Artigos de revistas: "Birds – British Isles – Identification"

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E.D. "Colour identification guide to butterflies of the British Isles". Biological Conservation 33, n.º 1 (1985): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90011-4.

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Grenmyr, Urban. "Sex differences in recovery pattern and migratory direction of Goldcrest Regulus regulus ringed in northern Europe during autumn migration". Ornis Svecica 7, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1997): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v7.22972.

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Among Goldcrests ringed in Denmark, Sweden and Finland, and recovered later the same autumn in the British Isles, a remarkably high proportion (30:5) of males are found , compared with the assumption of equal sex ratio or a surplus (55%) of males in the migrating population during autumn. Sex ratio bias was not found in birds ringed in Norway. Provided that males and females can be assumed to have on average the same relative fat deposits and that the sexes are morphologically similar, both sexes should have the same flight range. Differences in flight capacity can thus not be a main explanation to the sexual bias in the short time recoveries in the British Isles. An alternative explanation may be a difference in migratory strategy between the sexes when facing long sea passages. If there is a choice, e.g. an alternative migratory route along the coast, the females, although for unknown reasons, fly out over the sea to a lesser extent than the males. Different geographical situations, compared to the rest of southern Scandinavia, is assumed to explain why Goldcrests ringed in southern Norway and later recovered in the British Isles do not show the same sexual bias.

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Schultz, Matthias. "Metamelanea umbonata new to the British Isles". Lichenologist 40, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2008): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282908007263.

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During a visit to the Natural History Museum London I examined material of the genus Porocyphus from the British Isles. A collection labelled Porocyphus coccodes [Scotland, Forfar, Caenlochan, on damp, E-facing rock (±basic), 1700 ft, 10 viii 1968, P. James (BM)] turned out to be a well-developed specimen of Metamelanea umbonata Henssen. Another two specimens from Scotland sent to me for identification belong here as well: Mid-Perth, Bread-albana, Creag Mhòr, S-facing cliffs, 700–800 m, 27/39.35, 6 vii 1979, B. Coppins 4573 (E, hb M. Schultz); Angus, Caenlochan Glen (N side), Glasallt Burn, W-facing cliffs, on vertical flushed granite cliff face, 800 m, 37/17, 7 viii 1989, B. Coppins 13383 & O. Gilbert (E, hb M. Schultz).

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Moore, P. G. "Eric Fitch Daglish (1892–1966): naturalist, illustrator, author and editor". Archives of Natural History 38, n.º 2 (outubro de 2011): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2011.0031.

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Eric Fitch Daglish (1892–1966) was a naturalist by inclination, a free-lance author and editor in business and, by practice, a wood-engraver of high repute. Taught wood-engraving skills by Paul Nash, he was a close friend also of other famous engravers (John Nash, Eric Gill) within the Society of Wood Engravers. He applied these skills to illustrating his own books for popular audiences on topics ranging from flowers to birds, beasts and the English countryside. Fluent in German, he translated books from that language to supplement his income in the years succeeding the First World War. He is perhaps best known for his bird books: Woodcuts of British birds, The life story of birds and Birds of the British Isles, but was also a prolific writer about dogs. His oeuvre is examined, and his contribution compared with other contemporary bird artists who embraced wood-engraving techniques. A bibliography of his natural history works as author and as editor is included.

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Langford, Terry E. L. "IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE INSHORE FISH OF THE BRITISH ISLES". Journal of Fish Biology 86, n.º 5 (maio de 2015): 1664–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12654.

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Hewitson, William C. "Review of Mr. BREE'S ‘Birds of Europe not observed in the British Isles’". Ibis 1, n.º 1 (28 de junho de 2008): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1859.tb06190.x.

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SPEAKMAN, J. R. "The impact of predation by birds on bat populations in the British Isles". Mammal Review 21, n.º 3 (setembro de 1991): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00114.x.

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Lawson, Becki, Robert A. Robinson, Katie M. Colvile, Kirsi M. Peck, Julian Chantrey, Tom W. Pennycott, Victor R. Simpson, Mike P. Toms e Andrew A. Cunningham. "The emergence and spread of finch trichomonosis in the British Isles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, n.º 1604 (19 de outubro de 2012): 2852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0130.

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Finch trichomonosis, caused by the protozoal parasite Trichomonas gallinae , was first recognized as an emerging infectious disease of British passerines in 2005. The first year of seasonal epidemic mortality occurred in 2006 with significant declines of greenfinch Carduelis chloris and chaffinch Fringilla coelebs populations. Here, we demonstrate that large-scale mortality, principally of greenfinch, continued in subsequent years, 2007–2009, with a shifting geographical distribution across the British Isles over time. Consequent to the emergence of finch trichomonosis, the breeding greenfinch population in Great Britain has declined from ca 4.3 million to ca 2.8 million birds and the maximum mean number of greenfinches (a proxy for flock size) visiting gardens has declined by 50 per cent. The annual rate of decline of the breeding greenfinch population within England has exceeded 7 per cent since the initial epidemic. Although initially chaffinch populations were regionally diminished by the disease, this has not continued. Retrospective analyses of disease surveillance data showed a rapid, widespread emergence of finch trichomonosis across Great Britain in 2005 and we hypothesize that the disease emerged by T. gallinae jumping from columbiforms to passeriforms. Further investigation is required to determine the continuing impact of finch trichomonosis and to develop our understanding of how protozoal diseases jump host species.

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Gasson, P. E., e D. F. Cutler. "Root Anatomy of 17 Genera Growing in the British Isles". IAWA Journal 11, n.º 1 (1990): 3–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001142.

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Roots of 23 woody species are described anatomically. They are mostly from species uncommonly planted in the British Isles, and were unavailable at the time the Root Identification Manual of Trees and Shrubs (Cutler et al. 1987) was being written. They were collected from trees blown down in the stonn of October 1987, which uprooted over 15 million trees in the south and east of England. All but one (Tetracentron sinensis) are from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, or Wakehurst Place.

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Agassiz, David. "Colour identification guide to moths of the British isles - by B. Skinner". Systematic Entomology 35, n.º 1 (17 de novembro de 2009): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00502.x.

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Heckford, R. J., S. D. Beavan e D. C. Lees. "Simacauda dicommatias (Meyrick, 1931) (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae), a South American species established in Cornwall, new to the British Isles and unknown in mainland Europe, with first details of its biology". Entomologist's Gazette 73, n.º 4 (27 de janeiro de 2023): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.734.1873.

