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1
Safarova, S. S. "Pathogenetic aspects of bone metabolism in diabetes mellitus." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 96, n.º 8 (20 de dezembro de 2018): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2018-96-8-707-712.
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Metabolic disorders caused by diabetes affect bone remodeling, alter the structure and reduce the strength of bone tissue, leading to the development of diabetic osteopathy. However, between diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and 2 there are noticeable differences in the effect on the bone structure, which is obviously due to the different cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes. The density of bone tissue with DM typel decreases, which leads to an increase in the risk of fractures by 7 times. With DM type 2, bone mineral density is moderately elevated, which is expected to lead to a decrease in the incidence of osteoporotic fractures, but in fact, this index is approximately doubled. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying osteoporotic changes in diabetes mellitus are complex and included hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts that alter the properties of collagen, increase fatty infiltration of the bone marrow, release inflammatory factors and adipokines from visceral adipose tissue and potentially change the function osteoblasts. Additional factors are, some antidiabetic drugs that directly affect the metabolism of bones and minerals (such as thiazolidinediones), as well as an increased tendency to fall due to micro- and macroangiopathies, all contribute to an increased risk of low-fracture fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Wang, Yen-Hsiang, Kuan-Chieh Lee, Wen-Chun Wei, Chung-Huang Wang, Hao-Jie Liu, Jia-Rong Hou, Tien-Chen Hsieh et al. "Hybrid Vibration and UV Fluorescence Technology for Rapid Imaging and Guidance for Manual Removal of Fish Bones from Fish Floss". Sensors 22, n.º 22 (20 de novembro de 2022): 8978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228978.
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The objective of the proposed human–machine cooperation (HMC) workstation is to both rapidly detect calcium-based fish bones in masses of minced fish floss and visually guide operators in approaching and removing the detected fish bones by hand based on the detection of fingernails or plastic-based gloves. Because vibration is a separation mechanism that can prevent absorption or scattering in thick fish floss for UV fluorescence detection, the design of the HMC workstation included a vibration unit together with an optical box and display screens. The system was tested with commonly used fish (swordfish, salmon, tuna, and cod) representing various cooking conditions (raw meat, steam-cooked meat, and fish floss), their bones, and contaminating materials such as derived from gloves made of various types of plastic (polyvinylchloride, emulsion, and rubber) commonly used in the removal of fish bones. These aspects were each investigated using the spectrum analyzer and the optical box to obtain and analyze the fluorescence spectra and images. The filter was mounted on a charge-coupled device, and its transmission-wavelength window was based on the characteristic band for fish bones observed in the spectra. Gray-level AI algorithm was utilized to generate white marker rectangles. The vibration unit supports two mechanisms of air and downstream separation to improve the imaging screening of fish bones inside the considerable flow of fish floss. Notably, under 310 nm ultraviolet B (UVB) excitation, the fluorescence peaks of the raw fillets, steam-cooked meat, and fish floss were observed at for bands at longer wavelengths (500–600 nm), whereas those of the calcium and plastic materials occurred in shorter wavelength bands (400–500 nm). Perfect accuracy of 100% was achieved with the detection of 20 fish bones in 2 kg of fish floss, and the long test time of around 10–12 min results from the manual removal of these fish bones.
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Maltsev, S. V., A. I. Safina e T. V. Mihajlova. "Гипофосфатемический рахит у детей — клинические и генетические аспекты, подходы к терапии". Practical medicine 19, n.º 1 (2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2021-1-38-49.
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Hypophosphatemic rickets (phosphate-diabetes) is a group of diseases associated with a defect in the reabsorption of phosphates in the proximal tubules, manifested by phosphaturia, hypophosphatemia and rickets deformities of the skeleton bones. Phosphate-diabetes has different genetic variants that determine the nature and severity of clinical manifestations. X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets occurs most often (in 50-90% of cases). For the diagnosis, along with clinical characteristics, an important role is assigned to the study of partial renal functions, with the determination of clearance, excreted fraction of calcium and phosphates, as well as other indicators of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Molecular genetic research helps to determine the form of the disease. Therapy for hypophosphatemic rickets should be differentiated depending on the type of disease. The timely appointment of an adequate pathogenetic therapy helps to slow down the formation of rickety deformities of the skeleton, positive growth dynamics, and an increase in physical activity.
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Kushchayev, Sergiy V., Yevgeniya S. Kushchayeva, Sri Harsha Tella, Tetiana Glushko, Karel Pacak e Oleg M. Teytelboym. "Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Update on Imaging". Journal of Thyroid Research 2019 (7 de julho de 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1893047.
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Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), arising from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, accounts for 1–2% of thyroid cancers. MTC is frequently aggressive and metastasizes to cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones. Although a number of new imaging modalities for directing the management of oncologic patients evolved over the last two decades, the clinical application of these novel techniques is limited in MTC. In this article, we review the biology and molecular aspects of MTC as an important background for the use of current imaging modalities and approaches for this tumor. We discuss the modern and currently available imaging techniques—advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques such as whole-body MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) technique, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F-FDOPA and 18F-FDG, and integrated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) hybrid imaging—for primary as well as metastatic MTC tumor, including its metastatic spread to lymph nodes and the most common sites of distant metastases: lungs, liver, and bones.
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Rice, Ritva, Aki Kallonen, Judith Cebra-Thomas e Scott F. Gilbert. "Development of the turtle plastron, the order-defining skeletal structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n.º 19 (25 de abril de 2016): 5317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600958113.
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The dorsal and ventral aspects of the turtle shell, the carapace and the plastron, are developmentally different entities. The carapace contains axial endochondral skeletal elements and exoskeletal dermal bones. The exoskeletal plastron is found in all extant and extinct species of crown turtles found to date and is synaptomorphic of the order Testudines. However, paleontological reconstructed transition forms lack a fully developed carapace and show a progression of bony elements ancestral to the plastron. To understand the evolutionary development of the plastron, it is essential to know how it has formed. Here we studied the molecular development and patterning of plastron bones in a cryptodire turtleTrachemys scripta. We show that plastron development begins at developmental stage 15 when osteochondrogenic mesenchyme forms condensates for each plastron bone at the lateral edges of the ventral mesenchyme. These condensations commit to an osteogenic identity and suppress chondrogenesis. Their development overlaps with that of sternal cartilage development in chicks and mice. Thus, we suggest that in turtles, the sternal morphogenesis is prevented in the ventral mesenchyme by the concomitant induction of osteogenesis and the suppression of chondrogenesis. The osteogenic subroutines later direct the growth and patterning of plastron bones in an autonomous manner. The initiation of plastron bone development coincides with that of carapacial ridge formation, suggesting that the development of dorsal and ventral shells are coordinated from the start and that adopting an osteogenesis-inducing and chondrogenesis-suppressing cell fate in the ventral mesenchyme has permitted turtles to develop their order-specific ventral morphology.
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Krupa, Robert, Małgorzata Suchanecka, Andrzej Mrożek e Katarzyna Siwek. "Features of the flexor retinaculum and its individual variation in carpal tunnel syndrome predisposition - a systematic review". Medical Journal of Cell Biology 10, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2022): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2022-0015.
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Abstract The flexor retinaculum is a structure located in the wrist, which spreads between the bones forming the carpal tunnel. Its task is to maintain the relative stabilization and protection of incorporated structures. It is also an attachment for the thenar muscles, causing biomechanical interactions in the wrist. Pathologies occurring in the carpal tunnel structures often cause pressure increase, leading to compression of the median nerve, causing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). This work aims to review literature knowledge and compile research outcomes in the PubMED and Google scholar databases. The results indicate the variability in size and aspects of flexor retinaculum due to gender, and the relationship between gender and the incidence of CTS. The data also show the flexor retinaculum’s molecular variability and environmental factors’ potential impact on these changes. This article demonstrates how anatomical conditions and physical features influence CTS development.
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Abe, Shinichi, e Masahito Yamamoto. "Factors Involved in Morphogenesis in the Muscle–Tendon–Bone Complex". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 12 (14 de junho de 2021): 6365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126365.
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A decline in the body’s motor functions has been linked to decreased muscle mass and function in the oral cavity and throat; however, aging of the junctions of the muscles and bones has also been identified as an associated factor. Basic and clinical studies on the muscles, tendons and bones, each considered independently, have been published. In recent years, however, research has focused on muscle attachment as the muscle–tendon–bone complex from various perspectives, and there is a growing body of knowledge on SRY-box9 (Sox9) and Mohawk(Mkx), which has been identified as a common controlling factor and a key element. Myostatin, a factor that inhibits muscle growth, has been identified as a potential key element in the mechanisms of lifetime structural maintenance of the muscle–tendon–bone complex. Findings in recent studies have also uncovered aspects of the mechanisms of motor organ complex morphostasis in the superaged society of today and will lay the groundwork for treatments to prevent motor function decline in older adults.
