Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Buriat imprints"

Lithospheric slices preserving pre-Alpine metamorphic imprints are widely described in the Alps. The Variscan parageneses recorded in continental, oceanic, and mantle rocks suggest a heterogeneous metamorphic evolution across the Alpine domains. In this contribution, we collect quantitative metamorphic imprints and ages of samples that document Variscan tectonometamorphic evolution from 420 to 290 Ma. Based on age distribution and metamorphic imprint, three main stages can be identified for the Variscan evolution of the Alpine region: Devonian (early Variscan), late Devonian–late Carboniferous (middle Variscan), and late Carboniferous–early Permian (late Variscan). The dominant metamorphic imprint during Devonian times was recorded under eclogite and HP granulite facies conditions in the Helvetic–Dauphinois–Provençal, Penninic, and eastern Austroalpine domains and under Ep-amphibolite facies conditions in the Southalpine domain. These metamorphic conditions correspond to a mean Franciscan-type metamorphic field gradient. During the late Devonian–late Carboniferous period, in the Helvetic–Dauphinois–Provençal and central Austroalpine domains, the dominant metamorphic imprint developed under eclogite and HP granulite facies conditions with a Franciscan field gradient. Amphibolite facies conditions dominated in the Penninic and Southalpine domains and corresponded to a Barrovian-type metamorphic field gradient. At the Carboniferous–Permian transition, the metamorphic imprints mainly developed under amphibolite-LP granulite facies conditions in all domains of the Alps, corresponding to a mean metamorphic field gradient at the transition between Barrovian and Abukuma (Buchan) types. This distribution of the metamorphic imprints suggests a pre-Alpine burial of oceanic and continental crust underneath a continental upper plate, in a scenario of single or multiple oceanic subductions preceding the continental collision. Both scenarios are discussed and revised considering the consistency of collected data and a comparison with numerical models. Finally, the distribution of Devonian to Triassic geothermal gradients agrees with a sequence of events that starts with subduction, continues with continental collision, and ends with the continental thinning announcing the Jurassic oceanization.

Abstract The city of Pécs was already an important commercial and religious centre in ancient times. Because of the city’s location, it has become one of the most important cultural hubs in Central Europe. In Pécs, in various historical times, many different cultures have flourished and one of the most typical imprints of these cultures are cemeteries and burial buildings. The subject of our research is to compare Idris baba’s türbe with another iconic heritage of Pécs, the Early Christian Cemetery, furthermore as an example of this cemetery’s visitor centre, designing a plan that reattaches the neglected Turkish cemetery to the city’s life.

This paper presents stamped Rhodian containers from the excavations of ancient monuments of the Kuban river region, stored in the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve named after E.D. Felitsyn. The greater part of the amphorae was found as a result of excavations of Maeotian burials mainly, which contained other imports: black-glazed or red-glazed ceramics, relief bowls, etc. The first part of the publication focuses on characterizing the complexes. It is noted that in some instances we encounter inconsistencies in the dating of different inventory items originating from the same burial. In the second part of the article, single amphorae, which origin cannot reliably be identified, are analyzed. The stamps imprinted on them are of special significance. There are stamps containing new previously unknown combinations of eponyms and fabricants names on three of the amphorae. In two cases, the commonly accepted period of activity of the fabricants Διονύσιος and ΙΜΑ(-) should be prolonged for 10–15 years. The situation with the fabricant Ζωίλος is different. Traditionally, his name was associated with eponyms of the III period (198–161 BC), however, in our case his stamp is on the amphora in combination with the stamp of the eponym dated to the Vb period (125–121 BC) – Τεισαμένος. It is thought that here the point at issue is a homonym. An indirect proof of this is the different typological affiliation of the fabricants’ stamps. Among the Rhodian stamps, there are rectangular unemblemed imprints with the name Ζωίλος and round imprints with the same name around the rose. In the final part, examples of new combinations of stamps of eponyms and fabricants, whose activities do not have chronological gaps, are given as well as vessels with stamps of previously unknown stamps are considered. The amphora stamped by fabricant Μένων II, who worked in the time of the eponyms of periods II and III, is of special interest; the eponymous stamp is reconstructed as may be supposed. In this case, the vessel itself is of interest, representing a later, previously unknown variety of amphorae of the “koroni” variant.

One of the main problems in studying the Ekven burial ground is determining its age and cultural affiliation. From the very first years of its research to the present, the typology of harpoon tips and the stylistic analysis of ornaments on bone items constitute the basis for solving the corresponding range of issues. This approach allowed defining that the burial ground belongs to the early phase of the sequence of the Neo-Eskimo cultures, namely the Old Bering Sea culture. Meanwhile, an analysis of the ceramic collection of the Ekven burial ground shows that the site contains only ceramics typical of the late Birnirk culture, characterized by circular and arched ornamental patterns. This differentiate the Ekven burial ground from other reference sites of the ancient Bering Sea culture located on the American side of the Bering Strait and containing ceramics that preserve the ancient traditions of Paleo-Eskimo ceramics, characterized by linear and “checked” imprints on the vessels surfaces. Such situation is rather contradictory and requires some explanation. Apparently, the materials from the Ekven burial ground have not yet been fully understood, and research to determine its cultural affiliation needs to be continued. The article provides a brief overview of the materials related to the establishment of cultural and chronological affiliation of the burial ground, summarizes the data on its absolute dating and the results of the analysis of its ceramics. Several possibilities for resolving the contradictions that arose after studying the Ekven ceramic collection are discussed.

Sandstones of Murree Group of rocks exposed along Bani- Basohli road, Kathua District in Jammu were analyzed for petrography, petrofacies and provenance. These sandstones are classified as sublithic arenites and have been derived from mixed provenance including plutonic basement, sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. Different types of quartz grains and other constituent minerals suggest the source from lower and middle and upper rank metamorphic terrains of the continental block-recycled orogen and subduction zone complex. The imprints of shallow burial diagenesis suggest low mechanical compaction probably just before cementation leading to moderate packing and reduction of porosity.

A description is given of trace fossils from the Lower Triassic Gostevskaya Formation of the Mansurovo locality, Orenburg Region, represented by counterimpressions on the lower contact of sandstone with wave ripples. The ichnological characteristics of the trackways and their individual imprints are similar to the ichnospecies Diplichnites triassicus (Linck, 1943), which is widespread in fluvial and lake sediments of the Carboniferous-Triassic of Europe and North America. For D. triassicus most likely the trace maker from the group of branchiopod arthropods Notostraca, which moved in the aquatic environment. Most likely, the microbial mat developed on the surface of the sand substrate acted as a trace carrier, and the subsequent preservation and burial of arthropod trackways took place with the direct participation of the microbial mat.

The article examines the work of the famous Russian sculptor and architect Dashi Namdakov. It is suggested that the origins of his talent lie in the depths of Buryat traditional art. The roots of Buryat art date back to the Paleolithic era, which is confirmed by the images of female figurines that were found by A. P. Okladnikov during the excavations of the prehistoric sites of the Baikal region. On the small sculptures made of mammoth bone, the lines of the face are finely worked out and the faces are framed in hair in the form of rays and snakes. Hats and clothes in these figurines are decorated with animal elements, which are considered to denote the native archaic culture which later appeared in a shamanic worldview. The basis of ancient art was syncretic and synthesized religious cult and myths. Later on ancient art, beliefs and ideas about the universe were incorporated in the cult images of the Buryat Mongols and today are communicated in a combination of archaic beliefs and esotery. This peculiarity of Buryat art leaves an original and unique imprint on modern art culture. Visitors of Dashi Namdakov's exhibitions get the feeling of an amazing connection between modernity and mythological antiquity. The article includes a short interview with the master jeweler Dashi Namdakov, in which he speaks about his work, about its origins and his future expectations.

The article is devoted to a complex analysis of the vessel from the burial site of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture located near the village of Krasny Yar in the Sovetsky district of the Altai Territory. The vessel was found by the expedition of S.M. Sergeev in 1930 during the excavations of a child’s burial from barrow No 1, the materials of which are currently held in the State Hermitage funds. This vessel has traditional for the majority of Andronovo pot-shaped forms ways of shaping, surface treatment, firing of products, as well as the form and size of the ornamentation. However, in the form and in the stylistics there are not typical features - medium/low proportions of the brachium and body, asymmetry of the imprints of the ornament. The non-standard form and ornamental composition could be due to the fact that the potter at the time of molding the vessel had not yet formed stable ideas about the classic form and ornamentation of pot-shaped products, or the person who made the vessel, was a bearer of some other tradition different from the rest of the population. The main idea, which was invested in the ornamentation of this vessel - to help the child in the subsequent Renaissance, also with the help of astronomical knowledge.

The article is devoted to the publication of finds of fragments of ceramic dishes discovered at the settlement of Pestryakovo Lake (Zavyalovsky district of Altai Territory). A group of ceramics which belongs to the early Iron Age and the Middle Ages, is pointed out. Single fragments find analogies in the materials of the sites of the Early and Late Bronze Age. The ceramic collection of the Pestryakovo Lake settlement includes groups of ceramics that belong to the Neolithic or Eneolithic. These are fragments of vessels ornamented with prints of a “string”, pricks, imprints of a short comb stamp, a dingle-dingle stamping. Linear-pricked and receding-pricked ceramics are quite informative. On the outer and inner surfaces, as well as in the fractures, traces of burnt-out organic matter (animal hair) are recorded. Such ceramics are widely represented in the south of Western Siberia and are associated with various settlement and burial complexes from the Ob to the Irtysh and various cultural formations of the Neolithic and Eneolithic. Keywords: settlement, ceramics, ornamentation technique, comparative typological analysis, neolithic, eneolithic

There are about 1933 Early Iron Age Megalithic sites spread across South India. The Early Iron Age of South India is implicit either in the form of burial sites, habitation sites, habitation cum burial sites, Iron Age rock art sites, and isolated iron smelting localities near a habitation or burials. This paper is an attempt to take a rough computation of the potentiality of the labour, technology and quantity of artifact output that this cultural phase might have once had, in micro or in macro level. Considering the emergence of technology and its enormous output in Ceramics, Agriculture, Metallurgy and Building up Burials as industries by themselves, that has economic, ethnographic and socio-technique archaeological imprints. This helps in understanding two aspects: one, whether they were nomadic, semi settled or settled at one location; two, the Diffusion versus Indigenous development. A continuity of late Neolithic phase is seen into Early Iron Age and amalgamation of Early Iron Age with the Early Historic Period as evident in the sites like Maski, Brahmagiri, Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota, T-Narasipur. In few cases, Iron Age folks migrated from one location to the other and settled on the river banks in large scale like that in Hallur and Koppa. In rare cases, they preferred to climb up the hill and stay on the rocky flat surface for example Aihole and Hiere Bekal– sites which are located close to or on the banks of the river or its tributaries of Krishna-Tungabhadra- Kaveri.Keywords: Labour, Industry, Production, Megaliths, Nomadic, Semi Settled, Early Iron Age.

AbstractClay mineral abundances and illite-smectite (I/S) compositions have been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in shales of Permo-Triassic to Quaternary age from seven wells in the Viking Graben and Moray Firth. Chemical analyses of size fractions provide evidence that diagenetic illitization of smectite has occurred during burial by uptake of Al and K, and release of Si. K-feldspar was probably the main source of K for illitization. The depth at which random I/S disappears occurs at similar temperatures (mean 93°C) in each well for which reliable measurements are available. Vitrinite reflectance measurements at this depth are also similar (mean 0·64% R0) and correspond to early oil generation. I/S diagenetic levels may have been imprinted by a Tertiary heating event.

The article deals with the problems of the chronology of the Bolshemysskaya culture, which is usually attributed to the Eneolithic era. The sites of this culture have a wide distribution area: the Barnaul-Biysk the Ob region, the Altai Mountains (Middle Katun), the upper reaches of the Alei and Northern Kulunda rivers. However, its chronological boundaries are not clearly defined, which is due to the small number of radiocarbon dates and the lack of reliable data for dating based on relative analogies. Calibration of dates from the burials of the Bolshoi Mys burial ground and Nizhnetytkesken cave-1 showed a significant range between them. An analysis of the ceramic assemblages of the Novoilinka-III settlement from Northern Kulunda revealed signs of interaction between the Cyprinsko-Penkovsky and Bolshemyssky population groups. Contacts can be traced in the ornamentation of ceramics with an object that leaves imprints similar to the ones of bird feathers, and in the addition of bird fluff to the pottery paste. Calibration of radiocarbon dates from Novoilinka-III showed that they all include 34–29 centuries BC. Based on the data obtained, the lower boundary of the Bolshemyskaya culture can be tentatively dated to the second half of the 4th millennium BC.

