Artigos de revistas: "Biological levels"

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Buxbaum, Robert E. "Biological levels". Nature 373, n.º 6515 (fevereiro de 1995): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373567a0.

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Love, Bradley C. "Levels of biological plausibility". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, n.º 1815 (16 de novembro de 2020): 20190632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0632.

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Notions of mechanism, emergence, reduction and explanation are all tied to levels of analysis. I cover the relationship between lower and higher levels, suggest a level of mechanism approach for neuroscience in which the components of a mechanism can themselves be further decomposed and argue that scientists' goals are best realized by focusing on pragmatic concerns rather than on metaphysical claims about what is ‘real'. Inexplicably, neuroscientists are enchanted by both reduction and emergence. A fascination with reduction is misplaced given that theory is neither sufficiently developed nor formal to allow it, whereas metaphysical claims of emergence bring physicalism into question. Moreover, neuroscience's existence as a discipline is owed to higher-level concepts that prove useful in practice. Claims of biological plausibility are shown to be incoherent from a level of mechanism view and more generally are vacuous. Instead, the relevant findings to address should be specified so that model selection procedures can adjudicate between competing accounts. Model selection can help reduce theoretical confusions and direct empirical investigations. Although measures themselves, such as behaviour, blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) and single-unit recordings, are not levels of analysis, like levels, no measure is fundamental and understanding how measures relate can hasten scientific progress. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.

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de Jong, Huib Looren. "Levels of explanation in biological psychology". Philosophical Psychology 15, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0951508021000042003.

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Black, Valerie J., J. D. Graves e D. Reavey. "Climate Change and Levels of Biological Response". Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6, n.º 2 (março de 1997): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997579.

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Rezende, Enrico L., e Francisco Bozinovic. "Thermal performance across levels of biological organization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1778 (17 de junho de 2019): 20180549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0549.

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Thermal performance curves are widely used to describe how ambient temperature impacts different attributes of ectothermic organisms, from protein function to life-history traits, and to predict the potential effects of global warming on ecological systems. Nonetheless, from an analytical standpoint, they remain primarily heuristic and few attempts have been made to develop a formal framework to characterize these curves and disentangle which factors contribute to their variation. Here we employ a nonlinear regression approach to assess if they vary systematically in shape depending on the performance proxy of choice. We compare curves at contrasting levels of organization, namely photosynthetic rates in plants ( n = 43), running speeds in lizards ( n = 51) and intrinsic rates of population increase in insects ( n = 47), and show with discriminant analyses that differences lie in a single dimension accounting for 99.1% of the variation, resulting in 75.8% of classification accuracy. Differences revolve primarily around the thermal range for elevated performance (greater than or equal to 50% of maximum performance), which is broader for photosynthetic rates (median of 26.4°C), intermediate for running speeds (19.5°C) and narrower for intrinsic rates of increase (12.5°C). We contend, confounding taxonomic factors aside, that these differences reflect contrasting levels of biological organization, and hypothesize that the thermal range for elevated performance should decrease at higher organization levels. In this scenario, instantaneous or short-term measures of performance may grossly overestimate the thermal safety margins for population growth and reproduction. Taken together, our analyses suggest that descriptors of the curve are highly correlated and respond in tandem, potentially resulting in systematic variation in shape across organization levels. Future studies should take into consideration this potential bias, address if it constitutes a general pattern and, if so, explain why and how it emerges. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.

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Perelló, Joan, e Felix Grases. "Phytate levels in biological fluids of mammals". Journal of Chromatography B 960 (junho de 2014): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.016.

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Marchal, P. "Multi-annual TACs and minimum biological levels". ICES Journal of Marine Science 52, n.º 5 (outubro de 1995): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1995.0076.

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Vattala, H. D., S. D. Wratten, C. B. Phillips, E. L. Wackers e S. P. Worner. "Measuring parasitoid carbohydrate levels to improve biological control". New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (1 de agosto de 2005): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4286.