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Poryadin, G. V., A. N. Zakhvatov e D. V. Samarina. "Pathogenetic mechanisms of postmenopausal osteoporosis formation and their relationship with cardiovascular pathology". Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 21, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2022): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2022-1-144-151.
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Involutional hormonal processes characteristic of the postmenopause are accompanied by disorders that deteriorate the quality of life in the female population and lead to an increased risk of developing metabolic diseases of the bones and cardiovascular system. In modern medicine, it is extremely important to understand the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in association with cardiovascular diseases, which are the main causes of mortality in the population.This review is devoted to determining the key aspects of the pathogenesis of PMO and identifying their relationships with cardiovascular pathology. Epidemiological data are assessed, the main mechanisms of PMO and vascular pathology development are considered, the fundamental role of hormone deficiency, immune dysregulation disorders, and disorders of macrophage polarization is described, and data on the association between the pathogenesis links of the studied pathological processes are analyzed.The obtained data will form a unified approach to reducing the growing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and complications of PMO and contribute to the development of new research areas in disease prevention.
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Jentgen-Ceschino, Benjamin, Koen Stein e Valentin Fischer. "Case study of radial fibrolamellar bone tissues in the outer cortex of basal sauropods". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n.º 1793 (13 de janeiro de 2020): 20190143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0143.
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The histology of sauropod long bones often appears uniform and conservative along their evolutionary tree. One of the main aspects of their bone histology is to exhibit a fibrolamellar complex in the cortex of their long bones. Here, we report another bone tissue, the radial fibrolamellar bone (RFB), in the outer cortex of the humeri of a young adult cf. Isanosaurus (Early to Late Jurassic, Thailand) and an adult Spinophorosaurus nigerensis (Early to Middle Jurassic, Niger) that do not exhibit any pathological feature on the bone surface. Its location within the cortex is unexpected, because RFB is a rapidly deposited bone tissue that would rather be expected early in the ontogeny. A palaeopathological survey was conducted for these sampled specimens. Observed RFB occurrences are regarded as spiculated periosteal reactive bone, which is an aggressive form of periosteal reaction. A ‘hair-on-end’ pattern of neoplasmic origin (resembling a Ewing's sarcoma) is favoured for cf. Isanosaurus , while a sunburst pattern of viral or neoplasmic origin (resembling an avian osteopetrosis or haemangioma) is favoured for Spinophorosaurus . This study highlights the importance of bone histology in assessing the frequency and nature of palaeopathologies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.
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Richardson, Jo, Takanori Shono, Masataka Okabe e Anthony Graham. "The presence of an embryonic opercular flap in amniotes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n.º 1727 (junho de 2011): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0740.
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The operculum is a large flap consisting of several flat bones found on the side of the head of bony fish. During development, the opercular bones form within the second pharyngeal arch, which expands posteriorly and comes to cover the gill-bearing arches. With the evolution of the tetrapods and the assumption of a terrestrial lifestyle, it was believed that the operculum was lost. Here, we demonstrate that an embryonic operculum persists in amniotes and that its early development is homologous with that of teleosts. As in zebrafish, the second pharyngeal arch of the chick embryo grows disproportionately and comes to cover the posterior arches. We show that the developing second pharyngeal arch in both chick and zebrafish embryos express orthologous genes and require shh signalling for caudal expansion. In amniotes, however, the caudal edge of the expanded second arch fuses to the surface of the neck. We have detailed how this process occurs and also demonstrated a requirement for thyroid signalling here. Our results thus demonstrate the persistence of an embryonic opercular flap in amniotes, that its fusion mirrors aspects of amphibian metamorphosis and gives insights into the origin of branchial cleft anomalies in humans.
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Gentile, Cristina, e Francesco Chiarelli. "Rickets in Children: An Update". Biomedicines 9, n.º 7 (27 de junho de 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070738.
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Rickets refers to a deficient mineralization of the growth plate cartilage, predominantly affecting longer bones. Despite the fact that preventive measures are available, it is still a common disease worldwide; nutritional rickets, due to vitamin D deficiency or dietary calcium inadequate intake, remains the most common form. Medical history, physical examination, radiologic features and biochemical tests are essential for diagnosis. Although recent studies suggest hypophosphatemia as the leading alteration, rickets is classically divided into two categories: calcipenic rickets and phosphopenic rickets. Knowledge of this categorization and of respective clinical and laboratory features is essential for rapid diagnosis and correct management. The aim of this review is to analyze the epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of the different forms of rickets, describing the novelties on this “long-lived” disease.
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Pons-Belda, Oscar D., Mª Agustina Alonso-Álvarez, Juan David González-Rodríguez, Laura Mantecón-Fernández e Fernando Santos-Rodríguez. "Mineral Metabolism in Children: Interrelation between Vitamin D and FGF23". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 7 (3 de abril de 2023): 6661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076661.
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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was identified at the turn of the century as the long-sought circulating phosphatonin in human pathology. Since then, several clinical and experimental studies have investigated the metabolism of FGF23 and revealed its relevant pathogenic role in various diseases. Most of these studies have been performed in adult individuals. However, the mineral metabolism of the child is, to a large extent, different from that of the adult because, in addition to bone remodeling, the child undergoes a specific process of endochondral ossification responsible for adequate mineralization of long bones’ metaphysis and growth in height. Vitamin D metabolism is known to be deeply involved in these processes. FGF23 might have an influence on bones’ growth as well as on the high and age-dependent serum phosphate concentrations found in infancy and childhood. However, the interaction between FGF23 and vitamin D in children is largely unknown. Thus, this review focuses on the following aspects of FGF23 metabolism in the pediatric age: circulating concentrations’ reference values, as well as those of other major variables involved in mineral homeostasis, and the relationship with vitamin D metabolism in the neonatal period, in vitamin D deficiency, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in hypophosphatemic disorders.
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YANG, XIUPING, FENGJU SUN, LONGTAO WANG, CHUNQIU ZHANG e XIZHENG ZHANG. "SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE UNDER ROLLING-COMPRESSION LOAD". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, n.º 06 (setembro de 2019): 1950054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419500544.
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Solute transport is one of the important aspects involved in maintaining the physiological activity of tissues. The mechanical environment drives nutrition in and waste out in articular cartilage due to its avascularity, which plays a key role in the biological activity of articular cartilage. The human knee joint motion is a complex interaction between different bones including relative rolling and/or sliding movements. Rolling-compression process is a typical physiological load in knee joint motion. To investigate solute transport behavior in articular cartilage under rolling-compression load, fluorescence tracers with molecular weights of 40kDa and 0.43kDa were used respectively to mark the transport in fresh articular cartilage of mature pigs. Solute fluorescence intensity changing with time and depth of cartilage layer was measured under rolling-compression load and static state, respectively, and the distribution of corresponding relative concentration was calculated by the fluorescence microscope imaging method. The experiment results show that the solute relative concentration in articular cartilage under rolling-compression load increases significantly, even up to 62.4%, comparing with that under static state, and the changes of concentration vary in different layers and that small molecular weight solute is easier to transport than relatively large molecular weight solute in articular cartilage. Therefore, rolling-compression load can promote the solute transport in cartilage, and the mechanical loading may have application in functional cartilage tissue engineering.
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Iwaszczuk, Urszula, Justyna Niderla-Bielińska e Aneta Ścieżyńska. "Kings and peasants from El-Zuma/El-Detti microregion in the Early Makurian period. Economic aspects of animal bones from funerary contexts". PLOS ONE 14, n.º 2 (15 de fevereiro de 2019): e0212423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212423.
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Bishop, Peter J., Scott A. Hocknull, Christofer J. Clemente, John R. Hutchinson, Andrew A. Farke, Belinda R. Beck, Rod S. Barrett e David G. Lloyd. "Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part I—an examination of cancellous bone architecture in the hindlimb bones of theropods". PeerJ 6 (31 de outubro de 2018): e5778. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5778.
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This paper is the first of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous (‘spongy’) bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct non-avian species. Cancellous bone is widely known to be highly sensitive to its mechanical environment, and has previously been used to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates, especially primates. Despite great promise, cancellous bone architecture has remained little utilized for investigating locomotion in many other extinct vertebrate groups, such as dinosaurs. Documentation and quantification of architectural patterns across a whole bone, and across multiple bones, can provide much information on cancellous bone architectural patterns and variation across species. Additionally, this also lends itself to analysis of the musculoskeletal biomechanical factors involved in a direct, mechanistic fashion.On this premise, computed tomographic and image analysis techniques were used to describe and analyse the three-dimensional architecture of cancellous bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs for the first time. A comprehensive survey across many extant and extinct species is produced, identifying several patterns of similarity and contrast between groups. For instance, more stemward non-avian theropods (e.g. ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurids) exhibit cancellous bone architectures more comparable to that present in humans, whereas species more closely related to birds (e.g. paravians) exhibit architectural patterns bearing greater similarity to those of extant birds. Many of the observed patterns may be linked to particular aspects of locomotor biomechanics, such as the degree of hip or knee flexion during stance and gait. A further important observation is the abundance of markedly oblique trabeculae in the diaphyses of the femur and tibia of birds, which in large species produces spiralling patterns along the endosteal surface. Not only do these observations provide new insight into theropod anatomy and behaviour, they also provide the foundation for mechanistic testing of locomotor hypotheses via musculoskeletal biomechanical modelling.
