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1
Slayton, Rebecca. "The Optical Munitions Industry in Great Britain, 1888–1923 by Stephen C Sambrook". Technology and Culture 55, n.º 2 (2014): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2014.0040.
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Jordan, Ellen. "The Exclusion of Women From Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain". Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, n.º 2 (abril de 1989): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015826.
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In 1868, a clergymen told the annual congress of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science that “he had long lived in the town of Liverpool, and had been placed in circumstances there which made him frequently regret that there were no places in which women could find employment. The great want was of employment for every class of women, not only for the higher class, but for those placed in humbler circumstances.” At earlier conferences, however, a number of speakers described the abundant opportunities for female employment in other Lancashire towns. Census figures make it clear that the reason lay in the different industrial bases of these towns.
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Ulunyan, Arutyun. "“Cotton Shadow” of the Great Game (1880s — Early 20th Century)". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023789-6.
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The article analyzes the interconnection between the political and economic interests of Britain in the context of the Great Game in the 1880s — early 20th century and the strengthening of the British participation in making and development of the Russian cotton industry. Archival sources, materials of parliamentary reports, the British press, publications of British and Russian participants in the events, all of them, provide legitimate basis to detect the peculiarities of the links between Britain’s economic and political interests during this period. The “cotton shadow” of the Great Game turned out to be a phenomenon that allows even at the statistical level to reveal the prevailing importance of economic interests over purely political assessments of the likely Russian threat to Britain in Central and East Asia and partially overshadow them.
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Woodcock, Jamie. "How to beat the boss: Game Workers Unite in Britain". Capital & Class 44, n.º 4 (12 de fevereiro de 2020): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816820906349.
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This article provides an overview of the growth of game worker organising in Britain. These workers have not previously been organised in a trade union, but over the last 2 years, they have developed a campaign to unionise their sector and launched a legal trade union branch. This is a powerful example of so-called ‘greenfield’ organising, beyond the reach of existing trade unions and with workers who have not previously been members. The article provides an outline of the industry, the launch of the Game Workers Unite international network, the growth of the division in Britain as well as their formation as a branch of the Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain. The aim is to draw out lessons for both the videogames industry, as well as other non-unionised industries, showing how the traditions of trade unionism can be translated and developed in new contexts.
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Allen, J. R. L. "A Whetstone of Wealden Sandstone from the Roman Villa at Great Holts Farm, Boreham, Essex". Britannia 46 (14 de julho de 2015): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x15000318.
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AbstractExcavated in 1992–4, the villa yielded a portion of a whetstone which, on the basis of general shape, the presence of rebated long edges and microscopic petrography in thin-section, was with little doubt made from a sandstone in the Weald Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the north-west Weald. It is representative of a widely recorded, major stone-based industry in Roman Britain, with finds known to range from the Channel coast to the northern frontier zone.
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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton e Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment". Journal of Economic History 81, n.º 3 (setembro de 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.
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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.
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Devereux, David R. "State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation 1951–62". Albion 27, n.º 1 (1995): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018536.
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Studies of post-1945 Britain have often concentrated upon political and foreign policy history and are only just now beginning to address the question of the restructuring of the British economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a subject of considerable interest to historians of interwar Britain, has not been given a similar degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil aviation policy was, however, given a very high priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and its Conservative successors. Civil aviation represented part of the effort to return Britain to a peacetime economy by transferring resources from the military into the civil aircraft industry, while at the same time holding for Britain a position of pre-eminence in the postwar expansion of civil flying. As such, aviation was a matter of great interest to reconstruction planners during World War Two, and was an important part of the Attlee government's plans for nationalization.Civil aviation was expected to grow rapidly into a major global economic force, which accounted for the great attention paid it in the 1940s and 1950s. Its importance to Britain in the postwar era lay in the value of air connections to North America, Europe, and the Empire and Commonwealth, and also in the economic importance of Britain's aircraft industry. In a period when the United States was by far the largest producer of commercial aircraft, the task of Labour and Conservative governments was to maintain a viable British position against strong American competition. What is particularly interesting is the wide degree of consensus that existed in both parties on the role the state should play in the maintenance and enhancement of this position.
