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1
Mabovu, Bonelwa. "Brine treatment using natural adsorbents". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3665_1319180742.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The current study investigated application of natural adsorbents in brine treatment. Brines are hypersaline waters generated in power stations and mining industries rich in Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Na+, SO4 2- , Cl- and traces of heavy metals, thus there is a need for these brines to be treated to recover potable water and remove problematic elements. Natural adsorbents have been successfully used in waste water treatment because of their high surface area and high adsorptive properties when they are conditioned with acid or base. The investigation of pH showed that natural adsorbents did not perform well at low pH of 4 and 6. The adsorbents were able to work efficiently at the natural pH of 8.52 of the brine solution. These results show that natural adsorbents hold great potential to remove cationic major components and selected heavy metal species from industrial brine wastewater. Heterogeneity of natural adsorbents samples, even when they have the same origin, could be a problem when wastewater treatment systems utilizing natural clinoptilolite and bentonite are planned to be developed. Therefore, it is very important to characterize the reserves fully in order to make them attractive in developing treatment technologies.
2
Zibi, Lindizwe Mthanjiswa. "Industrial brine characterisation and modelling". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11279.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Industrial wastewater contains many soluble inorganic and organic components and solid particles. This study focused on inorganic industrial hypersaline brines. Chemical engineering presents a variety of mechanical, thermal, biological and chemical processes capable of treating hypersaline brines to the standard required by legislation. However, some of these technologies are inefficient, costly and outdated and are not applicable in solving modern brine accumulation problems.
3
Lyons, Bernadette M. "The effect of brine density on brine plume migration in groundwater, a centrifuge modelling study". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/MQ42658.pdf.
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4
Cottier, Finlo Robert. "Brine distribution in young sea ice". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273248.
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5
Muriithi, Grace Nyambura. "CO2 sequestration using brine impacted fly fish". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2786_1297918761.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
It was hypothesized that South African FA and brine could sequester CO2 through mineral carbonation. A statistical approach was undertaken to optimize the % CaCO3 formed from FA/brine/CO2 interaction with input parameters of temperature, pressure, particle size and solid/liquid ratio (S/L) being varied. The ranges adopted for the input parameters were: temperature of 30 º
C or 90 º
C
pressure of 1 Mpa or 4 Mpa
four particle sizes namely bulk ash, >
150 &mu
m, <
20 &mu
m and 20 &mu
m- 150 &mu
m particle size range
S/L ratios of 0.1, 0.5 or 1. The FA/ brine dispersions were carbonated in a high pressure reactor varying the above mentioned input parameters. The fresh Secunda FA of various size fractions was characterized morphologically using scanning electron microscopy, chemically using X-ray fluorescence and mineralogically using qualitative X-ray diffraction. The carbonated solid residues on the other hand were characterized using quantitative X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetic analysis and Chittick tests. The raw brine from Tutuka together with the carbonation leachates were characterized using inductively coupled mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. Total acid digestion was carried out to evaluate the differences in the total elemental content in both the fresh ash and the carbonated solid residues. The results suggested that South African FA from Secunda belongs to class F based on the CaO content as well as the total alumina, silica and ferric oxide content, while the RO brine from Tutuka were classified as NaSO4 waters...
6
Benson, Michelle Suzanne. "Solar Membrane Pervaporation for Brine Water Desalination". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144232.
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7
Feltham, Daniel Lee. "Fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of sea ice". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275389.
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8
Hooper, G. R. "Adaptation and selection in the brine shrimp Artemia". Thesis, Swansea University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637302.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The selective effects of Copper, Mercury, Cadmium, and sump oil on three bisexual species of Artemia were examined in both short and long term tests. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes of five loci were monitored, using starch gel electrophoresis, in populations of Artemia exposed to high doses of pollutant. Several indications of resistance being associated with particular genotypes or alleles were found. Competition experiments of bisexual and asexual species were also conducted under various regimes of temperature and salinity. Cyclical dominance found in natural co-existing populations of asexual and bisexual Artemia was successfully modelled in the laboratory and evidence obtained of preferred conditions for each mode of reproduction. The relative advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction are discussed, with reference to Artemia. An attempt was made to determine the heritability in A. franciscana of resistance to Carbon Dioxide saturated waters in order to establish a pathway of gene exchange with A. monica, which is found in carbonate waters. This does not appear to be a significantly heritable trait. Seventeen new strains obtained from cyst samples were analysed using starch gel electrophoresis. This information was added to the database of Artemia electrophoretic data compiled by Abreu (1983), and using the BIOSYS computer programme the following were produced for A.salina, A.franciscana and the asexual strains: - Similarity and Distance Coefficients - Phenetic analysis. - Phylogenetic analysis.
9
Bintsis, Thomas. "Aspects of the microbiology of Feta cheese brine". Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366049.
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10
Bouma, Andrew Thomas. "Split-feed counterflow reverse osmosis for brine concentration". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118668.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-77).
Brine concentration is a useful operation that allows for increased recovery ratios in water treatment systems, reduction of waste volumes, and the production of minerals from saline brines. As our world moves towards a more sustainable future, improvements in energy-efficient brine concentration will be important. While viable brine concentration technologies exist, current methods are often inefficient. In this thesis, a model is developed to simulate Counterflow Reverse Osmosis (CFRO), a membrane-based, pressure-driven brine concentration technology. Using this model, a single CFRO module is simulated and its performance characterized. Entropy generation within a single-stage system is analyzed, which provides insights for configuring and optimizing multistaged systems. Additionally, a parametric analysis of membrane parameters provides direction for the development of CFRO-specific membranes. Two existing configurations of CFRO are discussed, and compared with a new third configuration, split feed CFRO, which is presented for the first time here. Split feed CFRO systems are simulated and optimized to provide guidance for system design. A variety of multistage systems operating at a range of recovery ratios are simulated, and the results compared are with existing desalination and brine concentration technologies. Potential is shown for the maximum recovery ratio of RO systems to increase significantly when hybridized with split-feed CFRO brine concentration systems, while the energy requirements of these hybridized systems is similar to, or an improvement on, the expected performance of conventional RO systems operating at high pressures and the same conditions. A large reduction in energy usage when compared to commonly used evaporative brine concentrators is shown to be possible.
Funded by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) Project No. P31475EC01
by Andrew Thomas Bouma.
S.M.
