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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Business correspondence (Spanish) 1857"

Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A., e Sandro Nielsen. "Translating Politeness in Bilingual English-Spanish Business Correspondence". Meta 53, n.º 3 (6 de novembro de 2008): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019246ar.

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Abstract Politeness is an important element in interlingual business communication. Translators use bilingual dictionaries as tools helping then in business discourse across cultures, but dictionaries do not contain the relevant pragmatic information. The functions of dictionaries are used to determine which pragmatic information types are needed when translating business letters. The analysis focuses on a Spanish-English business dictionary and its treatment of politeness in special sections dealing with business correspondence. The findings show that the treatment is insufficient, because users’ business-language competence does not enable them to express the right level of politeness. Bilingual dictionaries should offer a systematic treatment of cultural and genre-specific means of expressing politeness in contrastive, informative texts showing the specific uses of politeness in business discourse. Finally, proposals on what to include and how this can be done are made, with a view to helping translators.

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Krylov, Vladimir A. "Spain and the Spaniards through the eyes of the Extraordinary British Ambassador Samuel Hoare (1940–1944)". Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 23, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2023): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2023-23-3-357-363.

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Based on the materials of the memoirs of the participants of the events and the business correspondence of the embassy with the British government, the image of the Spanish people in the representations of the British ambassador to Spain – Samuel Hoare, who held the post from 1940 to 1944, is considered. The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 led to a crisis in many spheres of society. The author comes to the conclusion that the conflict within the state has led to a deep cultural split in Spanish society.

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Гринько, Л. В. "MEANS OF SOFTENING OF CATEGORICAL EXPRESSIONS AND MITIGATING STRATEGIES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION (based on Italian and Spanish business correspondence)". Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, n.º 2(41) (16 de dezembro de 2018): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2018.2(41).151339.

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Martínez, Patricia, Andrea Pérez e Ignacio Rodríguez del Bosque. "Exploring the Role of CSR in the Organizational Identity of Hospitality Companies: A Case from the Spanish Tourism Industry". Journal of Business Ethics 124, n.º 1 (9 de agosto de 2013): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1857-1.

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FULLAT, MARÍA BOTEY, PEDRO ARIAS MARTÍN e SILVERIO ALARCÓN LORENZO. "THE ECONOMIC-FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES TO INNOVATE IN SPANISH INDUSTRY". International Journal of Innovation Management 23, n.º 02 (27 de janeiro de 2019): 1950017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919619500178.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the difficulties that industry in general and agri-food firms in particular have when it comes to innovating. The focus of this analysis is temporal and it covers the periods 2004, 2008 and 2012. This allows assessing whether these difficulties have intensified, declined or remained stable. To this end, we have applied correspondence analysis, multivariate technique similar to principal components analysis designed to explore relationships among categorical variables. We have used the PITEC database, the Spanish component of the Community Innovation Survey from Eurostat. The results are differentiated according to ownership of the company. Finally, the results obtained for the industry in general and agri-food companies are compared. In both cases, the innovation has been affected by the economic crisis, but agri-food companies have performed better than other sectors, although the significance of the economic and financial obstacles depends on the characteristics of the company, its ownership and origin of capital.

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Garcés-Galdeano, Lucia, Carmen García-Olaverri e Emilio Huerta. "Management capability and performance in Spanish family firms". Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 29, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2016): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-08-2015-0195.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible causes of the heterogeneous productivity observed in Spanish firms, finding evidence of a link between managerial capability and higher productivity in the context of family firms. Also, innovative human resource policies are much more frequently found in companies where there is a high level of management capability. Design/methodology/approach Productivity differences in Spanish family firms are, for the first time, analysed from a managerial view, and using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Findings This paper proposes a way to measure managerial capability. Innovative human resource policies are much more frequently found in companies with high levels of management capability. The authors show that sustained competitive advantage is not just a function of single or isolated components, but rather a combination of human capital elements. Besides, a clear association between high managerial capability and performance in family firms is established. Thus, better management skills enable Spanish family firms to design the necessary strategies and internal structures to facilitate their adjustment to the business environment, and, thereby, achieve operational performance gains. Originality/value This paper proposes a way to measure managerial capability and its association with productivity in Spanish family firms using MCA. The authors also show a clear positive association between high managerial capability and performance in family firms. Thus, better management skills enable Spanish family firms to achieve operational performance gains.

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Busquets, Anna. "Three Manila-Fujian Diplomatic Encounters: Different Aims and Different Embassies in the Seventeenth Century". Journal of Early Modern History 23, n.º 5 (2 de outubro de 2019): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342642.