More than 300 coots (Fulica americana) became frozen in Spring Lake, Tazewell County, Illinois, on December 1, 1985. This catastrophic event permitted 8 weeks of taphonomic observations, which showed that ice forms a stable substrate which permits terrestrial taphonomic processes to be imprinted on lacustrine deposits. Bird and mammal scavengers attacked coot carcasses in different manners, resulting in distinct disarticulation sequences. Bird scavengers preferentially fed on the head, neck, and breast-wing complex, causing early disarticulation of bones in these areas, late loss of hindlimb joints, and minimal bone damage. In contrast, mammal scavengers concentrated their attention on the hindlimb and tail region, resulting in bone breakage and early disarticulation of these body parts, but late disarticulation of the breast-wing complex. These data demonstrate that scavenger-specific feeding behaviors significantly influence disarticulation patterns early in assemblage formation, while anatomy may exert increasingly greater influence on disarticulation patterns as carasses become less attractive to scavengers. Finally, because taphonomic processes change in intensity and type through time, bone frequency and modification patterns will vary according to the time at which the patterns are arrested by burial. Thus, bone frequency and modification patterns should provide an index to the relative importance of specific biotic agents and of anatomy in fossil disarticulation patterns as well as an estimate of the time between death and burial.

The aim of this study is to fully research all aspects of the distribution, development, conditions of burial and preservation of the Ediacaran biocomplex. Thiswork summarizes and extends all data on the unique Vendian invertebrates that are distributed in the natural and artificial outcrops of the Dniester River Basin within Podilia (Ukraine). One of the basic locations of the annual observation was a quarry of rubble stone production near the Dniester hydroelectric station-1, Novodnistrovsk city, which exposes a continuous section of the deposits of the Lomoziv, Yampil, Lyadova and Bernashivka Beds lying on a crystalline basement. This paper shows the outcomes of long-term fieldwork of the Upper Ediacaran which include deposits of the Mogyliv-Podilsky and Kanylivka Group. The researched section is characterized by its clastic composition and the absence of carbonate formations. The basic paleontological collection has more than two thousand specimens, for instance, the imprints of molluscous fauna, traces of their live activity, the remains of flora and fossils of a problematic nature. The most numerous and informative collection of these fossils is located in the stock of the Geological Museum of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. The collection contains unique material, including a number of Ediacaran fossils described for the first time. On the whole within Podilia region, more than 100 species have been described in detail. The main areas of biota accumulation in the outcrops are associated with argillites, argillite-siltstones and their contact with sandstones. The best preservation of the imprints is detected in the boundary of facial transitions. Research has revealed that there is a decrease in the numerical and species composition of the molluscous biota, and the dynamic increase in evolution of burrowing organisms and plants within the Podilia Basin during the late Vendian. Such a phenomenon led to an environmental change, increase in oxygen and appearance of new groups of organisms that were subsequently displaced invertebrates. This occurred at the Precambrian/Cambrian transition, and in the geological literature is described as the «Cambrian explosion». Studies have found that the total number of taxonomic composition of the Eidacaran in Podilia is similar to the orictocoenosis of Southern Australia and the White Sea. Nevertheless, the Podilia biocomplex is more ancient than the Southern Australian and the White Sea, it is much younger than the Avallonian.

В статье раскрывается информационный потенциал такой уникальной части старообрядческой коллекции Иркутского областного краеведческого музея, как похоронный комплекс. Он включает в себя смеретную одёжу, домовину и другие атрибуты «собирания» усопшего, которые были привезены сотрудницей музея А. М. Поповой из экспедиций к семейским старообрядцам Забайкалья в 1924–1927 гг. Помимо состава комплекса, материала, цвета, техники создания и структуры его отдельных компонентов, особый интерес представляет используемая символика чисел, через которую проявилось обращение к важнейшим христианским категориям. Ключом к этой символической системе является лестовка как старообрядческие моленные чётки, содержащие в себе основные числа (3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 17, 33, 40), которые сопровождают христианина при жизни и которые воспроизводятся при его переходе в мир иной. Структурный анализ предметов и использование метода аналогии показал, что практически все предметы, имеющие отношение к похоронам, в той или иной мере несут на себе отпечаток символики, в том числе численной. Последняя в большей мере проявилась в структуре кички (головного убора), рубахи, сарафана, калишек (смеретной обуви). Также она предполагается в бытовании чулок и савана. Проведённое исследование позволяет сделать вывод, что в 1920‑е гг. у части семейских старообрядцев продолжало существовать подобное численно‑символическое осмысление христианской доктрины и религиозного быта. Современные экспедиционные наблюдения говорят о том, что эволюция традиции в более позднее время формализовала этот подход и оставила только некоторые его элементы. The article reveals the information potential of such a unique part of the Old Believers’ collection of the Irkutsk Museum of Regional Studies as a burial complex. It includes burial clothes, a coffin and other attributes of a burial complex. The Museum employee A. Popova brought these objects from her expeditions to the Semeiskie Old Believers’ settlements in Transbaikal region in 1924–1927. In addition to the complex itself, the fabric, color, technique of creation and the structure of components, the symbolism of numbers is of particular interest, as it appeals to the most important Christian categories. The key to this symbolic system is a “lestovka” — an Old Believers prayer rope — containing the main numbers (3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 17, 33, 40), which accompany a Christian during his or her lifetime and which are reproduced during his or her transition to the Other World. The structural analysis of objects and the analogy method revealed that almost all objects related to the burial, in one way or another, have an imprint of symbolism, including the numbers symbolism. The latter manifested itself to a greater extent in the structure of the kichka (head wear), shirt, sundress, kalishki (burial shoes) and in the usage of stockings and shrouds. It is concluded that in the 1920s some of the Semeiskie Old Believers maintained such a numerical understanding of Christian doctrine and religious life. Modern observations made in expeditions indicate that the evolution of the tradition formalized this approach and preserved only some of these elements.

A massive bronze battle axe from the Abashevo archaeological culture was studied using neutron tomography and manufacturing modeling from production molds. Detailed structural data were acquired to simulate and model possible injuries and wounds caused by this battle axe. We report the results of neutron tomography experiments on the bronze battle axe, as well as manufactured plastic and virtual models of the traumas obtained at different strike angles from this axe. The reconstructed 3D models of the battle axe, plastic imprint model, and real wound and trauma traces on the bones of the ancient peoples of the Abashevo archaeological culture were obtained. Skulls with traces of injuries originate from archaeological excavations of the Pepkino burial mound of the Abashevo culture in the Volga region. The reconstruction and identification of the injuries and type of weapon on the restored skulls were performed. The complementary use of 3D visualization methods allowed us to make some assumptions on the cause of death of the people of the Abashevo culture and possible intra-tribal conflict in this cultural society. The obtained structural and anthropological data can be used to develop new concepts and methods for the archaeology of conflict.

The Neoproterozoic Podillya sedimentary Basin is well known to the imprints of the Ediacaran soft-bodied fauna which were previously described by many ukrainian and foreign authors. At this period, fossil-rich siliciclastic sediments recognized as traces of early metazoans also contain evidence of significant microbiological activity. In these ediacaran sediments, many structures can be interpreted as microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). Their morphologies have a great similarity with modern structures observed in relation with micro-organism activity. These specific structure and surfaces and their mineral composition are the criteria used to study the bacterial structures from the ukrainian Neoproterozoic sedimentary basin. Our results demonstrate microorganisms were organized in bacterial mats whose activity was recorded in the difference of mineralogy between biological films and host rocks. On outcrop, the different type of MISS are often associated with lenticular beddings, ripples and hummocky cross structures indicative of coastal-marine conditions close to the littoral zone of the basin at this epoch. If MISS are important in the issue of paleogeographic reconstructions, they also give precious informations about early diagenetic processes, syn- and post-sedimentation. By mineralogical approach we show that during the time of development of MISS structures and the burial that followed the diagenetic processes have remained moderate. Finally, the close coexistence with ediacarian fossils suggest that such bacterial mats could be at the origin of the fossilization process of soft-bodies of enigmatic Ediacaran biota of Mohyliv-Podylska Group and their preservation until today.

Leukemia emergence, maintenance, relapse and/or progression are causally linked to the presence of drug-resistant leukemia-initiating cells and impaired natural killer (NK) cell anti-tumor immune-response. Bone marrow microenvironment (BMM)- and/or leukemia-derived signals induce aberrant non-coding RNA expression and inhibit protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) tumor suppressor activity. PP2A loss-of-function is essential for NK cell activity and leukemic but not normal stem and progenitor cell proliferation and survival. The human MIR300 gene is an intergenic miRNA that belongs to the 14q32.31 DLK1-DIO3 genomic-imprinted tumor suppressor miRNA cluster B. MIR300 was found involved in loss-of heterozygosity, inhibited in several tumor types with high mitotic index and during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and associated with a cancer stem cell phenotype. By using primary cells from Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic (CP) and blastic (BC) phase, and complex karyotype (CK) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, as paradigmatic examples of stem cell-derived neoplasms characterized by constitutive expression of oncogenic kinases, PP2A loss-of-function, altered microRNA expression and impaired NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, we found that MIR300 is a cell context-independent tumor suppressor with anti-proliferative and PP2A-dependent pro-apoptotic activities which are sequentially activated in a MIR300 dose-dependent manner through inhibition of CCND2/CDK6 and SET (PP2A inhibitor), respectively. To prevent PP2A-induced apoptosis, MIR300 is inhibited by oncogenic signals in CD34+CML (CP and BC) and CK-AML progenitors. Conversely, tumor-naïve BMM-induced C/EBPbeta-mediated signals (hypoxia and MSC exosomes) markedly upregulate MIR300 expression in primary CML and AML CD34+CFSEmax leukemic stem (LSC) and CD56+CD3-NK cells to induce/maintain quiescence (increased CD34+leukemic blasts in G0) and impair immune-response (suppression of NK cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity toward CD34+ leukemic blasts and CFSEmaxCD34+ CML-BC quiescent LSCs), respectively. Inhibition of MIR300 expression/activity rescues NK cell proliferation and anti-tumor cytotoxicity and prevented MSC- and hypoxia-induced growth-suppression of CD34+leukemic blasts by inhibiting degradation of MIR300 targets (e.g. SET, CCND2). We found that CML and AML LSCs escape MIR300-induced PP2A-mediated apoptosis through the hypoxia- and tumor-dependent TGFb1-FoxM1-mediated upregulation of TUG1 lncRNA. TUG1 is an oncogenic lncRNA described as a MIR300sponge and found upregulated in solid tumors, in which it has strong diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance and is associated with cancer stem cell maintenance and EMT. In quiescent CML and AML LSCs, TUG1 uncouples and limits MIR300 tumor suppressor functions to cytostasis by maintaining unbound MIR300 at levels sufficient to inhibit CCND2 and CDK6 but not SET expression. Exposure to clinically-relevant CpG-modified oligonucleotides modulating MIR300levels and/or inhibiting TUG1 MIR300-sponging activity, restores NK cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity, and suppresses human leukemic but not normal hematopoiesis by eradicating nearly all (> 95% reduction) CFSEmaxCD34+ and CD45+CD34+CD38-CD90+ LSCs and CD34+leukemic CML (CP and BC) and CK-AML blasts in vitro (CFCs, LTC-IC, and CFSEmaxCD34+cell tracking) and/or in NRG-SGM3 PDX mouse models of acute and chronic myeloid leukemias. Altogether, this work highlights the therapeutic importance of altering MIR300 expression in anti-LSC and NK cell-based approaches for myeloid leukemias, and indicates that tumor-naïve BMM-induced MIR300 tumor suppressor anti-proliferative and PP2A-activating functions may support leukemogenesis by promoting the formation and initial expansion of the quiescent LSC pool through the induction of LSC dormancy and inhibition of quiescent LSC killing by cytokine-activated NK cells, respectively. (G.S. and R.T. equally contributed to this work) Disclosures Stagno: BMS: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria. Deininger:TRM: Consultancy; Sangoma: Consultancy; Incyte: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Sangamo: Consultancy; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Humana: Honoraria; Ascentage Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; Blueprint: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Fusion Pharma: Consultancy; Adelphi: Consultancy. Milojkovic:BMS: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Apperley:Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Baer:Takeda: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Kite: Research Funding; Forma: Research Funding; AI Therapeutics: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding.

AbstractThe Pakistan part of the Himalaya has major differences in tectonic evolution compared with the main Himalayan range to the east of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis. There is no equivalent of the Tethyan Himalaya sedimentary sequence south of the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone, no equivalent of the Main Central Thrust, and no Miocene metamorphism and leucogranite emplacement. The Kohistan Arc was thrust southward onto the leading edge of continental India. All rocks exposed to the south of the arc in the footwall of the Main Mantle Thrust preserve metamorphic histories. However, these do not all record Cenozoic metamorphism. Basement rocks record Paleo-Proterozoic metamorphism with no Cenozoic heating; Neo-Proterozoic through Cambrian sediments record Ordovician ages for peak kyanite and sillimanite grade metamorphism, although Ar–Ar data indicate a Cenozoic thermal imprint which did not reset the peak metamorphic assemblages. The only rocks that clearly record Cenozoic metamorphism are Upper Paleozoic through Mesozoic cover sediments. Thermobarometric data suggest burial of these rocks along a clockwise pressure–temperature path to pressure–temperature conditions of c. 10–11 kbar and c. 700°C. Resolving this enigma is challenging but implies downward heating into the Indian plate, coupled with later development of unconformity parallel shear zones that detach Upper Paleozoic–Cenozoic cover rocks from Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic basement rocks and also detach those rocks from the Paleoproterozoic basement.