11
Traki, Adel R. A. "A mechanistic study of CO2/brine relative permeability". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3184.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
CO2 injection in geologic formations (hydrocarbon reservoirs as well as aquifers) is increasingly considered as a method for increasing oil recovery and, at the same time, storing CO2 in these formations to reduce the CO2 emissions, which are considered to be the main cause responsible for global warming or the greenhouse phenomenon. Among many parameters significantly impacting the flow and distribution of CO2 in the formations is relative permeability (KrCO2). The protocols being used to measure CO2 relative permeability are facing a lot of challenges and problems. In this study, an assessment package tool has been designed and applied in order to verify the protocols and data resulted from CO2 relative permeability experiments published, with recommendations to avoid errors, all that to prospectively help in determining lab measurements which need to be defined, and thus getting reliable CO2 relative permeability data to be used for obtaining accurate prediction of the flow properties to CO2 through (CGS) or (EOR). Moreover, introducing some vital notices whereby the CO2 relative permeability curves could be read and interpreted correctly was an additional work which has been done. Another issue is that the capillary properties like wettability, IFT and viscosity are considered as the main factors controlling the shape of CO2 relative permeability curve and subsequently its value; however, it is found that any set of rock samples, even extracted from the same formation or from different formations with the same rock type and developing the same capillary properties as well, will produce different CO2 relative permeability curves. This phenomenon had been attributed to rock pore structure or quality, no details of the physics has been described in producing variant CO2 relative permeability curves for the set of samples assumed. In this study, we introduced an interpretation of how the rock internal structure or quality leads to producing variant CO2 relative permeability curves, and it was presented as an upgraded concept called ‘pore and throat distributions’. This new concept has been verified using a set of pore-network models with variant pore and throat distributions. Using theoretical modelling, rather than the empirical or experimental one, was inevitable as to avoid the side effects of the interactions1 (among the CO2, brine and rock contents) on CO2 relative permeability, and also to put aside the effect of other capillary properties mentioned. Going back to Darcy’s law, the CO2 relative permeability is a decisive parameter that controls the CO2 injection rate, but what should be mentioned here is that Darcy’s law just introduces the KrCO2 relative permeability as a term which affects CO2 injection rate and never goes beyond this term to parameters or factors controlling the KrCO2 value and investigates their impact on CO2 injection rate. In this study and by using KrCO2 data published and a real aquifer model we found that the normal pore and throat distributions with similar connection (a new concept introduced before) produced the best injection rates comparing with other cases of abnormal distributions. The difference among the relative permeability of CO2 and other gases, like methane (CH4) and Ethane (C2H6), has also been studied using a theoretical model. The results illustrated that there was no difference among the relative permeabilities related to CO2 and other gases (CH4, C2H6). Finally, the wettability distribution concept has been introduced as a factor controlling the magnitude of CO2 endpoint relative permeability for rock samples having the same rock and capillary properties. Some differences between the systems of gas-oil and CO2-Brine, in terms of interfacial tension, have been interpreted depending on the notion of free and adherent layers thickness.
12
Johnson, Thomas G. "Heat Transfer in Brine Solutions at Supercritical Pressure". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1439504843.
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13
Acevedo, Carlos R. "Silica removal from brine by using ion exchange". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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14
Nayar, Kishor Govind. "Improving seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121886.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "Thesis contains very faint/illegible footnote numbering"--Disclainer Notice page.
Includes bibliographical references.
Water scarcity is an increasing problem globally. Seawater desalination is increasingly being relied upon as a means of mitigating the problem of water scarcity. However, seawater desalination has costs associated with it: capital costs, cost of energy to desalinate and environmental costs from the discharge of high salinity brine. Efficient and cost-effective seawater desalination and desalination brine management systems are necessary to make seawater desalination a sustainable scalable process. This work seeks to improve seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management in several ways. For the first time, the thermophysical properties of seawater have been characterized as a function of pressure across the full desalination operating regimes of temperature, salinity and pressure. Functions that allow accurate thermodynamic least work of desalination and seawater flow exergy analysis have been developed.
The least work of desalination, brine concentration and salt production was investigated and the performance of state-of-the-art brine concentrators and crystallizers was calculated. Hybrid designs of reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were proposed to be integrated with a crystallizer to concentrate desalination brine more efficiently. The RO-ED-crystallizer concept was applied to two separate applications: (a) salt production from seawater and (b) zero brine discharge seawater desalination. A parametric analysis to minimize the specific cost of salt production and water production was conducted. Parameters varied were: the ratio of seawater to RO brine in the ED diluate channel, ED current density, ED diluate outlet salinity, electricity, water and salt prices, and RO recovery by adding a high pressure RO (HPRO) stage. Results showed that significant cost reductions could be achieved in RO-ED systems by increasing the ED current density from 300 A/m² to 600 A/m².
Increasing RO brine salinity by using HPRO and operating at 120 bar pressure reduced salt production costs while increasing water production costs. Transport properties of monovalent selective ED (MSED) membranes were also experimentally obtained for sodium chloride, significantly improving the accuracy of modeling MSED brine concentration systems. MSED cell pairs transported only about ~~50% the water but nearly as much salt as a standard ED cell pair, while having twice the average membrane resistance.
Supported by Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM Project No. R13-CW-10, King Fahd University of Petroleoum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
by Kishor Govind Nayar.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
15
Kappas, I. "Microevolution and genetic differentiation in the brine shrimp Artemia". Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637759.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Intraspecific genetic differentiation between populations of Artemia franciscana from San Francisco Bay (SFB) and Vietnam (feral) as well as evolutionary divergence between Asian Artemia species have been investigated using allozymes, reproductive characters and mitochondrial DNA. Allozyme analysis (20 loci) of A. franciscana, SFB and derived (over a period of one to seven years) Vietnamese populations reveals considerable genetic differences between samples, cultured at combinations of two salinities (80 ppt, 120 ppt) and three temperatures (26oC, 30oC, 34oC). Combined probability values (pooled over all polymorphic loci) of tests for allele frequency homogeneity between all salinity/temperature combinations range from <10-4 to 0.033. In addition, cluster analysis applied to all levels of comparison (within and between temperatures and salinities) shows evidence of differentiation of Vietnamese Artemia from the wild (SFB) stock as early as within a year after inoculation. Rapid divergence between SFB and Vietnamese Artemia is also evident from an analysis of reproductive (fecundity) traits. Vietnamese populations seem to be better adapted to increased temperature, as gauged by the significantly higher reproductive output they display compared to San Francisco Bay Artemia. Correlations between individual heterozygosity and fitness also confirm, albeit in a few cases, the existence of a strong genetic component involved in the determination of reproductive profiles. Similar patterns of genetic differentiation to those obtained by allozymes and reproductive traits are revealed by mitochondrial DNA RFLP markers. However, unlike allozymes, there is strong evidence of a reduction in haplotype diversity from 40.6% in SFB Artemia to 10.5% in the established Vietnamese strain.
16
Cook, Andrea. "Modelling of brine transport mechanisms in Antarctic sea ice". Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33605.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
It is evident that the sea ice cycle, from its formation to its melt, is governed by a complex interaction of the ocean, atmosphere and surrounding continents. Once sea water begins to freeze, physical, biological and chemical processes have implications on the evolution of the sea ice morphology [38]. The distinguishing factor between fresh and sea water ice is brine inclusions that get trapped within the ice pores during freezing. Salt inclusions within frozen ice influence the salinity as well as the physical properties of the sea ice [23]. These brine inclusions form part of a dynamic process within the ice characterized by the movement of brine and phase transition which are the foundation of many of its physical properties [23]. Brine removal subsequently begins to occur due to vertical gravity drainage into the underlying ocean water. This study introduces the application of a biphasic model based on the Theory of Porous Media (TPM) which considers a solid phase for the pore structure of the ice matrix as well as a liquid phase for the brine inclusions, respectively. This work explores the use of the TPM framework towards advancing the description and study of the various desalination mechanisms that are significant in aiding the salt flux into the Southern Ocean. This will foster understanding of brine rejection and how it is linked to the porous microstructure of Antarctic sea ice
17
Yu, Yanling. "Regional Arctic ice thickness and brine flux from AVHRR /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11067.
