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1

Madhoo, Jitesh. "Continuous low dose rate irradiation of the rat brain". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26785.

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The reported median survival time for patients who are diagnosed with high grade astrocytomas and who undergo postoperative radiotherapy is of the order of 24 to 40 weeks. The course of radiotherapy administered to these patients takes up a considerable portion of their expected survival time. Therefore, any means of reducing the treatment time may contribute to an enhanced quality of life for these patients. A potentially useful method for the reduction of the treatment time may be achieved with the use of continuous low dose rate external beam radiotherapy, where the treatment is administered over a 12 to 24 hour period. A relationship between fractionated and continuous low dose rate irradiation has been reported for skin, however, no such relationship has been reported for the brain. Low dose rate protocols that are equivalent in effect to fractionated (conventional) protocols can be derived using the linear quadratic theory, provided that quantitative radiobiological data for normal tissue (brain) is known. Thus, the aim of the current study is to test the radiation tolerance of the rat brain to low dose rate and fractionated radiation in order to establish the values for the parameters of the linear quadratic model.
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2

Wedlock, Pauline Margaret. "Behavioural effects of low intensity laser irradiation of the rodent brain". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339311.

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3

Lee, Won Hee. "Molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77254.

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Radiation therapy has been most commonly used modality in the treatment of brain tumors. About 200,000 patients with brain tumors are treated with either partial large field or whole brain irradiation every year in the United States. The use of radiation therapy for treatment of brain tumor, however, can subsequently lead to devastating functional deficits several months to years after treatment. Unfortunately, there are no known successful treatments and effective strategies for mitigating radiation-induced brain injury. In addition, the specific mechanisms by which irradiation causes brain injury in normal tissues are not fully understood. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena could enable the development of more effective therapies to contribute to long-term disease suppression or even cure. Therefore,the primary goal of this research project was to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced brain injury in normal tissues. In the first study, the effects of whole brain irradiation on pro-inflammatory pathways in the brain were examined. Results demonstrated that brain irradiation induces regionally specific alterations in pro-inflammatory environments through activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors (e.g., activator protein-1 (AP-1),nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)) and overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) in brain. This study provides evidence for a differential induction of pro-inflammatory mediators in specific brain regions that have importance for the neurological/neuropathological consequences of irradiation. In the second study, a mathematical model describing radiation-induced mRNA and protein expression kinetics of TNF-α in hippocampus was reconstructed. This study demonstrated that the reaction kinetic model could predict protein expression levels of TNF-α in cortex, suggesting that this model could be used to predict protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in other parts of the brain. In the third study, the effects of aging on radiation-mediated impairment of immune responses in brain were examined. Results showed that radiation-induced acute inflammatory responses, such as overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6),adhesion molecules (e.g., intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin), chemokine MCP-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), are significantly impaired in aged brain. This study suggests that reduced production of pro-inflammatory mediators in response to irradiation compromises the normal host defense mechanisms in damaged brain tissue and subsequently leads to impaired repair/remodeling responses in old individuals. In the fourth study, the effects of irradiation on MMPs/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in brain were examined. Results demonstrated that whole brain irradiation induces an imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs expression, increases gelatinase activity, and degrades collagen type IV in the brain. This study suggests that a radiation-induced imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression may have an important role in the pathogenesis of brain injury by degrading ECM components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) basement membrane. In the fifth study, the effects of irradiation on angiogenic factors and vessel rarefaction in brain were examined. Results demonstrated that whole brain irradiation decreases endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, increases EC apoptosis, and differentially regulates the expression of angiogenic factors such as angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Ang-2, Tie-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in brain. This study suggests that radiation-induced differential regulation of angiogenic factors may be responsible for vessel rarefaction. In summary, the results from these studies demonstrated that whole brain irradiation induces brain injury by triggering pro-inflammatory pathways, degrading extracellular matrix, and altering physiologic angiogenesis. Therefore, this work may be beneficial in defining a new cellular and molecular basis responsible for radiation-induced brain injury. Furthermore, it may provide new opportunities for prevention and treatment of brain tumor patients who are undergoing radiotherapy.
Ph. D.
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4

Pike, G. Bruce (Gilbert Bruce). "Three dimensional stereotaxic intracavitary and external beam isodose calculation for treatment of brain lesions". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65439.

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5

Pontén, Emeli. "Astrocyte response after irradiation of the juvenile brain : -­‐ a study on C57BL/6 strain mice (p21)". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-55163.

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6

Kasahara, Seiko. "Hyperintense dentate nucleus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images is associated with a history of brain irradiation". Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151912.

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7

Spoudeas, Helen Alexandra. "The evolution of growth hormone neurosecretory disturbance during high dose cranial irradiation and chemotherapy for childhood brain tumours". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261873.