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Asseln, Malte, Valentin Quack, Roman Michalik, Björn Rath, Frank Hildebrand, Filippo Migliorini e Jörg Eschweiler. "Sex-Specific Size Analysis of Carpal Bones: Implications for Orthopedic Biomedical Device Design and Therapy Planning". Life 14, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2024): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010140.
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Consideration of the individual carpal bone characteristics of the wrist plays a key role in well-functioning biomedical devices and successful surgical procedures. Although geometric differences and individual bone sizes have been analyzed in the literature, detailed morphologic descriptions and correlations covering the entire wrist reported in a clinical context are lacking. This study aimed to perform a comprehensive and automatic analysis of the wrist morphology using the freely available “Open Source Carpal Database” (OSCD). We quantified the size of each of the individual carpal bones and their combination. These sizes were extracted in n = 117 datasets of the wrist of the OSCD in anatomical directions and analyzed using descriptive statics and correlation analysis to investigate the morphological characteristics under sex-specific aspects and to provide regression plots and equations to predict individual carpal bone sizes from the proximal and distal row dimensions. The correlations in the proximal row were higher compared to the distal row. We established comprehensive size correlations and size rations and found that there exist statistical differences between sex, particularly of the scaphoid. The regression plots and equations we provided will assist surgeons in a more accurate preoperative morphological evaluation for therapy planning and may be used for future anatomically inspired orthopedic biomedical device designs.
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Ousalm, R., O. El Kadiri, D. Ait Antar, M. Derfaoui, A. El Omrani e M. Khouchani. "Radiotherapy’s Indications and Limits in the Management of Bone Ewing's Sarcoma’s Children: About 22 Cases and Review of the Literature". Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 11, n.º 06 (7 de junho de 2023): 1087–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2023.v11i06.012.
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To study the indications and limits of radiotherapy in the treatment of bone Ewing's sarcoma’s children, we conducted a retrospective study of 22 cases collected over a period of 10 years from January 2011 to December 2020. The study took into account various clinical, radiological, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this pathology. The average age of patients was 11 years, with gender equality. The diagnostic approach was identical, based on clinical, radiological and histological data. Therapeutic management was based on chemotherapy, with local treatment combining radiotherapy with or without surgical resection of the tumor. Ewing's sarcoma is a relatively rare malignant tumor that grows mainly in bone and often has a large extension into soft tissue. All the bones of the skeleton can be affected, with a clear predominance of the lower limb (60% of cases). Medical imaging is essential for diagnosis as well as for therapeutic evaluation. While the diagnosis of certainty is currently based on histological and molecular biology data. Therapeutic management combines a multimodal approach including chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Nowadays the prognosis has improved thanks to the development of therapeutic methods.
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Kubicek, Jan, Filip Tomanec, Martin Cerny, Dominik Vilimek, Martina Kalova e David Oczka. "Recent Trends, Technical Concepts and Components of Computer-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery Systems: A Comprehensive Review". Sensors 19, n.º 23 (27 de novembro de 2019): 5199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235199.
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Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery (CAOS) systems have become one of the most important and challenging types of system in clinical orthopedics, as they enable precise treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, employing modern clinical navigation systems and surgical tools. This paper brings a comprehensive review of recent trends and possibilities of CAOS systems. There are three types of the surgical planning systems, including: systems based on the volumetric images (computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound images), further systems utilize either 2D or 3D fluoroscopic images, and the last one utilizes the kinetic information about the joints and morphological information about the target bones. This complex review is focused on three fundamental aspects of CAOS systems: their essential components, types of CAOS systems, and mechanical tools used in CAOS systems. In this review, we also outline the possibilities for using ultrasound computer-assisted orthopedic surgery (UCAOS) systems as an alternative to conventionally used CAOS systems.
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Sánchez-Gómez, Rubén, Ricardo Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, César Calvo-Lobo, Carlos Romero-Morales, Eva María Martínez-Jiménez, Patricia Palomo-López e Daniel López-López. "Heel Height as an Etiology of Hallux Abductus Valgus Development: An electromagnetic Static and Dynamic First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Study". Sensors 19, n.º 6 (16 de março de 2019): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061328.
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Background: Hallux abductus valgus (HAV) is a forefoot condition produced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Shoes with a high heel height and a typical narrow tip toe box can induce deviations in both the proximal phalanx of the hallux (PPH) and the first metatarsal (IMTT) bones. Nevertheless, the isolated role of heel height remains unclear in the development of HAV pathology. Objectives: The goal was to determine if the heel height increase of shoes without a narrow box toe could augment the PPH and IMTT deviation in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes toward the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) and the first metatarsocuneiform joint (MCJ), respectively, during static and dynamic conditions in relation to precursor movements of HAV. Methods: Women with an average age of 25.10 ± 4.67 years were recruited in this cross-sectional study to assess the three planes of motion of PPH and IMTT while wearing high heels with heights at 3, 6, 9 cm and unshod conditions via sandals. The measurements used an electromagnetic goniometer device with sensors placed on medial aspects of the PPH and IMTT bones under static and dynamic conditions. Results: Wearing shoes with a 6 cm heel in dynamic condition may increase the PPH valgus and abduction deviation from 3.15 ± 0.10° to 3.46 ± 0.05° (p < 0.05) and from 1.35 ± 0.28° to 1.69 ± 0.30° (p < 0.001), respectively. In addition, a PPH abduction increase from 1.01 ± 0.36° to 1.31 ± 0.46° (p < 0.05) after wearing shoes with a 6 cm heel height was observed under static conditions. Conclusions: Wearing shoes with a heel height of 6 cm without a narrow box toe interference may produce PPH abduction and valgus deviations related to HAV formation.
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Indra, Lara, David Errickson, Alexandria Young e Sandra Lösch. "Uncovering Forensic Taphonomic Agents: Animal Scavenging in the European Context". Biology 11, n.º 4 (15 de abril de 2022): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040601.
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Animal scavenging by vertebrates can significantly alter human bodies and their deposition site. For instance, vertebrate animals can cause postmortem modification to a body, alter perimortem trauma, influence decomposition rates, disarticulate and scatter body parts or evidence, and affect the identification of the deceased. Animal scavenging is a relatively common occurrence in forensic investigations. Even so, studies on the subject are scattered and rare, with most focussing on geographical areas outside of Europe. For that reason, we intend to collate the literature to provide an account of forensically relevant vertebrate scavengers in Europe, their impacts on human remains, and their implications for forensic investigations. Here, we provide an overview of forensic aspects where the knowledge of animal scavenging is crucial, as well as an account of potential scavengers of human remains in Europe and their typical alterations to soft tissue and, in particular, to bones. In addition, we are the first to provide a guide for forensic practitioners to identify the presence of vertebrate scavenging and subsequently inform outdoor search strategies for affected human remains.
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Riga, Alessandro, Marco Boggioni, Andrea Papini, Costantino Buzi, Antonio Profico, Fabio Di Vincenzo, Damiano Marchi, Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi e Giorgio Manzi. "In situ observations on the dentition and oral cavity of the Neanderthal skeleton from Altamura (Italy)". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 12 (2 de dezembro de 2020): e0241713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241713.
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The Neanderthal specimen from Lamalunga Cave, near Altamura (Apulia, Italy), was discovered during a speleological survey in 1993. The specimen is one of the most complete fossil hominins in Europe and its state of preservation is exceptional, although it is stuck in calcareous concretions and the bones are mostly covered by calcite depositions. Nevertheless, it is possible to carry out some observations on craniodental features that have not previously been described. In this work, we present an account of the oral cavity, made possible by the use of a videoscope, which allowed us to reach some hidden parts of the mandible and palate. This is the first detailed overview of the teeth and maxillary bones of the Neanderthal skeleton from Altamura. The dentition is almost complete. However, two teeth (upper right P3 and upper left M1) were lost ante mortem and four teeth (lower right I1 and P3 and lower left I1 and I2) were lost most probably post mortem. Dental wear is marked. The erupted M3s and the inversion of the compensating curve of Wilson in the M1s and M2s but not in the M3s suggest that the individual is fully adult, but not old. Although most of the teeth have their roots exposed for several millimeters, the periodontal bone appears to be in good condition overall, except in correspondence of the two ante-mortem tooth losses. X-rays of the anterior teeth show a periapical lesion, probably linked to the advanced dental wear. We also observed a weak expression of taurodontism in the posterior dentition and the presence of a retromolar space, features consistent with an attribution to the Neanderthal hypodigm; this attribution is also supported by aspects of the cranial morphology, the morphometric analysis of the scapula and preliminary mtDNA data. There is also a well-developed palatine torus, to the best of our knowledge a feature not previously described in Neanderthals.