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An account is provided of the discovery of Simacauda dicommatias (Meyrick, 1931) (Incurvariidae) at 26 sites in Cornwall, England, all in the larval stage, being initially leafminers then case-bearers on South American members of the Myrtaceae, mainly Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret, with moths being reared, and species identification confirmed by genitalic examination. This is the first time that the species has been found in the British Isles and it is unknown in mainland Europe. S. dicommatias is native to Argentina and Chile where it occurs in Andean (Valdivian) temperate rainforests. The biology appears to be unknown there, although adults have been collected around stands of L. apiculata. The generic identity is additionally confirmed by a DNA barcode (658 base pairs) obtained from the abdomen of one specimen from Cornwall. This matches (within 1.69% divergence for 296 comparable nucleotides) a COI fragment on BOLD from a specimen collected in Parque Nacional Puyehue, Chile, which is there misidentified as Simacauda virescens Nielsen & Davis, 1981, but is 8.75% divergent from another two short sequences (correctly) so identified. It is known that William Lobb, whilst employed by James Veitch & Son, imported L. apiculata (now an invasive species in the British Isles), with one or more other Chilean Myrtaceae in the mid-1840s. It remains to be tested if S. dicommatias may prove to be the earliest known example of an established adventive insect accidentally introduced from South America to the British Isles.

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Pietzsch, M. E., R. Mitchell, L. J. Jameson, C. Morgan, J. M. Medlock, D. Collins, J. C. Chamberlain et al. "Preliminary evaluation of exotic tick species and exotic pathogens imported on migratory birds into the British Isles". Veterinary Parasitology 155, n.º 3-4 (agosto de 2008): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.006.

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Khatri-Chhetri, Upama, John G. Woods, Ian R. Walker e P. Jeff Curtis. "Origin identification of migratory pests (European Starling) using geochemical fingerprinting". PeerJ 8 (4 de maio de 2020): e8962. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8962.

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The European Starling (Sturnidae: Sturnus vulgaris L.) is an invasive bird in North America where it is an agricultural pest. In British Columbia (Canada), the starling population increases in orchards and vineyards in autumn, where they consume and damage ripening fruits. Starlings also cause damage in dairy farms and feedlots by consuming and contaminating food and spreading diseases. Damage can be partly mitigated by the use of scare devices, which can disperse flocks until they become habituated. Large-scale trapping and euthanizing before starlings move to fields and farms could be a practical means of preventing damage, but requires knowledge of natal origin. Within a small (20,831 km2), agriculturally significant portion of south-central British Columbia, the Okanagan-Similkameen region, we used 21 trace elements in bone tissue to discriminate the spatial distribution of juvenile starlings and to reveal the geographic origin of the problem birds in fall. Stepwise discriminant analysis of trace elements classified juveniles to their natal origin (minimum discrimination distance of 12 km) with 79% accuracy. In vineyards and orchards, the majority (55%) of problem birds derive from northern portions of the valley; and the remaining 45% of problem birds were a mixture of local and immigrant/unassigned birds. In contrast, problem birds in dairy farms and feedlots were largely immigrants/unassigned (89%) and 11% were local from northern region of the valley. Moreover, elemental signatures can separate starling populations in the Valley yielding a promising tool for identifying the geographic origin of these migratory birds.

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Goodwin, C. E., e B. E. Picton. "The red blenny Parablennius ruber in the British Isles, with notes on field identification characteristics and ecology". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, n.º 5 (outubro de 2007): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540705744x.

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Parablennius ruber, the red or Portuguese blenny, is reported from the British Isles. This species has recently been revalidated as separate from P. gattorugine and this, together with confusion about the field identification characteristics which distinguish the two species, is likely to have resulted in it being under-recorded. Parablennius ruber was found to be fairly widespread on the exposed west coasts of the Republic of Ireland and Scotland (22 records), with additional records from the Isles of Scilly (3 records) and Northern Ireland (1 record). One record was made of egg guarding. Most records were from exposed areas of bedrock and boulders, between 15 and 30 m in depth. Field identification characteristics which distinguish between P. ruber and P. gattorugine are given. Given that its original description was from Ushant in 1836, it is unlikely that P. ruber is a fairly recent addition to the British fauna as a result of increased water temperatures. However, given its habitat, the fairly recent advent of sampling by SCUBA diving is likely to have increased the potential for sightings. The growth of SCUBA diving and the increase in the use of underwater digital photography are likely to result in a better knowledge of its distribution.

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Reeder, John R., C. E. Hubbard e J. C. E. Hubbard. "Grasses. A Guide to Their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles". Taxon 34, n.º 4 (novembro de 1985): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1222246.

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Walker, Alan M., Malcolm C. M. Beveridge, Walter Crozier, Niall Ó Maoiléidigh e Nigel Milner. "Monitoring the incidence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in rivers and fisheries of the United Kingdom and Ireland: current progress and recommendations for future programmes". ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, n.º 7 (1 de janeiro de 2006): 1201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.04.018.

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Abstract An inevitable consequence of the development of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farming industry in coastal waters of the British Isles has been the loss of farmed salmon to the wild, their occurrence in inshore waters and rivers, and their appearance in coastal and freshwater fisheries. Monitoring programmes have been developed throughout the British Isles, variously using scientific sampling, catch records from coastal or freshwater fisheries or both, and scientific sampling of catches from in-river traps. We compare the results of these monitoring programmes with regional production and the numbers of escapees reported from marine fish farms. We also consider the effectiveness of the programmes for assessing the prevalence of farmed salmon that escape from marine cages. Finally, we make recommendations for improvements to these programmes and for the development of best practice, including the scientific sampling of in-river spawning stocks through fishery-independent sources, identification of fish origin based on at least two methods, assessment of the degree of incorrect classification, and the timely and accurate reporting of all escapes.

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Rosza, Lajos, Aurora Gaxiola, Louis Lefebvre, Sarah Timmermans, Sherry Dawson e Peter Kabai. "Feeding Innovations and Forebrain Size in Australasian Birds". Behaviour 135, n.º 8 (1998): 1077–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792913492.