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8

Pham, Thao Nguyen. "Biοmathematical insights intο radiatiοn-induced systemic immune effects in brain and head & neck cancer using preclinical and clinical mοdels". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC407.

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La radiothérapie, bien qu'efficace contre les tumeurs, peut perturber le système immunitaire et provoquer une lymphopénie, ce qui impacte négativement les résultats du traitement. Des radiothérapies plus ciblées, telles que la protonthérapie, offrent des perspectives prometteuses pour réduire la lymphopénie. Au-delà de la lymphopénie, les sous-populations de leucocytes dans les lignées lymphoïde et myéloïde ont un impact significatif sur la réponse immunitaire antitumorale. Cette thèse examine l'impact de l'irradiation cérébrale sur le système immunitaire en utilisant la modélisation biomathématique. Des données provenant de diverses sources, y compris des essais cliniques, des études animales et des études in vitro sont utilisées pour construire le modèle. L'analyse de la littérature montre un lien quantitatif entre une diminution du nombre de lymphocytes et une survie réduite des patients. De plus, un nouveau modèle de radiosensibilité (modèle de saturation) des lymphocytes est proposé, prouvant une précision supérieure aux modèles linéaires-quadratiques existants. Les études comparant la radiothérapie par rayons X et la protonthérapie chez les souris ont révélé que les rayons X réduisent significativement le nombre de lymphocytes de plusieurs sous-populations et induit une inflammation persistante. La protonthérapie, en revanche, a un impact minimal sur les sous-populations de lymphocytes grâce à son effet balistique épargnant, entre autres, les ganglions lymphatiques cervicaux. La modélisation a également montré que bien que les lymphocytes B et T puissent se rétablir après une déplétion induite par les rayons X, les tumeurs peuvent retarder de manière significative la récupération des cellules B. En outre, les tumeurs affaiblissent elles-mêmes le système immunitaire en diminuant les lymphocytes T circulants. Les données de l'essai clinique CYRAD suggèrent que des doses élevées de radiation aux ganglions lymphatiques lors du traitement du cancer de la tête et du cou affectent de manière significative le nombre de lymphocytes circulants, indépendamment de la dose reçue par le sang lui-même. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de prendre en compte l'irradiation à la fois du sang mais aussi des ganglions lymphatiques pour préserver le système immunitaire pendant la radiothérapie
Radiotherapy, while effective against tumors, can disturb the immune system and cause lymphopenia, which negatively impacts patient outcomes. Beyond lymphopenia, leukocyte subpopulations of lymphoid and myeloid lineages also have a significant impact on antitumor immune response. More targeted radiation therapies like proton therapy offer promise in reducing lymphopenia. We investigated the impact of brain irradiation on the immune system using biomathematical modeling. Data from various published sources, i.e., clinical trials in humans, animal studies and in vitro data, were used to build the models. A quantitative link between low lymphocyte count and poor patient survival was confirmed using the linear-quadratic model. Modelling accuracy was improved by integrating saturation effects on lymphocyte radiosensitivity (as conceptualized by a new “saturation model” of our own). Modeling based on mice data showed that X-ray therapy significantly reduced lymphocyte counts of multiple subpopulations and induced persistent inflammation while proton therapy had minimal impact on lymphocyte subpopulations, mostly by its ballistic sparing of cervical lymph nodes. Non-linear mixed-effect modeling also showed that while both B and T-lymphocytes recovered after X-ray-induced depletion, tumors could significantly delay B-cell recovery and reduce circulating T cell counts in mice. Additionally, data from a clinical trial in humans suggested that therapeutic radiation doses to lymph nodes significantly affected circulating lymphocyte counts, regardless of the dose to the blood. These findings highlight the importance of considering blood but also lymph node irradiation for preserving the circulating immune cells during and after radiotherapy
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9

Martigne, Patrick. "Neuropathologie radio-induite : des effets précoces aux séquelles tardives : études comportementales et métaboliques chez le rat après irradiation globale sublétale". Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENS012.