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Abstract During the second half of the seventeenth century, there were at least three embassies between the Spaniards of Manila and the Fujian based Zheng regime. The first embassy took place in 1656 ordered by the Spanish governor in Manila. The ambassadors were two captains of the city, and its aim was to re-establish trade relations, which had been severed many months before. In response, Zheng Chenggong sent his cousin to the Philippine islands to settle several business arrangements regarding Fujianese trade. In 1662, Zheng Chenggong took the initiative of sending the Dominican Victorio Riccio, who worked as missionary in the Catholic mission at Xiamen, as emissary to the Governor of the Philippines, don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara. The third embassy took place in 1663. Thereupon, Zheng Jing, Zheng Chenggong’s successor, sent Riccio to Manila for signing a peace pact and for re-establishing trade. The three embassies were related to the Zheng’s purpose of gaining economic and political supremacy over the Philippines and the South China Seas. In all three cases, the actors, the diplomatic correspondence, the material aspects and the results differed profoundly. The article analyzes the role of individuals as intermediaries and translators while considering the social and cultural effects that these embassies had on the Sino-Spanish relations in Manila.

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Mezhuev, D. O. "Baltic Question in Russia’s Foreign Policy (1558—1730)". Nauchnyi dialog 12, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2023): 402–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-2-402-416.

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The issue of the development of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the Baltic region after the death of Peter I is considered as a continuation of the foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible. The aim of the work is to study the continuity of foreign policy in the Baltic on an all-Russian scale. The study is based on clerical sources: correspondence of the French representative in Russia, Jacques de Campredon, notes and business correspondence of the Vice-Chancellor of the Russian Empire, Baron A. I. Osterman. Record keeping materials of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, taken from the archives of the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, were used. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the influence and significance of the Baltic issue in the context of the development of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the first years after the death of Peter I. The influence of the Baltic question on the foreign policy of Russia in the 18th century in the context of the formation of military-political blocs in Europe after the War of the Spanish Succession is demonstrated. The author comes to the conclusion that the continuity of the Baltic issue can be traced from the time of Ivan the Terrible to Peter I and his heirs. It is argued that subjective factors had a strong influence on the foreign policy of Russia in the first post-Petrine years, but were successfully leveled by the foreign policy department under the leadership of A. I. Osterman.

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Martí-Sánchez, Myriam, Desamparados Cervantes-Zacarés e Arturo Ortigosa-Blanch. "Entrepreneurship in the digital press: a semantic analysis". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26, n.º 3 (10 de dezembro de 2019): 416–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-06-2019-0394.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the media addresses entrepreneurship and to identify the attributes linked to this phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach The sample is defined in terms of a linguistic corpus comprised of content related to entrepreneurship drawn from the digital editions of the three most important Spanish economic newspapers for the period 2010–2017. Word association and co-occurrence analyses were carried out. Further, a non-supervised clustering process was used as the basis for a thematic analysis. Findings Correspondence between social and media patterns related to the entrepreneurship phenomenon is revealed by the results. It is shown how attributes such as “success”, “innovation”, “ecosystem” and “woman” appear as very relevant and are linked to different co-occurrence scenarios. Relevant thematic groups are also identified related to lexical associations such as innovation, digital economy and public policies linked to entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications It is important to emphasise that this study has identified and explored relationships between words, but not their evolution. Furthermore, conclusions cannot be drawn concerning whether there are differences in how each newspaper has dealt with entrepreneurship because of the way the corpus was constructed. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence that helps to identify the way media approaches entrepreneurship. The authors carried out the analysis on the media contents and not on the perception of the public on the phenomenon.

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Küster, Inés, e Natalia Vila. "A comparison of marketing teaching methods in North American and European universities". Marketing Intelligence & Planning 24, n.º 4 (1 de junho de 2006): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500610672071.

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PurposeTo compare marketing education methods in Europe and North America, and analyse the opinions about effectiveness underpinning educators' choices among available options.Design/methodology/approachE‐mail questionnaires distributed to a sampling frame extracted from the worldwide directory of the Academy of Marketing Science were completed by 93 marketing academics in North America and 42 in Europe: a 26 per cent overall return rate. Data were analysed by χ2, ANOVA and correspondence analysis.FindingsThree teaching‐and‐learning methods are most common in both environments: practical exercises, case studies and lectures. Europeans tend to rely on lectures and other traditional methods, while Americans make more use of technology‐based alternatives. The approach to the subject in Europe favours practical exercises, for their connection to the real world. Practice in North America reflects a cultural predisposition to personalised teaching, by emphasising face‐to‐face small‐group tutorials and one‐to‐one distance learning interaction. Teaching methods popular in the business world are little used across the sample, a somewhat paradoxical finding in a business‐school environment.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample is comparatively small, and the European sub‐sample is not further broken down into cultural sub‐groups. Because the research instrument was adapted from one previous Spanish‐language survey, terminology may have influenced the responses.Practical implicationsThe findings could be a useful input to planning of teaching and learning strategies, particularly in the international and distance‐learning contexts.Originality/valueA rare comparative study of marketing education, suggesting fruitful directions for future research.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Business correspondence (Spanish) 1857"