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AbstractMany authors have proposed that behavioural flexibility in the field is associated with learning ability in captivity, relative forebrain size and rate of structural evolution. In birds, the frequency of feeding innovations reported in the short notes sections of ornithology journals may be a good way to operationalize flexibility. In this paper, we examine in the birds of Australia and New Zealand the relationship between forebrain size and innovation frequency found in a previous study covering North America and the British Isles. From a methodological point of view, the two variables are highly reliable: innovation frequency per taxonomic group is similar when different readers judge innovation reports and when different editorial styles govern journals; relative forebrain size yields very similar estimates whether mean residuals from a log-log regression are used or ratios of forebrain to brainstem mass. Innovation frequency per taxon is correlated between the two Australasian zones and between these zones and the more northerly ones studied previously. Innovation frequency is also associated with relative forebrain size in Australia and, to a lesser extent, in New-Zealand; in Australia, parrots show the high frequency of innovations predicted by their large forebrain, but yield no innovations in the New Zealand sample. The forebrain/innovation trend is independent of juvenile development mode, but phylogeny appears to be an important intervening variable in Australasia, as evidenced by non-significant independent contrasts.

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Muscott, J. "The Rust Fungi of the British Isles – A guide to Identification by their Host Plants". Mycologist 19, n.º 3 (agosto de 2005): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(07)60056-1.

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Drever, Mark C., Dominique Chabot, Patrick D. O'Hara, Jeffrey D. Thomas, André Breault e Rhonda L. Millikin. "Evaluation of an unmanned rotorcraft to monitor wintering waterbirds and coastal habitats in British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 3, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2015): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2015-0019.

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The effective protection of coastal and estuarine habitats requires reliable monitoring information on their use by waterbirds, and the use of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) may provide access to these habitats without disturbing birds. We evaluated the use of a rotary-wing UAS with a high-end consumer camera to identify and count wintering waterbirds at two coastal sites in British Columbia, Canada, in January 2015, and to map mudflat and marsh habitats. Photos of shorebirds, waterfowl, and seabird species were taken at varying altitudes, and disturbance of birds appeared minimal when the UAS was flown at heights ≥61 m. A ground resolution of ~1 cm/pixel was needed to discern plumage characteristics necessary to reliably identify birds. For some duck species, identification of females relied on body size or close association with a nearby male. Photographs were also used to derive accurate counts of shorebirds. For diving birds, accurate counts from photographs will require information on the proportion of birds on the water surface. Orthomosaics of coastal habitats were constructed with sufficient detail to assess ecological and geomorphological features. The UAS can therefore assist with bird species identification, population assessment, and characterization of habitat types.

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Kershaw, Jane, e Ellen C. Røyrvik. "The ‘People of the British Isles’ project and Viking settlement in England". Antiquity 90, n.º 354 (21 de novembro de 2016): 1670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.193.

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The recently concluded ‘People of the British Isles’ project (hereafter PoBI) combined large-scale, local DNA sampling with innovative data analysis to generate a survey of the genetic structure of Britain in unprecedented detail; the results were presented by Leslie and colleagues in 2015. Comparing clusters of genetic variation within Britain with DNA samples from Continental Europe, the study elucidated past immigration events via the identification and dating of historic admixture episodes (the interbreeding of two or more different population groups). Among its results, the study found “no clear genetic evidence of the Danish Viking occupation and control of a large part of England, either in separate UK clusters in that region, or in estimated ancestry profiles”, therefore positing “a relatively limited input of DNA from the Danish Vikings”, with ‘Danish Vikings’ defined in the study, and thus in this article, as peoples migrating from Denmark to eastern England in the late ninth and early tenth centuries (Leslieet al.2015: 313). Here, we consider the details of certain assumptions that were made in the study, and offer an alternative interpretation to the above conclusion. We also comment on the substantial archaeological and linguistic evidence for a large-scale Danish Viking presence in England.

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BIRD, GRAHAM. "Tanaidacea (Crustacea) of the Northeast Atlantic: non-filiform species of Anarthruridae Lang from the Atlantic Margin". Zootaxa 471, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.471.1.1.

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Anarthrurid tanaidaceans are common in the bathyal zone west of the British Isles and their identification has been difficult. The complex history of the taxonomy and classification of the Family Anarthruridae Lang is summarised and H.J. Hansen s Leptognathia group d from the Ingolf expeditions is transferred to the Anarthruridae. Three known species are re-described (Anarthrurasimplex, Leptognathia latiremis, and L. glacialis). In addition, five new genera are erected and five new species described. A key to their identification is given. Zoogeographic patterns indicate a cold-water fauna north of the Faeroes and Iceland and a separate Atlantic Deep Sea fauna along the Hebrides-Porcupine-Biscay slope.

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Braithwaite, R. S. W., e G. Ryback. "Reichenbachite from Cornwall and Portugal". Mineralogical Magazine 58, n.º 392 (setembro de 1994): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.058.392.09.

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AbstractInfrared spectroscopy is a rapid method of distinguishing between pseudomalachite and its polymorphs reichenbachite and ludjibaite. This technique, backed by X-ray diffraction has shown that a number of specimens labelled ‘pseudomalachite’ from Cornwall, in particular from Old Gunnislake mine, are of reichenbachite, thus identified for the first time from the British Isles. Reichenbachite has also been identified with pseudomalachite from Miguel Vacas mine, Vila Viçosa, Evora, Portugal. Identification of pseudomalachite from a number of other localities world-wide has been confirmed, and some specimens have been shown to be arsenatian.

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Andersson, Reino. "Dräktvariation hos hannar i skandinaviska populationer av svarthakad buskskvätta Saxicola rubicola". Ornis Svecica 29 (11 de dezembro de 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v29.19691.

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In western Europe, the European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola, occurs in two subspecies; rubicola, with a large distribution in Europe, and hibernans, mainly distributed on the British Isles. A small population of presumed hibernans birds breed in Norway. However, difficulties in distinguishing hibernans from rubicola at an individual level has led to speculation regarding the origin of the Norwegian birds. There are no clear genetic differences between the subspecies and their plumage appearance can be considered to overlap within parts of the range. To investigate this, I studied the plumage variation among males during the breeding season in the Scandinavian populations of European Stonechats in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The study is based on photos of 404 males during the period March–May. The presence or absence of six typical hibernans characteristics were registered for each individual. The results show that males with both hibernans and rubicola characteristics occur during the spring in the Scandinavian populations. There was a clear over-representation of males with hibernans characteristics in Norway as compared to Sweden, and to a lower degree also to Denmark. If the expansion of rubicola progresses in Scandinavia, one could expect a larger proportion of rubicola-like males in the Norwegian population.

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STEWART, ALEX, ANN LOWE, LESLEY SMALES, ANNA BAJER, JAN BRADLEY, DOROTA DWUŻNIK, FRITS FRANSSEN et al. "Parasitic nematodes of the genusSyphaciaSeurat, 1916 infecting Muridae in the British Isles, and the peculiar case ofSyphacia frederici". Parasitology 145, n.º 3 (23 de agosto de 2017): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001470.