Value-added products harnessing the phytotherapeutic potential of papaya are scarce. There is a paucity of data on the efficacy and safety of such products (if available) from papaya. Thus, the current study attempted to exemplify the utilization of papaya extracts in preparing a value-added product, namely, Toilet Soap. This study is the first of its kind in which the physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy of the toilet soaps infused with different papaya extracts were assessed and compared against the market available soaps containing papaya fruit extract. The soap samples had pH values between 8.37 – 9.74 and their moisture content between 2.94 – 11.32 %. Their estimated lather volume ranged between 410 – 780 mL with good foaming power and foam stability. The laboratory-prepared soaps (Samples A to D) had matter insoluble slcohol and total fatty matter contents per Bureau of Indian Standards. They either did not contain or had an insignificant amount of free caustic alkali. The quantitative in vitro assessment findings showed antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus aureus except for Sample E. The in vivo finger imprint test demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of the soaps against E. coli and S. aureus.

A magnificent casket in a woman’s grave from the Viking AgeIn 2004 and 2006, Moesgård Museum excavated 21 Viking Age graves – 16 inhumation graves and five cremation graves – at Haldum Church, 20 km northwest of Århus in Eastern Jutland (fig. 1). All the graves with datable finds are from the 10th century; only one example will be presented here.The grave is a simple inhumation burial. The skeleton had completely disappeared and there were no signs of a coffin (fig. 2). About 40 cm from the western end of the grave base lay 16 glass beads scattered around over an area of about 20 x 30 cm. These comprised one red and one orange bead of opaque glass, one bead of white glass and 13 small beads of yellow glass. In the centre of the grave was a slate whetstone (fig. 3). At the eastern end was a concentration of iron fittings, and it soon became clear that these represented the remains of a casket.During excavation of the fittings a well-preserved lock turned up (fig. 4). One end of the lock’s cover plate terminates in a point with concave flared sides, while the other (broad) end divides into two prongs, between which a transverse, semicircular fitting has rusted fast. An iron band has been mounted across the pointed end; this is possibly a repair. The cover plate curves slightly along its length, which means that the lock must have been fitted on to a curved surface. The back of the lock is covered by a quadrangular plate. The distance between front and back plates is 15 mm, showing the thickness of the material within which the lock was fitted. On removing the back plate the lock construction can be seen; this is of well-known Viking Age type. It operates in such a way that the key – after having been placed into the keyhole – is pushed a little to the side so that it squeezes together the two springs of the bolt. The bolt is hereby disengaged and can be pulled back by means of a slide bar, which sits in continuation of the keyhole (fig. 5).The lock bolt is pushed into the above-mentioned, semicircular fitting. The latter comprises two plates separated by a c. 10 mm wide side piece, which gives the fitting the appearance of a small box. Three fittings of this type were found (fig. 6).Further to these components are edge and corner plates. The edge fittings all have the form of narrow, indented borders with small holes between the points. A fragment is shown lowermost on fig. 6. The corner plates have been bent back around the corner joints of the casket and are pointed at both sides.Certain other fittings were at first inexplicable. These mysterious pieces include three triangular fittings with small slide bars on their upper surface and 30 mm long bolts below (fig. 7). There are also fragments of some zip-like iron bands. These are slightly curved along their length and have a roof-shaped cross-section (fig. 8). Finally, there was a robust rivet with a square head, ingeniously worked with inwardly flared, tapered sides and crowned by a small boss.Wood imprints on the back of the fittings show that the casket was made of oak. The imprints were very useful when reconstructing the casket as they clearly show both the longitudinal direction of the wood and the depressions within it. There were imprints from a textile of coarse linen weave on the exterior of some of the edge fittings.It seems that the casket from Haldum had the same construction as the Bamberg casket (figs. 9 and 10). Each of the four sides of the Bamberg casket has, at its centre, a raised semicircular area covered by fittings. The exterior is decorated with a mask and there is a hole on the inside. The bolts of the lid presumably engaged with these holes when the casket was locked. Carved grooves in the wood under the ornamental plates of the lid lead out by way of the holes into the four semicircles. The semicircular fittings of the Haldum casket are, with regard to size and shape, completely identical to the mask fittings seen on the Bamberg casket. One of them is, as mentioned above, rusted to the lock, the bolt of which has been pushed into a hole on its inner surface. Consequently, its function is clear; it is also clear that the casket was locked when placed in the grave.The lid of the Bamberg casket is divided by ornamental bands into four triangular fields (fig. 11). In one of these fields (A), a T-shaped keyhole is apparent, and in continuation of this there is a slot for a slide bar. In the field opposite (C), there is a small hole and each of other fields (B and D) has a partly damaged slide-bar slot. We are so fortunate that the fittings surviving from the Haldum casket include slide bars, bolts and other lock parts that have been lost from the Bamberg casket.It is possible to place the lock and the various fittings from the Haldum casket in a square of the same dimensions as the lid of the Bamberg casket. In the fields created by arranging the zip-shaped fittings to form a diagonal cross, there is space for the lock and the three triangular fittings (fig. 11). The excavation photo in fig. 12 shows the three types of fittings in their original positions. In continuation of the keyhole, the lock has a small slide bar whereby the bolt was pushed into one of the semicircular fittings (side A). The forks of the lock plate extend down on either side of this fitting, demonstrating that there was a central depression in the four sides of lid in order to accommodate the semicircular fittings, as seen on the Bamberg casket. In the triangular fitting, which was located opposite the lock (side C), there is also a small slide bar but no slot in which it could move. Similarly, the wood imprint on the back shows that there was no depression to allow a bolt to be pushed back and forth. On the corresponding side of the lid of the Bamberg casket, the carved depression for the bolt is less marked than on the other sides. On the two remaining triangular fittings from the Haldum casket, the slide bars are located in 15 mm long slots (sides B and D). On the reverse, clear depressions are seen in the wood imprint in which the bolts were slid back and forth (fig. 13). If the fittings are arranged in this way, all the pieces show the same longitudinal direction of the wood imprints on their reverse. This indicates that the casket lid was made from one piece of wood.As is apparent from the carvings on the Bamberg casket, the slide bars of the closing mechanism were located close to the centre of the lid. The hidden grooves for the bolts run from here, under the ornamental plates, and emerge at the edge of the lid. Apparently, the Haldum casket did not have ornamental plates screening the grooves for the bolts. As a consequence, the triangular fittings with the slide bars were placed close to the edge of the lid so that they met the semicircular fittings. In this way it was only necessary to have short grooves for the bolts, and these were covered by the fittings.The way in which the lid and the casket are fitted to one another, together with the absence of hinges, indicates that the lid was loose and was lifted completely off in order to open the box. The bolt opposite the lock (side C) was permanently pushed forwards and was the first to be pushed into the matching semicircular fitting, after which the lid was tilted down into place. After this, the two bolts at the sides (B and D) were extended to keep the lid fastened. Finally, the lock’s bolt was pushed into place and the casket was then locked.By observing the curvature of the striker plate, the triangular fittings, the zip-shaped fittings and some of the edge fittings, which have a curved cross-section, it is possible to reconstruct the shape of the lid (see fig. 10). Its height was c. 45 mm. The rivet must have marked the centre of the lid, corresponding to the cruciform fitting on the lid of the Bamberg casket.The body of the Bamberg casket was assembled by pushing the end surface of one side against the side surface of the next. The wood imprints on the corner plates of the Haldum casket show that the same technique was also used here. It is apparent from these wood imprints, as well as the distance between front and back of the semicircular fittings, that the sides were about 10 mm thick. The wood imprints on the inner side of the semicircular fittings show that the tree rings on the side pieces ran vertically. Had they run horizontally, this would have rendered these curves a weak point.The surviving remains of the Haldum casket show a surprising similarity to the Bamberg casket. There is, however, nothing to indicate that the casket from Haldum was as magnificently decorated, but the now completely vanished oak wood casket may possibly have been decorated with both carvings and paintings. Furthermore, the casket originally had edge fittings greater than 3 mm in width which, in themselves, would also have constituted considerable ornamentation. This fact became evident from construction of the replica (fig. 14). The latter also confirmed the reconstruction of the Haldum casket and its complicated closing mechanism.The Haldum find shows that the Bamberg casket, with its special construction, is not unique, and two further finds kept at Danmark’s National Museum indicate that caskets of this type were perhaps more widespread than previously assumed. One is a cruciform fitting of gilt bronze (fig. 15). The four transepts end in stylised animal heads, and at the centre is a hemispherical raised area. At the centre of the lid of the Bamberg casket there is a cruciform fitting also with animal heads at the ends of the transepts, and in the middle sits a hemispherical rock crystal (fig. 16). The similarity to the former fitting is striking, and it seems likely that the artefact represents a lid fitting for a casket of Bamberg type. The other artefact is a cruciform fitting of sheet bronze with open-work sections between the limbs of the cross and a circular hole at its centre (fig. 17). The fitting is part-finished and of the same type as the first mentioned, but a somewhat different variant. The two fittings were found in an old ford across Halleby Å in Western Zealand near the rich Viking Age settlement at Tissø. They were recovered together with the remains of a tool chest.The grave in which the Haldum casket was found is presumed to be that of a woman because beads and small locked caskets are typical woman’s equipment in Viking Age graves. However, such grave goods have also been found in a few cases in men’s graves. The whetstone gives no indication of the sex of the deceased because this type of artefact was commonly included as grave goods in both men’s and women’s graves. The great similarity of Haldum casket to the Bamberg casket dates the grave to the second half of the 10th century.The style of the Bamberg casket indicates that it was produced in Denmark or Southern Scandinavia. Recently, however, attention has been drawn to the fact that the Mammen style also appears over a wider area. Finds from areas where the Vikings settled outside Scandinavia– from The British Isles to Russia – indicate that craft work in the Mammen style could also have been produced there. The finding of the Haldum casket does, however, add weight to the conclusion that the Bamberg casket was produced in Denmark. This is also the case for the two fittings from Halleby Å if the interpretation presented here is correct. However, whether boxes of this type were produced in one particular place or are the work of one or more travelling craftsmen remains to be ascertained.Jens JeppesenMarianne SchwartzMoesgård Museum

The article presents the first results of a study of a sample of ceramics from the burial ground and the settlement of Krokhalevka-5, 11 (north of the Upper Ob region). The studies were carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach according to the method of A.A. Bobrinsky. The main task was to determine the specifics of cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials, the preparation of molding masses, the features of the working edge of ornaments by their imprints and a comparative analysis of the data obtained. The study was conducted of 22 specimens, belonging to five cultural and chronological groups of the Neolithic — Bronze Age: Kiprinskaya, Krokhalevskaya, Odinovskaya and Krotovskaya, the fifth group combines ceramics with an unclear cultural attribution of the early — developed Bronze Age. Most of the fragments come from open or conditionally closed (pits, ditch) archaeological contexts, and most oft en from the soil layer. It has been established that for the manufacture of ceramics, ferruginous clays with different amounts of natural sand impurities were used. 8 recipes for the composition of molding masses have been recorded. Clay + grus + organic solution prevails. The local traditions include the addition of crushed stone, and the brought ones — fireclay. In the earliest ceramic groups of the site, an unusual tradition of adding animal hair was revealed, which has analogies on the sites of the northern foothills of the Altai and other territories in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. The highest degree of similarity was noted for the Kiprinskaya and Krokhalevskaya vessels with ceramic complexes of the northern foothills of the Altai, the Upper Ob region and the north of the Kulunda steppe, both in terms of the composition of the molding masses and the tools for applying the ornament. The data obtained are of great importance for the characterization of the ceramic complexes of the Neolithic — Early Bronze Age in Siberia.

There is no doubt that the most important event of the 20th century was a joint victory of the united front of peoples and states over German fascism. For some that was the victory in the Second World War. For the Russians - the victory in the Great Patriotic War which cost the Soviet Union incredible efforts, enormous sacrifices and material losses. Now when we celebrate the 70thyear since that epoch-making date we turn our attention once more to the lessons of history because the memory of the war has been imprinted deeply on our gene level of Russians and Germans. This is because every family from both sides sustained heavy losses. This memory is alive in literature, in movies and plays, songs, in memorials, biographies and historical dates. The Russian and German descendants of those who fought against each other are doing an important work searching for the killed, looking after the burial places, compensating the damage to the victims of this inhuman massacre, trying to understand critically our common and controversial past. What was the 9th of May for the Germans and the Russians in the perception of Germans and Russians? Was it a victory, a defeat or liberation? This is what the author of the article reflects on, convinced that we are anyway dealing with the greatest event of the 20th century, at least because it prevented the end of civilization.