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Lifetime carbohydrate levels were compared in the laboratory between unfed and honeyfed Microctonus hyperodae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) a parasitoid of the Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Coleoptera Curculionidae) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse sugars in individual parasitoids and showed that fed and unfed parasitoids can be distinguished by measuring the total sugar levels Furthermore the fructose/total sugar ratio (f/T) of honeyfed M hyperodae was always higher than that of the unfed individuals This method should prove very useful for determining the nutritional status of fieldcollected parasitoids and for evaluating the benefits gained by parasitoids through the provision of floral resources in the field

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Fareed, J., D. D. Callas, D. Hoppensteadt e E. W. Bermes. "Tissue factor antigen levels in various biological fluids". Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 6, Sup 1 (junho de 1995): S32—S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001721-199506001-00006.

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Iverson, Erik N. K., Rachel Nix, Ash Abebe e Justin C. Havird. "Thermal Responses Differ across Levels of Biological Organization". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2020): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa052.

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Synopsis Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors driving the genome-to-phenome relationship. Metabolic rates and related biological processes are predicted to increase with temperature due to the biophysical laws of chemical reactions. However, selection can also act on these processes across scales of biological organization, from individual enzymes to whole organisms. Although some studies have examined thermal responses across multiple scales, there is no general consensus on how these responses vary depending on the level of organization, or whether rates actually follow predicted theoretical patterns such as Arrhenius-like exponential responses or thermal performance curves (TPCs) that show peak responses. Here, we performed a meta-analysis on studies of ectotherms where biological rates were measured across the same set of temperatures, but at multiple levels of biological organization: enzyme activities, mitochondrial respiration, and/or whole-animal metabolic rates. Our final dataset consisted of 235 pairwise comparisons between levels of organization from 13 publications. Thermal responses differed drastically across levels of biological organization, sometimes showing completely opposite patterns. We developed a new effect size metric, “organizational disagreement” (OD) to quantify the difference in responses among levels of biological organization. Overall, rates at higher levels of biological organization (e.g., whole animal metabolic rates) increased more quickly with temperature than rates at lower levels, contrary to our predictions. Responses may differ across levels due to differing consequences of biochemical laws with increasing organization or due to selection for different responses. However, taxa and tissues examined generally did not affect OD. Theoretical TPCs, where rates increase to a peak value and then drop, were only rarely observed (12%), possibly because a broad range of test temperatures was rarely investigated. Exponential increases following Arrhenius predictions were more common (29%). This result suggests a classic assumption about thermal responses in biological rates is rarely observed in empirical datasets, although our results should be interpreted cautiously due to the lack of complete thermal profiles. We advocate for authors to explicitly address OD in their interpretations and to measure thermal responses across a wider, more incremental range of temperatures. These results further emphasize the complexity of connecting the genome to the phenome when environmental plasticity is incorporated: the impact of the environment on the phenotype can depend on the scale of organization considered.

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Kubo, Shun, Masaki Iwasaki, Mari Horie, Ai Matsukane, Toshihide Hayashi, Yuri Tanaka, Hiroki Hase e Nobuhiko Joki. "Biological variation of procalcitonin levels in hemodialysis patients". Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 23, n.º 3 (8 de setembro de 2018): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-018-1639-2.

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Niki, Etsuo. "Lipid peroxidation: Physiological levels and dual biological effects". Free Radical Biology and Medicine 47, n.º 5 (1 de setembro de 2009): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.032.

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Verbeek, Walter, Marion Faulhaber, Frank Griesinger e Günter Brittinger. "Measurement of thrombopoietic levels: clinical and biological relationships". Current Opinion in Hematology 7, n.º 3 (maio de 2000): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00062752-200005000-00003.

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Ershov, Yu A., e V. V. Kotin. "Kinetic growth models at different biological development levels". Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 84, n.º 10 (janeiro de 2010): 1792–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024410100171.

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Pyysalo, Sampo, Tomoko Ohta, Makoto Miwa, Han-Cheol Cho, Jun'ichi Tsujii e Sophia Ananiadou. "Event extraction across multiple levels of biological organization". Bioinformatics 28, n.º 18 (3 de setembro de 2012): i575—i581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts407.

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Rylander, R., e M. Björkman. "Maximum noise levels as indicators of biological effects". Journal of Sound and Vibration 127, n.º 3 (dezembro de 1988): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460x(88)90383-5.

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Wren, Christopher D. "Mammals as biological monitors of environmental metal levels". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6, n.º 2 (março de 1986): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00395625.