Arellano, Edwin U. "Modelo integral en la enseñanza de redacción comercial en Español". Connect to resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1632.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2008.
Title from screen (viewed on July 7, 2008). Department of World Languages and Cultures, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Kimmaree Murday, Nancy Newton, Marta García García. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-70).

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Arellano, Edwin U. "Modelo Integral en la Enseñanza de Redacción Comercial en Español". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1632.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un esquema alternativo en la enseñanza de redacción comercial en español. Para este propósito, el trabajo se enfoca en los vacíos y limitaciones observados en la mayoría de los textos de redacción comercial en español utilizados en las universidades americanas e hispanas, no sólo desde el punto de vista del conocimiento sino también de su aplicación. Es una propuesta válida para enriquecer la enseñanza de redacción comercial en los estudiantes que desean desarrollar sus habilidades comunicativas a través de la elaboración de documentos comerciales usados por las empresas modernas y globales.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Business correspondence (Spanish) 1857"

María-Luisa, Henson, ed. Spanish business correspondence. London: Routledge, 1996.

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Terrazas, Gabriela Botas de. The bilingual secretary's business correspondence manual. Mexico: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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María-Luisa, Henson, ed. Manual of business Spanish: A comprehensive language guide. London: Routledge, 1996.

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Paine, Michael. Spanish commercial correspondence: A first practice book. Edinburgh: Harrap, 1994.

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Susan, Davies. Bilingual handbook of business correspondence and communication - English/Spanish. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall, 1989.

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Redacción comercial. Río Piedras, P.R: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1992.

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Reyes, Carmen Sánchez. Redacción comercial. 2^a ed. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1999.

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W, Martin George. Cómo comunicar mejor por escrito. México, D.F: Ediciones Deusto, 1990.

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Jackson, Mary H. Guide to correspondence in Spanish: A practical guide to social and commercial correspondence = Guía de correspondencia española. Lincolnwood, Ill: Passport Books, 1986.

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Jackson, Mary H. Guide to correspondence in Spanish: A practical guide to social and commercial correspondence = Guia de correspondencia española. Lincolnwood, Ill: Passport Books, 1985.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Business correspondence (Spanish) 1857"

Stampp, Kenneth M. "The President, the Chief Justice, and a Slave Named Scott". In America in 1857, 68–109. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195039023.003.0004.

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Abstract Unfortunately, Buchanan’s White House entourage and official advisers included no diarists to record, day by day, his domestic life, personal relationships, and shifting moods, or to discuss and interpret the formal business transacted at Cabinet meetings, his conferences with individual department heads, and the complex manner in which policies evolved during his presidential years. The voluminous correspondence of the President and some of those close to him, notably Black and Cobb, the facts and rumors served up by friendly and unfriendly reporters, and the recollections, more or less reliable, of his associates tell us much about life behind the White House doors.

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"Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-61)". In A Century of Sonnets, editado por Paula R. Feldman e Daniel Robinson, 216–32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115611.003.0085.

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Abstract Elizabeth Barrett lived most of her life as an invalid in the home of a tyrannical father until she began a correspondence with Robert Browning (1812-89), who was a relatively obscure poet during her lifetime. He fell in love with her through her poetry. The two secretly married and eloped to Italy, where they lived happily until her death in 1861. Barrett Browning de scribes her love for her husband in her enduring Sonnets from the Portuguese. The title seems to suggest that the sequence is a translation from the Portuguese language, but it is really a private reference to her poem “Catarina to Camoens,” about the love of a Portuguese woman for the Spanish poet. Her verse novel Aurora Leigh (1857) is a substantial literary achievement.

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Warsh, Molly A. "“Regardless of Gender, Class, Color, and Condition”". In American Baroque, 163–92. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469638973.003.0006.