The Lower Triassic Bunter Sandstone Formation is a continental redbed sequence deposited under arid to semi-arid conditions in a low-energy, fluviatile-aeolian sabhka environment. The sediments display many diagenetic features in common with modern and ancient redbeds deposited under similar conditions, but local influences on the diagenetic assemblage by factors such as provenance, structural setting and depositional environment can be ascertained. With burial depths of only 1000-2000 meters, effects of compaction are limited, high intergranular porosities remain, and no clear depth-related patterns are noted. The diagenetic assemblage consists of quartz and feldspar overgrowths, Fe-Ti oxides, carbonates (calcite and dolomite), analcime, authigenic clays, anhydrite and halite. The distribution of authigenic minerals is controlled by sedimentary facies, with greater amounts of poikilotopic anhydrite and halite in sandstones and more abundant dolomite and analcime in claystones and heterolithic sands. In addition, the replacement of ferromagnesian minerals by mixed-layer clays results in the greater abundance of these clays in sandstones relative to claystones. A well-preserved eogenetic assemblage consisting of albite and quartz overgrowths, analcime, dolomite, calcite, gypsum and clays is indicative of highly evaporative conditions and may reflect higher sodium concentrations in the depositional brines associated with the more basinal, low-energy parts of the depositional environment. Such concentrated brines strongly influenced the diagenetic pathways. In contrast, anhydrite and halite are the product of mesogenetic reactions in association with late stage Zechstein brines which invaded the more permeable sands during halokinesis. The strength and character of the depositional brine is an early control on subsequent diagenetic evolution. Within the specific geochemical regime of a given lithofacies, selective reactions occur which characterize particular microenvironments. These reactions impart an early eogenetic imprint upon later diagenetic events.

The Szeged Basin (S Hungary) occupies a relatively central position within the European Alpine–Carpathian–Dinaride orogenic belt. An ongoing controversy about the tectonic position of the study area indicates that its evolution is still not fully understood; however, several important hydrocarbon occurrences are known in the fractured basement reservoirs. The main aim of this contribution is to investigate the petrographic features and possible Alpine metamorphic conditions of volcanic/volcanoclastic and siliciclastic rocks from the Kelebia basement area. Due to the outcrop conditions and poor exposure, study samples are obtained from cores and core chips resulting from oil exploration. Based on an evaluation of petrographic (including also cathodoluminescence analysis) and microstructural features, joined with mineralogical and metamorphic data such as “illite crystallinity” and K-white mica crystallite size obtained by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), a very low- to low-grade (ca. 300°C) Alpine metamorphic imprint of this portion of the basement can be proposed. Several deformation characteristics (deformation lamellae in quartz, deformation twins in dolomite, fragmented porphyroclasts, and strain shadows) were recognized in the studied samples, showing a weakly to moderately developed disjunctive foliation in the Permian rocks, as well as quartz veinlets, microcracks, and fluid inclusion planes in the Lower Triassic sandstones. Most likely, one of the Cretaceous orogenic events, namely, the “Turonian” phase (Early–Late Cretaceous nappe stacking), resulted in the prograde greenschist facies metamorphism in the study area, instead of the burial depth. We propose that the Permo-Triassic cover succession was also affected by shearing episodes accompanied by fluid migrations along the contact zone between the tectonic units. The scientific approach and dataset provided here are examples of how the application of XRPD parameters of phyllosilicates and micropetrographic observations can help to understand the evolution of an orogen and improve knowledge about the basement structure.

The unique stater 46/47 CE on both sides has imprinted busts of men turned to the right: on the obverse — a beardless man in a laurel wreath, framed by the legend “ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΜΙΘΡΙΔΑΤΟΥ”, and on the reverse — a bearded man without a headdress, deliberately barbaric in appearance. In front of the latter there is a sign known both in Central Asia (Khwarazm, where it was found on coins, Kangju and nomadic territories of South and West Kazakhstan), and among the Sarmatians of Eastern Europe. Probably, the studied coin was minted on behalf of the king Mithridates III. It has two portraits: on the obverse — Emperor Claudius, on the reverse — the aforementioned Bosporan sovereign. Such a tamga (its different placement in space was allowed) was previously presented in Europe on a slab from the Artesian fortress in the same row with the Aspurgos sign. It is located in the center of the “Kerch written slab” with almost 500 signs. After the middle of the 1 st c. CE, such a sign on a horse stamp is presented in the Lower Don necropolis of Kirsanovskii III in the Middle Sarmatian burial of an aristocrat. Apparently, this is the last representative of this clan, so the stamp (the rarest case) was buried with him. Probably, the tamga on the coin represents the sign of a clan that belonged to a very influential aristocracy of Central Asian origin, which turned out to be by the beginning of the 1 st c. CE on the territory of the Kuban Siraces, and after the strengthening of the Alans migrated to the mouth of the Don.

The social cataclysms of the up-to-date history of Ukraine, first of all, the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, and the scale of the mass death of people connected with it, could not help but leave an imprint on the mentality of Ukrainians. Death and burial in this context are considered as a crisis situation (event), first of all, for the family group, as well as the other social communities in which the deceased has been involved: local, professional, friend groups and others. New forms of commemoration are emerging and gaining permanent features in the conditions of Russian-Ukrainian war, especially in the format of a large-scale invasion. Civilian burials in extreme conditions, spontaneous memorials, anti-war performances, a change in the toponymy of the settlements in order to commemorate military defenders, natives of these localities are among such forms. The network martyrologies have become one of the types of memory preservation and honoring victims among civilians of Ukraine and the military men. Modern IT technologies allow expressing mourning in a new format: both publicly and privately, in communities those are not limited to family or friend circles of relations. The groups of followers, colleagues or acquaintances, official or private persons form their virtual heritage on the Internet in the real time regime building virtual connections on the Internet in the form of social networks, forums. This heritage remains online for an indefinite time, allowing other users to mourn and attach to reminiscences and the obituaries using emotional likes or comments under the posts. The headlines of obituaries of Ukrainian municipal websites contain emotional commitments to encourage community members to express collective mourning for dead fellow villagers. Emphasis is placed on the civilian position of the dead. Obituary texts are aimed at the reader’s empathetic response, focused on the moral virtues of the deceased; premature death is stated, and hence the failure to realize certain life plans. Nobility and determination, courage and boundless cheerfulness – these are the epithets abounding in the official obituaries on the fallen Defenders.

Microscopic analysis of fossils from the Lightning Ridge district of northwestern New South Wales, Australia, shows that opal has been typically deposited in variable cavities left by the degradation of the original organic material. Fine-grained, clay-rich sediments have preserved the external morphology, and opalization has produced detailed casts with different modes of preservation of internal details. Plant remains include cones, cone scales, fruiting bodies, and seeds, but the most common specimens are twigs, stems, and wood fragments. These specimens commonly contain angular inclusions that represent small tissue fragments produced by the degradation of the original wood. Inclusions commonly have a “hollow box” structure where the organic material has decomposed after the initial opal filling of the mold. These spaces commonly contain traces of the cellular architecture, in the form of wood fiber textures imprinted on the cavity wall, degraded cellular material, and silicified tracheids. Opal casts of mollusk shells and crustacean bioliths preserve the shape but no calcium carbonate residue. Likewise, opal casts of vertebrate remains (bones, teeth, osteoderms) lack preservation of the original bioapatite. These compositions are evidence that burial in fine clays and silts, isolated from the effects of water and oxygen, caused protracted delays between the timing of burial, decomposition, and the development of vacuities in the claystones that became sites for opal precipitation. The length of time required for the dissolution of cellulosic/ligninitic plant remains, calcium carbonate items, and calcium phosphates in bones and teeth cannot be quantified, but evidence from opal-bearing formations worldwide reveals that these processes can be very slow. The timing of opalization can be inferred from previous studies that concluded that Cenozoic tectonism produced faults and fissures that allowed horizontal and lateral movement of silica-bearing groundwater. Comparisons of Australian opal-AG with opal from international localities suggest that opalization was a Neogene phenomenon. The transformation of Opal-AG → Opal-CT is well-documented for the diagenesis of siliceous biogenic sediments and siliceous sinter from geothermal areas. Likewise, precious and common opal from the late Miocene Virgin Valley Formation in northern Nevada, USA, shows the rapidity of the Opal-AG → Opal-CT transformation. Taken together, we consider this evidence to indicate a Neogene age for Lightning Ridge opalization and by inference for the opalization of the extensive opal deposits of the Great Artesian Basin in Australia. New paleontology discoveries include a surprising level of cellular detail in plant fossils, the preservation of individual tracheids as opal casts, evidence of opalized plant pith or vascular tissue (non-gymnosperm), and the first report of Early Cretaceous coprolites from New South Wales, Australia.

AbstractThe prophetic encomia—panegyrics dedicated to the prophet Muhammad—are one of the most often recited forms of Arabic poetry up to today and are grounded in a cultural milieu where hagiography, competitive circulation of narrative and counter-narratives, rituals and esoteric practices, and educational institutions have a role in its formation. The unifying of the classical erotic poetic with the postclassical devotional created out of the encomium a vehicle that encapsulated palpable memory, nostalgia, and aspirational ideal for a greater past and beloved subject and successfully left a lasting cultural imprint. Against a general disregard for the postclassical tradition as one of decadence argued by Arab modernists, I join the ongoing effort to debunk the myth of premodern decadence as interrogated by Muhsin al-Musawi’s two-part article “The Republic of Letters: Arab Modernity?” by considering the role of the postclassical prophetic encomia’s amatory prelude—a convention from the classical Arabic ode—as a site of continuity and innovation. Within specifically the famousQaṣīdat al-Burdah(trans.The Mantle Ode) by Muhammad ibn Sa'īd al-Būsīrī (d. 693/1294) and thebadī’iyyātmodeled after theBurdahin meter and rhyme initiated by Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Ḥillī (d. 750/1349), the prelude takes a significant poetic turn replacing the classical abandoned desert campsites of the Arabic ode with the city of Madīnah. Operating as a unifying repository of the medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, the amatory prelude continued to perform its classical function as a liminal space but innovatively transformed that space for the reading/listening public as a collective reimagining of the Beloved as Muhammad and the abandoned desert campsite as the City of the Prophet outside of the discursive borders of the imperial.

Background:Regulatory IgG autoantibodies directed against diverse G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR),i.e.antibodies with agonistic or antagonistic activity are abundant in human serum. The serum titers of autoantibodies targeting angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1) and endothelin receptor A (ETA) are specifically altered in autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). Disease-promoting mechanisms regulated by anti-AT1and anti-ETAIgG are still elusive, but induction of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic chemokines (CXCL8, CCL18) has been suggested to be one of them.Objectives:To determine the cytokine and phospho-kinase profiles induced in monocyte-like cells by IgG derived from SSc patients (SSc-IgG) enriched with anti-AT1and anti-ETAantibodies in comparison to IgG derived from healthy donors (IgG-HD).Methods:A monocyte-like cell line (THP-1) was culturedin vitroand stimulated with IgG (1 mg/ml) derived from SSc patients or HD in the presence of various inhibitors/blockers for 24h. Then, supernatants were analyzed by a human cytokine/chemokine array. Data were analyzed using bio-mathematical tools such as generalized t-test including the robust regression method from R/Bioconductor package LIMMA. In addition, THP-1 cells were culturedin vitroand stimulated with IgG (1 mg/ml) derived from SSc patients or HD for up to 30 minutes. Thereafter, cell lysates were assayed for the kinome employing a human phospho-kinase array. To validate potential effects of transcription factor inhibition, release of CXCL8 and CCL18 into the supernatant was measured by Elisa.Results:In general, SSc-IgG induced the release of most cytokines by THP-1 cells more pronouncedly than HD-IgG. The bio-mathematical analysis suggested that stimuli, responsible for the shift of the THP-1 cell cytokine profile, are more abundant in SSc-IgG than in HD-IgG. Based upon these findings a gene set enrichment analysis for transcription factors yielded the transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and PRDM1 (Blimp-1) as putative major regulatory hubs for the response of THP-1 cells to SSc-IgG. Further, SSc-IgG altered the phosphorylation status of several proteins, indicative of an involvement of MAPK and/or JAK/STAT pathways. Interestingly, a role for AP-1 was also proposed by the inhibition of CXCL8 and CCL18 release following pretreatment of THP-1 cells with an AP-1 blocker.Conclusion:Herein, we demonstrate that IgG of SSc patients, enriched with anti-AT1and anti-ETAautoantibodies drives THP-1 cells towards a general pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotype, which is reflected by broad changes in the secretome and kinome of these cells. Furthermore, our results highlight AP-1 as critical regulator of gene transcription of CXCL8 and CCL18 in a monocyte-like cell line.References:[1]Cabral-Marques O, Marques A, Giil LM, De Vito R, Rademacher J, Günther J, Lange T, Humrich JY, Klapa S, Schinke S, et al. GPCR-specific autoantibody signatures are associated with physiological and pathological immune homeostasis.Nat Commun(2018)9:5224. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07598-9[2]Günther J, Kill A, Becker MO, Heidecke H, Rademacher J, Siegert E, Radi M, Burmester G-R, Dragun D, Riemekasten G. Angiotensin receptor type 1 and endothelin receptor type A on immune cells mediate migration and the expression of IL-8 and CCL18 when stimulated by autoantibodies from systemic sclerosis patients.Arthritis Res Ther(2014)16:R65. doi:10.1186/ar4503Disclosure of Interests:Anja Dalmann: None declared, Sripriya Murthy: None declared, Melanie Wannick: None declared, Georgios Eleftheriadis: None declared, Antje Müller: None declared, Detlef Zillikens: None declared, Hauke Busch: None declared, Christian Sadik: None declared, Gabriela Riemekasten Consultant of: Cell Trend GmbH, Janssen, Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Speakers bureau: Actelion, Novartis, Janssen, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer

Neutrophils are innate cells that have been suggested to play a critical role in terminal differentiation of NK cells. Whether this is a direct effect or a consequence of global immune changes with effects on NK cell homeostasis remains unknown. Here, we used high-resolution flow and mass cytometry to examine NK cell repertoires in 64 neutropenic patients and 27 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. A subgroup of neutropenic patients had lower frequencies and absolute numbers of NK cells, yet increased frequencies of CD56bright among NK cells (Figure 1A-C). Moreover, their CD56dim compartment was characterized by a block in differentiation, with a relative lack of NKG2A-CD57+KIR+ NK cells. In line with the differentiation arrest, no expansion of adaptive NK cells could be detected in CMV-seropositive patients from this subgroup. Furthermore, CD56dim NK cells showed increased frequencies of Ki-67+, Tim-3+ and TIGIT+ cells suggestive of activation and exhaustion (Figure 1D). The systemic imprint in the NK cell repertoire was associated with a blunted tumor target cell response with inefficient killing and a lower proportion of degranulating CD56dim cells (Figure 1E). RNA sequencing of the NK cell compartment further revealed that the differentiation arrest was linked to increased expression of transcription factors and genes involved in proliferation and cytokine signaling (Figure 1F). Serum protein profiling of 264 proteins showed upregulation of pathways related to apoptosis and cell turnover, as well as immune regulation and inflammation including higher levels of IL-10, IL-18 and IL-27 in these patients (Figure 1G-H). Notably, the majority of patients with perturbed NK cell compartment exhibited high-grade neutropenia, overall suggesting that the profoundly altered NK cell homeostasis was tightly connected to the severity of their underlying etiology (Figure 1I). Disclosures Meinke: XNK Therapeutics AB: Consultancy. Palmblad:Roche Sweden Inc: Speakers Bureau; Chieti Canada Inc: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Malmberg:Vycellix: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Fate Therapeutics: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties.

To date, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease with only a minor fraction of patients experiencing long-term remission (LTR) over 7 years after a single therapy line. Myeloma cells strongly depend on the interaction with their bone marrow microenvironment (BMME), but the molecular and cellular adaptations of the BMME to active MM disease and the role of the immune system in patients experiencing LTR remain poorly understood. In order to gain a global and detailed understanding of the BMME, we profiled over 290.000 BM resident cells from 11 MM patients in LTR 7 to 17 years after first-line therapy and 3 healthy donors using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing. Paired BM samples collected at initial diagnosis enabled us to analyze the changes from first diagnosis to the state of LTR in individual patients. At initial diagnosis, we observed significant remodeling of the T cell, NK cell and myeloid compartments which was only partially reversible upon LTR. In- depth analysis of the CD8+ T- cell compartment revealed an unknown immunophenotype of myeloma-associated CD8+ T (MAT) cells expressing key mediators of T cell dysfunction such as NR4A2. The amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5), which is known to be critical to maintain the activation state of T cells, and the surface marker CD6 were specifically expressed by MAT cells. We validated the existence of this novel T cell immunophenotype in an independent group of 30 MM patients using FACS. The number of MAT cells was associated with myeloma cell burden indicating that MAT-cells might be an indirect marker for tumor load within the BM. The clinical and prognostic meaning of this population is currently under investigation. Within the myeloid compartment, we detected myeloma associated myeloid (MAM) cells at initial diagnosis that were only present in case of active disease. These MAM cells shared features of immunosuppression, inflammation and migration as well as chemotaxis hinting towards a phenomenon of immune cell recruitment to the site of disease. At the LTR stage, 6 of 11 patients were still in complete remission (CR), while 5 patients presented with detectable disease activity after having achieved a CR. In the CR-group we observed a healthy-like state in the BMME but still detected a myeloma associated imprint even in minimal residual disease negative patients. Within the CD8+ T cell compartment, this imprint included a higher metabolic activity in the naïve T cell compartment as well as a higher grade of cytotoxicity within the effector T cell and NK cell compartment. These observations might reflect a state of active immunosurveillance in MM patients to maintain CR at the LTR state. In contrast, 5 LTR patients with detectable disease activity lost the CR associated immune signature approaching a BMME remodeling similar to initial diagnosis. Increasing disease activity over the next 2 years within this patient population showed that we captured a state of early relapse. This enabled us to describe programs specific to early relapse in comparison to the full- blown disease state. In this context, an increase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), key players in the production of interferons, was observed at the stage of early relapse hinting towards a role for pDCs in establishing the inflammatory changes in the BMME upon resurgence of disease. Together, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular patterns within the BMME that underlie active myeloma disease as well as LTR in MM. We describe novel immunophenotypes of T cells and myeloid cells associated with myeloma cell burden within the BM. At the stage of LTR, our results reveal how patients in CR approach a healthy-like state but still preserve an imprint of MM potentially associated with active immunosurveillance. Finally, this study deepens the understanding how BMME remodeling evolves from an early phase of relapse to a full-blown disease. Disclosures Durie: Amgen, Celgene, Johnson & Johnson, and Takeda: Consultancy. Raab:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Sanofi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Heidelberg Pharma: Research Funding. Müller-Tidow:Pfizer: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; BiolineRx: Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag GmbH: Speakers Bureau. Goldschmidt:BMS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product:, Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD): Research Funding; Johns Hopkins University: Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product; Dietmar-Hopp-Foundation: Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product:; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product:, Research Funding; Adaptive Biotechnology: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GlaxoSmithKline (GSK): Honoraria; University Hospital Heidelberg, Internal Medicine V and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany: Current Employment; Chugai: Honoraria, Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product:, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other, Research Funding; Molecular Partners: Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Grants and/or provision of Investigational Medicinal Product:, Research Funding; Mundipharma GmbH: Research Funding.

The growing involvement of minors in drug-related crimes is a problem that our country has been struggling with in recent years. First, it is necessary to point out the increase in the number of drug-related crimes in which juveniles appear in the role of perpetrators, which is the main goal of this paper. The need to highlight the increase in the number of criminal charges and convictions of juveniles for this group of crimes stems from the fact that in other categories of crimes there is a decrease in the number of juvenile offenders, and at the same time, in the group of crimes involving drug abuse the number of juvenile offenders is growing. A worrying circumstance is that juveniles keep pace with adult perpetrators of drug crimes, as in both categories there is a noticeable trend of increasing the representation of this group of crimes. Data from judicial statistics, imprimis of the Republic Bureau of Statistics, provide insight into the new state of juvenile drug crime, while data from the Ministry of the Interior show more detail in the development of this delicate phenomenon. The criminal offense of unauthorized production and distribution of narcotics and the of criminal offense of unauthorized possession of narcotics are committed by a large number of juveniles, and over a period of ten years there has been a marked increase in the number of committed offenses. The age structure of juvenile perpetrators of drug crimes is such that the majority of perpetrators are older juveniles, that is persons aged 16 and 17. When it comes to gender structure, boys constitute the dominant category. The goal of this paper is to draw attention to the prevalence of this problem by presenting the current situation and trends of juvenile drug crime.

The article draws on archival materials from the State Archive of the Mari El Republic and Central State Archive of the Kirov Region to study the emergence and development of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) in 1921–23. It is to analyze the process of formation of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) and to identify its specifics. The author sets himself two tasks: to clarify the features of the process of formation of the organization and the course of the intra-party conflict between “krasnokokshaytsy” and “kozmodemyantsy,” “local” and “appointees.” The novelty is determined by the fact that this is the first attempt since 1991 to analyze the process of formation of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B). The research is written on archival material using principles of historicism and historical institutionalism. The Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) was formed in January 1921, shortly after the creation of the autonomous region. The first provisional bureau of the obkom and the revkom included the same people, producing a unified management system. This circumstance slowed down the formation of the party structures. The situation was aggravated by the fact that there were practically no industrial enterprises and corresponding infrastructure, and cultural level of the population was insufficient. The personnel shortage in the party and Soviet structures had its specifics: there were not enough trained Mari workers. However, circulars from the Central Committee demanded their engaging, as well as taking into account local specifics. In 1921–22, the situation in the party organizations worsened due to corrupting influence of the New Economic Policy, famine, and fires engulfing the region. Due to lack of educated, dedicated, and active communists, a huge responsibility fell on the local party elite from among the Mari intelligentsia. At the end of 1921, the “kozmodemyansky” conflict broke out, which nearly ended in armed clashes. The Central Committee intervened, sending party workers. Analysis of the process of formation of the Mari regional organization of the RCP (B) has shown that from its early days it faced great difficulties in its activities; in terms of social composition, it was a peasant organization. Ethno-cultural peculiarities of the region left an imprint on the relationships between the party members and caused conflicts. Overcoming them was hampered by arbitrariness of the “appointees,” as well as their resorting to repression and using contradictions between groups in their own interests.

AbstractIn the Carry-Le-Rouet region (southeastern France), the well exposed Late Oligocene-Early Miocene succession allows studying the early diagenesis in meteoric and brackish environments. This area provides unique and continuous outcrops of a mixed sedimentary succession (carbonate-siliciclastic shallow facies) with five particular sedimentary discontinuities resulting from various processes such as subaerial exposure, submarine erosion or bioturbation.Results from the diagenetic characterization (petrography and isotope geochemistry) show that the succession may be divided into three parts. The base of the series is dominated by diagenetic processes associated with brackish water, reflecting a restricted lagoonal environment. Dissolution and mineral replacement occurred directly under the sediment-water interface and a subsequent reprecipitation of the dissolved calcium carbonate took place below this layer. The precipitated calcite is non-ferroan and dull luminescent, showing highly variable stable C- & O-isotopic signatures (−6.31‰ to −0.08‰ for δ13CV-PDB and −5,78‰ to −1,36‰ for δ18OV-PDB), organized in a covariant trend, typical of mixed fluids. The middle part of the series, show a progressive evolution to open marine conditions and records two potential emersion events, associated with the development of meteoric vadose and phreatic conditions. The postulated vadose zones are dominated by mineral replacement rather than leaching and characterized by two cements: a non-ferroan and non-luminescent calcite, changing downward to zoned cement. Isotopic signatures of these calcites are ranging from −6.45‰ to −5.10‰ for δ13CV-PDB and −5,44‰ to −4,17‰ for δ18OV-PDB. Below this zone, a ferroan, non-luminescent calcite (−3.25‰ to −1.18‰ for δ13CV-PDB and −4,93‰ to −3,52‰ for δ18OV-PDB) is observed, suggesting precipitation under reducing conditions associated to a confined phreatic zone, isolated from the overlying zones and the recharge area by a marly interval. The third part of the series (at the top), partly eroded, may have undergone at least one emersion event, with the initial development of a dull cement followed by a non-ferroan, non-luminescent cement. This is linked to a gradual change from downdip slightly reducing to updip oxidizing conditions.The early timing of the diagenetic modifications, the differences of diagenetic patterns observed in each interval and the absence of common trends in the series tend to indicate multiple episodes of early diagenesis, associated to sedimentary discontinuities (more specifically exposure surfaces). These discontinuities act as major controls on the repartition of the diagenetic phases. The excellent preservation of the early diagenetic transformations is linked to the shallow total burial depth, and the lack of mesogenetic and telogenetic imprint. This study also highlighted the influence of the Nerthe massif that acted as a principal meteoric fluid recharge area located less than 1 km away from the sedimentary system.

Introduction. In the Early Middle Ages, Crimea was in the sphere of influence of the Eastern Roman Empire. In the material culture of the Early Medieval population of Crimea imprinted with archaeological monuments “Byzantine components” are quite clearly visible. The group of jewellery that clearly demonstrates the Byzantine influence includes bronze finger rings with the image of Archangel Michael originating from the GothoAlanian burial grounds of the South-Western Crimea and from the necropoleis of the Kerch Peninsula. The article substantiates the attribution and dating of the finger rings, reveals a circle of analogies, interprets the meaning of the images, and also considers the peculiarities of wearing this type of jewellery. Methods. The author determines dating of the Crimean findings by the accompanying inventory in the graves. The paper reveals a circle of analogies for the attribution of the finger rings, analyzes findings from the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire and from areas with political and economic ties. Analysis. In the late 6th – 7th centuries bronze finger rings with the image of Archangel Michael imported from Byzantium and produced in local workshops on imported samples were popular in Crimea. The signet ring of variant A of the late 6th – the first quarter of the 7th cc. with a profile portrait of the Archangel and the monogram of his name, undoubtedly, refers to Byzantine products brought from Asia Minor. The two finger rings of variant B engraved with the face and the almost full-length figure of the Archangel were made by Bosporan artisans in the 7th century on the Byzantine samples. The finger rings from Crimea depicting the Archangel belonged to young women who had a high social status. They were worn on hands, as a rule, on the right forefinger and in breast necklaces that connected fibulae. Christian symbols and plots placed on signet rings, in the view of the ancient Christians, should have given the jewellery the properties of an amulet which protected the person wearing it from all sorts of troubles. Results. The presented finger rings depicting Archangel Michael are an important source for studying the early stage of the history of Christianity in the South-Western Crimea and the Bosporus. Findings of this kind testify to the unity of culture in the Christian world and are a good example of close economic and cultural ties between the region and the Byzantine Empire in the Early Middle Ages. Key words: South-Western Crimea, Bosporus, Crimean Goths, Byzantine jewellery, finger rings, amulets, Archangel Michael.