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Swartz, Conrad M. "Predicting lithium levels". Biological Psychiatry 24, n.º 8 (dezembro de 1988): 951–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(88)90236-3.

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Zella, Lee A., Nirupama K. Shevde, Bruce W. Hollis, Nancy E. Cooke e J. Wesley Pike. "Vitamin D-Binding Protein Influences Total Circulating Levels of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 but Does Not Directly Modulate the Bioactive Levels of the Hormone in Vivo". Endocrinology 149, n.º 7 (27 de março de 2008): 3656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0042.

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Mice deficient in the expression of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) are normocalcemic despite undetectable levels of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. We used this in vivo mouse model together with cells in culture to explore the impact of DBP on the biological activity of 1,25(OH)2D3. Modest changes in the basal expression of genes involved in 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolism and calcium homeostasis were observed in vivo; however, these changes seemed unlikely to explain the normal calcium balance seen in DBP-null mice. Further investigation revealed that despite the reduced blood levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in these mice, tissue concentrations were equivalent to those measured in wild-type counterparts. Thus, the presence of DBP has limited impact on the extracellular pool of 1,25(OH)2D3 that is biologically active and that accumulates within target tissues. In cell culture, in contrast, the biological activity of 1,25(OH)2D3 is significantly impacted by DBP. Here, although DBP deficiency had no effect on the activation profile itself, the absence of DBP strongly reduced the concentration of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 necessary for transactivation. Surprisingly, analogous studies in wild-type and DBP-null mice, wherein we explored the activity of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3, produced strikingly different results as compared with those in vitro. Here, the carrier protein had virtually no impact on the distribution, uptake, activation profile, or biological potency of the hormone. Collectively, these experiments suggest that whereas DBP is important to total circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 and sequesters extracellular levels of this hormone both in vivo and in vitro, the binding protein does not influence the hormone’s biologically active pool.

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McCarty, P. L. "Novel biological removal of hazardous chemicals at trace levels". Water Science and Technology 42, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2000): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0238.

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Of recent concern is the removal of toxic compounds in wastewaters, soils, and groundwater to concentrations in the low microgram per litre level or less. Threshold limits to bioremediation exist and must be considered in biological treatment schemes to achieve such limits. These limits may be related to reaction kinetics or thermodynamics. Techniques for removing compounds below threshold levels exist that rely on appropriate approaches such as plug flow treatment. Novel biological methods exist for removal of refractory contaminants to low levels. Examples are provided for removal of trace levels of chlorinated solvents, such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), that employ dehalorespiration under anaerobic conditions or cometabolism under aerobic conditions. These approaches are currently being used in engineered systems or through natural attenuation for remediation of soils and groundwater. Successful results offer insights for similar removals of trace chemicals in both aerobic and anaerobic biological systems for treatment of wastewaters and sanitary landfills.

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Bard, Shannon Mala. "A biological index to predict pulp mill pollution levels". Water Environment Research 70, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1998): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143098x126955.

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Walsh, Anthony, e Patricia Ann Walsh. "Social Support, Assimilation, and Biological Effective Blood Pressure Levels". International Migration Review 21, n.º 3 (1987): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546611.

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Mosnaim, Aron D., Marion E. Wolf, Jorge Chevesich, Owen H. Callaghan e Seymour Diamond. "Plasma Methionine Enkephalin Levels - A Biological Marker for Migraine?" Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 25, n.º 5 (julho de 1985): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1985.hed2505259.x.

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Walsh, Anthony, e Patricia Ann Walsh. "Social Support, Assimilation, and Biological Effective Blood Pressure Levels". International Migration Review 21, n.º 3 (setembro de 1987): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100307.

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This study explores the role of social support on blood pressure levels among a sample of immigrants. The measure of blood pressure used is biological effective blood pressure, a mathematically transformed single measure derived from systolic and diastolic readings. The twin processes of immigration and assimilation are highly stressful. Stress is a major precursor of elevated blood pressure. It is assumed here that assimilation is differentially stressful according to the amount of social support one receives. Protracted stress will be manifested in elevated blood pressure levels. We found that social support was second only to age in its ability to account independently for variance in blood pressure levels. Immigrants receiving high levels of social support had significantly lower blood pressure levels than those receiving less social support. Social support was also significantly related to assimilation.