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Ackers, Peter. "Colliery Deputies in the British Coal Industry Before Nationalization". International Review of Social History 39, n.º 3 (dezembro de 1994): 383–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011274x.
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SummaryThis article challenges the militant and industrial unionist version of British coal mining trade union history, surrounding the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and the National Union of Mineworkers, by considering, for the first time, the case of the colliery deputies' trade union. Their national Federation was formed in 1910, and aimed to represent the three branches of coal mining supervisory management: the deputy (or fireman, or examiner), overman and shotfirer. First, the article discusses the treatment of moderate and craft traditions in British coal mining historiography. Second, it shows how the position of deputy was defined by changes in the underground labour process and the legal regulation of the industry. Third, it traces the history of deputies' union organization up until nationalization in 1947, and the formation of the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS). The article concludes that the deputies represent a mainstream tradition of craft/professional identity and industrial moderation, in both the coal industry and the wider labour movement.
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Brown, John C. "Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles before 1914". Journal of Economic History 55, n.º 3 (setembro de 1995): 494–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700041619.
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This article reappraises export performance on international markets before World War I by examinnig the case of cotton textiles. The German industry expanded its market share from the 1850s to 1914 despite remaining a high-cost industry relative to Great Britain. Evidence from contemporary accounts and analysis of trade data from 1913 suggests that German success arose in part from the importance of monopolistic competition in export markets for finished cloth. Germany’s relative wealth, geographic position, and perhaps the intensive marketing efforts of its industry may have enabled it to counter the cost advantage of its British rival.Their heads are still gay with crimson kerchiefs, but those kerchiefs do not come from Manchester.—E. E. Williams
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Schwartz, Robert M. "The Transport Revolution on Land and Sea: Farming, Fishing, and Railways in Great Britain, 1840-1914". HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 12, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 2018): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2018-0005.
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Abstract The introduction and expansion of rapid rail transportation in Great Britain helped transform sea fishing and make fresh fish a new commodity of mass consumption. In agriculture the rail network greatly facilitated the shift from mixed cereal farming to dairy farming. To demonstrate the timing and extent of these changes in food production this article blends history and geography to create a spatial history of the subject. Using the computational tools of GIS and text mining, spatial history charts the expanding geography and size of the fresh fish industry and documents the growing concern among fishermen of over-fishing. In agricultural, huge flows of cheap wheat from the United states caused a crisis in British wheat farming, forcing many farmers to convert arable land to pasture for use in dairy farming. Given the growing demand for fresh milk in cities and increased availability of rapid rail transport in rural areas, dairy farming replaced wheat farming in outlying counties such as Wiltshire, the example examined here.
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Luzardo-Luna, Ivan. "Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment". European Review of Economic History 24, n.º 2 (26 de fevereiro de 2019): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez001.
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Abstract This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.
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Cossons, Neil. "Industrial Archaeology: The Challenge of the Evidence". Antiquaries Journal 87 (setembro de 2007): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500000834.
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This paper is an expanded version of two lectures presented at meetings of the Society held on 12 October 2006 and 11 January 2007. It considers the changing contexts within which industrial archaeology in Britain has evolved and continues to develop, some of the issues affecting its wider realization and the challenges of conserving such physical evidence as will allow future generations to gain an understanding of the great age of industry as it affected British society, the economy and landscape.
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Hanagan, Michael. "Family, Work and Wages: The Stéphanois Region of France, 1840–1914". International Review of Social History 42, S5 (setembro de 1997): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114816.
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Exploring issues of the family wage, this paper examines labour markets, family employment patterns and political conflict in France. Up to now, the debate over the family wage has centred mainly on analysing British trade unions and the development of an ideal of domesticity among the British working classes, more or less taking for granted the declining women's labour force participation rate and the configuration of state/trade union relations prevailing in Great Britain. Shifting the debate across the Channel, scholars such as Laura Frader and Susan Pedersen have suggested that different attitudes to the family wage prevailed. In France, demands for the exclusion of women from industry were extremely rare because women's participation in industry was taken for granted. But a gendered division of labour and ideals of domesticity remained and made themselves felt in both workforce and labour movement.
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GARRIDO, SAMUEL. "Oranges or "Lemons"? Family Farming and Product Quality in the Spanish Orange Industry, 1870–1960". Agricultural History 84, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2010): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.2.224.