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SUMMARYSyphacia stroma(von Linstow, 1884) Morgan, 1932 andSyphacia fredericiRoman, 1945 are oxyurid nematodes that parasitize two murid rodents,Apodemus sylvaticusandApodemus flavicollis,on the European mainland. OnlyS. stromahas been recorded previously inApodemusspp. from the British Isles. Despite the paucity of earlier reports, we identifiedS. fredericiin four disparate British sites, two in Nottinghamshire, one each in Berkshire and Anglesey, Wales. Identification was based on their site in the host (caecum and not small intestine), on key morphological criteria that differentiate this species fromS. stroma(in particular the tail of female worms) and by sequencing two genetic loci (cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene and a section of ribosomal DNA). Sequences derived from both genetic loci of putative BritishS. fredericiisolates formed a tight clade with sequences from continental worms known to beS. frederici, clearly distinguishing these isolates fromS. stromawhich formed a tight clade of its own, distinct from clades representative ofSyphacia obvelatafromMusandS. murisfromRattus. The data in this paper therefore constitute the first record ofS. fredericifrom British wood mice, and confirm the status of this species as distinct from bothS. obvelataandS. stroma.

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Helbig, A. "Genetic basis, mode of inheritance and evolutionary changes of migratory directions in palaearctic warblers (Aves: Sylviidae)". Journal of Experimental Biology 199, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1996): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.49.

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The genetic basis, mode of inheritance and recent evolutionary changes of migratory directions in birds are discussed on the basis of published and new experimental evidence. Displacement experiments with wild-caught migrants and orientation tests with hand-reared passerines illustrate that inexperienced young birds possess genetic information about the direction and approximate distance of migration, but not about the geographic location of the winter quarters. Hand-raised blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla from east and west of the Central European migratory divide, when tested under identical conditions, exibited population-specific migratory directions in orientation cages. Cross-breeding of birds from these two populations demonstrated an intermediate mode of inheritance of this behavioural character. New data on the orientation of an F2 generation suggest that the directional information is encoded by only a few major genes. Migratory adaptations may have evolved recently, in some cases rapidly, as is illustrated by the establishment of a new migration route of central European blackcaps to winter quarters in the British Isles. This new route is shown (in a captive breeding experiment) to be based on a novel, genetically programmed westnorthwesterly migratory direction. It must have spread from almost zero to 7-11 % frequency in parts of central Europe within only three decades. The novel direction is also inherited phenotypically intermediately; its rapid evolution may be mediated by assortative mating based on differential arrival times at the breeding grounds. The evolutionary flexibility of migratory adaptations is discussed in relation to changes in the environment, both natural and accelerated by man.

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Gerondeau, Maureen, Christophe Barbraud, Vincent Ridoux e Cécile Vincent. "Abundance estimate and seasonal patterns of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) occurrence in Brittany, France, as assessed by photo-identification and capture–mark–recapture". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2007): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407054586.

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It has been suggested that the large grey seal colonies around the British Isles form local populations within a metapopulation, and that seal movements outside the breeding season lead to considerable overlap between individual home ranges. Individual behaviour and population dynamics of small peripheral colonies may also play a role in the metapopulation. We studied the French grey seal colony of the Molène archipelago, at the southern-most limit of the species' range. We analysed photo-identification data with capture–mark–recapture techniques in order to estimate the total seasonal abundance of grey seals in the archipelago and to quantify the seasonal rates of occurrence or movements of male and female seals. We found that between 58 (95% confidence interval: 48–71) and 98 (95% CI: 75–175) individuals hauled out in the archipelago during the summers of 1999 and 2000. The use of multistate models allowed the assessment of seasonal site fidelity and indicated that it varied between key periods of the annual cycle, particularly for females. Males showed a constant fidelity rate of 56% from one season to another. Hence, even though they showed high inter-annual site fidelity, they did not seem to have a preferred season for using the archipelago. On the contrary, female grey seals showed the highest site fidelity between moult and summer (around 80%), and the lowest fidelity between summer and the breeding period (34–43%). Thus, females seem to use the Molène archipelago preferentially in summer and leave the site before the breeding season, which explains the very low local pup production. Philopatry may explain this pre-breeding emigration, and we suggest that most grey seals observed in the Molène archipelago were born and breed in other local breeding populations, probably the south-western British Isles.

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San Martín, Guillermo, e Tim M. Worsfold. "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys 488 (19 de março de 2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.488.9061.

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Shestakova, N. F. "THE CELTIC REVIVAL IN GREAT BRITAIN (MID-XVIII - EARLY XX CENTURIES): IDENTITY AND MEMORY". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, n.º 4 (25 de agosto de 2019): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-4-583-592.

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The article is devoted to the Celtic revival, a movement related to the cultural development of the British Isles and the construction of their regional identities on the basis of the ancient past. The author carries out a comparative analysis of this process on the example of the inhabitants of Scotland, Ireland and Wales, revealing the features of their self-identification in the middle of the XVIII - early XX centuries. The article attempts to identify the reasons for the beginning of the Celtic revival and establish its exact chronological framework. The author comes to the conclusion that the residents of Scotland and Wales sought to become full-fledged members of the "British Commonwealth" and take a worthy place in it. The revival of images of the Celtic past in the memory of the peoples of these regions was focused on the preservation of identity, while in Ireland - on the struggle for independence, and in England - on the glorification and protection of imperialism.

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Watson, M. F., D. L. Hawksworth e F. Rose. "Lichens on Elms in the British Isles and the Effect of Dutch Elm Disease on their Status". Lichenologist 20, n.º 4 (outubro de 1988): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282988000441.

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AbstractThe nature of elm bark as a lichen substratum is considered; a method of bark pH measurement is described and examples show the effects of the environment on bark pH. A summary of elm taxonomy includes a field key to the identification of elms. An estimation of the degree of restriction of 97 lichen species found on elms is given together with distribution maps of the most restricted species, and a list of lichens recorded on elm. The spread and control of Dutch Elm Disease is discussed. The future of elms and the consequences for the more highly restricted lichen species are reviewed. Bacidia incompta, Collema fragrans, Gyalecta flotowii, G. ulmi, and particularly Caloplaca luteoalba and Cryptolechia carneolutea, are most at risk from the widespread loss of elms.

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30

Tallis, J. H. "Growth and degradation of British and Irish blanket mires". Environmental Reviews 6, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1998): 81–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-006.

