Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Bronze Division"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Bronze Division"
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Zhang, Changping. "The development and formation of soldering technique on the bronze ritual vessel casting of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties". Chinese Archaeology 18, n.º 1 (27 de novembro de 2018): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0018.
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Abstract This paper concerns the development of soldering in early China. Soldering requires the use of an additional heating of metal to join two or more existing metal items together. The paper defines the different soft and hard soldering materials. It also describes the evolution from joining two pieces, an animal head and a vessel with additional pour of bronze as an extension of the casting process. The next step was the use of hard solder, using bronze or copper related materials. There were two ways to join the existing bronze sections: the most common was “tenon soldering”. Less common but equally significant was “injection soldering”. In the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, soft soldering with tin and lead was developed. This step allowed much more extravagant decoration of bronzes, leading to new bronze vessel styles and also to much greater sub-division of labor in the production process.
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Higham, Charles Franklin, Thomas F. G. Higham e Katerina Douka. "THE CHRONOLOGY AND STATUS OF NON NOK THA, NORTHEAST THAILAND". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 34 (31 de dezembro de 2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v34i0.14719.
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<p> </p> <p><em>Excavations at Non Nok Tha, in Northeast Thailand in 1965-1968 revealed for the first time in Southeast Asia, a stratigraphic transition from the Neolithic into the Bronze Age. Based on conventional charcoal radiocarbon determinations, early reports identified fourth millennium bronze casting. The proposed length of the prehistoric sequence, and the division of the Neolithic to Bronze age mortuary sequence into at least 11 phases, has stimulated a series of social interpretations all of which have in common, a social order based on ascriptive ranking into at least two groups which saw increased hierarchical divisions emerge with the initial Bronze Age. This paper presents the results of a new dating initiative, based on the ultrafiltration of human bones. The results indicate that the initial Neolithic occupation took place during the 14th century BC. The earliest Bronze Age has been placed in the 10th centuries BC. These dates are virtually identical with those obtained for the sites of Ban Chiang and Ban Non Wat. Compared with the elite early Bronze Age graves of Ban Non Wat, Non Nok Tha burials display little evidence for significant divisions in society.</em></p>
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Hudson, Mark, e Irene M. Muñoz Fernández. "Bronze Fish". Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 3, n.º 1 (9 de maio de 2023): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26670755-20230006.
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Abstract The Bronze Age was a time of pivotal economic change when new long-distance trading networks became associated with a macro-regional division of labour and decentralised political complexity. These developments occurred against the background of a shifting mosaic of subsistence patterns, which included the east-west exchange of crops across Eurasia and (in some areas) greater use of secondary products. As Bronze Age economies became more specialised and diverse, it might be assumed that there was also an increased emphasis on the procurement and trade of fish and other marine resources. However, archaeological analyses of such resources are limited in contrast to land-based subsistence patterns and many questions remain. This essay aims to build a broad interpretive framework for analysing the role of marine resources in the Bronze Age. Our provisional results find that an increased emphasis on specialist systems of agropastoralism reduced the use of marine resources in many parts of Eurasia during this period. However, evidence from Japan and the eastern Mediterranean suggests that, at least in some regions, marine resources became commodities traded over long-distances by the late Bronze Age, though this requires further quantification. Island Southeast Asia displays a different pattern from other regions considered here in a greater continuity of marine resource use from the Neolithic into the historic era, perhaps due to a lower reliance on agropastoralism.
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Bienkowski, Piotr. "The Division of Middle Bronze IIB-C in Palestine". Levant 21, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1989): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00758914.1989.12096544.
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Shrubsole, Debbie. "Introducing a feeding tube kit bag and passport for patients with a gastrostomy". British Journal of Nursing 32, n.º 13 (6 de julho de 2023): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2023.32.13.s16.
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Debbie Shrubsole Clinical Nutrition Nurse Specialist, Community Division, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight NHS Trust, won a Bronze Award in the Nutrition Nurse of the Year category of the BJN Awards 2023
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Feng, Li. "“Offices” in Bronze Inscriptions and Western Zhou Government Administration". Early China 26 (2001): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800007239.
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The present article focuses on the administrative process of the Western Zhou government and addresses the origin of bureaucratic government in China. The article first examinesgong宮 in bronze inscriptions that bore names of individuals or officials, suggesting that suchgonghad probably functioned as administrative “offices” of the Western Zhou government. Then, it focuses on inscriptions which record appointment ceremonies (ceming冊命) that took place in the same “offices.” These inscriptions show that there was a certain degree of specialization in the arrangement of appointments and in the use of “offices” for particular administrative tasks. In the appointment ceremonies, Western Zhou officials were normally accompanied by superior officials from the same government units, showing that there were three functional divisions in Western Zhou government administration: royal household, civil administration, and military. Each division operated as a relatively closed system andcemingwas a routine administrative procedure within the system. Finally, the article studies the role of the Zhou king in administration, showing that while engaging in the operation of government through his “ritual” role in the appointment ceremony, his visits to various gong seem to have followed a certain routine. The evidence in bronze inscriptions strongly suggests that the Western Zhou government was the earliest bureaucratic government in China.
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Škrabal, Ondřej. "WRITING BEFORE INSCRIBING: ON THE USE OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF WESTERN ZHOU BRONZE INSCRIPTIONS". Early China 42 (2019): 273–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.9.
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AbstractWhile research on Warring States, Qin, and Han manuscripts is flourishing, much less is known about the use of manuscripts during the earlier stages of Chinese history, for which material evidence has not been preserved. Based on the layout features and textual anomalies in the Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, this article explores the traces of use of perishable writing supports in the process of the production of bronze inscriptions in this period and reconstructs their functions and physical qualities. Based on the surveyed evidence, the article posits that two distinct exemplar manuscripts were used in the inscription-making process: an original “master copy” that was kept aside for proofreading purposes and a secondary “blueprint” that was employed directly in the technical process of inscription-making. A single blueprint would be used consecutively by several craftsmen to produce a set of inscriptions on different types of vessels. The word count and layout of many inscriptions were already carefully planned during the process of their composition, and any study of a bronze text should therefore begin with the evaluation of its visual qualities. Moreover, this probe provides unambiguous evidence for the use of tube-lining in the inscription-making process and reconstructs the complete chaîne opératoire of bronze inscription production in the Late Western Zhou period. The article also offers insights into the level of literacy and the division of labor in bronze workshops, and touches upon the display function of bronze epigraphy during the Western Zhou period.
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Gilmour, Nick, Sarah Horlock, Richard Mortimer e Sophie Tremlett. "Middle Bronze Age Enclosures in the Norfolk Broads: a Case Study at Ormesby St Michael, England". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (17 de abril de 2014): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.3.