Purpose. For the Central Asian territories, only the discovery of a burial from Teshik-Tash has an indisputable connection with the Neanderthal population confirmed by genetic studies. In this situation, it is important to fully characterize the technological repertoire of this hominin species through a detailed study of the lithic industry of TeshikTash. One of the parts of the Teshik-Tash collection, kept in the collections of the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg, Russia), was previously analyzed. Observations regarding the operation of radial and disc-shaped cores at the late stages of utilization, as well as the identified features in the morphology of points, again identified the problem of the presence / absence of the Levallois component in the Teshik-Tash industry.Materials and Methods. Attributive analysis was chosen as a research tool, which was previously applied to the collection from the Kunstkamera. It allows reconstructing the entire “operational chain” of knapping lithic raw materials at the site and identifying the technological features of the production of different types of blanks.Results. The performed analysis allows identifying some features of the knapping technology in the Teshik-Tash industry, such as: the dominant knapping system is centripetal; the using of Levallois technology is recorded in the one core; a method of shaping the core front by creating a rib at the base and using lateral spalls; a case of the volumetric concept of knapping has been identified; the strategies used in the industry resulted in a low standardized product; the rare design of percussion platforms and their reduction. The tool kit is characterized by the using of cores as the tools; the presence of two groups of “special purpose” tools; the irregularly retouched flakes as a background tool category; the presence of truncated and truncated-faceted pieces.Discussion. The knapping approach was quite flexible, and this implies the possibility of switching from one model to another at different stages of core utilization. For this reason, some cores fall into the “grey zone” between radial, discoid, and Levallois types. At the same time, the Levallois technique occupies a clearly subordinate position in the industry, was extremely rarely used in the early stages of core utilization, and had almost no effect on the overall appearance of blanks. For this reason, we believe that Levallois technique should be considered as a one of the significant characteristics of the Teshik-Tash industry with great caution, as well as direct analogies with the new Middle Paleolithic complexes of the Tien Shan low mountains.Conclusion. The processing of the Teshik-Tash collection made it possible to fix the dominance of the centripetal model of lithic knapping, the use of which is imprinted in the morphology of products of all main categories. At the same time, a number of artifacts point to the existence of technological variability in lithic production in the industry, both at the stage of making blanks (the use of sub-wedge-shaped and volumetric cores) and at the stage of designing tools (truncated-faceted products). These circumstances expand our understanding of the behavioral characteristics of the Neanderthals who lived in the west of Central Asia.

Abstract Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by clonal hematopoietic alterations contributing to myeloproliferation, egress of CD34+ cells from bone marrow to spleen associated with extra-medullary hematopoiesis, myelofibrosis with neo-ossification, leading to an osteomyelosclerosis as a result of increased CD146+ osteoprogenitor compartment. Recent studies from our laboratory have reported that bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from PMF patients (PMF-MSCs) showed a transcriptome and functional profile in agreement with an imprinted alteration of their osteogenic potential1&2. We performed advanced in silico analysis of accessible chromatin landscape of proliferative hFOB cells (human Fetal OsteoBlastic cell line) and identified 1183 target promoters during early phase of osteoblastic differentiation. Integration of these osteoblastic promoters in the transcriptome of PMF versus healthy donors (HD) BM-MSCs2 revealed an overexpression of 222 genes in the mesenchymal transcriptional program of patients (False discovery rate: FDR<5%), corresponding to a genomic enrichment of 5.95 (Fisher Exact test: p-value<2.2E-16) of the osteoblastic program in PMF-MSC transcriptome. Unsupervised principal component analysis significantly discriminated PMF patients from HD samples (p-value=7.92E-6). Actually, the osteoblastic transcriptional program activated in BM-MSCs from PMF patients shows an enrichment of genes coding for cell functions such as mRNA processing (-log p-value=11.39), MAPK pathway (-log p-value=6.39) and transcription start sites (TSS) bound by the ETS-domain transcription factor ELK1 (-log10 p-value=8.99). Geneset enrichment analysis (GSEA) also reveals an increase of MYC targets in the PMF-MSC transcriptome which shared 11 targets with ELK1 (NES=2.69, p-value<0.001). Interestingly, ELK1-ETS transcription factor downstream of Erk-MAPK is increased in PMF-MSC transcriptome (p-value = 0.0017) and is a target of MYC. These results suggest that the osteoblastic program is over expressed in PMF BM-MSCs and that it is likely controlled by MAPK and MYC. We also showed that a majority of transcription factors link to osteoblastic differentiation such as JUN, NFATC1, SP7, DLX5, FOS, RUNX2 were down regulated in PMF-MSC transcriptome (GSEA NES=-2.79, p-value<0.001), suggesting an imbalance in the proliferative vs. differentiation transcription program in these cells. Erk1/Erk2 was found to be hyperphosphorylated in PMF-MSCs by flow cytometry. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway by PD98059 during the early phase of in vitro MSC osteoblastic differentiation reveals an increase expression of collagen, a marker of differentiation, as shown by confocal microscopy. This is less the case with myc-inhibitor I (Calbiochem), suggesting the participation of the MAPK pathway in the proliferative vs. differentiation balance of MSCs/osteoprogenitors. In conclusion, integration of the open chromatin genomic landscape of the hFOB osteoblast fetal cells in the PMF BM-MSC transcriptome reveals a proliferative program of MSCs/osteoprogenitors associated in vitro with a repression of the differentiation in accordance with an increase proliferative osteoprogenitor priming of PMF-MSCs1 and with the presence of large size osteoblastic cells in vicinity of the neo-ossification area observed in the BM of PMF patients with osteomyelosclerosis.Martinaud C et al., Cancer Res. 2015 Nov 15;75(22):4753-65Martinaud C et al., Genom Data. 2015 Sep; 5: 1-2 Disclosures Vannucchi: Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.

Abstract T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGLL) characterized by excessive clonal cytotoxic T cell proliferation, is often accompanied by cytopenias and is thought to result from immune-mediated suppression, either by misguided immune antigenic recognition or mimicry triggered by auto-, tumor or viral antigens. Irrespective of the mode of evolution, T-LGLL progresses via: i) purely reactive clonal outgrowth in the context of a polyclonal immune response or: ii) a transforming event such as a STAT3 mutation (STAT3MT) within the immunodominant clone. Studies of TCR rearrangement using DNA based NGS of the TCR Vβ complementarity-determining region 3 (TCR VB CDR3) facilitate analyses of T cell clonality, as the CDR3-based "biological barcodes" allow for clonal quantification. We used serial CDR3 clonotyping accompanied by clonal STAT3 mutant burden measurements to recapitulate the pathological cascade in the course of T-LGLL. We asked if a polyclonal/oligoclonal immune response is the primary process that is clonally "imprinted" by STAT3MT, which would likely arise with the most proliferative clone. We were interested in the dynamics of underlying clonal behavior during treatment. Our initial cohort included 207 well characterized LGL patients. Most presented with anemia (46%), and/or neutropenia (46%). VB expansion was present in 94% of cases, with an average LGL count of 2317k/uL .STAT3MT were found by targeted deep sequencing in 38% of patients in 4 common hotspots: 42% Y640F, 34% D661Y, 11% D661V, and 8% N647I, with an average clonal burden of 28%. Multiple STAT3MT variants were found in some patients. From this cohort, serial samples obtained at presentation and throughout clinical course were obtained from 20 representative cases (10 STAT3MT and 10 STAT3WT), and subjected to analysis of clonal dynamics, including simultaneous deep TCR VB and STAT3 NGS. Patients were sequenced at an average of 4 time points (range 2-8). At least one major clonotype was identified in all patients, and multiple major clonotypes were identified in half. Analyses of clonal architecture revealed that STAT3 clones arose with VB expanded clones. In all cases, the TCR clonal burden was greater than that of STAT3MT demonstrating for the first time that STAT3MT is not the ancestral event for clonal expansion; rather, it evolves within the pre-expanded immunodominant clone. More than half of the patients were treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) achieving an approximate 40% response rate. Distinct patterns of clonal dynamics were seen following treatment (see Figure). In some patients, both the STAT3 (if present) and the major TCR clone decreased upon successful therapy. A correlation between a specific IST treatment and a clonal burden decrease was not found. In a subset of patients, the clones persisted despite a hematologic response, suggesting the major clonotype was functionally silenced. We also observed a common phenomenon of TCR "clonotype switching", whereby therapy contracts one major clonotype, while another previously "minor" clonotype emerges. These newly expanded clones did not harbor STAT3MT, and most patients with "switching" were resistant to IST therapy. Multiple clonotypes were present at initial sampling in a few patients without STAT3MT and persisted at the same rate in subsequent samplings, precluding identification of a clear immunodominant clonotype. A stable or increasing clonal burden of both STAT3MT and VB CDR3 was seen in IST non-responders. In sum, STAT3MT were found to be a secondary event to the clonal expansion of the TCR VB clonotype, as a response within an already expanded clonotype and not the initiator of clonal expansion. The dynamics of both the STAT3MT and the TCR VB clonotype can be assessed over disease course and treatment regimens and demonstrate additional clinical ultility when applied to larger prospective clinical trials. The difficulty in finding a direct correlation between response to specific IST and a decrease in TCR VB clonal burden may be due to variable time frames between samplings, heterogeneity of IST regimens and response assessment, or large asymptomatic clonotypes. Prior to this study, the association of remission and elimination of immunodominant clonotypes was unclear. Our results suggest that clonal elimination is not necessary for complete clinical response; rather, the clone can be contracted to a manageable clonal burden or silenced. Disclosures Mustjoki: Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding. Sekeres:Opsona: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Opsona: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Maciejewski:Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy.

There are about 1933 Early Iron Age Megalithic sites spread across south India. The Early Iron Age of south India is implicit either in the form of burial sites, habitation sites, habitation cum burial sites, Iron Age rock art sites, and isolated iron smelting localities near a habitation or burials. This paper is an attempt to take a rough computation of the potentiality of the labour, technology and quantity of artifact output that this cultural phase which might once had, in micro or in macro level. Considering the emergence of technology and its enormous output in Ceramics, Agriculture, Metallurgy and Building up Burials as industries by themselves: that has economic, ethnographic and socio-technique archaeological imprints. This helps in understanding two aspects: one, whether they were nomadic, semi settled or settled at one location. Second, the Diffusion versus Indigenous development. A continuity of late Neolithic phase is seen into Early Iron Age and amalgamation of Early Iron Age with the Early Historic Period as evident in the sites like Maski, Brahmagiri, Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota, T-Narasipur. In few cases, Iron Age folks migrated from one location to the other and settled on the river banks in large scale like that in Hallur and Koppa. In rare cases, they preferred to climb up the hill and stay on the rocky flat surface for example Aihole and Hiere Bekal. Sites which are located close to or on the banks of the river or its tributaries of Krishna-Tungabhadra- Kaveri.Keywords: Labour, Industry, Production, Megaliths, Nomadic, Semi Settled, early Iron Age.

Abstract Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) was born out of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in the backdrop of highly racialised and otherizing fears about the mythical “welfare queen.” However, the perception of Black exploitation of public benefits to White detriment is not exclusively a modern phenomenon. One of its original manifestations can be found in White reactions to the Freedmen’s Bureau during the post-Civil War period of Reconstruction. We therefore argue that state decisions to allocate spending towards cash assistance and coercive programmes designed to motivate work participation and regulate private behaviour are shaped by the imprint of this historic institution. Using TANF spending data from 2001 to 2019 and data on Freedmen’s Bureau field offices, we find evidence of a link between these offices’ historic prevalence and contemporary, coercive allocations. However, we find little evidence that this link extends to spending towards cash assistance.

Bulk carbon and oxygen stable isotopes of ancient shallow-marine carbonates can record the effects of multiple palaeoenvironmental factors, but also the imprint of several post-depositional processes, which may alter the original marine isotopic composition. In this study, carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses were performed on bulk carbonate, bivalve calcitic-shell (Trichites) and calcite vein samples from two stratigraphic sections (Tosos and Fuendetodos, present-day distance 15km), representing proximal inner- and distal mid-ramp environments, respectively, of the uppermost Kimmeridgian ramp facies deposited in the northern Iberian Basin (NE Spain). These successions underwent different diagenetic pathways that altered the primary marine isotopic composition in each section in different ways. Different burial histories, tectonic uplift and a variable exposure to meteoric diagenesis from the end of the Kimmeridgian to the Cenozoic (following Alpine tectonic uplift) are reflected in the different alteration patterns of the carbon and oxygen stable isotope signatures. A significant deviation to lower values in both δ13O and δ18O is recorded in those carbonates mostly exposed to meteoric diagenesis (distal mid-ramp Fuendetodos section), because of post-depositional tectonic uplift (telogenesis). On the other hand, the deposits mainly affected by burial diagenesis (proximal inner-ramp Tosos section) only record low δ18O with respect to expected values for pristine Kimmeridgian marine carbonates. The different burial and tectonic uplift histories of these deposits in each sector, due to their different tectonic evolution in this part of the basin, resulted in a variable degree of diagenetic resetting. However, in spite of the different diagenetic resetting reported of the carbon and oxygen stable isotope signatures in each section, these carbonates show similar cement types in termsof fabrics and cathodoluminescence properties. The diagenetic resetting reported for these carbonates prevents the use of the δ13O and δ18O records for addressing palaeoenvironmental interpretations, but instead highlights useful features regarding the variable diagenetic overprint of the studied shallow-marine carbonate successions concerning their specific post-depositional history.