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Bumann, Erin E., Portia Hahn Leat, Henry H. Wang, Brittany M. Hufft-Martinez, Wei Wang e Pamela V. Tran. "Genetic Interaction of Thm2 and Thm1 Shapes Postnatal Craniofacial Bone". Journal of Developmental Biology 10, n.º 2 (11 de maio de 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb10020017.
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Ciliopathies are genetic syndromes that link skeletal dysplasias to the dysfunction of primary cilia. Primary cilia are sensory organelles synthesized by intraflagellar transport (IFT)—A and B complexes, which traffic protein cargo along a microtubular core. We have reported that the deletion of the IFT-A gene, Thm2, together with a null allele of its paralog, Thm1, causes a small skeleton with a small mandible or micrognathia in juvenile mice. Using micro-computed tomography, here we quantify the craniofacial defects of Thm2−/−; Thm1aln/+ triple allele mutant mice. At postnatal day 14, triple allele mutant mice exhibited micrognathia, midface hypoplasia, and a decreased facial angle due to shortened upper jaw length, premaxilla, and nasal bones, reflecting altered development of facial anterior-posterior elements. Mutant mice also showed increased palatal width, while other aspects of the facial transverse, as well as vertical dimensions, remained intact. As such, other ciliopathy-related craniofacial defects, such as cleft lip and/or palate, hypo-/hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, craniosynostosis, and facial asymmetry, were not observed. Calvarial-derived osteoblasts of triple allele mutant mice showed reduced bone formation in vitro that was ameliorated by Hedgehog agonist, SAG. Together, these data indicate that Thm2 and Thm1 genetically interact to regulate bone formation and sculpting of the postnatal face. The triple allele mutant mice present a novel model to study craniofacial bone development.
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Evers, Serjoscha W., Christian Foth e Oliver W. M. Rauhut. "Notes on the cheek region of the Late Jurassic theropod dinosaur Allosaurus". PeerJ 8 (7 de fevereiro de 2020): e8493. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8493.
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Allosaurus, from the Late Jurassic of North America and Europe, is a model taxon for Jurassic basal tetanuran theropod dinosaurs. It has achieved an almost iconic status due to its early discovery in the late, 19th century, and due to the abundance of material from the Morrison Formation of the western U.S.A., making Allosaurus one of the best-known theropod taxa. Despite this, various aspects of the cranial anatomy of Allosaurus are surprisingly poorly understood. Here, we discuss the osteology of the cheek region, comprised by the jugal, maxilla, and lacrimal. This region of the skull is of importance for Allosaurus taxonomy and phylogeny, particularly because Allosaurus has traditionally been reconstructed with an unusual cheek configuration, and because the European species Allosaurus europaeus has been said to be different from North American material in the configuration of these bones. Based on re-examination of articulated and disarticulated material from a number of repositories, we show that the jugal participates in the antorbital fenestra, contradicting the common interpretation. The jugal laterally overlies the lacrimal, and forms an extended antorbital fossa with this bone. Furthermore, we document previously unrecorded pneumatic features of the jugal of Allosaurus.
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Brönnimann, David, Johannes Wimmer, Milena Müller-Kissing, Barbara Stopp, Hannele Rissanen e Norbert Spichtig. "One man’s trash is another man’s treasure. Interdisciplinary examination of taphonomic aspects of ceramic sherds, animal bones and sediments from the La Tène period settlement at Basel-Gasfabrik". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 7 (27 de julho de 2020): e0236272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236272.
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Ferea, Cătălina Roxana, Stejara Nicoleta Mihai, Gabriela Balan, Minerva Codruta Badescu, Dana Tutunaru e Alin Laurențiu Tatu. "Sweet Syndrome Associated with Myelodysplastic Syndrome—A Review of a Multidisciplinary Approach". Life 13, n.º 3 (16 de março de 2023): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030809.
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Sweet syndrome (SS) is a rare disease described as a febrile neutrophilic dermatosis with acute onset, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been elucidated. The syndrome is characterized by the sudden onset of erythematous infiltrated papules or plaques located on the upper body and is associated with fever, leukocytosis and neutrophilia. The lesions show a dense dermal infiltration with mature neutrophils. The condition is responsive to systemic steroids. The central nervous system, bones, muscles, eyes, ears, mouth, heart, lung, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen may be affected by SS as extracutaneous manifestations. More and more cases have been found to be associated with malignancies, particularly myelodysplastic syndrome, and, less frequently, other hematologic malignancies or solid tumors. Approximately 21% of patients with SS have an associated malignancy and up to 80% of MASS cases are associated with hematological diseases, predominantly myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Myelodysplastic syndrome is a clonal disease of the bone marrow characterized by inefficient hematopoiesis, dysplasia of the bone marrow and peripheral cytopenias. Affected patients have a high risk of leukemic transformation. After analyzing later studies and current practical aspects regarding MDS-related SS, we suggest an algorithm for evaluating these patients.
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Hearn, Les, e Amanda C. de C. Williams. "Pain in dinosaurs: what is the evidence?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1785 (23 de setembro de 2019): 20190370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0370.
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How far back can we trace behaviour associated with pain? Behaviour is not preserved in the palaeontological record, so, for dinosaurs, we are restricted to what we can deduce from fossilized bones and tracks. This review is a thought experiment using circumstantial evidence from dinosaur fossils and from the behaviour of their extant relatives to describe probable responses of dinosaurs to serious injuries. Searches yielded 196 papers and chapters with: reports of healed serious injuries, and limping gait and injured feet in trackways; information about physiology and behaviour relevant to healing; evidence of evolutionary connections with birds and crocodilians, and their behaviour; and information about relevant aspects of evolution. Clearly, many dinosaurs survived injuries that would have seriously hampered mobility, impairing hunting or escape from predators, and affecting social interactions. Recovery from severe injuries implies pain-mediated responses. Rates of healing seem faster than for other reptiles, possibily aided by warm-bloodedness. Nesting was often communal, raising the possibility of parental and group protection for injured young. The existence of family groups, packs or herds raises the possibility of protection or feeding from pack kills. This is the first study, to our knowledge, of possible pain behaviour and responses to injury in dinosaurs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain’.
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Kwiatkowska, Angelika, Monika Drabik, Agata Lipko, Anna Grzeczkowicz, Radosław Stachowiak, Anna Marszalik e Ludomira H. Granicka. "Composite Membrane Dressings System with Metallic Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Factor in Wound Healing". Membranes 12, n.º 2 (13 de fevereiro de 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020215.
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Wound management is the burning problem of modern medicine, significantly burdening developed countries’ healthcare systems. In recent years, it has become clear that the achievements of nanotechnology have introduced a new quality in wound healing. The application of nanomaterials in wound dressing significantly improves their properties and promotes the healing of injuries. Therefore, this review paper presents the subjectively selected nanomaterials used in wound dressings, including the metallic nanoparticles (NPs), and refers to the aspects of their application as antimicrobial factors. The literature review was supplemented with the results of our team’s research on the elements of multifunctional new-generation dressings containing nanoparticles. The wound healing multiple molecular pathways, mediating cell types, and affecting agents are discussed herein. Moreover, the categorization of wound dressings is presented. Additionally, some materials and membrane constructs applied in wound dressings are described. Finally, bacterial participation in wound healing and the mechanism of the antibacterial function of nanoparticles are considered. Membranes involving NPs as the bacteriostatic factors for improving wound healing of skin and bones, including our experimental findings, are discussed in the paper. In addition, some studies of our team concerning the selected bacterial strains’ interaction with material involving different metallic NPs, such as AuNPs, AgNPs, Fe3O4NPs, and CuNPs, are presented. Furthermore, nanoparticles’ influence on selected eukaryotic cells is mentioned. The ideal, universal wound dressing still has not been obtained; thus, a new generation of products have been developed, represented by the nanocomposite materials with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties that can influence the wound-healing process.
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Kara, Michał. "Groby o domniemanych skandynawskich atrybucjach etno-kulturowych z obszaru państwa pierwszych Piastów w kontekście archeologicznych paradygmatów badawczych". Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim, n.º 64 (13 de dezembro de 2023): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sa.2023.64.5.