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This chapter turns to pearl consumption practices in the seventeenth century and considers what they reveal about the overlap between personal and imperial approaches to the custodianship of value. Drawing on personal correspondence of high-ranking diplomats, smugglers, widows, and children in Spain, as well as Inquisition records from Lima and Cartagena, the inventories of London goldsmiths, and Amsterdam-based Sephardic jewelers’ ledgers, it shows that the use and exchange of pearls among families, friends, and business associates reflected highly contextual assessments of value and worth. The personal political economies that pearls illuminated were often, if not always, at odds with official assessments of the jewel, which tried to remove them from their context and assign them arbitrary financial valuations. In art, pearls could be used to explore the supposed nature of different types of subjects, but in reality they figured in the socially embedded wealth husbandry practices of people of diverse backgrounds and means. The sixteen thousand smuggled pearls discovered in a small lead box that sank in 1622 with the Spanish galleon Santa Margarita illustrate the tremendous variety of the jewel, their subjective appeal, and their accessibility.

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Abulafia, David. "Would-be Roman Emperors, 1350–1480". In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0033.

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Following the arrival of the plague, and the dramatic fall in population, pressure on food supplies within the Mediterranean diminished. This did not mean that the old Mediterranean grain trade withered. In fact, it flourished: as inferior lands were abandoned and turned over to pasture, and as other areas became dedicated to products such as sugar and dyestuffs, the economic life of the lands bordering the Great Sea became more varied. As specialization increased, trade in all manner of goods was stimulated. The Mediterranean economy began to take on a new shape. Local contacts came to the fore: products such as timber were ferried down the coasts of Catalonia; wool was sent across the Adriatic from Apulia to the burgeoning towns of Dalmatia, and from Minorca (famous for its sheep) to Tuscany, where around 1400 the ‘Merchant of Prato’, Francesco di Marco Datini, obsessively ensured that every bale was recorded and every piece of correspondence was preserved – about 150,000 letters – to the great advantage of historians. One of his agents in Ibiza complained: ‘this land is unhealthy, the bread is bad, the wine is bad – God forgive me, nothing is good! I fear I shall leave my skin here.’ But the demands of business came before personal comfort. The Merchant of Prato also had Tuscan agents based in San Mateu on the Spanish coast, where they could collect the best Aragonese wools, while deep within the Spanish interior sheep were conquering the Meseta, as millions of animals grazed the high ground in summer and the plateau in winter. Datini’s reach extended to the Maghrib and eastwards to the Balkans and the Black Sea. In the 1390s, he was involved in the slave trade, at a time when Circassians from the Black Sea and Berbers from North Africa were being sold in the slave markets of Majorca and Sicily. From oriental lands beyond the Mediterranean he obtained indigo, brazilwood, pepper, aloes, zedoary and galingale, as well as cotton, mastic and refined sugar from within the Great Sea. From Spain and Morocco, he imported, besides vast amounts of raw wool, ostrich feathers, elephant ivory, rice, almonds and dates.

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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. "New Life and Near Death: 1912– 1914". In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0011.

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Estella said yes. After such news, Aldo could hardly concentrate. He wrote home, “Somehow, this time, I don’t seem to be able to write.” On December 2, he wrote in his work journal, “In at least 6 lines of work today and nothing particularly accomplished in any one.” Aldo celebrated the holidays and his engagement at the Bergeres’ with his father beside him, warmly regaled with guitar music, Spanish and Italian carols, pasta, luminarias, and piñatas. Then came the promenade of New Year’s fiestas and parties honoring New Mexico’s statehood. Work looked pretty dull in comparison. On his return to Tres Piedras, Leopold found his desk buried under requests for grazing permits. Altogether, Carson headquarters had received applications for 220,000 sheep. The new plan allowed only 198,000, and it was Leopold’s job to reject the extra applications and to make the decisions stick. He and his rangers patrolled the forests, their six-shooters at their sides. Even so, they relied mostly on forceful words as a means of persuasion. When he met ranchers or sheepers to talk, Leopold carefully left his pistols in his saddle. By March, the business of permits was well under way. Hall had accomplished the job he came for, and he moved on. Ringland promoted Leopold to acting supervisor of Carson National Forest. Aldo boasted to his fiancée: “Of all the men in our class from Forest School there are only two of us Acting Supervisors, and none are Supervisors yet.” By fall, he was Carson’s full supervisor. Leopold hired more rangers to hold the grazing situation steady. He closely inspected the rangers’ stations, work journals, and reports. When a forester’s idea or accomplishment impressed him, he dashed off “Bully!” in the margin. That summer, Aldo built a house for his bride- to- be, assisted by Estella’s brother and his own brother Frederic, who was working at headquarters for the summer. Aldo’s correspondence to his beloved never faltered.

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