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Remnant field systems and enclosures are key indicators of social change during the 2nd millennium bc – their study has considerable significance in terms of interpreting the Bronze Age in the eastern region. Despite widespread current interest in the topic, little if any evidence for Middle Bronze Age settlement and land division had been found in Norfolk prior to the investigations at Ormesby St Michael which form the focus of this paper. Here, archaeological excavations uncovered evidence for strip field systems, succeeded by a large and well dated enclosure containing at least two structures. These results are supplemented by cropmark evidence for other elements of the enclosure produced by the National Mapping Programme. When combined, the findings are of great significance since they indicate a Middle Bronze Age date for numerous comparable cropmarks recorded across the region as part of the National Mapping Programme, emphasising the crucial value of such work. It can now be suggested that the apparent dearth of Bronze Age field systems in Norfolk is not 'real', but the combined effect of limited excavation of such sites and misinterpretation of those that have been investigated.
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Yanchenko, Iryna, Olena Dembitska e Gayane Khapsalis. "National athletics team of Ukraine at the European Team Championship within the framework of the European Games". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), n.º 3(175) (23 de março de 2024): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.3(175).39.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of the performance of the national team of Ukraine at the 2023 European Team Athletics Championships within all three divisions, within the framework of the European Games. The team championship within the 1st division (former Super League) at the same time had the status of athletics competitions at the 2023 European Games. The format of the European Team Championship involves the competition of national teams in four groups - the Super League, the first, second and third leagues. The number of national teams in each league was 16 teams. At the end of the competition, the team of Ukraine took 2nd place, the team of Hungary took the first place, the team of Lithuania rose to the third place. In total, at the European Team Championships, athletes won 8 gold, 3 silver, 3 bronze medals.
This year's national team at the 2023 European Team Championship revealed new names to fans, and decently entered the 1st division. Ukrainian athletes finished their performance at the European Games with dignity and won 41 medals (21 gold, 12 silver and 8 bronze). Every sports victory today is a great support for the whole country in modern conditions. The study of the dynamics of the results of the national team of Ukraine at the European Championship showed a very positive result. Improving the performance of the athletics team testifies to the improvement of the methodology of preparing the team for competitions under martial law, this start was aimed at achieving maximum results. Every sporting victory today is a great support for the whole country.
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Macgregor, Gavin, Irene Cullen, Diane Alldritt, Michael Donnelly, Jennifer Miller e Robert Squair. "A Neolithic Structure and Bronze Age Activity at West Flank Road, Drumchapel, Glasgow". Scottish Archaeological Journal 25, n.º 2 (outubro de 2003): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2003.25.2.103.
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Summary A programme of archaeological work was undertaken by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) at West Flank Road, Drumchapel, in close proximity to the site of the prehistoric cemetery of Knappers. This paper considers the results of excavation of a range of negative features, including earlier Neolithic and Bronze Age pits and postholes. The earlier Neolithic features date to c. 3500–3000 BC and are interpreted as the partial remains of a subrectangular structure. The Bronze Age features may relate to ceremonial activities in the wider area. The significance of these remains is considered in relation to the site of Knappers and wider traditions during the fourth to second millennia BC.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Bronze Division"
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Fioccoprile, Emily Ann. "Lines across the land : a biography of the linear earthwork landscapes of the later Prehistoric Yorkshire Wolds". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14112.
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During the first millennium BC, the people of the chalk landscapes of the Yorkshire Wolds began carving up their world with monumental linear earthworks. This project explores the meanings of the later prehistoric boundary systems of the Yorkshire Wolds. It writes a biography of the linear earthwork landscapes of the north-central Wolds, using geographic information systems (GIS), original fieldwork and theories of agency and memory. Tracing the construction, use and modification of particular linear earthworks, it examines how these monuments would have related to other features in the landscape, and how they could have exercised agency within networks of interconnected people, animals, objects and other places. Finally, the project attempts to situate these boundary systems within the larger context of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age society in order to understand how the later prehistoric people of East Yorkshire would have experienced their world. Taking a biographical approach to landscape and allowing linear earthworks to become the protagonists of this narrative, the project charts the life histories of the earthworks at Wetwang-Garton Slack and Huggate Dykes and investigates the collective authorship of the wider landscape. To understand the rural, monumental landscapes of the Wolds, we must consider the agency of not only people, but also of animals and of monuments themselves. By focussing on the relationships which bound together linear earthworks and other agents, we can begin to understand the ways in which monumentalised landscapes both reflected and generated the cosmologies of prehistoric communities.
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Fioccoprile, Emily A. "Lines Across the Land: A Biography of the Linear Earthwork Landscapes of the Later Prehistoric Yorkshire Wolds". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14112.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
During the first millennium BC, the people of the chalk landscapes of the Yorkshire Wolds began carving up their world with monumental linear earthworks. This project explores the meanings of the later prehistoric boundary systems of the Yorkshire Wolds. It writes a biography of the linear earthwork landscapes of the north-central Wolds, using geographic information systems (GIS), original fieldwork and theories of agency and memory. Tracing the construction, use and modification of particular linear earthworks, it examines how these monuments would have related to other features in the landscape, and how they could have exercised agency within networks of interconnected people, animals, objects and other places. Finally, the project attempts to situate these boundary systems within the larger context of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age society in order to understand how the later prehistoric people of East Yorkshire would have experienced their world.
Taking a biographical approach to landscape and allowing linear earthworks to become the protagonists of this narrative, the project charts the life histories of
the earthworks at Wetwang-Garton Slack and Huggate Dykes and investigates
the collective authorship of the wider landscape. To understand the rural,
monumental landscapes of the Wolds, we must consider the agency of not
only people, but also of animals and of monuments themselves. By focussing
on the relationships which bound together linear earthworks and other agents,
we can begin to understand the ways in which monumentalised landscapes
both reflected and generated the cosmologies of prehistoric communities.The Appendices A to E are not included online.
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Francis, Emma Jane. "Poetic licence : British women's poetry and the sexual division of poetics and culture - 1824-1889, Letitia Landon, Amy Levy, Emily Bronte". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309912.
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Ramírez, Tixi Ignacio Rodrigo. "Diseño y desarrollo de un nuevo reporte compacto y automático de planificación mina División Los Bronces, Anglo American S.A". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/169973.