The purpose of the article is to discuss the mutual influence of funeral and ritual music and folklore ritual traditions of Ukrainian Orthodoxy. The specifics of the development of folk beliefs, customs and church ritual, and burial music are investigated. It is indicated that Orthodox sacred music developed in interaction with centuries-old folk melos and became the basis for the development of church musical culture. The study aims to identify the relationship of burial ritual music and folklore elements in church chants of the Orthodox tradition, to outline the phenomenon of church burial and ritual music as a specific way of spiritual communication, catharsis, emotional and figurative assimilation, and reflection of personal worldview. The research methodology comprises the general scientific methods of analysis: historicism, systematisation, comparison, and generalisation of the problem under study. Scientific novelty of the research lies in clarifying the fixation and elaboration of the Orthodox taphological repertoire; in the study of the mutual influence of folk household and burial beliefs, customs and church ritual, and burial music of Orthodox Christians on the cultural identity of Ukrainians, their worldview, and national genotype. Conclusions. In the musical burial ritualism of Ukrainians, the symbiosis of customs, beliefs, and church rites is still clearly traced. All of them are aimed to convert an Orthodox Christian to a righteous, sinless life, to the hope of forgiveness and remission of sins, and to giving peace to the soul after death in anticipation of the Kingdom of Heaven, eternal life. They also intend to cleanse the living space from negative action, to ensure the successful transition of the soul of the deceased to the Kingdom of God, to protect living relatives and to unite the living and the dead from the family in Holy Communion (Eucharist). The Orthodox musical and aesthetic tradition states that the soul’s prayer of the deceased is strong and effective in God. Consequently, Christians have a firm belief that the souls of the dead pray for their living descendants of each kin, and the mission of the living is to pray for the eternal peace of their souls and the universal resurrection in the Kingdom of Heaven. If we are to achieve a fullness of synergistic communion with the Lord, we must not only rely on God's help, but also make our spiritual contribution through spiritual effort and compassionate strain, kenosis, self-sacrifice, and personal predestination to the Good. The phenomenon of church burial and ritual music appears as a specific way of spiritual communion, emotional and figurative mastering and reflection of the worldview of an Orthodox Christian, which gives rise to an ethno-national type of a person’s musical and aesthetic thinking, and cultural self-identification. With the help of church chants, including pure funeral and ritual songs, Ukrainian musical culture became the personification of religious and aesthetic ideals, and mental-ideological attitudes of Orthodoxy. This influenced the processes of national identification and left a characteristic imprint on the ethno-national mentality and spiritual and musical culture of Rus-Ukraine throughout the centuries. Key words: Ukrainian Orthodox tradition, burial and ritual music, church chants, ritual folklore.

Thin-section investigation (polarized-light, cathodoluminescence and ultraviolet microscopy) combined with isotopic ( d18O, d13C, 87Sr/86Sr) analyses of bulk carbonate samples formed the basis for evaluating the diagenetic alteration of Albian – Cenomanian and Maastrichtian density-flow deposits off two segments of the Apulia Carbonate Platform in the Gargano promontory, Italy. We propose that differential platform uplift south and north of the Mattinata Fault controlled the diagenesis of density-flow deposits during Albian – Cenomanian times. In both cases, the (i) abundant blocky cement and vuggy pores in clasts, and (ii) remnant blocky cement on allochems in the corresponding matrix samples with interparticle pores, indicate disintegration of at least partially cemented deposits before failure and reworking into density flows. The abundant rudist fragments suggest that they were sourced from the margin and upper slope. However, the d13C compositions of the density-flow deposits south and no rth of the Mattinata Fault are different, and geochemical modelling based on presumed marine and terrestrial d13C compositions indicates: (A) The marine d13C values of deposits south of the Mattinata Fault suggest that the margin- and upper-slope deposits were subjected to predominantly marine-burial diagenesis before failure. Albian–Cenomanian Sr-isotope ages support the marine-burial diagenetic scenario where strontium was redistributed locally during calcitization of aragonitic allochems, and during precipitation of calcite cements. However, post-uplift precipitation of vadose cement in pores formed during marine-burial diagenesis has lowered the d13C and increased the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in many of the samples. (B) Twenty-five km north of the Mattinata Fault, the negative d13C values suggest that oxidation of terrestrial plants supplied 12C-enriched CO2 to the pore-water carbon pool during subaerial exposures, thus lowering the d13C compositions of the margin- and upper-slope deposits from values obtained during marine-burial diagenesis. This diagenetic model requires that residual aragonitic and high-Mg calcitic allochems were available in the deposits during penetration of meteoric water. However, the Albian – Cenomanian Sr-isotope ages and the geochemical modelling support a predominantly marine-burial scenario, with intraformational redistribution of strontium during meteoric diagenesis. A similar diagenetic model is envisaged for the Maastrichtian density-flow deposits south of the Mattinata Fault, but the less negative d13C and geochemical modelling suggest less influence of meteoric diagenesis before reworking. The majority of separate- and touching-vug pores likely also formed during marine-burial prior to failure and reworking of the margin- and upper-slope deposits. The large range in porosity (4 – 31 %) of density-flow deposits with predominantly interparticle pores are inferred to reflect varying degrees of compaction caused by variable overburden thickness as well as sedimentary processes. The results of the present study indicate that the geochemical imprint of meteoric diagenesis can be expected to vary in density-flows deposited along coeval segments of carbonate platforms in tectonically active regions.

The Arctic tundra is undergoing many environmental changes in addition to increasing temperatures: these changes include permafrost degradation and increased shrubification. Disturbances related to infrastructure can also lead to similar environmental changes. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an example of infrastructure that has made a major imprint on the Alaskan landscape. This paper assesses changes in shrub presence along the northernmost 255 km of the TAPS. We used historical satellite imagery from before construction of the TAPS in 1974 and contemporary satellite imagery from 2010 to 2016 to examine changes in shrub presence over time. We found a 51.8% increase in shrub presence adjacent to the pipeline compared to 2.6% in control areas. Additionally, shrub presence has increased significantly more in areas where the pipeline is buried, indicating that the disturbances linked to pipeline burial have likely created favorable conditions for shrub colonization. These results are important for predicting potential responses of tundra vegetation to disturbance, which will be crucial to forecasting the future of Arctic tundra vegetation.

AbstractAn extensive proteomic analysis was performed on a set of 12 bones of human victims of the eruption that in AD 79 rapidly buried Pompeii and Herculaneum, allowing the detection of molecular signatures imprinted in the surviving protein components. Bone collagen survived the heat of the eruption, bearing a piece of individual biological history encoded in chemical modifications. Here we show that the human bone proteomes from Pompeii are more degraded than those from the inhabitants of Herculaneum, despite the latter were exposed to temperatures much higher than those experienced in Pompeii. The analysis of the specimens from Pompeii shows lower content of non-collagenous proteins, higher deamidation level and higher extent of collagen modification. In Pompeii, the slow decomposition of victims’ soft tissues in the natural dry–wet hydrogeological soil cycles damaged their bone proteome more than what was experienced at Herculaneum by the rapid vanishing of body tissues from intense heat, under the environmental condition of a permanent waterlogged burial context. Results herein presented are the first proteomic analyses of bones exposed to eruptive conditions, but also delivered encouraging results for potential biomarkers that might also impact future development of forensic bone proteomics.

AbstractThe functioning of the Pacific Ocean—the world's largest ocean—during a warmer‐than‐present paleoclimate state remains underexplored. We present planktonic and benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope records from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1334 that span the Oligocene‐Miocene Transition (OMT) interval, from 24.15 to 21.95 million years ago (Ma). We reconstruct (sub‐)surface and deep‐water conditions and provide better constraints on the physical and chemical oceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (EEP). Positive trends in planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ18O values, mark a largely uniform imprint of increased land‐ice volume/global cooling on surface‐ and deep‐waters. We document a delayed planktonic foraminiferal δ18O increase across the OMT as well as an increase in the amplitude variability of planktonic foraminiferal δ18O values on eccentricity timescales during the early Miocene. We interpret this as an enhanced glacioeustatic sea‐level control on Atlantic‐Pacific salinity exchange through the Central American Seaway (CAS) or as the onset of more variable surface currents and oceanic fronts in the EEP. Positive trends in planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ13C values characterize the whole‐ocean depletion in 12C linked to organic carbon burial during the Oligocene‐Miocene carbon maximum (CM‐OM). However, this depletion is more pronounced in the planktonic foraminiferal δ13C record, especially during ∼400 Kyr eccentricity minima, reflecting an increase in nutrient upwelling and the efficacy of the biological carbon pump (BCP) when global temperatures decreased across the OMT and during the early Miocene. Our study highlights the dynamic behavior of the EEP in a warmer‐than‐present unipolar icehouse state.