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18
Farrall, Rhys. "Brine management strategies for desalination systems: Decision support system". Thesis, Farrall, Rhys (2021) Brine management strategies for desalination systems: Decision support system. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/63768/.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This thesis explores and evaluates a decision support system (DDS) for the management of desalination brine. The rapid uptake of desalination technologies to meet freshwater demands has led to producing a significant quantity of brine, which is a highly saline solution. Currently, the most popular brine management method in Western Australia (WA) is disposal by surface water discharge (into the ocean), deep-well injection or evaporation ponds. Brine disposal isn’t a long-term sustainable option due to the environmental impacts it can cause, such as salinisation. Brine treatment methods that reduce the liquid volume of brine partially or completely brine is still under development or aren’t currently economically viable.
The DDS uses two multi-criteria analysis techniques, interval analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) under hybrid information. The use of interval AHP gives decision-makers a reliable method of assigning appropriate weightings to the chosen criteria, using the relative importance between each criterion. The DDS uses TOPSIS to allow for different information types (crisp numbers, interval numbers, fuzzy triangular numbers representing linguistic terms) within the DDS.
To showcase the DDS, a case study using 4 emerging brine treatment technologies, membrane distillation (MD), forward osmosis (FO), osmotically-assisted reverse osmosis (OARO) and eutectic freeze crystallisation (EFC) was developed. The results suggest that the most to least appropriate technology are MD. FO, EFC and OARO. Sensitivity analyses using a Monte Carlo simulation determined the influence of varying different criteria weightings on the TOPSIS process. MD was the most dominant appropriate technology with little confusion between FO, which was consistently ranked 2nd. Sensitivity analysis of the entire DDS requires further validation of the interval AHP.
19
Shrivastava, Ishita. "Shallow water outfalls for brine disposal from desalination plants". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121883.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Submerged outfalls consisting of multiple, closely spaced jets are often used to discharge industrial effluents in coastal waterbodies. Examples of such effluents include heated water from thermal power plants, treated wastewater effluent from sewage treatment plants, and reject brine from desalination plants. At locations with shallow water depth, the interaction between adjacent jets is enhanced and can affect mixing. The mixing of submerged outfalls in shallow water is studied in this thesis with particular emphasis on discharge of dense treated brine from desalination plants. Treatment options for brine involve blending it with less saline effluents or its concentration, and can have significant effect on the design of outfall and its mixing. The effect of shallow water depth on dilution of submerged outfalls is determined first for quiescent conditions, and a unified theory is developed for single and multiple jets discharging in shallow water.
The effect of shallowness is shown to be characterized by a non-dimensional parameter, which depends on the receiving water depth and the effluent momentum and buoyancy fluxes. The effect of brine treatment processes, which affect both discharge momentum and buoyancy, on the dilution of various contaminants is determined next. The effect of brine treatment on outfall design is also explored, and optimum outfall design variables are calculated for a range of conditions. In the presence of a crossflow, the mixing dynamics of multiple port outfalls are quite different, and can give rise to complex jet interactions and even reversing flow close to the upstream jets. Laboratory experiments, in which discharge and ambient parameters are varied, have led to an improved empirical expression for dilution. In addition to the strength of crossflow, outfall length and spacing of jets are also found to significantly affect dilution.
A numerical model, capable of modeling the discharge of multiple jets in a crossflow, is developed and shows significant improvement over existing models.
by Ishita Shrivastava.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
20
Olivella, Pastallé Sebastià. "Nomsothermal multiphase flow of brine and gas through saline media". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6261.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Presentamos una formulación nueva para el análisis de problemas Termo-hidro-mecánicos en medios salinos. Esta formulación incluye, desde la obtención de ecuaciones de balance de masa, momento y energía hasta su resolución numérica, incluyendo la derivación de algunas ecuaciones constitutivas. El programa de calculo resultante (Code Bright) puede usarse para analizar problemas reales de sistemas de sellado construidos con agregados porosos de sal, que era la motivación original de este trabajo.Las ecuaciones de balance se han formulado teniendo en cuenta que en un medio salino existen tres especies o componentes mayoritarios. Estos son: la sal, el agua y el aire. Uno de los aspectos diferenciadores respecto a otros medios geológicos es que la fase sólida se disuelve a concentraciones elevadas en la fase liquida a la que se llama Salmuera. Otro aspecto interesante es la presencia de inclusiones de salmuera en la fase sólida. La disolución y precipitación de la sal da lugar a un mecanismo de deformación por fluencia. La forma de los granos de sal cambia por disolución en las zonas donde se concentran las tensiones y recristalizacion en las zonas de menor estado tensional. Además los granos también se deforman por el carácter muy dúctil del propio sólido cristalino. Hemos derivado una nueva ley constitutiva tensión deformación para los agregados porosos de sal, que se basa en acoplar una geometría idealizada de los granos con los mecanismos fundamentales de deformación.
Una vez que se ha desarrollado y verificado el programa de cálculo, este ha sido aplicado para el estudio de diferentes fenómenos. Presentamos el análisis de las variaciones de porosidad inducidas por gradientes de temperatura en agregados porosos de sal no saturados. Las diferencias de temperatura inducen un flujo de vapor que es contrarrestado por un flujo de salmuera. Este arrastra la sal disuelta y da lugar a un flujo de sal hacia zonas de temperatura más alta.
21
Swaminathan, Jaichander. "Unified framework to design efficient membrane distillation for brine concentration". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111941.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 265-276).