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Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil de MinasEl presente trabajo de título entrega el proceso de diseñar, desarrollar e implementar un reporte automático, que guste y sirva, para la planificación de operaciones en la División Los Bronces de AngloAmerican. La reportabilidad es fundamental para poder observar rendimientos y cumplimientos de los indicadores clave en una faena minera. Ésta cobra especial relevancia en el área de planificación mina para poder hacer la retroalimentación con la operación, observar los desvíos en la secuencia minera y tomar acciones para recuperar la senda de ésta. Actualmente en la Superintendencia de Planificación de Operaciones se utilizan reportes de otras gerencias para obtener los indicadores necesarios para la revisión interna de los planes y programas de operaciones. Además, los reportes generados desde el área son realizados de manera manual por control de calidad, lo que provoca una pérdida innecesaria de tiempo. Por esto se buscó la forma de recopilar esta información diseminada, ordenarla y mostrarla en un reporte que guste y sea útil para el área, además de ser entregado a los interesados de manera automática, utilizando como plataforma de diseño el Microsoft Excel, utilizando datos obtenidos desde dos servidores: el sistema de gestión de flota Dispatch y el PI System® que captura datos en línea desde la planta. Los diseños del reporte variaron en formato, indicadores a mostrar y la forma en que se presentaban. Esto fue variando dependiendo de las opiniones dentro del área de planificación o por las complicaciones que implicaba agregar algún elemento al reporte. Luego de varias iteraciones en el diseño, se llega a una versión final que integra datos de la mina (extracción por fase, mineral cargado, vaciado a Stocks), chancado (alimentación, cantidad y calidad de ésta), y planta con el cobre fino despachado. Los indicadores se presentan en forma de tablas y gráficos de control, los cuales permiten ver tanto el cumplimiento global del mes, como el diario. Esto último permite observar y analizar tendencias a lo largo del mes, siendo una herramienta muy útil para identificar causas especiales en el KPI analizado. Para cargar el reporte se utilizó el Sistema Automático de Entrega de Reportes (que utiliza como base el PI System®) el cual tiene como datos de entrada el reporte en Excel, los usuarios a entregar, el nombre del reporte y el horario de entrega. El mayor punto a favor de este sistema es que los reportes se pueden modificar y estilizar a gusto del usuario, para luego ser cargado nuevamente. Finalmente, el aporte ingenieril que se generó al implementar este reporte automático fue el hecho de que se lograron unificar conceptos e indicadores de distintas áreas productivas en un solo lugar, pudiéndose vislumbrar fácilmente los posibles desvíos en la secuencia minera y en la producción de cobre, dando la oportunidad de levantar alertas tempranas a éstas, convirtiéndose en una herramienta de gestión que facilite la toma de decisiones respecto a estas desviaciones.
Anglo American Sur S. A.
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Valerio, González Óscar Enrique. "Evaluación Energética de la Biolixiviación de Sulfuros de Baja Ley en Anglo American Sur, División Los Bronces". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103094.
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Kaempfe, Kaempfe Gonzalo Alain. "Control Inteligente del Proceso de Biolixiviación en el Botadero San Francisco de Anglo American Chile, División Los Bronces". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104905.
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En la actualidad, existe un gran interés en desarrollar técnicas para
optimizar y controlar el proceso de biolixiviación de minerales de cobre. En
ese contexto, el propósito de este trabajo es la elaboración de una propuesta
de controlador inteligente supervisor autónomo, para el proceso de
biolixiviación que se lleva a cabo en el botadero San Francisco de la mina
Los Bronces de Anglo American Chile. El objetivo del controlador es
satisfacer las referencias fijadas para la recuperación o producción de cobre
del botadero completo, en base a la adecuada manipulación de la
temperatura de la solución de refino de éste, lo que se consigue mediante la
utilización y control de equipos de calentamiento inductivo.
Para el desarrollo del controlador, se programó en MATLAB una serie
de módulos entre los que se cuenta la elaboración automática del programa
de riego del botadero, el simulador del proceso global en base a redes
neuronales, la elección técnico-económica de las referencias de temperatura
de la solución y un sistema de monitoreo en línea del proceso. Además se
diseñó una interfaz gráfica que coordina los programas descritos
anteriormente, y que optimiza la comunicación usuario-controlador-planta.
Los resultados de la simulación de la implementación del controlador
diseñado y de la tecnología de calentamiento mencionada, indican que las
utilidades económicas obtenidas para la operación del botadero pueden
incrementarse hasta en un 35%, y que se justifica la inversión de 14,22
millones de dólares en equipos de calentamiento.
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Aliaga, Montalván Carolina Fabiola. "Rediseño del Control del Proceso Productivo de la División los Bronces para Implementarlo en un Centro Integrado de Operaciones". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103798.
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En este informe se presenta el tema memoria desarrollado, el cual tiene relación con el rediseño del proceso de control del proceso productivo de la División Los Bronces, con la finalidad de implementarlo en un centro integrado de operaciones, el cual busca mediante la integración de los subprocesos y de su información, reducir costos y aumentar la producción, que es una consecuencia de la reducción de la variabilidad de los procesos (producir lo que se planificó), ya que esto último es lo que busca la División.
El estudio se centró en el proceso de control de producción de concentrado de cobre, el cual consta de las etapas de Mina, Chancado, Molienda, y Flotación. Se analizaron los procesos actuales de control y análisis de cada una de estas etapas, siguiendo la metodología de Rediseño de procesos, modelando los procesos con el Modelo BPMN y Diagramas de Roles.
A partir de la situación actual junto con la medición de la eficacia del proceso, se detectó que en la mayoría de los indicadores se estaba por debajo del valor Budget, y más importante aún la producción de concentrado de cobre de este año está un 10% debajo de la planificación, además de que las mantenciones no programadas aumentaron, generando que los costos de mantención sean un 20% más altos. Estos resultados son consecuencia de problemas como que las predicciones de equipos se realizan sólo en base a tendencias de sus parámetros operacionales, los operadores de las salas de control no siempre informan los eventos inmediatamente, se producen fallas por errores en la sala de control 1 vez cada 2 meses, y no se cumplen los compromisos mutuos pactados.
Estos problemas son generados por el poco análisis de la información, puesto que al tener cada subproceso sus propios objetivos y metas (el proceso no es visto como una sola cadena de valor), controlan en base a sus recursos e información disponible, sin que la etapa que precede y procede tenga visibilidad a datos claves de los otros subprocesos para su operación. Esto además, es consecuencia de lo poco integrado que están los sistemas de control, y de la poca colaboración existente entre las áreas.
Como propuestas de mejora se sugiere que se mejore el control del proceso a través de una gestión integrada de la cadena de valor, una orientación hacia una estrategia de mantenimiento de tipo predictivo, con un monitoreo y control más que de resultados finales (preocuparse no sólo del qué, sino que también del cómo), e integrar una estación de control para lo que es abastecimiento y agua. También se sugiere que se aumente y mejore el análisis guardando los reportes de los turnos en el sistema, analizar estos reportes, e integrar los sistemas, de manera que los analistas de todos los subprocesos puedan ver la información que les sea importante para su etapa.
Si se logra hacer un control y análisis de manera integrada, compartiendo resultados, condiciones y conclusiones, se tendrá un beneficio de US$ 19,6 millones anuales, que vienen de un aumento de la producción por un mejor control de la variabilidad del nivel del stock pile y de la flotación, junto con una disminución de los costos de mantención. Este valor representa un 3,2% de las utilidades anuales de la División.