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Le dogme relatif à la radiorésistance du Système Nerveux Central (SNC) a vécu. Les progrès en neurosciences permettent aujourd'hui de reconsidérer les dysfonctionnements cognitifs radio-induits observés au décours des radiothérapies ou après un accident d'irradiation, et d'envisager des moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques adaptés. Nous avons développé un modèle Rat afin d'étudier les effets d'une irradiation gamma corps entier à dose sublétale (4,5 Gy). Celle-ci induit des troubles de l'apprentissage et de la mémorisation d'une tâche en cours d'acquisition durant le premier mois – lesquels sont prévenus par l'administration d'une molécule radioprotectrice de référence (amifostine) – tandis qu'elle ne semble pas perturber la mémoire rétrograde. Précocement, une vague apoptotique survient 5 à 9 heures après exposition dans la zone sous-ventriculaire avec, en parallèle, une neurogenèse anéantie. Deux jours après irradiation, l'étude métabolique ex vivo réalisée par RMN HRMAS (High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning) suggère la présence d'un œdème cérébral tandis que l'étude des lipides cérébraux en RMN liquide confirme l'atteinte membranaire (élévation du cholestérol et des phospholipides). Le profil lipidique se normalise ensuite tandis qu'une réaction gliale apparait. Enfin, 1 mois post-irradiation, l'élévation du GABA, neurotransmetteur inhibiteur du SNC, dans 2 structures cérébrales distinctes, s'accompagne d'une diminution de la taurine dans l'hippocampe qui persiste 6 mois. Notre modèle intégré permet ainsi de valider des biomarqueurs quantifiables en spectroscopie RMN in vivo – prochaine étape expérimentale – et de tester de nouvelles thérapeutiques radioprotectrices
The radioresistance dogma of Central Nervous System (CNS) is now obsolete. Recent progress in neuroscience allow us to reconsider the radiation-induced cognitive dysfunctions observed after radiation therapy or after a nuclear accident, and to devise appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic means. We have developed a Rat model to study the effects of total body irradiation at a sublethal dose (4. 5 Gy). This leads to impaired learning and memory of a task being acquired during the first month – which is prevented by administration of a radioprotector (amifostine) – while it does not appear to affect retrograde memory. Early, an apoptotic wave occurs in the sub-ventricular zone, 5 to 9 hours after exposure, while neurogenesis is suppressed. Two days after irradiation, the metabolic study conducted by NMR HRMAS (High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning) suggests the presence of cerebral oedema and the study of brain lipids in liquid NMR confirms the membrane damages (elevated cholesterol and phospholipids). The lipid profile is then normalized while a gliosis appears. Finally, 1 month post-irradiation, the elevation of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, in 2 separate brain structures, occurs simultaneously with a taurine decrease in the hippocampus that lasts 6 months. Our integrated model allows validating biomarkers measurable in vivo NMR spectroscopy – the next experimental stage – and testing new radiation-protective agents
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10

Dwiri, Fatima azzahra. "Impacts de l'irradiation ciblée sur le tissu cérébral et les déficits cognitifs : études multiparamétriques et longitudinales chez le rat". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC411.

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Bien que la radiothérapie, traitement incontournable en neuro-oncologie, améliore la survie des patients, elle affecte de manière considérable le tissu cérébral sain avoisinant la tumeur conduisant à des déficits cognitifs qui sont retrouvés chez 50 à 90 % des patients. Les avancées technologiques réalisées lors de la dernière décennie ont permis de concevoir de nouvelles techniques d’irradiation avec des propriétés balistiques prometteuses. Cependant, leurs intérêts pour prévenir la radiotoxicité cérébrale reste à démontrer, en s’appuyant notamment sur des recherches précliniques pour lesquelles l’utilisation de ces techniques de radiothérapie est fragmentaire à ce jour. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse a été de caractériser, chez le rat adulte sain ou porteur d’une tumeur cérébrale, les effets de l’irradiation cérébrale ciblée sur l’intégrité tissulaire et les déficits cognitifs, d’une part de manière multiparamétrique via l’utilisation de l’imagerie IRM, de différents tests comportementaux ainsi que des analyses immunohistologiques, et d’autre part de manière longitudinale avec un suivi des animaux jusqu’à 6 mois après irradiation. Collectivement, nos données montrent, comme attendu et en accord avec la littérature, que l’irradiation du cerveau sain entier engendre des déficits dans les processus d’apprentissage, de mémorisation et d’émotion, et ceci pendant les phases aiguës et chroniques. De même, ce paradigme d’irradiation est associé à des altérations du tissu cérébral. Cependant, et d’une manière un peu surprenante par rapport à notre hypothèse de départ, l’irradiation d’un seul hémisphère n’a pas modifié de façon significative les performances cognitives évaluées et n’a pas altéré l’intégrité du tissu cérébral. Les résultats obtenus dans le modèle de tumeur cérébrale montrent des déficits cognitifs suite à une irradiation cerveau entier, lesquels sont aussi observés avec l’irradiation hémisphérique mais avec des effets moindres. Malheureusement, du fait des effectifs faibles au sein des groupes expérimentaux, il est difficile de conclure sur le fait que les déficits cognitifs radio-induits observés soient exacerbés en présence de tumeur
Although radiotherapy, an essential treatment in neuro-oncology, improves the survival of patients, it significantly affects the surrounding healthy brain tissue, leading to cognitive deficits found in 50 to 90% of patients. Technological advancements made in the last decade have allowed the development of new irradiation techniques with promising ballistic properties. However, their potential for preventing cerebral radiotoxicity remains to be demonstrated, relying mainly on preclinical research, for which the use of these radiotherapy techniques is currently fragmented. The objective of this thesis work was to characterize the effects of targeted brain irradiation on tissue integrity and cognitive deficits in healthy adult rats and rats bearing brain tumor. This characterization was done through multiparametric imaging using MRI, various behavioral tests, as well as immunohistological analyses. Furthermore, a longitudinal approach was employed, with the animals being monitored up to 6 months after irradiation. Collectively, our data demonstrate, as expected and in accordance with the literature, that whole-brain irradiation leads to deficits in learning, memory, and emotion processes, both during acute and chronic phases. Similarly, this irradiation paradigm is associated with alterations in brain tissue. However, somewhat surprisingly compared to our initial hypothesis, irradiation of a single hemisphere did not significantly modify the evaluated cognitive performances or compromise tissue integrity. In the brain tumor model, cognitive deficits were observed following whole-brain irradiation, which were also present with hemispheric irradiation but with lesser effects. Unfortunately, due to low sample sizes within the experimental groups, it is difficult to conclude whether the observed radio-induced cognitive deficits are exacerbated in the presence of a tumor
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Evans, Teresa Ann. "In Vivo Observations of Resident Microglia and Blood Derived Macrophages in the Brain and Spinal Cord". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1396399768.