Increasing regulations requiring industrial zero-liquid discharge necessitate the development of efficient desalination technologies for treating high salinity brine. Membrane distillation (MD) is promising for such applications since it is a scalable process that that can be coupled with a low temperature heat source to concentrate water up to saturation. More than five configurations of MD, based on different condensation and heat recovery approaches, have simultaneously been under development in the literature. In this thesis, we establish a common framework to characterize the thermodynamic performance of MD systems and to rank these configurations in terms of a combination of their energy efficiency (represented as GOR) and pure water productivity (flux). A simplified heat exchanger (HX) analogy model is developed for single-stage balanced counterflow MD, based on the effectiveness-NTU method for heat exchanger analysis. This model can predict GOR and flux as a function of inlet temperatures, system size and flow rates, without using iterative finite difference solvers. A hydrophobic microporous membrane establishes the interface for evaporation in MD. In contrast to a simple heat exchanger, both heat conduction and vapor transfer occur through this membrane. While vapor transport results in pure water production, heat conduction is a loss mechanism. To account for these additional effects, two new dimensionless parameters are defined. These parameters together with NTU and feed salinity can completely characterize a general MD system's energy efficiency. Contrary to some prior design suggestions, we show that low conductivity is preferable only between the evaporation and condensation interfaces, to limit heat conduction losses. In all other regions, a high conductance is ideal, and results in improvements in both GOR and flux. Based on the above findings, a conductive gap MD (CGMD) configuration is proposed. CGMD approaches the upper-limit performance of direct contact MD and permeate gap MD, for a given membrane and channel heat transfer characteristics. Another widely used MD configuration is air gap MD (AGMD) which includes a region of stagnant air between the membrane and condensation surface. AGMD performance can also be predicted using the proposed analytical framework by considering the membrane and the air region together as the effective membrane. Since this effective membrane is thicker, less conductive and has a higher permeability coefficient, AGMD is best suited for high salinity applications. However, if the air gap region gets flooded with pure water during operation, performance can deteriorate towards the lower limit of permeate gap MD performance. CGMD and DCMD can also be resilient to high feed salinity by using a thicker membrane. A framework is proposed for choosing the cost-optimal membrane thickness along with optimal membrane size, as a function of the relative cost of membrane area compared to thermal energy. At small system size, increasing area per unit feed flow rate (specific area) leads to better GOR at the expense of lower flux. Beyond a critical specific area, both flux and GOR start to decline. At high feed salinity, this critical area is small enough to be practically relevant. A closed form expression for this critical specific area is derived using the HX analogy equations, as a function of feed salinity, top temperature and the two dimensionless parameters defined previously. Finally, two methods of achieving high overall pure water recovery using membrane distillation, namely batch recirculation and multi-effect MD (MEMD) are analyzed. A batch design outperforms other brine recirculation alternatives such as semi-batch and continuous recirculation. The number of effects is an additional degree of freedom in MEMD system design. The number of effects is analogous to the specific area of single stage MD and plays the major role in determining GOR and flux, whereas the total specific area of MEMD determines its overall recovery ratio. For a given brine concentration application, it is shown that MEMD with feed preheating energetically outperforms batch MD.
by Jaichander Swaminathan.
Ph. D.
22
Randall, Dyllon G. "Development of a brine treatment protocol using Eutectic Freeze Crystallization". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12225.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Hypersaline inorganic brines are generated from many global mining operations and the volume of these brines is increasing at an exponential rate. The environment and water resources in the vicinity of these mining operations are at a risk of being polluted as a result of this increase in brine volume. These are the key reasons why these brines need treatment...This thesis ultimately showed that EFC could be used to treat multi-component streams and that pure salts could be sequentially produced along with potable water.
23
Werner, Craig Michael. "An investigation into the bioremediation of black olive brine wastewater". Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6731.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In South Africa, the table olive industry is burgeoning and as a consequence, the large volume of fermentation wastewaters that are generated have created environmental concerns, as these wastewaters have the potential to pollute rivers and ground waters. Currently, these wastewaters are disposed of in large evaporation ponds, but this is not considered to be the optimal treatment solution, due to the potential for pollution and environmental damage. This thesis describes an investigation into the bioremediation of black olive fermentation wastewaters. Wastewaters, from both the table olive and olive oil industries, are toxic and this toxicity can be attributed to the phenolic compounds present. These compounds are known to have antimicrobial and phytotoxic effects. Aerobic biological treatments have been extensively investigated in order to reduce the phenolic fraction of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) with relative success. Biological treatment methods are also cheaper than chemical or physical treatment methods. Therefore, it was decided to investigate aerobic biodegradation of black olive fermentation wastewater (olive wastewater) from the production of black (Kalamata) olives.
24
Adegbite, Michael Adedokun. "Flow accelerated preferential weld corrosion of X65 steel in brine". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9301.
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Preferential weld corrosion (PWC) remains a major operational challenge that jeopardizes the integrity of oil and gas production facilities. It is the selective dissolution of metal associated with welds, such that the weld metal (WM) and / or the adjacent heat-affected zone (HAZ) corrode rather than the parent metal (PM). Corrosion inhibition is conventionally used to mitigate this problem however several indications suggest that some corrosion inhibitors may increase PWC. Furthermore, it is not possible to detect systems that are susceptible to PWC and or to understand the apparent ineffectiveness of some corrosion inhibitors at high flow rates. Consequently, the aim of this research is to assess the suitability of submerged jet impingement method to study flow accelerated preferential weld corrosion, which is critical to safe and economic operations of offshore oil and gas facilities. In this research, a submerged jet-impingement flow loop was used to investigate corrosion control of X65 steel weldment in flowing brine, saturated with carbon dioxide at 1 bar, and containing a typical oilfield corrosion inhibitor. A novel jet-impingement target was constructed from samples of parent material, heat affected zone and weld metal, and subjected to flowing brine at velocities up to 10 ms- 1 , to give a range of hydrodynamic conditions from stagnation to high turbulence. The galvanic currents between the electrodes in each hydrodynamic zone were recorded using zero-resistance ammeters and their self-corrosion rates were measured using the linear polarisation technique. At low flow rates, the galvanic currents were small and in some cases the weld metal and heat affected zone were partially protected by the sacrificial corrosion of the parent material. However, at higher flow rates the galvanic currents increased but some current reversals were observed, leading to accelerated corrosion of the weld region. The most severe corrosion occurred when oxygen was deliberately admitted into the flow loop to simulate typical oilfield conditions. The results are explained in terms of the selective removal of the inhibitor film from different regions of the weldment at high flow rates and the corrosion mechanism in the presence of oxygen is discussed.
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Chen, Yongqiang. "Geochemical Modelling to Characterize Wettability of Oil-Brine-Rock Systems". Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/78325.
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Low salinity waterflooding appears to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly means to improve oil recovery by increasing hydrophilicity. However, the controlling factor(s) behind this process remains unclear. This research characterized wettability of oil-brine-rock system from nano to pore scale through a combination of experiments and geochemical modelling, providing insights to better model multiphase flow at subsurface. New findings can also help to constrain the intrinsic uncertainties of CO2-assisted EOR with respect to wettability alteration.
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McKinney, Julie. "Minimum Ultraviolet Light Dose Determination and Characterization of Stress Responses that Affect Dose for Listeria monocytogenes Suspended in Distilled Water, Fresh Brine, and Spent Brine". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26756.