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Stella, Leonie C. "Trawling Deeper Seas: the Gendered Production of Seafood in Western Australia". Murdoch University, 1998. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040913.155811.
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This thesis explores the sexual division of labour in three worksites associated with the Western Australian Fishing industry: fishers' households, a seafood processing company and fishing vessels. There has been no previous substantial study of the labour of women in Australian fishing industries.
My research has been primarily undertaken by interviewing women and men who work in the Western Australian fishing industry, and my findings are presented through a comparison with overseas literature relative to each site.
As I found, in the households of fishermen, women do unpaid and undervalued labour which includes servicing men and children; managing household finances and operating fishing enterprises. In seafood processing companies women are allocated the lowest paid and least rewarding work which is regarded as "women's work". On-the factory floor issues of class, race/ ethnicity and gender intersect so that the majority of women employed in hands-on processing work are migrant women froma non-English speaking background. The majority of women who work at sea are cook/ deckhands who are confronted by a rigid sexual division of labour, and work in a hyper-masculine workplace.
The few other women who have found a niche which enables them to enjoy an outdoor lifestyle while they earn their own living, are those who work as autonomous independent small boat fishers. In each site there is evidence that women, individually and collectively, exercise some power in determining how and where they work, but they remain marginalised from the more lucrative sites of the industry, and have limited access to economic and social power.
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Stella, Leonie. "Trawling deeper seas : the gendered production of seafood in Western Australia /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 1998. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040913.155811.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Bronze Division"
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Johnston, Robert. Bronze Age Fieldsand Land Division. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572861.013.0017.
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Theorising Tenure: Land Division and Identity in Later Prehistoric Dartmoor, South-West Britain. British Archaeological Reports Limited, 2008.
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Rowley-Conwy, Peter. From Genesis to Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227747.001.0001.
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We are now familiar with the Three Age System, the archaeological partitioning of the past into Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. This division, which amounted at the time to a major scientific revolution, was conceived in Denmark in the 1830s. Peter Rowley-Conwy investigates the reasons why the Three Age system was adopted without demur in Scandinavian archaeological circles, yet was the subject of a bitter and long-drawn-out contest in Britain and Ireland, up to the 1870s.
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Phillips, Lisa. Getting beyond Racial, Ethnic, Religious, and Skill-Based Divisions. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037320.003.0003.
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This chapter illustrates how Local 65, at the time of its Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) affiliation, was predominantly Jewish and had organized people at all skill levels in small wholesale shops on the Lower East Side. In 1937 and 1938, the union began to target people who worked in “dead end” jobs, before branching out to other industries in Midtown, Uptown, Brooklyn, and the Bronx. Their goal is to bring low-wage male and female workers—including blacks, more Jews, and immigrants—into the union. The strategy put the union at odds with others in the city, particularly the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA), International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) and the Teamsters, which all laid claim to the low-wage workers Local 65 organized.
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Funada-Classen, Sayaka. The Origins of War in Mozambique: A History of Unity and Division. African Minds, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/978-1-920489-97-7.
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The independence of Mozambique in 1975 and its decolonisation process attracted worldwide attention as a successful example of ìnational unityî. Yet, the armed conflict that broke out between the government and the guerrilla force in 1977 lasted for sixteen years and resulted in over a million deaths and several million refugees, placing this concept of ìnational unityî into doubt. For nearly twenty years, Sayaka Funada-Classen interviewed people in rural communities in Mozambique. By examining their testimonies, historical documents, previous studies, international and regional politics, and the changes that various interventions under colonialism brought to the traditional social structure, this book demonstrates that the seeds of ìdivisionî had already been planted while the liberation movement was seeking ìunityî in the struggle years. Presenting a comprehensive history of contemporary Mozambique, this book is indispensable for Mozambican scholars. It promises to serve as a landmark study not only for historians and the scholars of African studies but also for those who give serious consideration to the problems of conflict and peace in the world.
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Clark, Suzanne M. New England in U.S. Government Publications, 1789-1849. Greenwood, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400690884.
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The period from 1789 to 1849 is one of the most eventful in U.S. history. It includes the growth of the United States from the first Congress, through the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the territorial expansion of the United States. Through nearly 4000 annotated entries, this bibliography provides references to New England and New Englanders in U.S. government publications issued during that period. It traces the origin of many of the social, fiscal, and foreign policies that were instrumental in the development of the country and whose consequences still affect us today. It encompasses the development of the postal system and the Treasury Department, the distribution of the public lands, the exploration of the West, systems of defense and fortification, boundary disputes, the annexation of Texas, and the origin of the divisive differences between the South and North over tariffs and slavery. During these first 30 congresses, the United States government published and distributed a wealth of primary and secondary source material documenting these historical events and issues. Historians researching the history of New England and its peoples can find a variety of information in these publications on New England topics and concerns. Speeches from New England Representatives and Senators also offer their views and the views of their constituents on the regional and national issues of the day. Included in this bibliography are references in published government documents by and to the New England states, covering Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Speeches by congressmen from these states, memorials and petitions voicing the opinion of the people of these states, and congressional and executive reports, documents, and references specifically about the states and their concerns are cited. Each citation is accompanied by a brief annotation. The volume has chapters on each state, and within each chapter, the entries are arranged chronologically by Congress and Session. Thus the reader can browse through a chapter to get a sense of the issues facing a state during the period, or can consult the extensive indexes to locate specific information more precisely.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Bronze Division"
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Müller, Johannes, Wiebke Kirleis, Jutta Kneisel e Wolfgang Rabbel. "Overarching Patterns of Ancient Transformation in Europe". In Perspectives on Socio-environmental Transformations in Ancient Europe, 343–67. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53314-3_10.
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AbstractCollating insights from preceding chapters, and adding in further data from CRC 1266 research, this final chapter synthesises elements to initiate an understanding of transformation as a general phenomenon across the region. Notably, the identified 14 European transformation phases exhibit diverse regional and local impacts, reflected in the regional transformations studied in this research project.This chapter aims to bring together the ideas presented thus far in this volume in order to spark further development in integrative archaeology by highlighting the nuanced nature of transformations, transcending the conventional categorisation of European prehistory into Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. This traditional division based primarily on technological advancements overlooks the multifaceted changes occurring concurrently across various societal forms in diverse environments. Instead, this study emphasises the necessity of considering multiple facets of human-environmental interactions for a comprehensive understanding of transformations. We conclude that comprehensive evaluation of European data to decipher transformation process across social, temporal and spatial scales requires holistic consideration, in order to be able to further develop an anatomy of transformation, which can contribute significantly to refining interpretations and models in archaeological understanding.