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12

Pouthier, Thomas. "Mise en évidence de cassures double brin de l'ADN induites par irradiation de kératinocytes humains en microfaisceau alpha". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353412.

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Comprendre les modes d'interaction des rayonnements ionisants avec la matière vivante, notamment lors de l'exposition à de faibles doses telles que celles que l'on peut trouver dans un environnement industriel ou dans la nature, reste un enjeu majeur pour l'évaluation du risque associé. Il s'agit d'un problème de société qui n'a pu malheureusement trouver de réponse dans les études épidémiologiques classiques dans la mesure où les quelques données fiables concernent plutôt des expositions accidentelles à des doses beaucoup plus élevées. L'exposition naturelle représente pourtant la première source dans la vie courante juste devant les sources d'origines médicales (radiologie, radiothérapie). Ce type d'exposition est très difficile à reproduire en laboratoire sur des lignées cellulaires. La méthode principalement utilisée, basée sur l'irradiation aléatoire de populations cellulaires, consiste à calculer le nombre moyen de particules ayant interagi par cellule et repose ainsi sur des lois de distribution statistique (loi de Poisson). En plus des inévitables impacts multiples, la variété des cibles intracellulaires touchées (noyau, cytoplasme), les effets indirects induits par les impacts sur les cellules voisines ou simplement extracellulaires sont autant de phénomènes qui compliquent alors sérieusement l'interprétation des données.

Dans ce contexte, un microfaisceau de particules  a été développé au CENBG pour réaliser des irradiations ciblées à l'échelle sub-cellulaire avec une précision de quelques micromètres. Il est ainsi possible de contrôler le nombre exact de particules délivrées par cellule (jusqu'à la dose ultime d'un ion par cellule), de prédéterminer avec précision le point d'impact et d'irradier certaines cellules tout en vérifiant la réponse de cellules voisines.

La validation de ce dispositif a été réalisée au cours de ce travail de thèse, sur des kératinocytes humains exprimant une protéine recombinante nucléaire fluorescente (histone H2B-GFP) en mettant en évidence des dommages nucléaires radio-induits spécifiques et dose-dépendant. La combinaison de techniques telles que le microfaisceau d'ions, la microscopie confocale et l'analyse quantitative numérique a permis de mesurer, in situ et à l'échelle de la cellule unique, la cinétique de phosphorylation de la protéine histone H2A.X et d'aborder ainsi l'étude des processus de réparation de l'ADN et d'induction de l'apoptose. Les résultats expérimentaux ont validé la méthodologie développée en démontrant la reproductibilité du tir et le contrôle de la dose grâce à la mise en évidence d'une relation dose-effet qui a été également étudiée en fonction du temps.
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Meylan, Sylvain. "Développement d'un outil de simulation multi-échelle adapté au calcul des dommages radio-induits précoces dans des cellules exposées à des irradiations d'ions légers (proton et alpha)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0184/document.