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TAYLOR, ARLENE, DANIEL D. BIKLE e MICHAEL E. NORMAN. "Serum Dihydrotachysterol Levels and Biological Action in Normal Man*". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 67, n.º 1 (julho de 1988): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-67-1-198.

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Pierce, W. David. "Activity anorexia: Biological, behavioral, and neural levels of selection". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, n.º 3 (junho de 2001): 551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01474164.

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Activity anorexia illustrates selection of behavior at the biological, behavioral, and neural levels. Based on evolutionary history, food depletion increases the reinforcement value of physical activity that, in turn, decreases the reinforcement effectiveness of eating – resulting in activity anorexia. Neural opiates participate in the selection of physical activity during periods of food depletion.

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Li, Zhengwei, Akiber C. Wachemo, Hairong Yuan, Rashid Mustafa Korai e Xiujin Li. "High levels of ammonia nitrogen for biological biogas upgrading". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, n.º 53 (outubro de 2020): 28488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.247.

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Humbert, H. "Metabolites of cyclosporine : Blood and tissue levels. Biological activity ?" International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part B. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 17, n.º 7 (janeiro de 1990): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2897(90)90096-j.

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Hall, Brian K., e Ryan Kerney. "Levels of Biological Organization and the Origin of Novelty". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 318, n.º 6 (8 de agosto de 2011): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21425.

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Clements, William H., e Peter M. Kiffney. "Assessing contaminant effects at higher levels of biological organization". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13, n.º 3 (março de 1994): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130301.

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Pirillo, Angela, Alberico Luigi Catapano e Giuseppe Danilo Norata. "Biological Consequences of Dysfunctional HDL". Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, n.º 9 (21 de maio de 2019): 1644–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180530110543.

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:Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease. HDLs promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and possess several putative atheroprotective functions, associated to the anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-oxidant properties as well as to the ability to support endothelial physiology.:The assumption that increasing HDL-C levels would be beneficial on cardiovascular disease (CVD), however, has been questioned as, in most clinical trials, HDL-C-raising therapies did not result in improved cardiovascular outcomes. These findings, together with the observations from Mendelian randomization studies showing that polymorphisms mainly or solely associated with increased HDL-C levels did not decrease the risk of myocardial infarction, shift the focus from HDL-C levels toward HDL functional properties. Indeed, HDL from atherosclerotic patients not only exhibit impaired atheroprotective functions but also acquire pro-atherogenic properties and are referred to as “dysfunctional” HDL; this occurs even in the presence of normal or elevated HDL-C levels. Pharmacological approaches aimed at restoring HDL functions may therefore impact more significantly on CVD outcome than drugs used so far to increase HDL-C levels. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathological conditions leading to the formation of dysfunctional HDL and their role in atherosclerosis and beyond.

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Onyango, J. D., C. Burri e R. Brun. "An automated biological assay to determine levels of the trypanocidal drug melarsoprol in biological fluids". Acta Tropica 74, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2000): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00080-7.

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Lechevallier, M. W., W. C. Becker, P. Schorr e R. G. Lee. "AOC reduction by biologically active filtration". Revue des sciences de l'eau 5 (12 de abril de 2005): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705156ar.

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Biological treatment was examined for production of biologically stable water, increase disinfectant stability, and reduced formation of disinfection by products. Monitoring of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) levels in the effluent of the Swimming River Treatment Plant (SRTP) showed that values >100 µg/L could be related to the occurrence of coliform bacteria in the distribution system. A treatment goal of <100 µg/L was established for biologically active treatment processes. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters were found to support a larger bacterial population, and thus, provide better biological removal of AOC and total organic carton (TOC). All biologically active filters showed good performance relative to effluent turbidity levels, and headloss development. Preozonation of raw water increased AOC levels an average of 2.3 fold, and always increased filter effluent AOC levels relative to nonozonated water. Application of free chlorine to GAC filters did not inhibit biological activity. Application of chloramines to GAC filters showed a slight inhibitory affect relative to free chlorine. Effluent AOC levels averaged 82 µg/L at an EBCT of 5 min, and decreased to an average of 57 µg/L at 20 min EBCT. EBCT did affect TOC removals, with efficiencies averaging 29, 33, 42, and 51 % removal at EBCTs of 5, 10, 15 and 20 min, respectively. Trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFP) were related to TOC levels. Processes Chat decreased TOC levels also decreased THMFP. A preozonated GAC/sand filter (EBCT 10 min) achieved an annual average 54 % removal of THMFP precursors. Post disinfection of biologically treated effluents reduced HPC bacterial counts by 2-2.5log10. Post chlorination or chloramination of prechlorinated GAC/sand effluents resulted in a 20 %, or a 44 % (respectively) increase in AOC levels. Post disinfection of preozonated water resulted in small (<8%) AOC increases. Despite increases in AOC levels, prechlorinated water had lower AOC levels than preozonated water, even after post disinfection.