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Saldívar, Egidio, e Gabriel Zárate. "Optimization of ROM Sulfide Leaching at Anglo American Chile Los Bronces Division". In Advanced Materials Research, 21–25. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-452-9.21.
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de Camargo Penteado, Sarah Kassim. "Social Protection in Mozambique from the 1990s to the 2000s". In International Impacts on Social Policy, 237–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_19.
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AbstractThe Mozambican state has had a long history of a cash transfer programme dating back to 1992. It targeted primarily the elderly, in a move to protect these and their families from extreme poverty. After urban riots broke out in 2008 against cuts in fuel subsidies and general unhappiness with the outcomes of the structural adjustments of the 1990s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations (UN), and World Bank analysed, designed, proposed, and funded the scaling up of the food subsidies programme and alternatives. Although there was a division of labour between international organisations, not all were on board with the cash transfer programmes, which led to weaknesses and a fragmented approach to the new programmes.
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Ling, Johan, Per Cornell e Kristian Kristiansen. "Bronze Economy and Mode of Production". In Modes of Production and Archaeology. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054308.003.0009.
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Control over the exchange of metal was crucial for the reproduction of society during the Bronze Age of Eurasia. In order to enter the global metal trade network, Bronze Age societies of temperate Europe exploited differential geographical control over valued products such as amber, tin, copper, and textiles in the development of regional specializations and in the creation of surplus value. Working from a Marxist perspective we argue that such regional interdependence and division of labour define a Bronze Economy, which formed part of a Eurasian Bronze Age Social Formation.
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Bradley, Richard, Colin Haselgrove, Marc Vander Linden e Leo Webley. "Changes in the Pattern of Settlement (1600–1100 BC)". In The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199659777.003.0010.
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The Three Age Model has outlived its usefulness, but even now it is difficult to see how it can be replaced. The beginning of the Bronze Age is sometimes termed the Chalcolithic, and the transition to the Iron Age has also been treated as distinct phase, but a still greater problem is how to acknowledge the changes that came about during the later second millennium BC. Some of those developments are considered here. When Coles and Harding wrote The Bronze Age in Europe over thirty years ago, there seemed to be a solution to the problem. They divided this phase into an ‘earlier’ and a ‘later’ Bronze Age (Coles and Harding 1979), acknowledging the important developments that happened part way through the period. These concerned settlements, houses, food production, mortuary rituals, and metalwork, although the significance of these elements differed from place to place. In their view the important division happened at about 1300 BC. They may have been influenced by Eogan’s review of Irish Bronze Age metalwork, which adopted a similar terminology, although he dated the transition to 1200 BC (Eogan 1964). In 1990 a similar division was proposed for the British Bronze Age, but that was based on developments in the pattern of settlement that began around 1500 BC (Barrett and Bradley 1980). It is revealing that subsequent accounts of Irish prehistory have reverted to a more complex chronological scheme based on successive styles of metalwork, whilst British researchers who used the terms favoured by Coles and Harding were unable to agree when a change from an ‘earlier’ to a ‘later’ phase occurred. Different versions favour starting dates of 1500 BC (or a little before) or 1100 BC (Bradley 2007, 178–81). Anthony Harding published a more recent account of the European Bronze Age in 2000 and it is revealing that the two-fold division of this period no longer plays a part. The chronology is based on the typological schemes worked out by Montelius, Reinecke, and their successors, and on radiocarbon and tree-ring dating (Harding 2000).
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Harding, D. W. "Chronology, Origins, and Aftermath". In Rethinking Roundhouses, 202—C8.F9. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893802.003.0008.
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Abstract Monumental and monolithic stone circles of the Neolithic, or their timber counterparts, can hardly provide a template for later domestic architecture. The earliest domestic roundhouses include ring-bank hut-circles of the earlier Bronze Age, and stake-walled roundhouses from unenclosed platform settlements of the second millennium bc. By the Middle Bronze Age a fuller range of timber roundhouses was in evidence in Northern and Southern Britain, some displaying a full range of architectural features such as post-ring, ring-groove, double-walls, and porches. In southern England, key sites like Shearplace Hill and Black Patch of the Middle-Late Bronze Age have been subject to reinterpretation. There has been a major review of Roman rural settlement, prompted by the scale of development-funded excavation, resulting in a diversification of recognized site categories, and superseding the older polarized town vs villa division. Problems of the transition to rectilinear domestic building are partly caused by visibility of building methods, and even the transition to stone foundations is more probably a change of materials than architectural innovation. In some regions roundhouses survive well into the Roman period, though not necessarily as a result of site continuity, and even in the late Roman period roundhouses on villa sites were complementary rather than subordinate to their rectilinear counterparts.
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Rowley-Conwy, Peter. "Chronologies in Conflict". In From Genesis to Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227747.003.0005.
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This book is about a radically new scientific concept, how it was developed and promulgated, and finally came to be generally accepted. The concept in question is the archaeological Three Age System, the fundamental division of the prehistoric past into successive Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron. This is the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World. To be sure, we may question (for example) whether the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age really marks as great a social and cultural change as that from Middle to Late Bronze Age; or we may debate whether the Mesolithic should really be so named, or should be referred to as the Epi-Palaeolithic. But the fact that we can even argue in such terms demonstrates the all-pervasive strength of the fundamental Stone–Bronze–Iron classification. Terms like ‘Mesolithic’ or ‘Late Bronze Age’ may create their own problems, and the precise definitions of such periods and the nature of the transitions between them are often keenly contested; but the debates they engender operate within the parameters of the Three Age System as a whole, and thus act to reinforce it. No-one, after all, doubts that the Stone Age preceded the Bronze Age. But it was not always so. There is an archaeology even of the Three Age System itself. It was conceived in Denmark and southern Sweden; it was initially published there in the mid-1830s, and was fully accepted and operating in those countries in under a decade. Its acceptance in southern Scandinavia was remarkably rapid, and no serious assault was made there upon its fundamentals. The same cannot be said for its reception in the British Isles, however. Its acceptance and uptake here was variable and patchy, and some leading British and Irish scholars shunned it for forty years. This is something which is almost always overlooked in histories of archaeology, which instead place emphasis on the people who adopted the Three Age System. This is entirely understandable, but it has led to the people who rejected the Three Age System being almost entirely written out of the history of the archaeology of the British Isles.
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Harding, D. W. "Regional Diversity in Britain and Beyond". In Rethinking Roundhouses, 165—C7.P47. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893802.003.0007.