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Ce travail de thèse, réalisé dans le cadre des projets de recherche ROSIRIS (IRSN) et Geant4-DNA, porte sur la construction d’une simulation multi-échelle dédiée au calcul des dommages radio-induits précoces à l’ADN qui peuvent apparaître suite à l’irradiation d’un noyau cellulaire. L’outil développé s’appuie sur une version modifiée du code de Monte Carlo Geant4-DNA et est capable de simuler dans le détail le transport et les interactions physiques entre l’irradiation ionisante et la matière biologique (étape physique), la création d’espèces chimiques (étape physico-chimique) et les réactions et processus de diffusion de ces dernières (étape chimique). Durant la simulation de ces trois étapes, un modèle géométrique de l’ADN, décrivant l’ensemble du génome humain avec une précision moléculaire, est généré avec un nouveau logiciel développé dans le cadre de cette thèse : DnaFabric. Les premiers résultats obtenus pour des irradiations avec des protons et des ions alpha sont détaillés et comparés à des données de la littérature. Un bon accord est observés avec ces dernières illustrant ainsi la cohérence de l’ensemble de la simulation. L’influence très significative du critère de sélection utilisé pour identifier les dommages à l’ADN est également démontrée
This work was performed in the frame of the ROSIRIS (IRSN) and Geant4-DNA research projects and describes the development of a simulation tool to compute radioinduced early DNA damages in a cell nucleus. The modeling tool is based on a modified version of the Monte Carlo code Geant4-DNA and is able to simulate the physical interactions between ionizing particles and the biological target (physical stage), the creation of chemical species within the cell nucleus (physico-chemical stage) as well as the reactions and diffusion processes of these chemical species (chemical stage). During all the simulation, a geometrical model that describes the DNA content of a human diploid cell nucleus is taken into account. This model was generated with a new software (DnaFabric) developed in the frame of this work and has a molecular level of detail.The first results (in term of DNA strand breaks) obtained with this tool are detailed and compared with experimental data from the literature. The good agreement between the simulation results and those data shows the coherence of our modeling. The significant influence of the selection criteria used to identify the DNA damages is also demonstrated
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Colin, Catherine. "Effets radiobiologiques des irradiations mammographiques sur l'épithélium mammaire : cassures double-brin de l'ADN, interactions avec les prédispositions génétiques au cancer du sein et impacts sur les modalités de dépistages". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10063.

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Le risque potentiel de cancer induit par les irradiations mammographiques est sujet de santé publique majeur, d’intérêt médical et scientifique. Le but de ce travail a été de quantifier les cassures double-brin (CDB) de l’ADN en conditions exactes d’irradiations mammographiques. Cette quantification a été effectuée sur des cellules épithéliales mammaires non transformées issues de biopsies échoguidées en tissu sain en utilisant l’immunofluorescence de la protéine histone H2AX phosphorylée (γH2AX), avant, 10 min et 24 h après irradiation . Deux populations de patientes ont été incluses dans l’étude 19 sans antécédent familial de cancer du sein et/ou de l’ovaire (faible risque, FR) et 11 à haut risque identifié par le généticien avec ou sans mutation (haut risque, HR). En effet, les gènes mutés suppresseurs de tumeurs (BRCA1, BRCA2, CHK2, ATM, p53, PTEN) sont également impliqués dans la signalisation et/ou réparation des CDB. Spontanément, les patientes HR ont montré significativement plus de CDB spontanées que les LR. Trois effets radiobiologiques majeurs ont été mis en évidence : 1) Un effet de la dose, plus important chez les HR ; 2) Une augmentation significative du nombre de foci γH2AX entre 10 min et 24 h après irradiation ; 3) Un effet de répétition de dose, plus marqué chez les HR. Ces constatations devraient conduire à la ré-évaluation des séquences de dépistages mammographiques dans les populations où le bénéfice en terme de mortalité n’a pas été prouvé, comme dans la tranche d’âge des 40-49 ans et dans la surveillance des patientes où sont recommandées de façon annuelle IRM et mammographie dès l’âge de 30 ans ou 35 ans, les hauts risques et les femmes aux antécédents d’irradiation thoracique dans l’enfance, l’adolescence ou jeune adulte. Une seule incidence mammographique en dépistage pourrait être préconisée en dépistage dans l’attente de travaux radiobiologiques complémentaires évaluant la carcinogenèse éventuelle des irradiations mammographiques
The potential risk of cancer induced by radiation mammography is a major public health issue, medical and scientific interest. The purpose of this study was to quantify the double-strand break (DSB) DNA in exact terms of mammographic radiation. This quantification was performed on untransformed mammary epithelial cells from ultrasound-guided biopsies in healthy tissue using fluorescent protein phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) before, 10 min and 24 h after irradiation. Two patient populations were included in the study : 19 with no family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer (low risk, LR) and 11 high-risk identified by the geneticist with or without mutation (high risk, HR). Indeed, mutated tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, CHK2, ATM, p53, PTEN) are also involved in signaling and/or repair of DSBs. Spontaneously, patients showed significantly higher HR of DSBs that spontaneous LR. Three major radiobiological effects were highlighted : 1) A dose low effect, higher in HR; 2) A significant increase in the number of γH2AX foci from 10 min to 24 h after irradiation; 3) An effect of repeated doses more pronounced in HR. These findings should lead to re-evaluate mammographics procedures in screnning in populations where the benefit in term of mortality has not been proved, as women with high familial risk, in the age of group of 40-49 years, and in women treated with chest radiation for childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer. A single mammographic view could be indicated. Further works assessing the possible carcinogenesis effects of mammographic irradiations will be necessary
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WEN, CHENG-CHIEH, e 文正傑. "The Effect of Exercise on Cognitive Deficits Induced by Whole Brain Irradiation". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jk3pc4.