I was born illegitimate. Born on an existential precipice. My unwed mother was 36 years old when she relinquished me. I was the fourth baby she was required to give away. After I emerged blood stained and blue tinged – abject, liminal – not only did the nurses refuse me my mother’s touch, I also lost the sound of her voice. Her smell. Her heart beat. Her taste. Her gaze. The silence was multi-sensory. When they told her I was dead, I also lost, within her memory and imagination, my life. I was adopted soon after but not told for over four decades. It was too shameful for even me to know. Imprinted at birth with a psychological ‘death’, I fell, as a Late Discovery Adoptee (LDA), into a socio-cultural and psychological abyss, frozen at birth at the bottom of a parturitive void from where, invisible within family, society, and self I was unable to form an undamaged sense of being.Throughout the 20th century (and for centuries before) this kind of ‘social abortion’ was the dominant script. An adoptee was regarded as a bastard, born of sin, the mother blamed, the father exonerated, and silence demanded (Lynch 28-74). My adoptive mother also sinned. She was infertile. But, in taking me on, she assumed the role of a womb worthy woman, good wife, and, in her case, reluctant mother (she secretly didn’t want children and was privately overwhelmed by the task). In this way, my mother, my adoptive mother, and myself are all the daughters of bereavement, all of us sacrificed on the altar of prejudice and fear that infertility, sex outside of marriage, and illegitimacy were unspeakable crimes for which a price must be paid and against which redemptive protection must be arranged. If, as Thomas Keneally (5) writes, “original sin is the mother fluid of history” then perhaps all three of us all lie in its abject waters. Grotevant, Dunbar, Kohler and Lash Esau (379) point out that adoption was used to ‘shield’ children from their illegitimacy, women from their ‘sexual indiscretions’, and adoptive parents from their infertility in the belief that “severing ties with birth family members would promote attachment between adopted children and parents”. For the adoptee in the closed record system, the socio/political/economic vortex that orchestrated their illegitimacy is born out of a deeply, self incriminating primal fear that reaches right back into the recesses of survival – the act of procreation is infested with easily transgressed life and death taboos within the ‘troop’ that require silence and the burial of many bodies (see Amanda Gardiner’s “Sex, Death and Desperation: Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Concealment of Birth in Colonial Western Australia” for a palpable, moving, and comprehensive exposition on the links between 'illegitimacy', the unmarried mother and child murder). As Nancy Verrier (24) states in Coming Home to Self, “what has to be understood is that separation trauma is an insidious experience, because, as a society, we fail to see this experience as a trauma”. Indeed, relinquishment/adoption for the baby and subsequent adult can be acutely and chronically painful. While I was never told the truth of my origins, of course, my body knew. It had been there. Sentient, aware, sane, sensually, organically articulate, it messaged me (and anyone who may have been interested) over the decades via the language of trauma, its lexicon and grammar cellular, hormonal, muscular (Howard & Crandall, 1-17; Pert, 72), the truth of my birth, of who I was an “unthought known” (Bollas 4). I have lived out my secret fatality in a miasmic nebula of what I know now to be the sequelae of adoption psychopathology: nausea, physical and psychological pain, agoraphobia, panic attacks, shame, internalised anger, depression, self-harm, genetic bewilderment, and generalised anxiety (Brodzinsky 25-47; Brodzinsky, Smith, & Brodzinsky 74; Kenny, Higgins, Soloff, & Sweid xiv; Levy-Shiff 97-98; Lifton 210-212; Verrier The Primal Wound 42-44; Wierzbicki 447-451) – including an all pervading sense of unreality experienced as dissociation (the experience of depersonalisation – where the self feels unreal – and derealisation – where the world feels unreal), disembodiment, and existential elision – all characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In these ways, my body intervened, acted out, groaned in answer to the social overlay, and from beyond “the dermal veil” tried to procure access, as Vicky Kirby (77) writes, to “the body’s opaque ocean depths” through its illnesses, its eloquent, and incessantly aching and silent verbosities deepened and made impossibly fraught because I was not told. The aim of this paper is to discuss one aspect of how my body tried to channel the trauma of my secret fatality and liminality: my pre-disclosure art work (the cellular memory of my trauma also expressed itself, pre-disclosure, through my writings – poetry, journal entries – and also through post-coital glossolalia, all discussed at length in my Honours research “Womb Tongues” and my Doctoral Dissertation “The Womb Artist – A Novel: Translating Pre-verbal Late Discovery Adoption Trauma into Narrative”). From the age of thirty onwards I spent twelve years in therapy where the cause of my childhood and adult psychopathology remained a mystery. During this time, my embodied grief and memories found their way into my art work, a series of 5’ x 3’ acrylic paintings, some of which I offer now for discussion (figures 1-4). These paintings map and express what my body knew but could not verbalise (without language to express my grief, my body found other ways to vent). They are symptom and sign of my pre-verbal adoption trauma, evidence that my body ‘knew’ and laboured ceaselessly and silently to find creative ways to express the incarcerated trauma. Post disclosure, I have used my paintings as artefacts to inform, underpin, and nourish the writing of a collection of poetry “Womb Tongues” and a literary novel/memoir “The Womb Artist” (TWA) in an ongoing autoethnographical, performative, and critical inquiry. My practice-led research as a now conscious and creative witness, fashions the recontextualisation of my ‘self’ into my ‘self’ and society, this time with cognisant and reparative knowledge and facilitates the translation of my body’s psychopathology and memory (explicit and implicit) into a healing testimony that explores the traumatised body as text and politicizes the issues surrounding LDAs (Riley 205). If I use these paintings as a memoirist, I use them second hand, after the fact, after they have served their initial purpose, as the tangible art works of a baby buried beneath a culture’s prejudice, shame, and judgement and the personal cries from the illegitimate body/self. I use them now to explore and explain my subclinical and subterranean life as a LDA.My pre-disclosure paintings (Figures 1-4) – filled with vaginal, fetal, uterine, and umbilical references – provide some kind of ‘evidence’ that my body knew what had happened to me as if, with the tenacity of a poltergeist, my ‘spectral self’ found ways to communicate. Not simply clues, but the body’s translation of the intra-psychic landscape, a pictorial and artistic séance into the world, as if my amygdala – as quasar and signal, homing device and history lesson (a measure, container, and memoir) – knew how to paint a snap shot or an x-ray of the psyche, of my cellular marrow memories (a term formulated from fellow LDA Sandy McCutcheon’s (76) memoir, The Magician’s Son when he says, “What I really wanted was the history of my marrow”). If, as Salveet Talwar suggests, “trauma is processed from the body up”, then for the LDA pre-discovery, non-verbal somatic signage is one’s ‘mother tongue’(25). Talwar writes, “non-verbal expressive therapies such as art, dance, music, poetry and drama all activate the sub-cortical regions of the brain and access pre-verbal memories” (26). In these paintings, eerily divinatory and pointed traumatic, memories are made visible and access, as Gussie Klorer (213) explains in regard to brain function and art therapy, the limbic (emotional) system and the prefrontal cortex in sensorimotor integration. In this way, as Marie Angel and Anna Gibbs (168) suggest, “the visual image may serve as a kind of transitional mode in thought”. Ruth Skilbeck in her paper First Things: Reflections on Single-lens Reflex Digital Photography with a Wide-angled Lens, also discusses (with reference to her photographic record and artistic expression of her mother’s death) what she calls the “dark matter” – what has been overlooked, “left out”, and/or is inexplicable (55) – and the idea of art work as the “transitional object” as “a means that some artists use, conceptually and yet also viscerally, in response to the extreme ‘separation anxiety’ of losing a loved one, to the void of the Unknown” (57). In my case, non-disclosure prevented my literacy and the evolution of the image into language, prevented me from fully understanding the coded messages left for me in my art work. However, each of my paintings is now, with the benefit of full disclosure, a powerful, penetrating, and comprehensible intra and extra sensory cry from the body in kinaesthetic translation (Lusebrink, 125; Klorer, 217). In Figure 1, ‘Embrace’, the reference to the umbilical is palpable, described in my novel “The Womb Artist” (184) this way; “two ropes tightly entwine as one, like a dark and dirty umbilical cord snaking its way across a nether world of smudged umbers”. There is an ‘abject’ void surrounding it. The cord sapped of its colour, its blood, nutrients – the baby starved of oxygen, breath; the LDA starved of words and conscious understanding. It has two parts entwined that may be seen in many ways (without wanting to reduce these to static binaries): mother/baby; conscious/unconscious; first person/third person; child/adult; semiotic/symbolic – numerous dualities could be spun from this embrace – but in terms of my novel and of the adoptive experience, it reeks of need, life and death, a text choking on the poetic while at the same time nourished by it; a text made ‘available’ to the reader while at the same narrowing, limiting, and obscuring the indefinable nature of pre-verbal trauma. Figure 1. Embrace. 1993. Acrylic on canvas.The painting ‘Womb Tongues’ (Figure 2) is perhaps the last (and, obviously, lasting) memory of the infinite inchoate universe within the womb, the umbilical this time wrapped around in a phallic/clitorial embrace as the baby-self emerges into the constrictions of a Foucauldian world, where the adoptive script smothers the ‘body’ encased beneath the ‘coils’ of Judeo-Christian prejudice and centuries old taboo. In this way, the reassigned adoptee is an acute example of power (authority) controlling and defining the self and what knowledge of the self may be allowed. The baby in this painting is now a suffocated clitoris, a bound subject, a phallic representation, a gagged ‘tongue’ in the shape of the personally absent (but socially imposing) omni-present and punitive patriarchy. Figure 2. Womb Tongues. 1997. Acrylic on canvas.‘Germination’ (Figure 3) depicts an umbilical again, but this time as emerging from a seething underworld and is present in TWA (174) this way, “a colony of night crawlers that writhe and slither on the canvas, moving as one, dozens of them as thin as a finger, as long as a dream”. The rhizomic nature of this painting (and Figure 4), becomes a heaving horde of psychosomatic and psychopathological influences and experiences, a multitude of closely packed, intense, and dendridic compulsions and symptoms, a mass of interconnected (and by nature of the silence and lie) subterranean knowledges that force the germination of a ‘ghost baby/child/adult’ indicated by the pale and ashen seedling that emerges above ground. The umbilical is ghosted, pale and devoid of life. It is in the air now, reaching up, as if in germination to a psychological photosynthesis. There is the knot and swarm within the unconscious; something has, in true alien fashion, been incubated and is now emerging. In some ways, these paintings are hardly cryptic.Figure 3. Germination.1993. Acrylic on canvas.In Figure 4 ‘The Birthing Tree’, the overt symbolism reaches ‘clairvoyant status’. This could be read as the family ‘tree’ with its four faces screaming out of the ‘branches’. Do these represent the four babies relinquished by our mother (the larger of these ‘beings’ as myself, giving birth to the illegitimate, silenced, and abject self)? Are we all depicted in anguish and as wraithlike, grotesquely simplified into pure affect? This illegitimate self is painted as gestating a ‘blue’ baby, near full-term in a meld of tree and ‘self’, a blue umbilical cord, again, devoid of blood, ghosted, lifeless and yet still living, once again suffocated by the representation of the umbilical in the ‘bowels’ of the self, the abject part of the body, where refuse is stored and eliminated: The duodenum of the damned. The Devil may be seen as Christopher Bollas’s “shadow of the object”, or the Jungian archetypal shadow, not simply a Judeo-Christian fear-based spectre and curmudgeon, but a site of unprocessed and, therefore, feared psychological material, material that must be brought to consciousness and integrated. Perhaps the Devil also is the antithesis to ‘God’ as mother. The hell of ‘not mother’, no mother, not the right mother, the reluctant adoptive mother – the Devil as icon for the rich underbelly of the psyche and apophatic to the adopted/artificial/socially scripted self.Figure 4. The Birthing Tree. 1995. Acrylic on canvas.These paintings ache with the trauma of my relinquishment and LDA experience. They ache with my body’s truth, where the cellular and psychological, flesh and blood and feeling, leak from my wounds in unspeakable confluence (the two genital lips as the site of relinquishment, my speaking lips that have been sealed through non-disclosure and shame, the psychological trauma as Verrier’s ‘primal wound’) just as I leaked from my mother (and society) at birth, as blood and muck, and ooze and pus and death (Grosz 195) only to be quickly and silently mopped up and cleansed through adoption and life-long secrecy. Where I, as translator, fluent in both silence and signs, disclose the baby’s trauma, asking for legitimacy. My experience as a LDA sets up an interesting experiment, one that allows an examination of the pre-verbal/pre-disclosure body as a fleshed and breathing Rosetta Stone, as an interface between the language of the body and of the verbalised, painted, and written text. As a constructed body, written upon and invented legally, socially, and psychologically, I am, in Hélène Cixous’s (“To Live the Orange” 83) words, “un-forgetting”, “un-silencing” and “unearthing” my ‘self’ – I am re-writing, re-inventing and, under public scrutiny, legitimising my ‘self’. I am a site of inquiry, discovery, extrapolation, and becoming (Metta 492; Poulus 475) and, as Grosz (vii) suggests, a body with “all the explanatory power” of the mind. I am, as I embroider myself and my LDA experience into literary and critical texts, authoring myself into existence, referencing with particular relevance Peter Carnochan’s (361) suggestion that “analysis...acts as midwife to the birth of being”. I am, as I swim forever amorphous, invisible, and unspoken in my mother’s womb, fashioning a shore, landscaping my mind against the constant wet, my chronic liminality (Rambo 629) providing social landfall for other LDAs and silenced minorities. As Catherine Lynch (3) writes regarding LDAs, “Through the creation of text and theory I can formulate an intimate space for a family of adoptive subjects I might never know via our participation in a new discourse in Australian academia.” I participate through my creative, self-reflexive, process fuelled (Durey 22), practice-led enquiry. I use the intimacy (and also universality and multiplicity) and illegitimacy of my body as an alterative text, as a site of academic and creative augmentation in the understanding of LDA issues. The relinquished and silenced baby and LDA adult needs a voice, a ‘body’, and a ‘tender’ place in the consciousness of society, as Helen Riley (“Confronting the Conspiracy of Silence” 11) suggests, “voice, validation, and vindication”. Judith Herman (3) argues that, “Survivors challenge us to reconnect fragments, to reconstruct history, to make meaning of their present symptoms in the light of past events”. I seek to use the example of my experience – as Judith Durey (31) suggests, in “support of evocative, creative modes of representation as valid forms of research in their own right” – to unfurl the whole, to give impetus and precedence for other researchers into adoption and advocate for future babies who may be bought, sold, arranged, and/or created by various means. The recent controversy over Gammy, the baby boy born with Down Syndrome in Thailand, highlights the urgent and moral need for legislation with regard to surrogacy (see Kajsa Ekis Ekman’s Being and Being Bought: Prostitution, Surrogacy and the Split Self for a comprehensive examination of surrogacy issues). Indeed, Catherine Lynch in her paper Doubting Adoption Legislation links the experiences of LDAs and the children of born of surrogacy, most effectively arguing that, “if the fate that closed record adoptees suffered was a misplaced solution to the question of what to do with children already conceived how can you justify the deliberate conception of a child with the intention even before its creation of cruelly removing that child from their mother?” (6). Cixous (xxii) confesses, “All I want is to illustrate, depict fragments, events of human life and death...each unique and yet at the same time exchangeable. Not the law, the exception”. I, too, am a fragment, an illustration (a painting), and, as every individual always is – paradoxically – a communal and, therefore, deeply recognisable and generally applicable minority and exception. In my illegitimacy, I am some kind of evidence. Evidence of cellular memory. Evidence of embodiment. Evidence that silenced illegitimacies will manifest in symptom and non-verbal narratives, that they will ooze out and await translation, verification, and witness. This paper is offered with reverence and with feminist intention, as a revenant mouthpiece for other LDAs, babies born of surrogacy, and donor assisted offspring (and, indeed, any) who are marginalised, silenced, and obscured. It is also intended to promote discussion in the psychological and psychoanalytic fields and, as Helen Riley (202-207) advocates regarding late discovery offspring, more research within the social sciences and the bio-medical field that may encourage legislators to better understand what the ‘best interests of the child’ are in terms of late discovery of origins and the complexity of adoption/conception practices available today. As I write now (and always) the umbilical from my paintings curve and writhe across my soul, twist and morph into the swollen and throbbing organ of tongues, my throat aching to utter, my hands ready to craft latent affect into language in translation of, and in obedience to, my body’s knowledges. It is the art of mute witness that reverses genesis, that keeps the umbilical fat and supple and full of blood, and allows my conscious conception and creation. 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