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In spite of the differences in the interpretation of early medieval graves of the discussed Norman or Ruthenian attribution, derivatives of different theoretical and cognitive paradigms, successive generations of researchers are united in their conviction of the exceptional nature of these graves in the Oder-Vistula interfluve. Archaeologists are also unanimous in treating them as burials from the 2nd half of the 10th to the 1st half of the 11th century which present a set of specific burial practices, distinguishing one of the groups of the secular elite of the first Piast state. However, researchers have different views on ethno-cultural valorisation of the discovered objects. In this case, the author maintains his earlier opinion that the burial practices of the individuals buried there are ‘rooted’ in the Scandinavian model of funerary culture of the Viking period. However, in the research process, it cannot be a sufficient premise for prejudging the ethnos. In order to give credibility to the conclusions, in line with the modern model of integrated multidisciplinary research, the hypotheses formulated by archaeology require verification by the results of molecular and isotopic studies of human bones. Limiting the ethnic study of archaeology’s necropolis sources to the indications of bio- and geochemistry is cognitively inadequate, as aDNA analyses only establish biological affinities. Isotopic studies determine the relationship of a deceased person to a specific geographical region, in both cases providing no insight into important aspects of early medieval human life like the mentality-determining membership of a socially and politically organised religious and mythic-ethnic-cultural community.
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Baab, Karen L. "Reconstructing cranial evolution in an extinct hominin". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, n.º 1943 (20 de janeiro de 2021): 20202604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2604.
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Homo erectus is the first hominin species with a truly cosmopolitan distribution and resembles recent humans in its broad spatial distribution. The microevolutionary events associated with dispersal and local adaptation may have produced similar population structure in both species. Understanding the evolutionary population dynamics of H. erectus has larger implications for the emergence of later Homo lineages in the Middle Pleistocene. Quantitative genetics models provide a means of interrogating aspects of long-standing H. erectus population history narratives. For the current study, cranial fossils were sorted into six major palaeodemes from sites across Africa and Asia spanning 1.8–0.1 Ma. Three-dimensional shape data from the occipital and frontal bones were used to compare intraspecific variation and test evolutionary hypotheses. Results indicate that H. erectus had higher individual and group variation than Homo sapiens , probably reflecting different levels of genetic diversity and population history in these spatially disperse species. This study also revealed distinct evolutionary histories for frontal and occipital bone shape in H. erectus , with a larger role for natural selection in the former. One scenario consistent with these findings is climate-driven facial adaptation in H. erectus , which is reflected in the frontal bone through integration with the orbits.
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McCurry, Matthew R., Alistair R. Evans, Erich M. G. Fitzgerald, Justin W. Adams, Philip D. Clausen e Colin R. McHenry. "The remarkable convergence of skull shape in crocodilians and toothed whales". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n.º 1850 (8 de março de 2017): 20162348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2348.
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The striking resemblance of long-snouted aquatic mammals and reptiles has long been considered an example of morphological convergence, yet the true cause of this similarity remains untested. We addressed this deficit through three-dimensional morphometric analysis of the full diversity of crocodilian and toothed whale (Odontoceti) skull shapes. Our focus on biomechanically important aspects of shape allowed us to overcome difficulties involved in comparing mammals and reptiles, which have fundamental differences in the number and position of skull bones. We examined whether diet, habitat and prey size correlated with skull shape using phylogenetically informed statistical procedures. Crocodilians and toothed whales have a similar range of skull shapes, varying from extremely short and broad to extremely elongate. This spectrum of shapes represented more of the total variation in our dataset than between phylogenetic groups. The most elongate species (river dolphins and gharials) are extremely convergent in skull shape, clustering outside of the range of the other taxa. Our results suggest the remarkable convergence between long-snouted river dolphins and gharials is driven by diet rather than physical factors intrinsic to riverine environments. Despite diverging approximately 288 million years ago, crocodilians and odontocetes have evolved a remarkably similar morphological solution to feeding on similar prey.
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Righini, Matteo, Raul Mancini, Marco Busutti e Andrea Buscaroli. "Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Extrarenal Involvement". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n.º 5 (22 de fevereiro de 2024): 2554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052554.
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disorder, but kidneys are not the only organs involved in this systemic disorder. Individuals with the condition may display additional manifestations beyond the renal system, involving the liver, pancreas, and brain in the context of cystic manifestations, while involving the vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, bones, and cardiac valves in the context of non-cystic manifestations. Despite kidney involvement remaining the main feature of the disease, thanks to longer survival, early diagnosis, and better management of kidney-related problems, a new wave of complications must be faced by clinicians who treated patients with ADPKD. Involvement of the liver represents the most prevalent extrarenal manifestation and has growing importance in the symptom burden and quality of life. Vascular abnormalities are a key factor for patients’ life expectancy and there is still debate whether to screen or not to screen all patients. Arterial hypertension is often the earliest onset symptom among ADPKD patients, leading to frequent cardiovascular complications. Although cardiac valvular abnormalities are a frequent complication, they rarely lead to relevant problems in the clinical history of polycystic patients. One of the newest relevant aspects concerns bone disorders that can exert a considerable influence on the clinical course of these patients. This review aims to provide the “state of the art” among the extrarenal manifestation of ADPKD.
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Jacobs, Megan L., e David M. Martill. "A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic (Early Tithonian) Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset, UK, with implications for Late Jurassic ichthyosaur diversity". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 12 (9 de dezembro de 2020): e0241700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241700.
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A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, Thalassodraco etchesi gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation of Dorset, UK is described. The specimen, a partial, articulated skull and anterior thorax in the Etches Collection of Kimmeridge, Dorset, is exceptionally well preserved on a slab of laminated coccolith limestone and has been expertly prepared. It comprises a near complete skull in articulation with associated anterior vertebral column and dorsal ribs, complete pectoral girdle, fully exposed left forelimb, and some elements of the right forelimb. Other elements present, including an ischiopubis are preserved on separate slabs. Presumed rapid burial of the anterior portion of the specimen in the coccolith substrate has preserved a number of ossified ligaments lying across the vertebral column and associated ribs as well as stomach contents and decayed internal organs. Aspects of the dentition, skull roof bones and the forelimb configuration distinguishes the new specimen from previously described Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs. Autopmorphies for T. etchesi include a large rounded protuberance on the supratemporal bone; a thin L-shaped lachrymal, with a steeply curved posterior border; ~ 70 teeth on the upper tooth row, and deep anterior dorsal ribs. A well resolved phylogenetic analysis shows T. etchesi as a member of a basal clade within Ophthalmosauridae comprising Nannopterygius, Gengasaurus, Paraophthalmosaurus and Thalassodraco. The new specimen adds to the diversity of the Ichthyopterygia of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation and emphasises the important contribution of amateur collectors in palaeontology.
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Moen Taule, E., J. Brekke, H. Miletic, H. Sætran, S. Maric, I. HogenEsch e R. Mahesparan. "P11.33.B A PATIENT WITH GLIOBLASTOMA AND EXTENSIVE EXTRANEURAL METASTASES - DOES MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE?" Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_2 (1 de setembro de 2023): ii80—ii81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad137.267.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Extraneural metastases of glioblastoma (GBM) are rare, reported incidence in literature is 0.4% to 2%. There is a lack in epidemiological data, and what little exists is outdated. The most commonly reported sites of metastases are bone, lymph node and lung. There is an insufficient understanding of the biological mechanism of metastasis, nevertheless, surgical intervention and peritoneal seeding through a ventriculoperitoneal shunt have been postulated as rational routes for the tumor cells. However, reports show metastasizing GBM in patients where neither of these procedures have been performed and therefore biological aspects should be elucidated. Previously, some few genomic studies have shown high mutational burden and that some mutations are only detected in the metastases, indicating clonal evolution. Commonly TP53, TERT, PTEN and CDKN2A/B have been revealed as shared mutations. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 55-year-old man presented with approximately 2 months of progressive headache and behavioral changes. Brain MRI revealed a left temporal lesion suspicious of GBM and no extracranial metastasis was detected. The patient underwent near total surgical resection and completed Stupp protocol. Nine months later, he was admitted to the local hospital with reduced general condition, tachypneic and lower back pain, but subsequent CT of thorax and abdomen revealed multiple pathological lesions in mediastinum, bones, lung, soft tissue, and mesentery. MRI confirmed the findings and a large soft tissue lesion at the level of the 6th thoracic vertebrae, was biopsied and showed metastasis from GBM. There was also local progression of the primary tumor in the brain. Treatment strategy was changed to a combination of lomustine, vincristine and bevacizumab. It was collected blood samples from the patient in respect of circulating tumor cells. A molecular characterization of the tumor samples was performed. RESULTS The primary tumor was MGMT promotor methylated, IDH-1/-2 wildtype, had no TERT promotor mutation, TP53 wildtype and ATRX was intact. The biopsy of the paravertebral lesion showed infiltration of a low differentiated, highly cellular tumor. Immunohistochemically the tumor cells were positive for GFAP, OLIG2 and S100. The molecular features revealed no mutation in BRAF or NTRK. Interestingly, PD-L1 was extremely upregulated, may indicating a potential benefit of immune-checkpoint inhibitors for extraneural metastases. A literature survey is done to find out any risk factors for metastasis. CONCLUSION We report a rare case of GBM with extensive extraneural metastases. This underlines the importance of comparing molecular biology, localization, and other patient and tumoral factors in order to identify any specific risk factor for metastasis. In turn, helping to stratify the follow up of this subgroup in the future.