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碩士
慈濟科技大學
放射醫學科學研究所
107
Radiation therapy is a common and important therapeutic way for brain tumor. However, cranial irradiation also has some side effects, including the cognition dysfunction, memory loss and decrease of learning, and these side effects cause the reduction of life quality. Some studies have investigated how to improve these declines. In animal studies, researchers have tried to use the drugs, stem cells and even exercises. For example, using the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists or selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (NS-398) enabled to reduce the inflammation in brain after whole brain irradiation (WBI) in animals. Transplantation of neural stem cells enhanced the hippocampal neurogenesis and this attenuated the damages induced by WBI. These treatments also improved the cognition dysfunction. Furthermore, some animal studies have shown that exercise enabled to enhance the hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroaxonal plasticity and neuronal survivals. In the present study, young adult male mice were used and forced to run in the treadmill for 60 min per day, five days a week, for four weeks. In one week before WBI, one week and eight weeks after exercise, animals were examined by the behavioral tests, including the locomotion, elevated plus maze, tail suspension and novel object recognition tests. Animals were sacrificed one or eight weeks after exercise to examine inflammation- and neurogenesis-related factors in brain regions. These included brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, phospho-AKT (p-AKT), interleukin-6 (IL6) and phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) examined by western blotting, and cycloxygenase 2 (COX-2), AKT and inducible nitric oxidase were examined by quantitative PCR. From the results of in the dose response test at the 6th week after the WBI, the cognitive damages were increased with the increase of the dose, and the exercise improved the cognitive damages through the novel object recognition examination 13 weeks after WBI showed that the improvement of cognition by exercise was decreased. The results in of the hot plate test for cognition showed that exercise had the benefitical effects The results in tail suspension test showed that mice displayed depression-like responses in the13th week after 10 Gy radiations and exercised enabled to decrease this response. The results in elevated plus maze test showed that mice with exercise decraesed the trends of anxious-like responses than mice with sedation. In protein levels, WBI decraesd the BDNF protein expressions and exercise increased the BDNF ones. Interestingly, WBI increased the pAKT protein levels and exercise enhanced this increase. The p-CREB levels had the similar finding as the p-AKT ones. In the IL6, WBI incerased the levels of IL6, but exercise also increased those. Exercise decreased the COX2 mRNA expressions in the 10 Gy radiations, but stopping exercise lost the effects. iNOS mRNA expressions were similar to the COX, but stopping exercise had the decreasing effects. From these findings, this study concludes that exercise had the benefitical effects in the coginitve impairment and emotional disruption induced by WBI. This study might provide the direct and important infomation for the benefits of exercise in the patients for receiving the radiation therapy.
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16

McLaughlin, Nancy. "Brain tumor and brain endothelial cells' response to ionizing radiation and phytochemical treatments". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2844.