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Abstract In the early twentieth century California became a big exporter of some agricultural products that, until then, had only been grown on a large scale in the Mediterranean basin. As a result, exports of those products diminished or stagnated in Mediterranean countries, with important repercussions on their economies. The Spanish orange industry, however, continued to expand, despite the fact that a substantial percentage of Spanish oranges came from farms owned by (often illiterate) small peasants who, in comparison to the California growers, used a great deal of labor, small amounts of capital, and little science. This paper shows that Spanish farmers were in fact capable of growing high-quality oranges at prices that were more competitive than those in California, although instead they often preferred to satisfy the strong demand for middling fruit from Great Britain because it was a more profitable business. This, combined with a deficient use of brand names, gave the Spanish citrus industry serious reputation problems by the 1930s, from which, however, it recovered quickly.
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BARNES, P., e R. J. FIRMAN. "Difficulties in establishing a limited liability company in Great Britain during the 1860s and the role of financial information: a case history". Financial History Review 8, n.º 2 (outubro de 2001): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565001000233.
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As a result of legislation in 1855, 1856 and 1862 that effectively enabled limited liability companies to be formed with minimum difficulty for the first time, there was an explosion of new companies. However, after the collapse of Overend, Gurney Ltd in 1866 they became unpopular. This paper examines the case of a business which failed to raise the necessary funding because of suspicion of exaggerated claims made in public prospectuses and the ways in which it attempted to survive. This gypsum industry case history also illustrates the problems facing the new class of ‘pure’ investors and directors who had little understanding of the industry in which their company was operating and the nature and reliability of the financial information available to them required for their decision-making.
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Kondrat’ev, V. "Automotive Industry: Crisis and Innovations". World Economy and International Relations, n.º 3 (2011): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-3-12-21.
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Banking and financial collapse of late 2008 extremely heavily hit the automotive industry in most countries. In 2009, the production of cars in the world dropped to 57 million units compared to 68 million in 2007. At the same time, recent statistics show that the industry is rapidly recovering from the worst crisis in its history. In the 1st quarter of 2010 car production in the world increased by 57% compared to the same period of 2009. In China, Canada, Mexico and Great Britain it increased by more than 70%. Volkswagen, Ford Motor Company and FIAT announced major investment plans, particularly in China and Latin America. Accordingly, it is expected that in 2010 the global car production will grow to 70 million units, and to 88 million by 2016, 40% of all sales will be in the Asia-Pacific region. Reduction of the automotive industry in Russia turned out to be deeper than anywhere else – 49% in 2009 against the previous year's level. For comparison: in the United States reduction amounted to 21%, in Spain – to18, in Japan – to10, in the UK – to 6.4, in Italy – to 0.2; while in China the production grew by 44%. Nevertheless, the Russian automotive industry is also showing signs of recovery, primarily because of the governmental program of recycling old cars.
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Hacker, Barton C. "Visualizing Tanks". Vulcan 9, n.º 1 (2 de março de 2022): 50–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-09010004.
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Abstract Rapidly changing technology transformed not only military affairs in the half century before 1914 but also the printing industry. In particular, images of all kinds became available to the public on an unprecedented scale. This allowed governments to call on artists both to propagandize the war effort and record the world-historical events. In the images they created during the Great War, official war artists did much to shape the public perceptions of such novel technologies as the tank. Especially in the robust war art programs of Britain and France, artists emphasized the blank menace of machines without evidence of human agency. Images of implacable machines rearing over blasted landscapes appeared in salons, books, magazines, newspapers, and in the new medium of film. The images sank home. During the interwar period, military mechanization incorporated tanks into armored forces that projected that same menace and invincibility on a larger scale, the very characteristics that commended tank forces to totalitarian regimes.
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Darity, William. "British Industry and the West Indies Plantations". Social Science History 14, n.º 1 (1990): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320002068x.