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Foodborne illnesses caused by Listeria monocytogenes have long been associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) meats contaminated after the primary thermal process has been applied. It is believed that brine solutions used to chill cooked RTE products may serve as a reservoir for L. monocytogenes becoming a potential point of post-processing contamination for RTE meats. Re-circulating ultraviolet light (UV) systems are being used to inactivate L. monocytogenes in chill brines; however very little has been reported on the dose response of healthy and stressed L. monocytogenes to UV in brine solutions. The objectives of this research were to determine 1) minimum dose of UV required to inactivate L. monocytogenes in distilled water, fresh brine, undiluted spent brine, and diluted spent brine, 2) if adaptation to food processing stresses affects the dose response, and 3) if the acquisition of antibiotic resistance mechanisms provides resistance to ultraviolet light 4) effect of stress adaptation on survival in brine solutions. After UV exposure, populations were reduced as follows from greatest to least: water > fresh brine > 5% spent brine > 35% spent brine > 55% spent brine > 100% spent brine (P â ¤ 0.05). There were no population differences between acid stressed and antibiotic resistant or healthy and heat shocked (P > 0.05). However, acid-stressed and sulfanilamide-resistant were more resistant to UV light than healthy and heat shocked L. monocytogenes (P â ¤ 0.05). Survival in brine solutions (no UV) followed the trend, from greatest to least (P â ¤ 0.05): sulfanilamide-resistant > acid-stressed > healthy > heat-shocked. Population estimates decreased from initial inoculation to final sampling for each cell type suspended in spent brine (P â ¤ 0.05), but only healthy and heat- shocked cells suspended in fresh brine were significantly reduced (P â ¤ 0.05). Knowledge of UV dosing required to control L. monocytogenes in brines used during RTE meat processing, and a greater understanding of the interactions that may influence dose will aid manufacturers in establishing appropriate food safety interventions for these products.Ph. D.
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Kaiser, Horst, A. K. Gordon e T. G. Paulet. "Review of the African distribution of the brine shrimp genus Artemia". Water SA, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007963.
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Brine shrimp (genus Artemia) are small (8 to 12 mm long) cosmopolitan crustaceans (Anostraca) found predominately in hypersaline water bodies such as inland salt lakes and pans, coastal lagoons, and salt works at salinity levels above 40 g(.)l[superscript(-1)]. They have been extensively studied due to their high monetary value as food for larval fish in aquaculture and their unique reproductive strategies. Brine shrimp occur as either bisexual species or as parthenogenetic populations. Despite published reviews of their world-wide distribution little is known about their occurrence in Africa. This review adds new information about 70 African Artemia sites and lists 26 potential sites and their coordinates. Sixteen sites in Southern Africa and Namibia were visited during a collecting trip, and new information on the reproductive mode of nine of these sites is given. Several South African populations exhibit bisexual reproduction. In Namibia there are two parthenogenetic populations (Walvis Bay and Swartkops) and an additional bisexual population (Hentie's Bay). A mixed population (bisexual and parthenogenetic reproduction at the same site) was found at Coega, South Africa.
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Maus, Sönke. "On brine entrapment in sea ice morphological stability, microstructure and convection". Berlin Logos-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2938399&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Steinwinder, Thomas Riemann Zhao Dongye. "Engineered treatment of As-laden regeneration brine from ion exchange processes". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/STEINWINDER_THOMAS_33.pdf.
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Vecchio, Daniel. "Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Brine to Water Heat Pump Systems". Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143190.
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This research project is part of a wider project called Smart Fault Detection and Diagnosis for HeatPump Systems currently under development by the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).Generally, maintenance, diagnosis and repair of heat pumps are manual operations. The qualityof the service relies almost exclusively on the skills, experience and motivation of the HVAC-Rtechnician. Moreover, professional technicians are only called up after a remarkable failure occursand not to perform routine follow up.The main objective of this master thesis will be to propose a method for fault detection of thebrine to water heat pump systems under operating conditions. It will be done by focusing into ninetests faults related to the first boundary level which represents the heat pump unit, the brine andwater loop. A model based approach was developed to generate features and parameters capableof reading the status of the system. The fault detection was done by imposing test faults in the model and evaluating the trend of the performance parameters. By comparing the predicted fault free values with the actual values (Residuals) from the model, several algorithms were proposed and conducted in order to obtain an online fault detection and diagnosis. It is concluded that the fault trend analysis can, in principle, provide a solution to detect faults in heat pump systems. The algorithms are considered user friendly tools, however more improvementsneeds to be done to include more faults and increase its resolution.
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Abuasbeh, Mohammad. "Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Brine to Water Heat Pump Systems". Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183595.
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The overall objective of this thesis is to develop methods for fault detection and diagnosis for ground source heat pumps that can be used by servicemen to assist them to accurately detect and diagnose faults during the operation of the heat pump. The aim of this thesis is focused to develop two fault detection and diagnosis methods, sensitivity ratio and data-driven using principle component analysis. For the sensitivity ratio method model, two semi-empirical models for heat pump unit were built to simulate fault free and faulty conditions in the heat pump. Both models have been cross-validated by fault free experimental data. The fault free model is used as a reference. Then, fault trend analysis is performed in order to select a pair of uniquely sensitive and insensitive parameters to calculate the sensitivity ratio for each fault. When a sensitivity ratio value for a certain fault drops below a predefined value, that fault is diagnosed and an alarm message with that fault appears. The simulated faults data is used to test the model and the model successfully detected and diagnosed the faults types that were tested for different operation conditions. In the second method, principle component analysis is used to drive linear correlations of the original variables and calculate the principle components to reduce the dimensionality of the system. Then simple clustering technique is used for operation conditions classification and fault detection and diagnosis process. Each fault is represented by four clusters connected with three lines where each cluster represents different fault intensity level. The fault detection is performed by measuring the shortest orthogonal distance between the test point and the lines connecting the faults’ clusters. Simulated fault free and faulty data are used to train the model. Then, a new set of simulated faults data is used to test the model and the model successfully detected and diagnosed all faults type and intensity level of the tested faults for different operation conditions. Both models used simple seven temperature measurements, two pressure measurements (from which the condensation and evaporation temperatures are calculated) and the electrical power, as an input to the fault detection and diagnosis model. This is to reduce the cost and make it more convenient to implement. Finally, for each models, a user friendly graphical user interface is built to facilitate the model operation by the serviceman.
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Ogden, David D. "Enthalpy of Vaporization of Hypersaline Brine from 230 to 280 bar". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1515061054240954.
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O'Sullivan, John. "Technologies to enhance brine disposal at regional desalination plants in WA". Thesis, O'Sullivan, John (2018) Technologies to enhance brine disposal at regional desalination plants in WA. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/44809/.
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A set of studies was carried out to see whether it would be feasible to implement technologies to enhance evaporation ponds as a form of brine disposal at regional desalination plants. The technologies in question were Wind Assisted Intensified Vaporization (WAIV) and a Fluidized Bed Pellet Reactor complimenting a reverse osmosis system. Aided by the Water Corporation, the studies were conducted to see whether the technologies were feasible to introduce to three water treatment plant sites using evaporation ponds in Western Australia. The study was conducted by the combination of modelling with the advice from the Water Corporation and other water treatment companies. The studies revealed that the technologies were not feasible due to costs and the conditions at these sites. Therefore, further modelling was done to find in what circumstances these technologies would be feasible. Findings indicated that increasing brine flows, reducing costs or adhering to certain water qualities could create scenarios where these technologies would be feasible. The research project should provide valuable information for future construction or expansion of regional desalination plants in Western Australia.