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Le glioblastome multiforme (GBM) représente la tumeur cérébrale primaire la plus agressive et la plus vascularisée chez l’adulte. La survie médiane après le diagnostic est de moins d’un an en l’absence de traitement. Malheureusement, 90% des patients traités avec de la radiothérapie après la résection chirurgicale d’un GBM développent une récidive tumorale. Récemment, le traitement des GBM avec radiothérapie et témozolomide, un agent reconnu pour ses propriétés antiangiogéniques, a permis de prolonger la survie médiane à 14,6 mois. Des efforts sont déployés pour identifier des substances naturelles capables d’inhiber, de retarder ou de renverser le processus de carcinogenèse. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), un polyphénol retrouvé dans le thé vert, est reconnu pour ses propriétés anticancéreuses et antiangiogéniques. L’EGCG pourrait sensibiliser les cellules tumorales cérébrales et les cellules endothéliales dérivées des tumeurs aux traitements conventionnels. Le chapitre II décrit la première partie de ce projet de doctorat. Nous avons tenté de déterminer si l’EGCG pourrait sensibiliser la réponse des GBM à l’irradiation (IR) et si des marqueurs moléculaires spécifiques sont impliqués. Nous avons documenté que les cellules U-87 étaient relativement radiorésistantes et que Survivin, une protéine inhibitrice de l’apoptose, pourrait être impliquée dans la radiorésistance des GBM. Aussi, nous avons démontré que le pré-traitement des cellules U-87 avec de l’EGCG pourrait annuler l’effet cytoprotecteur d’une surexpression de Survivin et potentialiser l’effet cytoréducteur de l’IR. Au chapitre III, nous avons caractérisé l’impact de l’IR sur la survie de cellules endothéliales microvasculaires cérébrales humaines (HBMEC) et nous avons déterminé si l’EGCG pouvait optimiser cet effet. Bien que les traitements individuels avec l’EGCG et l’IR diminuaient la survie des HBMEC, le traitement combiné diminuait de façon synergique la survie cellulaire. Nous avons documenté que le traitement combiné augmentait la mort cellulaire, plus spécifiquement la nécrose. Au chapitre IV, nous avons investigué l’impact de l’IR sur les fonctions angiogéniques des HBMEC résistantes à l’IR, notamment la prolifération cellulaire, la migration cellulaire en présence de facteurs de croissance dérivés des tumeurs cérébrales, et la capacité de tubulogenèse. La voie de signalisation des Rho a aussi été étudiée en relation avec les propriétés angiogéniques des HBMEC radiorésistantes. Nos données suggèrent que l’IR altère significativement les propriétés angiogéniques des HBMEC. La réponse aux facteurs importants pour la croissance tumorale et l’angiogenèse ainsi que la tubulogenèse sont atténuées dans ces cellules. En conclusion, ce projet de doctorat confirme les propriétés cytoréductrices de l’IR sur les gliomes malins et propose un nouveau mécanisme pour expliquer la radiorésistance des GBM. Ce projet documente pour la première fois l’effet cytotoxique de l’IR sur les HBMEC. Aussi, ce projet reconnaît l’existence de HBMEC radiorésistantes et caractérise leurs fonctions angiogéniques altérées. La combinaison de molécules naturelles anticancéreuses et antiangiogéniques telles que l’EGCG avec de la radiothérapie pourrait améliorer l’effet de l’IR sur les cellules tumorales et sur les cellules endothéliales associées, possiblement en augmentant la mort cellulaire. Cette thèse supporte l’intégration de nutriments avec propriétés anticancéreuses et antiangiogéniques dans le traitement des gliomes malins pour sensibiliser les cellules tumorales et endothéliales aux traitements conventionnels.
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) represents the most aggressive and vascularised primary cerebral neoplasm in adults. Median length of survival without further therapy is usually less than one year from the time of diagnosis. Unfortunately, 90% of patients receiving radiotherapy following GBM resection develop a tumor recurrence. More recently, treatment of GBM with combined radiotherapy and temozolomide, an agent recognized for its antiangiogenic activity, increased the median survival to 14,6 months. Efforts have been oriented towards identifying naturally occurring substances capable of inhibiting, delaying or reversing the multi-stage carcinogenesis process. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, has been recognized for its anticancerous and antiangiogenic property. EGCG may represent a potential agent capable of sensitizing brain tumor cells and their derived endothelial cells (ECs) to conventional treatments. In chapter II, the first part of this doctorate project aimed at determining if EGCG, in synergy with radiotherapy, can sensitize GBM’s response to radiation and whether specific molecular markers are involved. We documented that U-87 cells were relatively radioresistant and that Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, may be involved in GBM’s radioresistance. We also found that pre-treatment of U-87 cells with EGCG could overcome the cytoprotective effect of Survivin overexpression and potentiate the cytoreductive effect of irradiation (IR). In chapter III, we characterized the impact of IR on human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) survival and determined whether EGCG, could optimize this effect. We found that although EGCG treatment and IR individually decreased HBMEC survival, the combined treatment synergistically reduced survival. We documented that the combined treatment increased cell death, more specifically necrosis. In chapter IV, we investigated the impact of IR exposure on the angiogenic functions i.e. cell proliferation, cell migration in response to brain tumor-derived growth factors, and capacity for tubulogenesis of surviving human brain tumor-derived ECs. The Rho signalling pathway was also investigated in relation to the functional properties of radioresistant HBMEC. Our data suggests that IR significantly alters radioresistant HBMEC migration response to tumor-secreted growth factors and tubulogenesis. Response to growth factors important for tumor expansion and angiogenesis is significantly attenuated in these cells. In conclusion, this doctorate project confirmed IR’s cytoreductive properties on malignant gliomas. We proposed a novel mechanism to explain GBMs’ radioresistance. This project documented for the first time IR’s cytotoxic effect in HBMEC. It also described the existence of radioresistant HBMEC and characterized their altered angiogenic functions. The combination of natural anticancerous and antiangiogenic molecules such as EGCG with radiotherapy could improve IR’s effect on human malignant glioma cells and microvascular ECs, especially through increased necrosis of HBMEC. The thesis supports integrating nutrients bearing anticancerous and antiangiogenic properties, such as EGCG, in the management of gliomas to sensitize tumor and tumor-associated ECs to conventional therapies.
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17

Wang, Hong-Jyun, e 王鴻鈞. "Rapid in situ gelation by blue light-irradiation for combination therapy in brain tumor". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c4ab78.

