berth. "Residual stress in a T-butt joint weld : cylinder versus plane plate geometry". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25665.
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The welding process introduces residual stress originating from the heating, melting and cooling of the material. From the point of view of fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the weld residual stress perpendicular to the weld axis is of particular interest. When qualifying weld parameters for welds in large cylinders having a ratio of radius to plate thickness larger than say approximately 100; reference to plane plates are often made for the sake of simplicity. However, the weld residual stress perpendicular to the weld axis is severely underestimated in the plane plate compared with the cylindrical structure. This observation is especially pronounced in connection with preheating. The source of the differences is probably due to the radial constraint of the cylinder, compared with that of a plane plate. A plane test specimen will underestimate the weld residual stress perpendicular to the weld axis in a cylinder, even if the radius of the cylinder is very large. However, a test specimen for an 8 m diameter cylinder with a plate thickness of 35 mm needs only to have a segment width of approximately 1.3 m to reflect the stress in the real structure. The weld residual stress perpendicular to the weld axis in the vicinity of the weld toe is governed by the depositing of the weld bead adjacent to the weld toe, neglecting the accumulated strain from the previous deposited weld beads in the multi-pass joint weld. Introducing tensile straining perpendicular to the weld axis during the entire welding procedure reduces the weld-induced residual stress after completed welding. The plastic zone of the weld area will be subjected to compressive strain after completed welding, which in turn will reduce the weld residual stress. This can be achieved by cooling the weld area, which in this case is not recommended since the material is sensitive to hydrogen cracking, or by pre-stretching or modifying the locations for preheating, all aimed to impose a tensile axial straining around the weld area during the entire welding process.Godkänd; 2004; 20070131 (ysko)