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Soliz, Deserié H. "Production of the Forage Halophyte Atriplex lentiformis on Reverse Osmosis Brine". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202737.
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Throughout the arid and semi-arid regions, researchers have been looking at different ways to deal with the salinity problem of the soil and water as well as feed for the livestock. Study 1 focused on a pilot project conducted in an irrigation district in Marana, AZ, USA, looking at using Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentrate on Atriplex lentiformis (quailbush) and then harvesting the plant to be tested for its possible use as a supplement in feed for livestock. Three irrigation treatments were tested based on the potential evapotranspiration rate (ET(o)): (1) plots irrigated at ET(o) adjusted daily via an on-site micrometeorology station; (2) plots irrigated at 1.5 ET(o) adjusted daily; (3) plots irrigated at a constant rate throughout the year based on the mean of annual ET(o). The plants produced 15-24 tons ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of biomass and could be irrigated at the rate of ET(o), ca. 2 m yr⁻¹ at this location. It was concluded that irrigation of halophyte forage crops provide a viable strategy for extending water supplies and disposing of saline water in arid-zone irrigation districts. Study 2 focused on a field data from Study 1 and two greenhouse experiments. The greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2010. The 2010 greenhouse trials, under well-watered conditions, showed that the apparent zero-point-salinity for yield was 47.3 g L⁻¹ TDS. An additional greenhouse experiment was conducted in which plants in sealed pots were grown to the wilting point on a single application of water. The experiment was conducted at different salinities to see if salinity and water stress were additive factors in reducing yield and Water Use Efficiency (WUE). To the contrary, yield and WUE actually increased as a function of salinity, perhaps due to conversion from C3 to C4 photosynthesis over the salinity range (noted in other studies with A. lentiformis). We conclude that xerohalophytes such as A. lentiformis could greatly extend the useful range of salinities under which forage crops can be grown in arid-zone irrigation districts.
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Ashayer-Soltani, Roya. "Surfactant phase behaviour in relation to oil recovery". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8736.
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Hj, Abd Rahman Siti R. "Water Quality Alert System for Detection of Brine Spills Using Low-Cost Technology". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493906603892495.
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Siguba, Maxhobandile. "The development of appropriate brine electrolysers for disinfection of rural water supplies". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_6284_1180438520.
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A comparative study of electrolysers using different anodic materials for the electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride) for the production of sodium hypochlorite as a source of available chlorine for disinfection of rural water supplies has been undertaken. The electrolyser design used was tubular in form, having two chambers i.e. anode inside and cathode outside, separated by a tubular inorganic ceramic membrane. The anode was made of titanium rod coated with a thin layer of platinum and a further coat of metal oxide. The cathode was made of stainless steel wire. An assessment of these electrolysers was undertaken by studying the effects of some variable parameters i.e.current, voltage and sodium chloride concentration. The cobalt electrolyser has been shown to be superior as compared to the ruthenium dioxide and manganese dioxide electrolysers in terms of hypochlorite generation. Analysis of hydroxyl radicals was undertaken since there were claims that these are produced during brine electrolysis. Hydroxyl radical analysis was not successful, since sodium hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid interfere using the analytical method described in this study.
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Fatoba, Ojo Olanrewaju. "Chemical interactions and mobility of species infly ash-brine co-disposal systems". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5672_1305271283.
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The primary aim of these coal fired industries for co-disposing fly ash and brine was to use the fly ash as a sustainable salt sink. It is therefore important to study the interaction chemistry of the fly ash-brine systems to fully understand the leaching and mobility of the contaminant species, and to determine the possibility of capturing the salts from the brine solution when fly ash and brine are co-disposed. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of this study, several leaching procedures such as batch reaction tests, long-term fly ash-brine interaction tests, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) tests, up-flow percolation tests and sequential extraction tests were employed. The geochemical modeling software was applied to predict the formation of secondary mineral phases controlling the release of species in the fly ash-brine systems. Several analytical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were applied to characterize the fresh fly ashes, solid residues recovered from the fly ash-brine interaction tests, the brine sample used in this study and the leachate samples in order to determine the chemical and mineralogical compositions and speciation of the waste materials.
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Chiguvare, Herbert. "Phytochemical analyses and Brine shrimp (Artemia Salina) lethality studies on Syzygium cordatum". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004352.
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Syzygium cordatum Hoscht ex. C Krauss, also known as water berry, is normally used by the people of South Africa for respiratory ailments including tuberculosis, stomach complaints, treatment of wounds and as emetics. An extract of the leaves can be used as a purgative for diarrhoea treatment. The leaves of Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae were obtained from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, air dried and sequential solvent extraction was done to obtain various non volatile crude extracts. The volatile extract, that is the essential oil was extracted from the leaves using hydrodistillation and analysis of compounds was done by GC/MS for composition. 32 compounds were obtained from the fresh leaves and 18 compounds were obtained from the dry leaves. The fresh oil contains caryophyllene (11.8 percent) and caryophyllene oxide (11.1 percent) as the main sesquiterpene component. α-Pinene(5.0 percent) was the only monoterpene compound identified in the fresh oil in substantial amount. The dry leaves oil had copanene (17.0 percent), β-Caryophellene (26.0 percent), cubenol (6.5 percent) and caryophellene oxide (14.2 percent) as the dominant constituent of the oil. Summary of the classes of compounds in the oil revealed that the chemical profile of both oils were dominated by sesquiterpenoid compounds. This is the first time that terpenoids compounds are being identified in both the fresh and dry leaf oil of S. cordatum. Hexane leaf extract was selected due to the interest in the terpenoid compounds. Column chromatography of the hexane crude gave five (5) of which two are fully reported. The isolates were fully elucidated using spectroscopic methods to be β-Sitosterol (HC3) and Friedela-3-one (HC1A/HC1D). Cytotoxicity analysis was carried out on the crude using the Brine shrimps assay. Isolates 1C and1D showed significant lethality using the brine shrimps assay with lethality values (LC50) of 4.105mg/ml for HC1C and 4.11mg/ml for 1D/1A respectively.
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Liu, Jinshu. "Sulfate, nitrate and selenium reduction in mining wastewater brine using anaerobic bacteria". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54713.