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碩士
國立中山大學
醫學科技研究所
107
About 40,000 people are diagnosed with primary brain tumors in the United States each year, an estimated 15,000 have glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), still associated with poor prognosis with 14.6 months of median survival after surgical resection combined with chemotherapy and radiation. Preventing tumor from post-surgical recurrence is a significant clinical challenge since current methods deliver chemotherapeutic agents in a rapid manner and are not effective against the residual tumor cells, such as Gliadel® . To overcome this drawback, we develop a blue light-crosslinking hydrogel which can be rapidly gelled in situ and tightly adhere on the tissues for controlled chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and enhanced laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) to inhibit residual tumor cells from post-surgical recurrence. The principle goals are to i) determine the prevailing factors that affect efficient encapsulation of chemotherapeutic drugs (i.e., Epirubicin) and radio-sensitizer (i.e., Cisplatin) within hydrogels, ii) demonstrate efficiency of gelation, LITT enhancement, in vitro drug release, iii) evaluate the efficiency in human cancer cells and in vivo tumor model. Thus, we used gelatin, a highly biocompatible material which derived from collagen, as hydrogel scaffold to encapsulate small molecule drug (Epirubicin and Cisplatin). Our results have demonstrated that this multi-treatment system can effectively prevent tumor recurrence and significantly prolong the medium survival of gliosarcoma-bearing (MBR-614 or U87-MGFL) mice to above 65 days compared with the control group (36 days). We believe this synergistic strategy presents a new approach to the development of a local drug delivery system for the prevention of brain tumor recurrence.
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18

HE, ZHI-JUN, e 何治軍. "Studies on the mechanism of fractionated irradiation by using the model of multicell brain tumor spheroids". Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64468549388650059084.

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19

Lee, Cheng-Chun, e 李承駿. "Study on Radiotherapy Patients who have Visual Sensations During Brain and Head and Neck Cancer Irradiation". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75805304507518458283.

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碩士
元培醫事科技大學
醫學影像暨放射技術系碩士在職專班
105
Study on radiotherapy patients who have visual sensations during brain and head and neck cancer irradiation Student:Cheng-Chun Li Advisor : Jao-Perng Lin, Ph. D. Co-advisor : Yi-Wei Chen, M.D., Ph. D. Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology Yuanpei University of Medical Technology Abstract During the period of my career, some patients who have had radiotherapy responded that they felt light flashes. No clearly reasons to tell patients who had the same question at this stage. Treatment caused the fear at the begining, plus the flash effect the patient's inner fear even more. The possible reasons and the mechanism of why radiotherapy patients described flash feelings when they had head and brain irradiation is the purpose of this study, and we also try to find out the correlation between flash and treatment through analysis to clarify whether it is a phosphenes phenomenon. Or give a better explanation to patients in order to improve the clinical relationship. From November 2016 to March 2017, total 73 patients who underwent head or brain radiotherapy were recruited for this study, and exclude 23 subjects who did not fulfill the acceptance criteria. They all received 6MV or 10MV X-ray irradiation,or 6MeV electron beam irradiation.The radiation dose rate was set at the output range of 400-1600MU/min. All subjects received questionnaire interviews, and treatment planning was all retrospectively reviewed. Possible study bias cases were excluded, including diabetes mellitus, mental uncooperative patients etc. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software (22th edition). Among these fifty study patients, including brain tumors and head-neck cancers patients, 30 of them are brain tumor patients, 20 patients have head-neck cancers, in the conversion dose and control conditions (brain tumor in 16 cases, head-neck cancers in 9 cases), the other group was not visual perception of the control group (brain tumor in 14 cases, 11 cases of head and neck cancer).There are visual receptors in the course of treatment will appear flash and other phenomenon, the control groups is the opposite. The statistical unit of the sample is based on the treatment of non-human units, visual sensations existed only in 75 out of total 190 irradiation portals (39.47%). Statistical significance (multi-variate analysis) were observed age, beam to visual pathway (p<0.001), single fraction retina dose (p<0.05). Possible causes of visual sensations during head or brain irradiation are very complicated. The possible variables due to age, output radiation dose, exposure position and other factors. Whether there is a threshold dose, will be the direction of future research. Key Words: Light flashes(LF), Phosphenes, Dose, Brain tumors, Head and neck cancers, Visual sensations(VSs)
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20

Schlevogt, Bernhard Martin. "Untersuchungen zur Rekrutierung myeloischer Zellen in einem Tiermodell der Alzheimerschen Erkrankung". Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B2C8-5.

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