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Blanket mires extend over approximately 22,500 km2 of the north and west of the British Isles, and are of both national and international importance. Blanket peat started to form locally in some regions 9400 years ago, but the period of most active spread was between 5100 and 3100 BP. Clearance of forest and scrub by human activity probably triggered peat formation in many areas, though the influence of longer term changes in climate can be detected both in the times of peat initiation and in subsequent peat growth. High-quality blanket mires can be characterized by the presence of distinctive plant communities, well-defined microtopographic differentiation of the mire surface, and a diplotelmic structure to the peat mass. Many blanket mires, however, currently have a modified, damaged, or eroded vegetation cover. British and Irish blanket mires are used for a variety of purposes: year-round grazing (mainly sheep), game stocking (red grouse and red deer), water catchment, plantation forestry, domestic and commercial peat extraction, military training, recreation, and conservation. The associated management practices can have significant effects on the composition and structure of the vegetation, the bird and invertebrate faunas, and the physical and chemical properties of the underlying peat. A major part of the British blanket mire resource is affected and modified by grazing, burning, and drainage; only approximately 4000 km2 may remain in a near-natural state. An estimated 3500 km2 is afforested and a further 3500 km2 is eroded. Atmospheric pollution has been shown to have had significant effects on the blanket mire vegetation only in the Southern Pennines, but substantial areas in Wales, northern England, and southwestern Scotland are potentially at risk from high levels of sulphur and nitrogen deposition. The peat mass is very susceptible to erosion from natural agents: frost, drought, rain, and wind. However, erosion normally occurs only when the plant cover is damaged. Severely eroded peat is found in all blanket mire regions of the British Isles and is most common above 450 to 500 m altitude, where it is associated with the development of gully systems within the peat mass. Erosion has almost certainly increased in intensity in the last 200 years, as land-use pressures have intensified, but there is evidence from a number of regions that active gully systems were present by at least AD 1500-1700. Damage and erosion of the blanket mire vegetation has considerable economic and amenity consequences: loss of grazing land, infilling of reservoirs with sediment and periodic discolouration of water supplies, loss of distinctive wildlife (particularly birds), and impaired recreational value. Techniques are now available for the revegetation and restoration of badly damaged blanket mire, but they are very costly. Government schemes that provide incentives for less-intensive management of blanket mires offer a potentially more viable way of meeting our international conservation obligations.Key words: blanket bog, peat, grazing, pollution, burning, afforestation.

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Crouch, Daniel J. M., Bruce Winney, Willem P. Koppen, William J. Christmas, Katarzyna Hutnik, Tammy Day, Devendra Meena et al. "Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n.º 4 (4 de janeiro de 2018): E676—E685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708207114.

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To discover specific variants with relatively large effects on the human face, we have devised an approach to identifying facial features with high heritability. This is based on using twin data to estimate the additive genetic value of each point on a face, as provided by a 3D camera system. In addition, we have used the ethnic difference between East Asian and European faces as a further source of face genetic variation. We use principal components (PCs) analysis to provide a fine definition of the surface features of human faces around the eyes and of the profile, and chose upper and lower 10% extremes of the most heritable PCs for looking for genetic associations. Using this strategy for the analysis of 3D images of 1,832 unique volunteers from the well-characterized People of the British Isles study and 1,567 unique twin images from the TwinsUK cohort, together with genetic data for 500,000 SNPs, we have identified three specific genetic variants with notable effects on facial profiles and eyes.

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Ross, P. M., M. T. Burrows, S. J. Hawkins, A. J. Southward e K. P. Ryan. "A KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE NAUPLII OF COMMON BARNACLES OF THE BRITISH ISLES, WITH EMPHASIS ON CHTHAMALUS". Journal of Crustacean Biology 23, n.º 2 (maio de 2003): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0328:akftio]2.0.co;2.

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Ross, P. M., S. J. Hawkins, K. P. Ryan, A. J. Southward e M. T. Burrows. "A Key for the Identification of the Nauplii of Common Barnacles of the British Isles, with Emphasis on Chthamalus". Journal of Crustacean Biology 23, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2003): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20021975-99990343.

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Charman, Daniel J., e John Grattan. "An assessment of discriminant function analysis in the identification and correlation of distal Icelandic tephras in the British Isles". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 161, n.º 1 (1999): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.161.01.10.

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Heubeck, M., T. Aarvak, K. Isaksen, A. Johnsen, I. Petersen e T. Anker-Nilssen. "Mass mortality of adult Razorbills Alca torda in the Skagerrak and North Sea area, autumn 2007". Seabird Journal, n.º 24 (2011): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.61350/sbj.24.11.

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An abnormal movement of auks occurred in the eastern Skagerrak in the third week of September 2007. Large numbers of Razorbills Alca torda were reported along the coasts of southeast Norway and western Sweden, many thousands entered Oslofjorden (Norway), and their migration past the northern tip of Denmark into the Kattegat began a month earlier than normal. This preceded heavy mortality of the species that lasted several weeks, and numbered thousands of individuals. Unusually for the time of year, Razorbills greatly outnumbered Common Guillemots Uria aalge in reports of live and dead birds. Of 376 Razorbills collected in Oslofjorden, 87% were adults, 9% immatures, and 4% juveniles. Among 326 adults, females (71%) outnumbered males, and 18% showed two white inner bill grooves instead of the normal one. All birds were extremely emaciated and had presumably starved to death. Virtually all adults and older immatures were still regrowing their outer primaries after the post-breeding moult, whereas those of juveniles were fully grown. Most, if not all, belonged to A. t. islandica populations breeding in the British Isles, Faroes or Iceland, and few, if any, were from A. t. torda populations of the Baltic, Norway or Russia; the 23 ringed birds found in the Skagerrak and Kattegat, mostly adults, all came from Scottish colonies. Population effects at these colonies were not obvious, but adult survival in 2007–08 was low at one colony in eastern Scotland. Long-term beached bird data indicated that while not on the scale of that in the Skagerrak and Kattegat, Razorbill mortality was abnormally high over a wide area of the North Sea in autumn 2007. The age and sex structure of the mortality and its possible causes are discussed.

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Haider, Nadia, e Mike J. Wilkinson. "Caps DNA Barcoding for Field Laboratory Identification of Grass Species (British Grasses as a Model)". Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 66, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2020): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2020-0008.