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Nargizyan, A., S. Kurbanova, A. Glazyrina, E. Korobyants, V. Yusupova, A. Sologub e E. Zholobova. "AB1263 CHRONIC RECURRENT MULTIFOCAL OSTEOMYELITIS IN CHILDREN: A SINGLE CENTER 10-YEAR EXPERIENCE." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (23 de maio de 2022): 1740.3–1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4976.
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BackgroundChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a chronic autoinflammatory disease that primarily affects the skeleton in the absence of an infectious etiology in children and adolescents. It is an orphan disease with many unclear aspects in terms of diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.ObjectivesTo report demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of a single center cohort of CRMO patients in Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital in Moscow, Russia.MethodsWe retrospectively and prospectively reviewed clinical records of 33 CRMO patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2021 and admitted to Rheumatology Department of Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital.ResultsWe identified 33 patients with CRMO. Twenty-five (75%) were female. Median age of symptoms onset was 9 [6;12] years. Median delay in diagnosis was 12 month. All patients had bone pain as an initial symptom; fever has been present in 12 patients (63%). Joints involvement was observed in 22 patients (67%) – 39%, 18%, 12%, and 3% of patients had ankle, hip, knee, and shoulder and wrist joints involvement, respectively. All patients had multifocal bone lesions, which were confirmed by radiological methods (CT scan, MRI, scintigraphy). Vertebrae (42.4%) and femur (48.5%) were the most commonly affected bones. One child had a skull lesion (os parietale). Eleven patients (33%) also had sacroiliitis. Other organs involvement was observed 7 patients presented with palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis. Histopathological examination has been performed in 24 (73%) patients to confirm the diagnosis. Mean ECR was 43 [28;80] mm/h and CRP – 27 [15;61] mg/L. Twenty-three (69,6%) patients had immunological activity.ConclusionFrom our experience, most of the patients had delay in diagnosis. Laboratory tests showed mild elevation of inflammatory parameters. Seven (21%) patients had psoriasis.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Holland, Brayden, Phil R. Bell, Federico Fanti, Samantha M. Hamilton, Derek W. Larson, Robin Sissons, Corwin Sullivan, Matthew J. Vavrek, Yanyin Wang e Nicolás E. Campione. "Taphonomy and taxonomy of a juvenile lambeosaurine (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) bonebed from the late Campanian Wapiti Formation of northwestern Alberta, Canada". PeerJ 9 (4 de maio de 2021): e11290. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11290.
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Hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur bonebeds are exceedingly prevalent in upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) strata from the Midwest of North America (especially Alberta, Canada, and Montana, U.S.A) but are less frequently documented from more northern regions. The Wapiti Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian) of northwestern Alberta is a largely untapped resource of terrestrial palaeontological information missing from southern Alberta due to the deposition of the marine Bearpaw Formation. In 2018, the Boreal Alberta Dinosaur Project rediscovered the Spring Creek Bonebed, which had been lost since 2002, along the northern bank of the Wapiti River, southwest of Grande Prairie. Earlier excavations and observations of the Spring Creek Bonebed suggested that the site yielded young hadrosaurines. Continued work in 2018 and 2019 recovered ~300 specimens that included a minimum of eight individuals, based on the number of right humeri. The morphology of several recovered cranial elements unequivocally supports lambeosaurine affinities, making the Spring Creek sample the first documented occurrence of lambeosaurines in the Wapiti Formation. The overall size range and histology of the bones found at the site indicate that these animals were uniformly late juveniles, suggesting that age segregation was a life history strategy among hadrosaurids. Given the considerable size attained by the Spring Creek lambeosaurines, they were probably segregated from the breeding population during nesting or caring for young, rather than due to different diet and locomotory requirements. Dynamic aspects of life history, such as age segregation, may well have contributed to the highly diverse and cosmopolitan nature of Late Cretaceous hadrosaurids.
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Bishop, Peter J., Scott A. Hocknull, Christofer J. Clemente, John R. Hutchinson, Andrew A. Farke, Rod S. Barrett e David G. Lloyd. "Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part III—Inferring posture and locomotor biomechanics in extinct theropods, and its evolution on the line to birds". PeerJ 6 (31 de outubro de 2018): e5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5777.
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This paper is the last of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct non-avian species. Cancellous bone is highly sensitive to its prevailing mechanical environment, and may therefore help further understanding of locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Here in Part III, the biomechanical modelling approach derived previously was applied to two species of extinct, non-avian theropods, Daspletosaurus torosus and Troodon formosus. Observed cancellous bone architectural patterns were linked with quasi-static, three-dimensional musculoskeletal and finite element models of the hindlimb of both species, and used to derive characteristic postures that best aligned continuum-level principal stresses with cancellous bone fabric. The posture identified for Daspletosaurus was largely upright, with a subvertical femoral orientation, whilst that identified for Troodon was more crouched, but not to the degree observed in extant birds. In addition to providing new insight on posture and limb articulation, this study also tested previous hypotheses of limb bone loading mechanics and muscular control strategies in non-avian theropods, and how these aspects evolved on the line to birds. The results support the hypothesis that an upright femoral posture is correlated with bending-dominant bone loading and abduction-based muscular support of the hip, whereas a crouched femoral posture is correlated with torsion-dominant bone loading and long-axis rotation-based muscular support. Moreover, the results of this study also support the inference that hindlimb posture, bone loading mechanics and muscular support strategies evolved in a gradual fashion along the line to extant birds.
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Biz, Carlo, Rola Khamisy-Farah, Luca Puce, Lukasz Szarpak, Manlio Converti, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Alberto Crimì, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi e Pietro Ruggieri. "Investigating and Practicing Orthopedics at the Intersection of Sex and Gender: Understanding the Physiological Basis, Pathology, and Treatment Response of Orthopedic Conditions by Adopting a Gender Lens: A Narrative Overview". Biomedicines 12, n.º 5 (29 de abril de 2024): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050974.
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In the biomedical field, the differentiation between sex and gender is crucial for enhancing the understanding of human health and personalizing medical treatments, particularly within the domain of orthopedics. This distinction, often overlooked or misunderstood, is vital for dissecting and treating musculoskeletal conditions effectively. This review delves into the sex- and gender-specific physiology of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, highlighting how hormonal differences impact the musculoskeletal system’s structure and function, and exploring the physiopathology of orthopedic conditions from an epidemiological, molecular, and clinical perspective, shedding light on the discrepancies in disease manifestation across sexes. Examples such as the higher rates of deformities (adolescent idiopathic and adult degenerative scoliosis and hallux valgus) in females and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women illustrate the critical role of sex and gender in orthopedic health. Additionally, the review addresses the morbidity–mortality paradox, where women, despite appearing less healthy on frailty indexes, show lower mortality rates, highlighting the complex interplay between biological and social determinants of health. Injuries and chronic orthopedic conditions such osteoarthritis exhibit gender- and sex-specific prevalence and progression patterns, necessitating a nuanced approach to treatment that considers these differences to optimize outcomes. Moreover, the review underscores the importance of recognizing the unique needs of sexual minority and gender-diverse individuals in orthopedic care, emphasizing the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on aspects like bone health and perioperative risks. To foster advancements in sex- and gender-specific orthopedics, we advocate for the strategic disaggregation of data by sex and gender and the inclusion of “Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity” (SOGI) data in research and clinical practice. Such measures can enrich clinical insights, ensure tailored patient care, and promote inclusivity within orthopedic treatments, ultimately enhancing the precision and effectiveness of care for diverse patient populations. Integrating sex and gender considerations into orthopedic research and practice is paramount for addressing the complex and varied needs of patients. By embracing this comprehensive approach, orthopedic medicine can move towards more personalized, effective, and inclusive treatment strategies, thereby improving patient outcomes and advancing the field.
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Andrzejczuk-Hybel, J., K. Bartoszewicz, T. Bernacka, U. Dałek, A. Kusińska, W. Liss e J. Kączkowski. "Some methodical aspects in investigations on wheat gluten". Acta Agrobotanica 25, n.º 2 (2015): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1972.008.