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Bouazzi, Meyya, Nina F. Bak, Jørgen Agnholt, Vibeke Wewer, Mikkel Malham e Mia Bendix. "Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Patients Have Increased Inflammatory Markers Compared to Adult Patients prior to Biological Treatment". GastroHep 2022 (22 de março de 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9550908.

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Background. Recent epidemiological studies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) indicate that paediatric onset of IBD (pIBD) more often requires biological therapy compared to adult onset of IBD (aIBD). Whether this is due to a more aggressive disease phenotype or lower threshold of prescribing biologicals is unknown. In order to expand these findings in a clinical setting, we compared the inflammatory burden in pIBD and aIBD patients requiring biological therapy. Methods. We retrospectively included 70 pIBD and 83 aIBD patients initiating biological therapy. Symptoms and biomarker levels were recorded prior to and 6, 14, 22, and 52 weeks after initiation of biological therapy. Results. In Crohn’s disease (CD), the baseline levels of faecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were increased in paediatric CD patients compared to adult CD patients ( p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01 , respectively). No significant differences were seen in ulcerative colitis (UC). In CD, baseline vitamin D levels ≥ 75 nmol/L and baseline CRP levels < 5 mg/L were associated with higher remission rate ( p = 0.02 ) at the end of follow-up. Moreover, aIBD patients had a higher risk of loss of response to biological therapy and treatment discontinuation compared to pIBD patients ( HR = 4.7 [1.6-13.4], p = 0.004 ). Conclusions. pCD patients had increased inflammation markers compared to aCD patients prior to biological treatment. In addition to this, vitamin D < 75 nmol/L and high CRP levels predicted poor response to treatment in IBD patients.

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Nemes, Zita C., John Rotrosen, Burton Angrist, Eric Peselow e Robert Schoentag. "Serum iron levels and akathisia". Biological Psychiatry 29, n.º 4 (fevereiro de 1991): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(91)90229-f.

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de Zwaan, Martina. "Exercise and antidepressant serum levels". Biological Psychiatry 32, n.º 2 (julho de 1992): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90030-4.

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Dev Brat, Mishra, Pandey Sandhya e Mishra Taru. "Benefaction of Biological Stress on Diabetes". International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, n.º 7 (15 de julho de 2023): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230747.

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Whether originating from physical or mental factors, stress has been demonstrated to provoke alterations in blood sugar levels, presenting a predicament for individuals living with diabetes. Stress tends to elevate the levels of counter-regulatory hormones, particularly cortisol, adrenaline, or noradrenaline. Furthermore, diabetes itself constitutes a significant source of stress. To investigate the impact of stress on diabetes, a study was conducted with 200 participants diagnosed with Type-I and Type-II diabetes. These individuals were divided into two distinct groups based on their stress levels. A battery of tests and questionnaires was administered to both groups to assess their respective stress levels. The data collected underwent rigorous statistical analysis, which revealed that individuals diagnosed with diabetes displayed a mean stress score of 18, with a corresponding mean deviation of 12.59. This study provides compelling evidence that people living with diabetes experience significantly higher levels of stress compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. Key words: Diabetes, Type-I and Type-II diabetes, biological stress.

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Bures, Regina M., Tanya Koropeckyj-Cox e Michael Loree. "Childlessness, Parenthood, and Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults". Journal of Family Issues 30, n.º 5 (5 de fevereiro de 2009): 670–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x08331114.