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AbstractThe true grasses (Poaceae) comprise one of the largest plant families on earth. The group is peerless in its contribution to global agricultural production and its members dominate many of the world’s most important habitats. However, morphological diagnosis of wild grasses is notoriously problematic and it is often impossible in the absence of flowering individuals. The advent of DNA barcoding provided a useful tool to address this problem for larger-scale or longer-term studies but the need for sequencing precludes its use in a field laboratory context or in situations where either funding or time is limited. Here, a chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)-based Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) system of molecular species diagnosis that has the capacity to address this problem is presented using British grasses as a model. First, PCRs were performed using universal primer pairs targeting 21 regions of the chloroplast genome in authenticated representatives of the 117 grass species from the British Isles, and universal amplification for all loci targeted was demonstrated. Second, 54 restriction enzymes were applied on amplification products generated from all species. There were 10 locus-enzyme combinations (with the highest variation) that had the best diagnostic utility for the 117 grass species.CAPS analysis on 16 representatives of three genera (Calamagrostis, Phleum, and Agrostis) was then used to illustrate the potential utility of the pipeline for establishing a field-laboratory screen of species identity. CAPS DNA barcoding system developed here may have ecological, conservation, and commercial applications. However, it has limited possibilities for intraspecific differentiation due to the highly conserved nature of loci targeted within species.

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Sallabank, Julia. "Language planning and language ideologies in Guernsey". Multilingua 38, n.º 1 (26 de janeiro de 2019): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0002.

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Abstract The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a small, semi-autonomous archipelago in the English Channel. Although it is a British Crown dependency and part of the British Isles, it has its own parliament and does not belong to the United Kingdom or the European Union. This unusual geopolitical situation means that the nation-state has little relevance. It is only recently that the indigenous former vernacular has been accorded any worth, at either grass-roots or government level: as its vitality declines (increasingly rapidly), its perceived value for individual and collective identification has grown. Although public opinion overtly supports indigenous language maintenance, and increasing its vitality is a stated aim (e.g., a government Language Commission was announced in 2012), effective top-down measures to increase the number and fluency of speakers appear to be low on the agenda. This article explores the implications of this socio-political background for language policy. It discusses language-related activities which reveal a lack of ideological clarification and strategic direction at all levels, compounded by issues of control, epistemic stance and language ownership.

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SAVIĆ, Sanja, e Leif TIBELL. "Atla, a new genus in the Verrucariaceae ( Verrucariales)". Lichenologist 40, n.º 04 (julho de 2008): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282908007512.

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Abstract:The new genus Atla forms a well-supported clade in a molecular phylogeny based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The genus has a crustose thallus, a hamathecium at maturity without hyphal elements except for pseudoparaphyses remaining at the ostiolum, and large, muriform spores. Atla wheldonii was previously referred to Polyblastia. Three new species, A. alpina (the type of the new genus), A. palicei and A. praetermissa, are included in the genus and described here as new to science. They were found on calcareous rocks and soil in Northern Scandinavia; A. alpina also occurs in Central Europe, and A. wheldonii likewise in Central Europe, the Pyrenées and in the British Isles. An identification key to the species and a revision of the genus are also provided.

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Beck, Suzanne, Andrew D. Foote, Sandra Kötter, Olivia Harries, Laura Mandleberg, Peter T. Stevick, Pádraig Whooley e John W. Durban. "Using opportunistic photo-identifications to detect a population decline of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in British and Irish waters". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, n.º 6 (4 de setembro de 2013): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413001124.

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An assemblage of killer whales that has been sighted in waters off the west coast of the British Isles and Ireland has previously been shown to be isolated from other North Atlantic killer whale communities based on association patterns. By applying a Bayesian formulation of the Jolly–Seber mark-recapture model to the photo-identification data compiled from opportunistic photographic encounters with this population of killer whales, we show that such sparse and opportunistically-collected data can still be valuable in estimating population dynamics of small, wide-ranging groups. Good quality photo-identification data was collected from 32 encounters over 19 years. Despite a cumulative total of 77 identifications from these encounters, just ten individuals were identified and the remaining 67 identifications were re-sights of these ten animals. There was no detected recruitment through births during the study and, as a result, the population appears to be in a slight decline. The demography of the population was highly skewed towards older individuals and had an unusually high ratio of adult males, and we suggest that demographic stochasticity due to a small population size may be further impacting the population growth rate. We recommend that this population be managed as a separate conservation unit from neighbouring killer whale populations.

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Chesmore, E. D., e E. Ohya. "Automated identification of field-recorded songs of four British grasshoppers using bioacoustic signal recognition". Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, n.º 4 (agosto de 2004): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004306.

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AbstractRecognition of Orthoptera species by means of their song is widely used in field work but requires expertise. It is now possible to develop computer-based systems to achieve the same task with a number of advantages including continuous long term unattended operation and automatic species logging. The system described here achieves automated discrimination between different species by utilizing a novel time domain signal coding technique and an artificial neural network. The system has previously been shown to recognize 25 species of British Orthoptera with 99% accuracy for good quality sounds. This paper tests the system on field recordings of four species of grasshopper in northern England in 2002 and shows that it is capable of not only correctly recognizing the target species under a range of acoustic conditions but also of recognizing other sounds such as birds and man-made sounds. Recognition accuracies for the four species of typically 70–100% are obtained for field recordings with varying sound intensities and background signals.

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Denness, A., J. D. Armitage e A. Culham. "A contribution towards the identification of the giant hogweed species (Heracleum, Apiaceae) naturalised in the British Isles with comments concerning their furanocoumarin content". New Journal of Botany 3, n.º 3 (dezembro de 2013): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2042349713y.0000000031.

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Palacios, Gustavo, James F. X. Wellehan, Stephen Raverty, Ana V. Bussetti, Jeffrey Hui, Nazir Savji, Hendrik H. Nollens et al. "Discovery of an orthoreovirus in the aborted fetus of a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)". Journal of General Virology 92, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2011): 2558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.032649-0.

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An aborted mid-gestational male Steller sea lion fetus with an attached placenta was recovered on the floor of an open floating capture trap located off Norris Rock near Denman Island, British Columbia. Viral culture of the placenta demonstrated cytopathic effect. Although no specific signal was obtained in microarray experiments using RNA obtained from viral culture, elution and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a reovirus. Complete genome pyrosequencing led to the identification of an orthoreovirus that we have tentatively named Steller sea lion reovirus (SSRV). Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarities between SSRV and orthoreoviruses of birds, bats and other mammals that suggests potential for interspecies transmission.

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Álvarez-Laó, C. "A review of the status of the Herring Gull Larus argentatus in Spain". Seabird Journal, n.º 24 (2011): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.61350/sbj.24.72.