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The mining industry is a water usage intensive industry that generates large volumes of wastewater. This wastewater is technically difficult to treat when it is very saline. Large quantities of reagents are needed for chemical treatment, which is very expensive. The current thesis explores the possibility of using anaerobic bacteria to treat highly saline wastewater, as an alternative and more cost effective technology. Specifically, the concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and selenium were monitored, as these are constituents of concern at many mine sites. Samples of brine at different stages of a reverse osmosis treatment process were received from a mining company. Growth media for anaerobic bacteria were made according to the concentrations of chemicals present in the bine samples with certain amendments. Three sediment samples collected from different mine environments were tested as inocula for the experiment. Three growth conditions were also designed in order to determine the best suitable treatment conditions: condition #1 contains additional ammonia and iron salt as nutrients, condition #2 has only additional iron salt as nutrient and condition #3 has only zero-valent iron as an alternative additional iron source. DNA samples were extracted from culture sediments and analyzed using qPCR. Based on the results obtained, it was found that different combinations of inocula and growth condition were suitable for removing the most amount of sulfate, nitrate or selenium separately. In order to remove all three constituents at the same time, the best treatment was using inoculum collected from Mount Polley and adding only iron (II) chloride salt as nutrient besides carbon sources (condition #2).Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Hertz, Michael J. "Variations in the brine chemical composition of the Oriskany Sandstone of Ohio /". Connect to resource, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/24794.
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Orr, Thomas B. "Sediment toxicity associated with oil and/or brine spills in southern Illinois /". Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1324375501&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nyale, Sammy Mwasaha. "Chemical, physical and morphological changes in weathered brine slurried coal fly ash". University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5427.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScEnergy production from coal comes with an environmental cost because of the toxic waste produced during coal combustion such as coal ash and brine which are potential water and soil pollutants. Coal ash and brine contain toxic elements which can leach and contaminate soils and ground water if not properly disposed. This study investigated the mobility of species in coal fly ash co-disposed with brine at Sasol Secunda power station in order to establish if the ash dam could act as a salt sink. The ash was dumped as a slurry with 5:1 brine/ash ratio and the dam was in operation for 20 years. It was hypothesized that the disposed Secunda fly ash was capable of leaching toxic metal elements into the surrounding soils and ground water and therefore could not be used as a long term sustainable salt sink. Weathered fly ash samples were collected along a 51 m depth core at the Secunda ash dam by drilling and sampling the ash at 1.5 m depth intervals. A fresh fly ash sample was collected from the hoppers in the ash collection system at the power station. Characterization of both Secunda fresh ash and Secunda weathered ash core samples was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for chemical composition and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology. Analysis of extracted pore water and moisture content determination of Secunda fresh ash and Secunda weathered ash core samples was done in order to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of the fly ash. The chemical partitioning and mobility of metal species in the ash dam was evaluated using the sequential extraction procedure. The XRD spectra revealed quartz, mullite and calcite as the dominant mineral phases in the weathered Secunda ash core samples while Secunda fresh ash contained quartz, mullite and lime. The major oxides identified by XRF analysis for both Secunda fresh ash and Secunda weathered ash include: SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, Fe₂O₃, MgO, Na₂O, TiO₂ and K₂O. The minor oxides identified for both Secunda fresh ash and Secunda weathered ash were P₂O₅, SO₃ and MnO. The trace elements identified for both Secunda fresh ash and Secunda weathered ash were As, Ba, Ce, Co, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zr and Th. However, U was detected in some of the Secunda weathered ash samples but not in Secunda fresh ash. Both Secunda fresh ash and Secunda weathered ash was classified as class F based on the sum of the oxides of silicon, aluminium and iron by mass and the CaO content as reported by XRF analysis, and further classified as sialic and ferrocalsialic type highlighting the significant levels of Si, Al, Ca and Fe in the fly ash based on XRF analysis. The XRF analysis further showed that brine codisposal on the ash may have been responsible for the slight enrichment of some species such as Na, SO₄²⁻, Mg, K and V in the disposed Secunda weathered fly ash. However, there was no significant accumulation of these species in the disposed fly ash despite continuous addition of an estimated 117.65 billion litres of brine over the 20 year period that the dam existed. Furthermore, Secunda ash dam showed an overall total salt capture capacity of only -0.01 weight %, a strong indication that the ash dam was incapable of holding salts and would release elements to the environment over time. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed spherical particles with smooth outer surfaces for Secunda fresh ash while Secunda ash core samples consisted of agglomerated, irregular particles appearing to be encrusted, etched and corroded showing that weathering and leaching had occurred in the ash dam. A decrease in pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was observed in Secunda ash core samples compared to Secunda fresh ash. While Secunda fresh ash (n = 3) had a pH of 12.38 ± 0.15, EC value of 4.98 ± 0.03 mS/cm and TDS value of 2.68 ± 0.03 g/L, the pH of Secunda ash core (n = 35) was 10.04 ± 0.50, the EC value was 1.08 ± 0.14 mS/cm and the TDS value was 0.64 ± 0.08 g/L. The lower pH in the ash dam created an environment conducive to the release of species through leaching, while the lower EC and TDS in the ash dam implied the loss of ionic species from the ash which resulted from leaching. The moisture content (MC) analysis indicated that Secunda ash dam was very damp with an average MC of 54.2 ± 12.66 % for Secunda ash core creating favourable conditions for leaching of species in the ash dam while Secunda fresh ash had MC of 1.8 ± 0.11 %. The bottom of Secunda ash dam appeared water logged which could cause slumping of the dam. The sequential extraction procedure revealed that the major and trace elements contained in both Secunda fresh fly ash and Secunda weathered fly ash could leach upon exposure to different environmental conditions. The elements showed partitioning between five geochemical phases i.e. water soluble fraction, exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, Fe & Mn fraction and residual fraction. The labile phases consisted of the water soluble fraction, exchangeable fraction and carbonate fraction. The % leached out in the labile phases was expressed as a fraction of each element‟s total content e.g. Si (6.15 %) meant that 6.15 % of the total amount of Si in the ash was released in the labile phases. Na was the most labile among the major elements in the ash dam while Si and Al which form the major aluminosilicate ash matrix also showed significant lability. The % leached out in the labile phases for these major elements was as follows: for Secunda fresh ash: Si (6.15 %), Al (7.84 %), Na (11.31 %); for weathered Secunda ash core samples (n = 35): Si (7.53 %), Al (8.12 %), Na (11.63 %). This study showed that the fly ash generated at Sasol Secunda power station could not be used as a long term sustainable salt sink. The wet disposal method used at Sasol Secunda power station poses a high risk of groundwater contamination due to the high liquid to solid ratio used to transport the ash for disposal, which may lead to rapid dissolution of all the soluble components in the fly ash. The large volumes of brine that pass through Secunda ash dam in the wet ash handling system present a greater environmental concern than the dry ash handling system which involves small amounts of brine entering the ash dump.
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De, Paz Rowel. "On-farm desalination: Halophyte and evaporation pond for reverse osmosis brine disposal". Thesis, De Paz, Rowel (2019) On-farm desalination: Halophyte and evaporation pond for reverse osmosis brine disposal. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/54845/.
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Management of brine/reject from reverse osmosis (RO) systems has always been a major concern among the engineering and scientific community. The brine disposal of the RO in the arid region was the main concern in this thesis. The small scale RO plants, located inland need to work out different methods of a brine disposal.