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Abstract Dating the transition from timber to stone roundhouses in Wales is fraught with similar issues as in Northern Britain, not least the poverty of material remains and lack of pottery. In south-west Wales, roundhouses occur in precipitous promontory fort locations, as they do in Cornwall. Cornwall also has distinctive settlements in ‘rounds’ and courtyard houses (some with ‘fogous’), both of which have origins in the pre-Roman Iron Age, but continue into the Roman period. In Ireland hillforts are now demonstrably Bronze Age, with some evidence for hierarchy of buildings in the Baltinglass sites. Late Bronze Age villages are now known in Ireland and in northern France, the key Irish sites including post-ring and ring-ditch construction. Sites formerly termed ‘royal’ in Ireland from historical associations are now deemed to be communal, possibly for Iron Age communities that were more mobile and pastoral. The northern French and Breton villages of the later Bronze Age commonly show axial symmetry, porches, and central posts, the latter perhaps constructional or supporting upper floor levels. Iron Age roundhouses in northern France are still relatively few, and are progressively superseded by rectilinear plans. Like Scotland, Brittany has roundhouses (and rectangular) with integral souterrains. In the peninsular North-West, castros are now dated from the early first millennium, but urban layout of round and rectilinear houses does not appear on major sites until the Augustan period. Familial courtyard groups, however, including roundhouses suggest a division of functions from the pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Kelly, M. J. O’. "Bronze-age Ireland". In A New History Of Ireland, 98–133. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198217374.003.0005.
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Abstract The more excavation and study that are undertaken, the more blurred become the dividing lines between one period and another. Although many scholars have discarded the old nomenclature, they have been forced to substitute other descriptive terms for them, so that in effect the divisions remain and only the names are altered. It is proposed here to retain the old divisions, employing the terms ‘bronze age’, etc., but in the knowledge that a good deal of so-called bronze-age activity actually took place before bronze was in use, just as neolithic activity took place in areas such as the shores of the River Bann, in the north of Ireland, before the implications of a neolithic way of life had fully dawned. It is proposed to deal first with some of the earliest signs of change in the neolithic way of life.
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Cooney, Kathlyn M. "The New Kingdom of Egypt under the Ramesside Dynasty". In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III, 251–366. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687601.003.0027.
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The Ramesside period saw the contraction of Egypt’s hegemony in the ancient Mediterranean, extraordinary economic contraction and lessening monumental production, and generations of mass migrations, destabilizing Egypt. The period followed Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty, an apex of steady growth, consistent wealth, and high-quality artistic production under able and well-known kings to whom the Ramesside period kings are often compared to their detriment. Should one view the Ramesside period in a different way? Ramesside kings witnessed a steady decline of authority, experiencing palace infighting so intense that it resulted in two civil wars. This period was also punctuated by one of the most devastating social and global apocalypses the Mediterranean and ancient Near East had ever known—the Bronze Age collapse. The fall of the Twentieth Dynasty was part of a larger crisis in economic, political, and climatic systems, not a miscalculation of one or two dynastic families. When the Ramesside kings did finally fall from power, historians draw a stark line between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties, on the one hand, and the Twenty-first Dynasty, on the other, even though decentralized and competitive ruling strategies remained largely unchanged from one period to the next. The historical creation of a crisp division between the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period can be understood as the chief reason why Egyptologists do not see the Ramesside period for what it was, a runway that formed the elements of the ensuing Iron Age.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Bronze Division"
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Jupe, Kevin, Roger Gorges, Anil Rathod, John Carey e John Stearns. "Seizure Improved Lead-Free Electroplated Bearing Overlay System for Heavy Duty Truck and Off-Highway Applications". In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3545.
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The move to lead-free bearing materials is well known and upcoming legislation, such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), is increasing the drive to extend this trend towards heavy duty diesel truck and off-highway applications. During the development of lead-free systems, new electroplated overlays and bronze-based substrates have been developed by various suppliers, but little attention has been given to the interlayer or diffusion barrier between the overlay and substrate materials. This interlayer is particularly necessary for tin-based solutions as it prevents the rapid diffusion of overlay species into the bronze substrate. The present development focuses on improving this often overlooked element in the system and provides a further robustness that could even be adapted to lead-based systems where increased performance is required. The incorporation of hexagonal boron nitride as a solid lubricant in the nickel interlayer changes dramatically the interlayer properties and provides more typical bearing-like behavior for seizure resistance scuff performance compared to nickel alone. The paper details findings of respective rig tests as well as an actual engine test supporting the change in material characteristics and the associated improvement in seizure resistance.
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Kwan, M. K., R. R. Hwang e C. T. Hsu. "Resonance in Flow-Induced Cable Vibration: Analytical Prediction and Numerical Simulation". In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77202.
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Flow-induced resonance for a two-end hinged cable under uniform incoming flows is investigated using analytical prediction and numerical simulation. In this study, the fundamental mode is analyzed for simplicity. First, based on a series of physical judgments, the approximate cable trajectory is predicted — the whole cable vibrates as a standing wave, with its locus on the transverse cross-section having a convex “8”-like shape. To find the exact path, however, experiment or numerical simulation is necessary. Hence, a bronze cable at aspect ratio (length/diameter) of 100 under water flows at Reynolds number (based on cable diameter and incoming velocity) of 200 is computed. The result confirms our predictions. Moreover, it is found that the amplitude of the cross-flow displacement is much higher than that of the streamwise displacement, despite the higher streamwise fluid force. As a consequence, energy transfer from fluid to solid is maximized in the cross-flow direction.
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Langbein, Falko, Matthias Loidl, Alexander Eberhard e Robert Mergen. "Slide Bearing Types for Combustion Engines Designed for Upcoming Emission Regulations". In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2009-14054.
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Intelligent handling of our limited energy resources and the demand to reduce emissions are today the main drivers for developing efficient combustion engines. Therefore slide bearings and also other parts of the powertrain are facing major challenges caused by: Significantly increased operating pressure, temperature and sliding speed as well as the use of new lubricants and fuels. Furthermore, a ban of hazardous elements (e.g. lead, cadmium) in the applied materials is looming. With respect to above mentioned facts, the mechanical and tribological boundary conditions for bearings in future engines are subjected to change immensely. These changes can only be met by new lining materials and bearing types. From the standpoint of strength, the main critical factors are the soft phases — mainly tin and lead — added to both aluminum and copper based bearing alloys to obtain the necessary tribological behavior. Soft phases are limited in their temperature stability and in addition, lead is an environmental critical element and is restricted. For upcoming engine generations even novel aluminum-tin alloys will reach their performance limits and the classical leaded-bronze material as basis for tri-metal and sputter coatings can no longer cope with the life-time expectations. In addition, corrosion issues will come up due to new oil additives in truck and high speed engines. The present paper proposes, for the application in high speed and truck engines, new slide bearing types with appropriate characteristics and the desired performance required by engine designers: A high strength, thermally stable aluminum alloy with excellent mechanical properties by using re-crystallization inhibition mechanisms; a series of new solutions on the basis of a lead-free bronze linings having brilliant thermo-mechanical process capabilities resulting in high strength properties. Adequate tribological behavior is gained by combination of the new lining alloys with different surface layers. Fundamental working principles, development work and first application results of the new bearing types are presented in relation to existing solutions.