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3 M urea has been shown to cause considerable, and only partially reversible conformational changes of gluten molecules. Homogenization has proved to act mechanically, breaking down some molecular bonds. No structural changes could be observed during freeze drying gluten, as well as after brief heating of its acetic acid extracts.
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Moore, Andrew J., Jinyou Mo, James M. Clark e Xing Xu. "Cranial anatomy of Bellusaurus sui (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Middle-Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of northwest China and a review of sauropod cranial ontogeny". PeerJ 6 (1 de junho de 2018): e4881. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4881.
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Bellusaurus sui is an enigmatic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle-Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of northwest China. Bellusaurus is known from a monospecific bonebed preserving elements from more than a dozen juvenile individuals, including numerous bones of the skull, providing rare insight into the cranial anatomy of juvenile sauropods. Here, we present a comprehensive description of the cranial anatomy of Bellusaurus, supplementing the holotypic cranial material with additional elements recovered from recent joint Sino-American field expeditions. Bellusaurus is diagnosed by several unique autapomorphies, including a neurovascular foramen piercing the ascending process of the maxilla at midheight, the frontal process of the nasal extending farther posteriorly onto the frontal than the prefrontal, and U-shaped medial and lateral notches in the posterior margin of the ventral process of the squamosal. Several features identified here, including a preantorbital opening in the maxilla, a stepped dorsal margin of the vomerine process of the pterygoid, and the partitioning of the dorsal midline endocranial fossae associated with the dural venous sinuses into anterior and posterior components by a transverse ridge of the parietal, are consistent with recent phylogenetic hypotheses that recover Bellusaurus as a basal macronarian or close relative of Neosauropoda. We review the current state of knowledge of sauropod cranial ontogeny, placing several aspects of the cranial anatomy of Bellusaurus in an ontogenetic context and providing explicit hypotheses of ontogenetic transformations that can be tested by future discoveries of ontogenetic variants of sauropod skulls. While scoring ontogenetically variable characters as unknown may help to alleviate the biasing effects of ontogeny on the phylogenetic position of juvenile specimens, we caution that this approach may remove phylogenetically informative character information, and argue that inference methods that are known to be less sensitive to homoplasy than equal weights parsimony (i.e., implied weights parsimony; Bayesian approaches) should also be employed.
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Sugawara, André Tadeu, Milton Seigui Oshiro, Eduardo Inglez Yamanaka, Ronaldo Meneghetti, Dayrin Vanessa Tarazona Carvajal, Leandro Ryuchi Iuamoto e Linamara Rizzo Battistella. "Half man, half prosthesis: the rehabilitation of people with hemicorporectomy – case series". F1000Research 10 (19 de abril de 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51636.1.
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Hemicorporectomy is a procedure where the lumbar spine and spinal cord, pelvic bones and contents, lower extremities and external genitalia are surgically removed. The rehabilitation process, in addition to being prolonged and costly, is challenging. This article reports the rehabilitation process for hemicorporectomy and shows the innovative solutions for mobility for this disability for two cases of paraplegic patients: case 1 due to traumatic spinal cord injury due to firearm injury and case 2 due to lumbosacral myelomeningocele. They presented chronic pressure ulcer which evolved to neoplastic transformation. (squamous cell carcinoma - Marjolin's ulcer). The cases were submitted to L4 hemicorporectomy and were rehabilitated to ensure the right to mobility independence for activities of daily living; social inclusion; prevention of comorbidities and pluralization of disabilities. The rehabilitation involved the elaboration of a new prosthesis for the hemibody and improvement of functional capacity, within a gain of 6 - 11 points in the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). The principal changes happened in social interaction, locomotion and transfers to a bed/chair and toilet. Despite the body transformation, patients show gains in quality of life mainly for the social domain of World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument-brief version (WHOQOL-bref). In general, there is an increase in the scores of this instrument from 1.78% -19.25%. The evolution of social inclusion through the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) reveals that patients are able to resume social, working, academic-professional life and recreation and leisure activities, reducing the number of severe and complete qualifiers from 90.91 to 60% when using the products appropriate assistive devices. Hemicorporectomy can be a therapeutic option for those in need, as it provides functionality without the need for caregivers and resumes educational, professional, economic and social aspects with gains in quality of life.
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Clement, Alice M., Richard Cloutier, Jing Lu, Egon Perilli, Anton Maksimenko e John Long. "A fresh look at Cladarosymblema narrienense, a tetrapodomorph fish (Sarcopterygii: Megalichthyidae) from the Carboniferous of Australia, illuminated via X-ray tomography". PeerJ 9 (10 de dezembro de 2021): e12597. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12597.
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Background The megalichthyids are one of several clades of extinct tetrapodomorph fish that lived throughout the Devonian–Permian periods. They are advanced “osteolepidid-grade” fishes that lived in freshwater swamp and lake environments, with some taxa growing to very large sizes. They bear cosmine-covered bones and a large premaxillary tusk that lies lingually to a row of small teeth. Diagnosis of the family remains controversial with various authors revising it several times in recent works. There are fewer than 10 genera known globally, and only one member definitively identified from Gondwana. Cladarosymblema narrienense Fox et al. 1995 was described from the Lower Carboniferous Raymond Formation in Queensland, Australia, on the basis of several well-preserved specimens. Despite this detailed work, several aspects of its anatomy remain undescribed. Methods Two especially well-preserved 3D fossils of Cladarosymblema narrienense, including the holotype specimen, are scanned using synchrotron or micro-computed tomography (µCT), and 3D modelled using specialist segmentation and visualisation software. New anatomical detail, in particular internal anatomy, is revealed for the first time in this taxon. A novel phylogenetic matrix, adapted from other recent work on tetrapodomorphs, is used to clarify the interrelationships of the megalichthyids and confirm the phylogenetic position of C. narrienense. Results Never before seen morphological details of the palate, hyoid arch, basibranchial skeleton, pectoral girdle and axial skeleton are revealed and described. Several additional features are confirmed or updated from the original description. Moreover, the first full, virtual cranial endocast of any tetrapodomorph fish is presented and described, giving insight into the early neural adaptations in this group. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the monophyly of the Megalichthyidae with seven genera included (Askerichthys, Cladarosymblema, Ectosteorhachis, Mahalalepis, Megalichthys, Palatinichthys, and Sengoerichthys). The position of the megalichthyids as sister group to canowindrids, crownward of “osteolepidids” (e.g.,Osteolepis and Gogonasus), but below “tristichopterids” such as Eusthenopteron is confirmed, but our findings suggest further work is required to resolve megalichthyid interrelationships.
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Butovskii, Mikhail V., e Rhett Kempe. "Rare earth–metal bonding in molecular compounds: recent advances, challenges, and perspectives". New Journal of Chemistry 39, n.º 10 (2015): 7544–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj00802f.
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In this review, all structurally authenticated molecular compounds with direct bonds between rare earth metals and transition or main group metals are summarized. Novel aspects of their syntheses, properties and reactivities are highlighted.
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Bhandary, Subhrajyoti, Rahul Shukla e Kristof Van Hecke. "Effect of chemical substitution on the construction of boroxine-based supramolecular crystalline polymers featuring B←N dative bonds". CrystEngComm 24, n.º 9 (2022): 1695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce01739j.
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B←N dative bond-associated molecular to polymeric crystals have been synthesized by tuning their electronic features. The supramolecular and quantum crystallographic aspects of the B←N dative bonds were thoroughly investigated.
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Yochelis, Shira, Eran Katzir, Yoav Kalcheim, Vitaly Gutkin, Oded Millo e Yossi Paltiel. "Formation of Au-Silane Bonds". Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/903761.
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Many intriguing aspects of molecular electronics are attributed to organic-inorganic interactions, yet charge transfer through such junctions still requires fundamental study. Recently, there is a growing interest in anchoring groups, which considered dominating the charge transport. With this respect, we choose to investigate self-assembly of disilane molecules sandwiched between gold surface and gold nanoparticles. These assemblies are found to exhibit covalent bonds not only between the anchoring Si groups and the gold surfaces but also in plane crosslinks that increase the monolayer stability. Finally, using scanning tunneling spectroscopy we demonstrate that the disilane molecules provide strong electrical coupling between the Au nanoparticles and a superconductor substrate.
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Ueki, Takeshi, e Ryo Yoshida. "Recent aspects of self-oscillating polymeric materials: designing self-oscillating polymers coupled with supramolecular chemistry and ionic liquid science". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, n.º 22 (2014): 10388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00980k.
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Herein, we summarise the recent developments in self-oscillating polymeric materials based on the concepts of supramolecular chemistry, where aggregates of molecular building blocks with non-covalent bonds evolve the temporal or spatiotemporal structure.