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Is it not notorious to the whole World, that the Business of Planting in our British Colonies, as well as in the French, is carried on by the Labour of Negroes, imported thither from Africa? Are we not indebted to those valuable People, the Africans for our Sugars, Tobaccoes, Rice, Rum, and all other Plantation Produce? And the greater the Number of Negroes imported into our Colonies, from Africa, will not the Exportation of British Manufactures among the Africans be in Proportion, they being paid for in such Commodities only? The more likewise our Plantations abound in Negroes, will not more Land become cultivated, and both better and greater Variety of Plantation Commodities be produced? As those Trades are subservient to the Well Being and Prosperity of each other; so the more either flourishes or declines, the other must be necessarily affected; and the general Trade and Navigation of their Mother Country, will be proportionably benefited or injured. May we not therefore say, with equal Truth, as the French do in their before cited Memorial, that the general Navigation of Great Britain owes all its Encrease and Splendor to the Commerce of its American and African Colonies; and that it cannot be maintained and enlarged otherwise than from the constant Prosperity of both those branches, whose Interests are mutual and inseparable?[Postlethwayt 1968c: 6]The atlantic slave trade remains oddly invisible in the commentaries of historians who have specialized in the sources and causes of British industrialization in the late eighteenth century. This curiosity contrasts sharply with the perspective of eighteenth-century strategists who, on the eve of the industrial revolution, placed great stock in both the trade and the colonial plantations as vital instruments for British economic progress. Specifically, Joshua Gee and Malachy Postlethwayt, once described by the imperial historian Charles Ryle Fay (1934: 2–3) as Britain’s major “spokesmen” for the eighteenth century, both placed the importation of African slaves into the Americas at the core of their visions of the requirements for national expansion. Fay (ibid.: 3) also described both of them as “mercantilists hardening into a manufacturers’ imperialism.” For such a “manufacturers’ imperialism” to be a success, both Gee and Postlethwayt saw the need for extensive British participation in the trade in Africans and in the maintenance and development of the West Indies.
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Merzhanova, Karina A. "Work of the International Air Commission of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain in September 1941: Records of the Negotiations". Herald of an archivist, n.º 4 (2018): 1175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1175-1187.
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The publication introduces into scientific use and analyses a unique document on the work of the international aviation commission (Moscow, September 1941) that worked at the conference of representatives of the USSR, the USA, and England on the issue of military deliveries to the Soviet Union. The published document has been found when preparing ‘History of creation and development of the defense industry complex of Russia and the USSR. 1900–1963. Documents and materials.’ Presently the fifth volume of the series covering the period of the Great Patriotic War is being prepared. The document published here precedes the publication of that volume. The question of military lend-lease deliveries of planes to the Soviet Union considered by the commission was of great importance to Soviet aviation industry. Evacuation of aircraft manufacturing facilities led to a decrease in production. For a time the aircraft industry continued to work on mobilization stocks and lend-lease deliveries. The aviation commission of the Soviet Union was to secure the necessary quantity of warplanes from the USA and England, which for that end had to curtail their own arms contracts. The published document shows the process of negotiations and its result – how fully the Soviet delegation managed to solve the tasks set before it. In the introduction, the situation in Soviet and American aviation industry at the start of negotiations is analyzed. The published document is stored in the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Economy. It is a typewritten original record of negotiations of even date. It expands source base on lend-lease, shows how the Soviet delegation tried to obtain newest American and English military aircraft equipment, and allows to understand the nuances of interactions of the allies, to analyze their positions and approaches to negotiations.
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Fei, Hanfeng. "Analysis of the Investment Value of three American companies in Industrial Sector". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 4 (12 de dezembro de 2022): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v4i.3448.
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Industrial stocks are stocks issued by industrial enterprises that produce non-consumer materials. Industries producing non-consumer data generally include extractive industry, manufacturing industry, electric power industry, gas industry and so on. The stocks issued by these industrial enterprises that produce non-consumer materials are called industrial stocks. Industrial stocks have a long history in United States. As early as 1900, industrial stocks became the majority of American stocks. In the same year that the United States overtook Britain as the country with the biggest economy in the world. Even today, more than a hundred years later, industrial stocks still play an important role in the U.S. economy and offer great investment value. In this article, three industrial stocks are selected and analyzed in different investing aspects, which can provide reference for the investors who are interested in industrial stocks. Three companies are the Boeing Company (BA), General Electric Company (GE), Ford Motor Company (F). The results show that BA is most risky and F is most profitable.
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PICKARD, JOHN. "Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900". Rural History 21, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2010): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990136.