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Shibuta, Manabu, Hideki Hamashima e Shigeru Itoh. "Numerical Simulation and Experiment for Underwater Shock Wave in Newly Designed Pressure Vessel for Food Processing". In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25559.
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Modern eating habits depend in large part on the development of food processing technology. Thermal treatments are often performed in the conventional food processing, but it can cause discoloration and loss of nutrients of the food by thermal processing or treatment. On the other hand, food processing using an underwater shock wave has little influence of heat and its processing time is very short, preventing the loss of nutrients. In this research optical observation experiment and the numerical simulation were performed, in order to understand and control the behavior of the underwater shock wave in the development of the processing container using an underwater shock wave for the factory and home. In this experiment a rectangular container was used to observe the behavior of the underwater shock wave. In the experiment, the shock wave was generated by using explosive on the shock wave generation side. The shock wave, which passed through the phosphor bronze and propagated from the aluminum sidewall, was observed on the processing container side. Numerical simulation of an analogous experimental model was investigated, where LS-DYNA software was used for the numerical simulation. The comparative study of the experiment and the numerical simulation was investigated. The behavior of a precursor shock wave from the device wall was able to be clarified. This result is used for development of the device in numerical simulation.
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Кузнецова, Т. М. "TO THE PROBLEM OF CONTACTS BETWEEN GREEKS AND BARBARIANS OF THE NORTH BLACK SEA REGION". In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-350-3.131-146.
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Исследование материальной и духовной культуры скифов, а также вы яснение времени и характера взаимоотношений кочевников с другими народами про водятся по данным археологических и письменных источников. Даты археологических памятников определяются по входящим в состав сопроводительного инвентаря ве щам – хронологическим маркерам, среди которых имеются зеркала. В Северном Причерноморье и на Северном Кавказе для эпохи бронзы не выявле ны ни «импортные» зеркала, ни очаги местного производства этих предметов. «Скифские» и греческие зеркала в культуре местного населения были инновацией, связанной с приходом скифов из восточных районов Евразии и греческой колонизацией северопричерноморской территории. Отсутствие у кочевников навыков изготовления «скифских» зеркал стало причиной угасания к 5 в. до н. э. традиции использования этих изделий. Кон такты скифов с населением лесостепной зоны Северопонтийского региона и греческих колоний нашли отражение в изменении конструкции зеркал. В статье рассматриваются спорные вопросы по поводу происхождения зеркала из кургана № 447 у с. Журовка (Журавка), которое связывают либо со скифами, либо с греками. Оно найдено в кургане, раскопанном А. А. Бобринским у с. Журовка (Черкасская область, Шполянский район, Украина) на территории Правобережной Лесостепи, в бассейне р. Тясмин. Памятник по комплексу сопроводительного инвентаря в могиле датирован второй половиной 6 в. до н. э. Зеркало из кургана № 447 у с. Журовка относится к группе зеркал с комбинированными ручками, которые изготовлены из железа и бронзы. Верх и конец ручки пред ставлены бронзовыми насадками. Верх – насадка с изображением фигурки лежащего оленя, конец – фигурка лежащего животного. Ствол прямой, без орнамента, изготовлен из железа. Диск зеркала круглый, плоский. Способ крепления диска и ручки – заклепки. Сложносоставные зеркала с комбинированными ручками появляются в лесостепной зоне Северного Причерноморья во второй трети 6 в. до н. э. Все они близки греческим образцам, на что указывает наличие круглого плоского диска без бортика и трехчастное деление ручки, которое определяется исследователями как греческое изобретение для зеркал с боковыми ручками. Верх ручки зеркала из кургана № 447 у с. Журовка украшен хорошо выполненным реалистичным изображением оленя, отдельные детали которого (ноги, ухо, копыта) были доработаны гравировкой. На конце ручки изображена фигурка животного с повернутой назад головой и открытой пастью. Последнее предполагает видеть в изображении черты хищника, но моделировка ног этой же фигурки свидетельствует о том, что первоначально она имела вид копытного животного. Пока сложно определить причины, заставившие мастера таким образом передать изображение на конце ручки зеркала, так как нельзя объяснить это неумелой работой, поскольку наряду с неприглядной фи гуркой хищника на конце ручки, верх ее украшен хорошо исполненным изображением оленя. Нет основания говорить и о браке, связанным с фигуркой хищника, так как бракованную деталь можно было бы заменить новой. Трудно сказать, является ли это зеркало репликой на античный образец, изготовленной мастером из среды лесостепного населения, или рассматриваемый экземпляр представляет собой результат замены утраченной (если греческой, то скорее всего костяной) ручки на железную с использованием уже имевшихся бронзовых частей зеркала (диск, фигурки). Тем не менее создание зеркала, происходящего из скифского лесостепного кургана (№ 447 у с. Журовка), безусловно является результатом взаимодействия греков, местного населения и скифов. Новые находки (Белгородская область, Краснодарский край) и дальнейшие исследования подтверждают предположение о влиянии античной традиции на его генезис. Удалось выявить очень близкое изображение и возможный прототип для фигурки на конце ручки зеркала из кургана № 447 у с. Журовка, которое связывает этот экземпляр с деятельно стью греческих мастеров. The investigations of material and spiritual culture of the Scythians and the estimation of time and character of their relations with other nations are basing upon archaeological and written sources. The dates of archaeological objects are established by the contents of grave-goods, among them mirrors being reliable chronological markers. In the North Black Sea area and the North Caucasus of the Bronze Age there are neither ‘imported’ mirrors, nor locally produced ones. The ‘Scythian’ and Greek mirrors in local cultures became an innovation connected with the arrival of the Scythians from East Eurasia and the Greek colonization of the North Black Sea territories. The absence of any nomadic traditions of producing ‘Scythian’ mirrors caused the extinction of the practice of their use. Scythian contacts with the inhabitants of the North Pontic forest zone and of the Greek colonies brought forth modi fications in the construction of mirrors. The article considers problematic questions concerning the origin of the mirror from barrow 447 by Zhurovka (Zhuravka), attributed either to the Scythians or to the Greeks. It was discovered in a barrow excavated by A. A. Bobrinsky by the settlement of Zhurovka (Cherkasskaya province, Shpolyanski region, Ukraine), the right-bank forest-steppe area by the Tyasmin river. The set of grave-goods from the barrow dates it to the second half of the 6th century BC. The mirror from barrow 447 by Zhurovka belongs to the group of mirrors with composite handles made of iron and bronze. The upper part and the lower end of the handle are decorated with bronze settings – reposing stag by the top and some other animal at the end. The handle is straight, not decorated, made of iron. The disk of the mirror is round and flat. It is fastened to the handle with rivets. Composite mirrors with combined handles appear in the forest-steppe zone of the North Black Sea area in the second third of the 6th century BC. They are all close to Greek prototypes, which is testified by rimless flat disks and triple division of handles, which scholars define as a Greek invention foe mirrors with side handles. The upper part of the handle from barrow 447 by Zhurovka is decorated with a realistic image of a stag, its parts (legs, ear, hooves) covered with engraved patterns. The handle terminates in a figure of an animal, its head with open muzzle turned backwards. The last feature suggests that it was some beast of prey, though its legs show that initially it was some hoofed animal. It is hard to understand the reason for rendering the animal image in such a way as well as to explain it by the incompetence of the craftsman – the stag decorating the upper end is quite recognizable. It is difficult to say, if the mirror is a replica of some antique object produced by a craftsman from the forest-steppe area, or a result of a restoration of the missing part of a Greek mirror (the missing Greek bone handle replaced by local iron one). Nevertheless, the mirror from the Scythian barrow 447 by Zhurovka is the result of interaction among Greeks, Scythians and local forest-steppe population. New finds (Belgorod and Krasnodar regions) and further investigations confirm the influence of ancient Greek traditions on its genesis. There is a very close parallel (and possibly a prototype) to the figurine decorating the handle from barrow 447 by Zhurovka, connecting it with the activities of Greek craftsmen.