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The Herring Gull Larus argentatus is considered a regular but scarce visitor to Spain, but its detailed status is uncertain. Here I present a compilation of published (primarily annual bird reports) and unpublished information (internet forums, direct communications by local ornithologists, ringing recoveries) to clarify the distribution and numbers of Herring Gulls in Spain, and their origins. More detailed information on age composition and phenology is presented for Asturias (NW Spain), perhaps the region where the species is most studied. According to ring recoveries (n = 43), the majority of Herring Gulls visiting Spain belong to the subspecies L. a. argenteus (mainly from the British Isles), with only 7% coming from breeding areas of the Nordic subspecies L. a. argentatus. Most observations occur in autumn and winter, being scarcer in spring and summer, and numbers vary between years. Two-thirds of birds recorded were in their first two years of life, with adults comprising only a quarter of the total. Ringing recoveries suggest Herring Gulls were more common in Spain 30+ years ago than at present. Data from winter censuses in Asturias between 2002 and 2007 gave a mean proportion of 1.06% Herring Gulls amongst the Yellow-legged Gull L. michahellis contingent. It is estimated that between 250 and 400 Herring Gulls are present in Asturias in mid January, and between 500 and 700 in the whole of Spain at the time of the winter censuses. There are two possible but unconfirmed attempts of breeding.

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McKenna, Julie. "Evidence based research activities, interests and opportunities exist for practitioners in all library sectors in the British Isles". Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 1, n.º 1 (15 de março de 2006): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8kw2r.

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A review of: McNicol, Sarah. “Is Research an Untapped Resource in the Library and Information Profession?” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 36.3 (September 2004):119-26. Objective – To scope the range, nature and challenges of present, planned and future research by practitioners within libraries in the British Isles. Design – A series of survey questionnaires sent by mail. Setting – Public, academic, health, special and school libraries of the British Isles. Subjects – A total of 2384 questionnaires were sent out and 334 responses were received. 62 academic libraries, 83 health libraries, 78 public libraries, 63 school libraries and 48 special libraries participated in the study. Methods – This study was undertaken in 2003 by a research team at the University of Central England. Survey questionnaires were sent by mail to library directors in all public library authorities, academic libraries, health libraries and special libraries in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In addition, questionnaires were sent to the librarians in all state and independent schools within a sample of nine local education authorities. Each participant was asked to identify past and future research issues of interest and the barriers to research practice within their library. Research was defined to include work on both externally funded and in-house projects and examples of the types of activities that this might include were provided. Main results – Half the respondents reported that they had been involved in some form of research in the past two years, with the lowest level of involvement from school libraries and the highest in public libraries. Generally, only the library directly involved in conducting the research made use of the findings and a gap in the dissemination of results was identified across sectors. User surveys were the most common form of research undertaken across libraries and slightly fewer respondents intended to carry out research in the coming twelve months than had in the past (the area most commonly mentioned was user surveys). Information and communications technology (ICT) was an area of planned future research in all libraries, as were user needs and user behaviour. The most frequently cited barriers to research activity across all sectors were lack of time and financial resources. Staff skills and the lack of focus on practical problems to solve were indicated as a barrier in health, public and academic libraries. Libraries reported a range of common uses for the research findings including: informing strategic and service planning; providing benchmarking data and measuring the effectiveness of services; identification of marketing and public relations opportunities; discovery of staff training needs; and use of the results to demonstrate the value of libraries to funding bodies. Conclusion – This study provides insight into practitioner-focused areas of research interest and possible areas for future investigation. As the author reports in her conclusion, the survey results cannot be considered representative of the wider population. Since research interests often overlap, a sector wide or cross-sectoral research approach should be considered to allow library staff to identify and resolve common problems. Wide dissemination of research results within the practitioner community would be of benefit to all. Greater communication between practitioner and information science communities is also encouraged, as these communities’ work is mutually beneficial.

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Gaffney, Vincent, Simon Fitch, Martin Bates, Roselyn L. Ware, Tim Kinnaird, Benjamin Gearey, Tom Hill et al. "Multi-Proxy Characterisation of the Storegga Tsunami and Its Impact on the Early Holocene Landscapes of the Southern North Sea". Geosciences 10, n.º 7 (15 de julho de 2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070270.

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Doggerland was a landmass occupying an area currently covered by the North Sea until marine inundation took place during the mid-Holocene, ultimately separating the British landmass from the rest of Europe. The Storegga Event, which triggered a tsunami reflected in sediment deposits in the northern North Sea, northeast coastlines of the British Isles and across the North Atlantic, was a major event during this transgressive phase. The spatial extent of the Storegga tsunami however remains unconfirmed as, to date, no direct evidence for the event has been recovered from the southern North Sea. We present evidence of a tsunami deposit in the southern North Sea at the head of a palaeo-river system that has been identified using seismic survey. The evidence, based on lithostratigraphy, geochemical signatures, macro and microfossils and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA), supported by optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating, suggests that these deposits were a result of the tsunami. Seismic identification of this stratum and analysis of adjacent cores showed diminished traces of the tsunami which was largely removed by subsequent erosional processes. Our results confirm previous modelling of the impact of the tsunami within this area of the southern North Sea, and also indicate that these effects were temporary, localized, and mitigated by the dense woodland and topography of the area. We conclude that clear physical remnants of the wave in these areas are likely to be restricted to now buried, palaeo-inland basins and incised river valley systems.

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Rosner, Anna M. "Kindertransporty – brytyjskie akcje ratowania żydowskich dzieci w latach 1938–1939". Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, n.º 12 (30 de novembro de 2016): 141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.412.

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The article talks about Kindertransports – the major rescue action organized by British-Jewish organizations, and run from the territory of Great Britain between 1938 and 1939. The Kindertransports aimed at gathering and sending to Great Britain Jewish children under the age of seventeen, in order to prevent them from witnessing, or being victims of the acts of violence in Nazi controlled Europe. Once in Great Britain, the children were supposed to spend several weeks with British families willing to give them shelter and support. Those for whom foster parents would not be found, were to be sent to boarding schools or temporary shelters. In the action’s planning phase the institutions involved considered the Kindertransports to be a temporary solution. As the situation of the Jewish population in Nazi controlled Europe worsened, it became clear that the character of the action needed to be revised, and the families were expected to guest the children for a longer and unspecified time. In the end approximately 10.000 Jewish children, who travelled to the Isles, were allowed to stay throughout the times of war. In 1945 it became clear that vast majority of them had no place or family to get back to. They stayed in Great Britain becoming an important and vital part of the British society, with British citizenships granted shortly after the end of the war. The article discusses the organization of the Kindertransport and talks about other solutions taken under consideration both by the program organizers, and the British government. It elaborates on the experiences the children shared, that is being separated from their families, feeling homesick, or finding oneself in the new environment. It explains the question of the lost identity of the participants of the program and speaks on how the subjects dealt with it. It also shows how the British legislature and laws connected to the Enemy Alien status together with the Defence Regulation 18B influenced lives of the underage survivors. The article ends with an attempt of estimation of what happened to the Kindertransport children after the war. How many of them remained in Great Britain and considered themselves British, how many shown high level of mobility and spend their lives changing their place of residence. In the end how many of them kept their self-identification as Jews, and how many converted.