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STASYUK, I. V., e A. L. IVANKIV. "THERMODYNAMICS OF THE MOLECULAR COMPLEXES WITH CHAINS OF HYDROGEN BONDS". Modern Physics Letters B 06, n.º 02 (20 de janeiro de 1992): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984992000119.
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A pseudo-spin reduced basis model for the description of the linear hydrogen-bonds molecular systems with strong correlations between protons on the neighbouring bonds is proposed. The proton states corresponding to the high-energy proton configurations near the heavy ionic groups are excluded from the initial basis. Some aspects of thermodynamics and energy spectrum for the proton subsystem of the molecular complexes are considered in the framework of reduced basis model. It is shown that for the complexes with large but finite number of hydrogen bonds N, the polarizability is proportional to N2, the specific heat is proportional to N−1 and the spectrum includes both zone and localized proton states. At the same time it is shown that correct thermodynamic limit is obtained as N→∞ on the base of pseudo-spin model with initial basis. As a result the limits of application of reduced basis model are determined.
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Zappone, Bruno, George W. Greene, Emin Oroudjev, Gregory D. Jay e Jacob N. Israelachvili. "Molecular Aspects of Boundary Lubrication by Human Lubricin: Effect of Disulfide Bonds and Enzymatic Digestion†". Langmuir 24, n.º 4 (fevereiro de 2008): 1495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la702383n.
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Wu, Qian, Jingmai K. O’Connor, Shiying Wang e Zhonghe Zhou. "Transformation of the pectoral girdle in pennaraptorans: critical steps in the formation of the modern avian shoulder joint". PeerJ 12 (29 de fevereiro de 2024): e16960. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16960.
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Important transformations of the pectoral girdle are related to the appearance of flight capabilities in the Dinosauria. Previous studies on this topic focused mainly on paravians yet recent data suggests flight evolved in dinosaurs several times, including at least once among non-avialan paravians. Thus, to fully explore the evolution of flight-related avian shoulder girdle characteristics, it is necessary to compare morphology more broadly. Here, we present information from pennaraptoran specimens preserving pectoral girdle elements, including all purportedly volant taxa, and extensively compare aspects of the shoulder joint. The results show that many pectoral girdle modifications appear during the evolution from basal pennaraptorans to paravians, including changes in the orientation of the coracoid body and the location of the articulation between the furcula and scapula. These modifications suggest a change in forelimb range of motion preceded the origin of flight in paravians. During the evolution of early avialans, additional flight adaptive transformations occur, such as the separation of the scapula and coracoid and reduction of the articular surface between these two bones, reduction in the angle between these two elements, and elongation of the coracoid. The diversity of coracoid morphologies and types of articulations joining the scapula-coracoid suggest that each early avialan lineage evolved these features in parallel as they independently evolved more refined flight capabilities. In early ornithothoracines, the orientation of the glenoid fossa and location of the acrocoracoid approaches the condition in extant birds, suggesting a greater range of motion in the flight stroke, which may represent the acquisition of improved powered flight capabilities, such as ground take-off. The formation of a new articulation between the coracoid and furcula in the Ornithuromorpha is the last step in the formation of an osseous triosseal canal, which may indicate the complete acquisition of the modern flight apparatus. These morphological transitions equipped birds with a greater range of motion, increased and more efficient muscular output and while at the same time transmitting the increased pressure being generated by ever more powerful flapping movements in such a way as to protect the organs. The driving factors and functional adaptations of many of these transitional morphologies are as yet unclear although ontogenetic transitions in forelimb function observed in extant birds provide an excellent framework through which we can explore the behavior of Mesozoic pennaraptorans.
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Anquetin, Jérémy, e Christian Püntener. "A new species of the large-headed coastal marine turtle Solnhofia (Testudinata, Thalassochelydia) from the Late Jurassic of NW Switzerland". PeerJ 8 (12 de novembro de 2020): e9931. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9931.
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Background The large-headed turtle Solnhofia parsonsi is known by a handful of specimens from the Late Jurassic of Germany and Switzerland (maybe also France). Solnhofia parsonsi is traditionally regarded as a “eurysternid” Thalassochelydia, a group of small to medium sized, mostly lagoonal or marginal turtles found almost exclusively in the Late Jurassic of Europe. More recently, Solnhofia parsonsi has been proposed to be a close relative of Sandownidae, an enigmatic group of Cretaceous to Paleogene turtles characterized by a derived cranial anatomy and a wider geographical distribution. Sandownids may therefore have evolved from thalassochelydian ancestors such as Solnhofia parsonsi. Methods We herein describe new material of Solnhofia from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Porrentruy, NW Switzerland. The bulk of the material consists of an association of a cranium and over 180 shell bones found together in a block of marly limestone. A second cranium and a mandible from slightly younger, but nearby localities are also described. Results We refer the new material to Solnhofia brachyrhyncha n. sp. The new species shares with Solnhofia parsonsi a relatively large head, an extensive secondary palate formed primarily by the maxillae, a greatly developed processus trochlearis oticum with a contribution from the parietal and quadratojugal, a large jugal-palatine contact in the floor of the fossa orbitalis, and a posteromedial process of the jugal running on the dorsal surface of the maxilla and pterygoid. Some of these characteristics are also present in sandownids, but our morphological study clearly shows that Solnhofia brachyrhyncha is closer to Solnhofia parsonsi than to any sandownids. Discussion Solnhofia brachyrhyncha differs from Solnhofia parsonsi in many aspects, notably: a shortened and broader cranium, a shorter and posteriorly broader upper triturating surface with a slightly sinusoidal lateral margin and without contribution from the palatine, a processus trochlearis oticum more oblique in dorsal or ventral view and less concave in anterior view, choanae that do not extend posteriorly on the pterygoids, a more developed processus pterygoideus externus, a condylus mandibularis situated anterior to the level of the occipital plane, a greater ventral exposure of the parabasisphenoid, a mandible about as wide as long, a relatively short symphysis, a lower triturating surface widened posterolaterally thanks to the presence of large laterally projecting dentary tubercles, a stouter and shorter coronoid process, a splenial positioned more anteriorly along the mandibular ramus, costo-peripheral fontanelles extending more anteriorly and posteriorly along the costal series, and an escutcheon shaped central plastral fontanelle formed mostly by the hypoplastra. In addition to the morphology of the new species, we also briefly discuss about observable ontogenetic variations and possible taphonomic origin of the assemblage.
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Bandrivska, N. N., e Yu Yu Lysokon. "Epidemiology and Etiopathogenetic Factors of the Development of Aggressive Forms of Periodontitis". Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 8, n.º 1 (27 de fevereiro de 2023): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs08.01.008.
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The purpose of the work was to study the etiology and main etiopathological factors of the development of aggressive forms of periodontitis based on the analysis of additional pathogenetic aspects of mineral metabolism disorders according to modern literature. Materials and methods. The bibliosemantic method was used to clarify the state of the problem, study the analysis of the results of previous scientific research based on literature sources and electronic resources. Results. Periodontitis is the most widespread disease among all periodontal pathologies (chronic generalized periodontitis occurs in 90% of cases). Until recently, aggressive forms of periodontitis were not given due attention, since according to epidemiological studies by S. Renvert and M. Wikstom (1996), in the general structure of periodontal diseases, aggressive forms of periodontitis occur with a frequency of 5–10%. To understand the mechanisms of the development of aggressive forms of periodontitis, attention is paid to their development in children and adolescents. Clinical and radiological examinations of children and adolescents showed different frequency of aggressive forms of periodontitis (localized juvenile periodontitis and generalized juvenile periodontitis): in the USA – 2.27%, in Denmark – 0.1%, in Finland – 0.1%, in Nigeria – 0.8%, in Brazil – 0.3%, in England – 0.17%, in Chile – 0.32%. Studies have shown that aggressive forms of periodontitis are equally common in children and adolescents, regardless of gender. At the same time, localized juvenile periodontitis is 3 times more common in boys, not the same for girls. A new and rather promising vector of periodontology is the study of the role of juvenile changes in the bone skeleton on the development and course of periodontal diseases. The development of mineral metabolism disorders in aggressive forms of periodontitis in different age groups requires further study, while the data obtained by molecular geneticists become relevant for understanding the possible ways of research. Considering the fact that the jaw bones are a component of the skeleton, the strength of which can be affected by various exogenous and endogenous factors, in particular genetic ones, the main direction of searching for candidate sensitivity genes is conducted among the markers of bone metabolism disorders. Of many candidate genes that determine bone mineral density, the most well-known is the vitamin D receptor gene. Conclusion. The analysis of the available literature showed that the study of the role of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in the emergence and development of aggressive forms of periodontitis has a wide scientific perspective, and obtaining new data on the state of systemic regulatory factors and their effects on the local mechanisms of periodontal tissue damage will allow not only to improve the diagnosis of various forms, but also to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of this pathology