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Prior research has examined whether parenthood is associated with higher levels of well-being among older adults, but definitions of parental status have varied. The authors examine links between parental status and depressive symptoms among older adults, comparing biological and social definitions of parenthood. The study finds few differences between biological and social parenthood but substantial variation in the relationship between parental status and depressive symptoms by gender and marital status. Biologically and socially childless adults had the lowest predicted levels of depression across all marital status groups. Widowed men averaged higher levels of depression than other men. For women, the highest predicted levels of depressive symptoms were observed among never-married biological parents and formerly married women who had outlived their children. Increased sampling of less common parental subgroups and diverse kinship relations to allow for more precise classifications and the consideration of joint marital—parental statuses in future research.

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Kostić, Daniel, Claus C. Hilgetag e Marc Tittgemeyer. "Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n.º 1796 (24 de fevereiro de 2020): 20190314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0314.

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Over the last decades, network-based approaches have become highly popular in diverse fields of biology, including neuroscience, ecology, molecular biology and genetics. While these approaches continue to grow very rapidly, some of their conceptual and methodological aspects still require a programmatic foundation. This challenge particularly concerns the question of whether a generalized account of explanatory, organizational and descriptive levels of networks can be applied universally across biological sciences. To this end, this highly interdisciplinary theme issue focuses on the definition, motivation and application of key concepts in biological network science, such as explanatory power of distinctively network explanations, network levels and network hierarchies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations’.

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Zeng, Jia, Hema K. Nagrajan e Soojin V. Yi. "Fundamental diversity of human CpG islands at multiple biological levels". Epigenetics 9, n.º 4 (13 de janeiro de 2014): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/epi.27654.

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Chernenko, О. М., О. I. Chernenko, N. M. Shulzhenko e О. G. Bordunova. "Biological features of cows with different levels of stress resistance". Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, n.º 1 (21 de fevereiro de 2018): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_237.

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Bozovic, Djordje, Maja Racic e Nedeljka Ivkovic. "Salivary Cortisol Levels as a Biological Marker of Stress Reaction". Medical Archives 67 (2013): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2013.67.374-377.

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Zhang, Z. W., J. X. Sun, S. Y. Chen, Y. Q. Wu e F. S. He. "Levels of exposure and biological monitoring of pyrethroids in spraymen." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1991): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.48.2.82.

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Creyns, B., B. Verstockt, J. Cremer, V. Ballet, M. Ferrante, S. Vermeire, J. Ceuppens, G. Van Assche e C. Breynaert. "DOP26 Biological therapy increases NCR+ ILC3 levels in IBD patients". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 13, Supplement_1 (25 de janeiro de 2019): S040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy222.061.

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Berman, Mitchell, e Richard Bartha. "Levels of chemical versus biological methylation of mercury in sediments". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36, n.º 1 (dezembro de 1986): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623527.

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Schnabel, C., U. Herpers e R. Michel. "Radiochemical determination of chromium at ultratrace levels in biological materials". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 178, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1994): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02068653.

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OKANO, YOSHIRO, TAKASHI KADOTA, MASAO NAKA, JUNKO NAGATA, SAE IJIMA, AKIHIKO MATSUDA, HIROYUKI IWAMURA, TAIZO HITOSHI, KAZUO TAKAHAMA e TAKESHI MIYATA. "Imino acid and related alicyclic amine levels in biological fluids." Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics 8, n.º 7 (1985): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb1978.8.487.

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Ricciardelli, Carmela, Andrew J. Sakko, Miranda P. Ween, Darryl L. Russell e David J. Horsfall. "The biological role and regulation of versican levels in cancer". Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 28, n.º 1-2 (22 de janeiro de 2009): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-009-9182-y.

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Pekari, Kaija, S. Vainiotalo, P. Heikkila, A. Palotie, M. Luotamo e V. Riihimaki. "Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low levels of benzene." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 18, n.º 5 (outubro de 1992): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1570.

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WAHLBERG, MAGNUS. "CONTRIBUTION OF BIOLOGICAL SOUND SOURCES TO UNDERWATER AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS". Bioacoustics 17, n.º 1-3 (janeiro de 2008): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09524622.2008.9753754.

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