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Davis, Bob, Phil Harding e Matt Leivers. "Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) Investigation of Engraved Chalk Plaques from the Stonehenge Region". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 87 (28 de outubro de 2021): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2021.13.

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Newly discovered and previously documented Late Neolithic chalk plaques from the Stonehenge locality have been subjected to new, non-invasive techniques which allow access to previously unseen elements of archaeological evidence. The application of these methods – involving Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and Polynomial Texture Mapping (PTM) – has revealed detail of the surface preparation and allowed methods and sequence of the compositions to be unpicked, clarifying their complexities. The results reveal a range of approaches to the compositions, some of which demonstrate planning, order, and intention while others include less systematic, rapidly executed sketches. Investigations of lines and surfaces have been made, supplemented by preliminary studies of replicated test pieces, to examine potential implements used in their creation and remark on plaque biographies and surface attrition following manufacture. Furthermore, detail revealed by RTI provides indications of the orientations in which some of the plaques should be viewed and – in one instance – suggests a ‘reflected’ element that may not be entirely abstract. Results from improved radiocarbon determinations place the plaques in the early part of the 3rd millennium bc which, together with identification of individual motifs, allows the plaques and the designs to be reconsidered within the corpus of Neolithic art in the British Isles.

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Doellman, Meredith M., Geoffrey C. Trussell, John W. Grahame e Steve V. Vollmer. "Phylogeographic analysis reveals a deep lineage split within North Atlantic Littorina saxatilis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, n.º 1722 (23 de março de 2011): 3175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0346.

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Phylogeographic studies provide critical insight into the evolutionary histories of model organisms; yet, to date, range-wide data are lacking for the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis , a classic example of marine sympatric speciation. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data to demonstrate that L. saxatilis is not monophyletic for this marker, but is composed of two distinct mtDNA lineages (I and II) that are shared with sister species Littorina arcana and Littorina compressa . Bayesian coalescent dating and phylogeographic patterns indicate that both L. saxatilis lineages originated in the eastern North Atlantic, around the British Isles, at approximately 0.64 Ma. Both lineages are now distributed broadly across the eastern, central and western North Atlantic, and show strong phylogeographic structure among regions. The Iberian Peninsula is genetically distinct, suggesting prolonged isolation from northeastern North Atlantic populations. Western North Atlantic populations of L. saxatilis lineages I and II predate the last glacial maximum and have been isolated from eastern North Atlantic populations since that time. This identification of two distinct, broadly distributed mtDNA lineages further complicates observed patterns of repeated incipient ecological speciation in L. saxatilis , because the sympatric origins of distinct ecotype pairs on eastern North Atlantic shores may be confounded by admixture of divergent lineages.

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Schett, G., H. Dumortier, E. Hoefler, S. Muller e G. Steiner. "B cell epitopes of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2: identification of a new specific antibody marker for active lupus disease". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68, n.º 5 (21 de maio de 2008): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.087502.

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Objectives:Autoantibody formation and T cell reactivity against the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP-A2) has been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Since no differences in epitope recognition were reported and the usefulness of anti-hnRNP-A2 antibodies as diagnostic markers of SLE is unknown, it was our objective to characterise linear B cell epitopes of hnRNP-A2 and to relate the anti-hnRNP-A2 antibody responses to disease activity and clinical features of SLE.Methods:Sequential serum samples from 15 patients with SLE and sera from patients with other rheumatic diseases and healthy subjects were investigated by ELISA for autoantibody reactivities against a set of 13 overlapping peptides spanning the RNA-binding region of hnRNP-A2. Antibody reactivity against the complete protein was determined by western immunoblotting and ELISA. SLE disease activity was assessed by European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure scores, by SLE Index scores and the British Isles Lupus Assessment index.Results:Anti-peptide antibody reactivities were found in 60% of SLE sera but in only 5% of control samples, and were mainly directed to four peptides, one of which (p155–175) appeared to be immunodominant. Antibodies to p155–175 were exclusively seen in patients with SLE and correlated with clinical disease activity as well as kidney and skin involvement. No correlations were found for the other anti-peptide antibody responses.Conclusion:Peptide p155–175 encompasses a disease-specific immunodominant epitope of hnRNP-A2. Since antibodies to p155–175 correlate with disease activity and nephritis, they may be useful as markers for active SLE.

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Snyderman, Lucia, Alexis Mychajliw e Arthur Spiess. "A Holocene Seabird Extinction in Maine: The Great Auk". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 60, n.º 2 (16 de fevereiro de 2023): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.58782/flmnh.awfg4811.

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Seabirds are the most threatened of any living group of birds, continuing a larger pattern of elevated Holocene bird extinctions on islands and coastlines. The Great Auk (Charadriiformes: Pinguinus impennis) was found on both coasts of the Atlantic during the Holocene until its last sighting on Iceland in 1844. Far more is known about the population structure and genetic diversity of NE Atlantic populations, and the latest surviving populations were documented from the British Isles in 1834. While sightings from Canada suggest Great Auks disappeared by 1800, no systematic evaluation of extinction timing has been conducted for this coast. Determining extinction timing of the Great Auk in Maine allows a comparison to be made to populations in other areas of the Atlantic Ocean, and raises the question: was the Maine population’s fate different due to regional, cultural, or other factors? There is a single eye-witness record in the late 17th century at “Black Point”, now Scarborough, Maine. To address this gap, we compiled a radiocarbon dataset on associated material from Maine archaeological shell middens. These 91 dates from 13 sites situate the Great Auk in Maine from about 180 to 4,555 years before present. The majority of these dates are from charcoal samples, but also include shells, ceramics, and bone, and cultural contexts span the Middle and Late Ceramic Periods. To account for differences in stratigraphic control and sampling material, we assigned quality scores, and used these scores to run a sensitivity analysis in extinction timing with the GRIWM model. Disentangling the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Great Auk extinction in Maine is useful in determining how to conserve current species in decline and modern insular seabirds in Maine, such as the puffin. Future study will include new radiocarbon dating of bones as well as isotopic and morphometric analysis to unfold more chapters of the Maine Great Auk’s narrative.

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