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Li, Lun, Zhili Zhou, Jishun Li e Yujun Xue. "Virtual Prototype of the Tunnel Boring Machine and Movement Simulation in DIVISION Mockup2000i2". In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12578.
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The virtual reality is a multi-functional, interactive and immersible technology. As an advanced engineering design technology, the virtual reality technology (VRT) has been widely used in large mining machinery design and manufacturing. The system is based on DIVISION Mockup2000i2 software. Virtual prototype of the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) is studied in this paper. In addition, the movement simulation of TBM is completed in DIVISION Mockup2000i2. Firstly, CATIA software is adopted to build the parts of TBM. The TBM is assembled in CATIA too. Secondly, the THEOREM software is applied to convert the assembled model of TBM to another format which can be identified in DIVISION MOCKUP2000i2 software. In order to make the TBM image living, life-like and easy to browse, the light of surface, virtual materials and landmark scenes are set up in DIVISION MOCKUP2000i2 software environment. All motion parameters of the parts are defined before the simulation. Then, the virtual movement simulation of TBM components is analyzed with the behaviors property of MOCKUP. The virtual movement of cutting wheel, screw conveyor machinery and the door of mud out are studied. The virtual movement of segments and segment erector machine are completed by setting up virtual parts and virtual event. Five segments are fixed accurately in a cycle. The relations and interference of the parts movement are examined simultaneity. The hotkey is defined before the simulation, which can trigger the continuous implementation of virtual motion. In addition, a virtual voice is used to enhance the performance of movement simulation. The virtual prototype of TBM being set up and simulated will have positive significance for design inspection, structural analysis and product introduction without TBM physical prototype being manufactured.
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Kalvakala, Krishna C., Pinaki Pal, Yunchao Wu, Goutham Kukkadapu, Christopher Kolodziej, Jorge Pulpeiro Gonzalez, Muhammad Umer Waqas, Tianfeng Lu, Suresh K. Aggarwal e Sibendu Som. "Numerical Analysis of Fuel Effects on Advanced Compression Ignition Using a Virtual Cooperative Fuel Research Engine Model". In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2939.
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Abstract Growing environmental concerns and demand for better fuel economy are driving forces that motivate the research for more advanced engines. Multi-mode combustion strategies have gained attention for their potential to provide high thermal efficiency and low emissions for light-duty applications. These strategies target optimizing the engine performance by correlating different combustion modes to load operating conditions. The extension from boosted SI mode at high loads to advanced compression ignition (ACI) mode at low loads can be achieved by increasing compression ratio and utilizing intake air heating. Further, in order to enable an accurate control of intake charge condition for ACI mode and rapid mode-switches, it is essential to gain fundamental insights into the autoignition process. Within the scope of ACI, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode is of significant interest. It is known for its potential benefits, operation at low fuel consumption, low NOx and PM emissions. In the present work, a virtual Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine model is used to analyze fuel effects on ACI combustion. In particular, the effect of fuel Octane Sensitivity (S) (at constant RON) on autoignition propensity is assessed under beyond-RON (BRON) and beyond-MON (BMON) ACI conditions. The 3D CFR engine computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model employs finite-rate chemistry approach with multi-zone binning strategy to capture autoignition. Two binary blends with Research Octane Number (RON) of 90 are chosen for this study: Primary reference fuel (PRF) with S = 0, and toluene-heptane (TH) blend with S = 10.8, representing paraffinic and aromatic gasoline surrogates. Reduced mechanisms for these blends are generated from a detailed gasoline surrogate kinetic mechanism. Simulation results with the reduced mechanisms are validated against experimental data from an in-house CFR engine, with respect to in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and combustion phasing. Thereafter, the sensitivity of combustion behavior to ACI operating condition (BRON vs BMON), air-fuel ratio (λ = 2 and 3), and engine speed (600 and 900rpm) is analyzed for both fuels. It is shown that the sensitivity of a fuel’s autoignition characteristics to λ and engine speed significantly differs at BRON and BMON conditions. Moreover, this sensitivity is found to vary among fuels, despite the same RON. This study also indicates that the octane index (OI) fails to capture the trend in the variation of autoignition propensity with S under BMON conditions.
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Ishii, Eiji, Kazuki Yoshimura, Yoshihito Yasukawa e Hideharu Ehara. "Late-Fuel Simulation Near Nozzle Outlet of Fuel Injector During Closing Valve". In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1008.
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Late fuel during closing of the valve of a fuel-injector and fuel films stuck on the wall around the nozzle outlets are sources of PM. In this study, we focused on effects of the valve motions on the late fuel and the fuel films stuck on the walls around the nozzle outlets. We previously developed a particle/grid hybrid method: fuel flows within the flow paths of fuel injectors were simulated by a front capturing method, and liquid-column breakup at the nozzle outlets was mainly simulated by a particle method. The velocity at the inlet boundary of a fuel injector was controlled in order to affect the valve motions on the late-fuel behavior. The simulated late fuel broke up with surface-tension around the time of zero-stroke position of the valve, then liquid columns and coarse droplets formed after the bounds of the valve, and finally only coarse droplets were left. We found that the late fuel was generated by low-speed fuel-flows through the nozzles during the bounds of the valve. The effect of the bounds of the valve on the fuel films stuck on the wall around the nozzle outlets was also studied with a simulation that removed the bounds of the valve. The volume of the fuel films stuck on the wall of the nozzle outlets decreased without the bounds of the valve.