The most common method to disposal brine on a small scale inland desalination plants is with evaporation ponds. But, the evaporation pond can be expensive and land-intensive. This thesis considering the potential way to minimize the area requirements of evaporation ponds by proposing a halophyte wetland upstream of an evaporation pond. Since halophyte can survive into the salty water, the brine from the RO unit can be fed into the wetland which would reduce the flow into the evaporation pond, consequently reducing the evaporation pond area.
An on-farm, solar-powered, small scale (500 L/hour) brackish water RO unit was set up at the Muresk Institute, Northam. The halophyte wetland was designed to reduce evaporation pond area requirements. A previously detailed evaporation pond design model was used to model the evaporation pond based on the outflow from the halophyte wetland. The evaporation pond reduced the size land area from 626 m2 to 353 m2 and saved 273 m2 of land area. The halophyte wetland has reduction area benefits for the evaporation pond. The halophyte wetland was modeled for 431 m2 land area for all seasons and fit to plant 86 old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia).
The evaporation pond with halophyte wetland has the potential to give an extra source of income to the farmers. The seeds of the old man saltbush were used for food sources of aboriginal people and the plant used for livestock grazing. The salt harvesting in the evaporation pond estimated 10 t of salt in every summer season for industrial purposes.
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Bent, Denzil. "A comparison of Brine evaporation rates under controlled conditions in a laboratory". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6443.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Environ & Water Science)There are growing concerns around the environmental issues related to processed water as the demand for potable water is on the increase in South Africa. Effluents discharged from various sectors such as water treatment facilities pose a constant threat to the environment and natural water resources, including rivers and groundwater due to their poor chemical and physical composition. As a result, the demand for predicting the elevated concentrations of salts in a spatial and temporal dimension is constantly growing. The effluent at the eMalahleni water reclamation plant in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is being processed through a triple reverse osmosis that improves the water quality of the mine water to potable standards. Two water quality streams emerge from this process, i.e. a potable standard and the other a brine concentrate which is stored in ponds. Brine ponds are used for inland brine disposal in the eMalahleni water reclamation plant. The large volumes and limited capacity to store brines has placed great emphasis on enhanced evaporation rates to increase the efficiency of the ponds. In order to improve the rate of brine evaporation in the pond, an understanding of the effect of brine salt content and other parameters affecting the rate of evaporation is required. This study aimed at establishing the physical and chemical behaviour of the brine from the eMalahleni plant in a controlled environment. The investigation incorporated actual brine from the eMalahleni plant as well as synthetic salts typical of the major components of the eMalahleni brine.
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Arif, Muhammad. "Experimental Investigation of Wettability of Rock-CO2-Brine for Improved Reservoir Characterization". Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/56429.
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This work is a collection of experimental wettability data of various rock/CO2/brine combinations including calcite, mica, coals of various ranks, and shales of various TOC. Certain microscopic mechanisms responsible for wettability alteration are also addressed. The system investigated turned less water-wet with the increase in pressure and salinity, and more water-wet with temperature increase. The measured data has direct implications for the structural and residual trapping capacities in the context of geological CO2 storage.
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Green, Aaron Wesley. "Oil-Field Brine Impacts on Seed Germination and a Contemporary Remediation Technique for Contaminated Soils". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31571.
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The growth of fossil fuel production in North Dakota has resulted in numerous releases of brine. Brine releases cause vegetation mortality as well as the deterioration of soil structural and edaphic properties. Little research to date has been dedicated to the germination response of plant species grown in North Dakota to brine-induced salinity. Through the exposure of plant seeds to increasing levels of brine and NaCl-induced salinity, it was determined that the graminoid species Elymus hoffmannii (AC Saltlander) and Pascopyrum smithii (Western Wheatgrass) exhibited the greatest germination at high salinities. Current remediation technologies for brine-impacted lands often produce mixed results, requiring further research and testing. In two laboratory experiments, the ability of materials to wick salts from brine-contaminated soils was tested. The results of these studies show that some materials reduced Na concentrations in sandy loam, loam, and silty clay soils by upwards of 88, 89.5, 38.4% respectively.
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Lo, Piccolo Anna. "Arctic ocean submesoscale brine driven eddies: modeling of a sea ice edge front". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Characteristic features of the wintertime Arctic Ocean are narrow and elongated fractures in the sea ice cover, up to hundreds of kilometers long and up to tens of kilometers wide, called leads. Leads expose the ocean to the cold atmosphere, establishing air-sea heat fluxes which freeze the oceanic surface. During new sea ice formation, dense and salt-enriched plumes of brine are rejected into the oceanic mixed-layer. Due to brine rejection, lateral density gradients appear at sea ice edges, creating fronts. Fronts store potential energy and are subjected to gravitational overturning. The effect of Earth's rotation prevents the complete slumping establishing along sea sea ice edge currents in a geostrophic balance state, known as geostrophic adjustment, leaving the isopycnals tilted. Baroclinic instabilities develop and grow into submesoscale eddies - typical vortical coherent structures of the oceanic mixed-layer. Transferring momentum and tracer properties laterally, submesoscale eddies are the leading order process of mixed-layer restratification. Current global climate models can not resolve this small scale turbulence and Arctic Ocean observations are limited due to the presence of sea ice. High resolution numerical models are therefore a powerful tool for investigating these unknown processes. In this work, idealized high resolution model experiments are setup in order to study the wintertime refreezing of an open ocean area near a sea ice edge. The results confirm that submesoscale eddies enhance the mixed-layer restratification subtracting energy from the mean flow and increasing the turbulent kinetic energy. Through the study of lateral density transfer scaling rate, a departure from the deformation radius emerges in geostrophic adjustment experiments and more strongly under ageostrophy predominance. The presence of an ageostrophic diffusion process can explain the frontal region widening.
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Loahardjo, Nina. "Improved oil recovery by sequential waterflooding and by injection of low salinity brine". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1960194421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Wotipka, Samuel Alex. "Seizing a species : the story of the Great Salt Lake brine shrimp harvest". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92636.
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Thesis: S.M. in Science Writing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Humanities, Graduate Program in Science Writing, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 24-26).
In the early 1950s, C.C. "Sparkplug" Sanders began harvesting brine shrimp from Utah's Great Salt Lake. Sanders built up a small business selling their eggs, called "cysts, to aquarium stores across the country. During the 80s, cysts were found to be an effective food source for aquaculture and a multimillion-dollar commercial harvesting industry quickly emerged. As the cysts rose in value, competition between harvesters grew fierce and annual catches soon began to drop. Environmentalists also became concerned, as the shrimp are an important food source for millions of migratory birds. The harvest was almost entirely unregulated during this period. Unlike other fisheries, where industry members have fought government intervention, many of the harvesters called on the state to increase oversight. Scientists hired by Utah's natural resource agency found that no comprehensive studies had ever been conducted on the lake's ecosystem, complicating initial efforts to manage the harvest. A twenty-year effort by the state, harvesters and other stakeholders to develop a science-based management strategy has recently begun to pay off as cyst populations appear to be stabilizing and the harvesting industry has once again become profitable.
by Samuel Alex Wotipka.
S.M. in Science Writing