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AbstractAfter reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.
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Torp, Cornelius. "The Pension Crisis and the ‘Demographic Time Bomb’: Perceptions and Misperceptions in Great Britain and Germany at the Turn of the Millennium". English Historical Review 136, n.º 583 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 1542–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab355.
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Abstract At the turn of the millennium, Germany and the United Kingdom experienced the most severe crises of their pension systems since the Second World War. In both cases, politicians reacted with extensive reforms. The political debates in each country revolved around the notion that demographic ageing was at the root of the crises. Hence, the call for greater intergenerational equity became the key justification of fundamental pension-system reform. But a comparative historical analysis reveals that it is a vast oversimplification to blame the pension crises entirely on demographic ageing. In fact, a combination of other factors—which varied widely between the UK and Germany—far overshadowed the ‘demographic time-bomb’ as the driving force behind the crises. A prime factor in the UK was the declining value of the Basic State Pension and the growing importance of means-tested benefits, along with the decline of company pension schemes. By contrast, the problems facing the pension system in Germany primarily arose from rising unemployment, the systematic early retirement of millions of eastern Germans and the high costs of German unity, which were largely borne by the social-security system. Furthermore, in the debate on Germany’s ability to remain a thriving centre for business and industry, rising pension contributions were widely held responsible for declining competitiveness. In both countries, politicians seized upon the explanatory model of demographic ageing because it made sweeping reforms of the pension system appear the consequence of a quasi-natural process, and created a welcome opportunity to divert attention from socio-political blunders.
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Headrick, Daniel R., e Pascal Griset. "Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838–1939". Business History Review 75, n.º 3 (2001): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116386.
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International telecommunication is not only a business but also a political enterprise, the subject of great-power rivalries. In the late nineteenth century, British firms held a near monopoly, because Britain had more advanced industry, a wealthier capital market, and a merchant marine and colonial empire that provided customers for the new service. After the 1880s, they encountered increasing competition on the North Atlantic from American, German, and French firms. Elsewhere, the British conglomerate Eastern and Associated retained its hegemony until the 1920s. Following World War I, radiotelegraphy threatened the dominance of cables. In the 1930s, cable companies were almost bankrupted by the Depression and by competition from shortwave radio.
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Huang, Philip C. C. "Development or Involution in Eighteenth-Century Britain and China? A Review of Kenneth Pomeranz'sThe Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy". Journal of Asian Studies 61, n.º 2 (maio de 2002): 501–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700299.
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Kenneth pomeranz argues that “the great divergence” between development and involution in Europe and China did not occur until after 1800. Until then, Europe and China were comparable in population history, agriculture, handicraft industry, income, and consumption. Europe before 1800, in other words, was much less developed than the last two decades of scholarship have led us to believe, while China before 1800 was much less involuted. To make his case, Pomeranz spotlights England, the most advanced part of Europe, and the Yangzi delta area, the most advanced part of China. They diverged only after 1800, mainly because of the lucky availability of coal resources for England, and also of other raw materials from the New World.
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Parveen Shaieka. "History of Handloom Industry in Assam with special reference to Sualkuchi". Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S3 (19 de novembro de 2023): 1614–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is-3.1942.
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The Handloom Industry plays a vital role in the socio – economic structure of Assam in terms of providing employment and production of clothes. At the same time preserve and propagate the rich cultural heritage of Assam. Weaving in Assam is as old as human civilization itself and the art of weaving are being passed from one generation to the next. The existence of high-quality weaving skill and production of fine textiles is well documented in great epics like Mahabharata and ancient treatise like Arthashastra1of Kautilya (Choudhry, 1987). Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang also gives rich description of existence of high-quality weaving products and their general liking of the Royal family and the nobility. Writing is the early 19th century, before the British annexed Assam, Francis Hamilton2 has given an accurate account of the state of weaving in Assam (Sarma, 2012). This Industry was directly patronized by the state, so much so that queens established weaving schools in the palace, to teach the art of weaving to the daughters of the noble widows and other female members of the household of executed prisoners were also employed by the art for spinning and weaving as a means of subsistence. The neo – vaishnavite movement of the Shri Sankardev was an equally potent force in the development in the art of weaving, especially of figured cloth. After annexation of Assam by the British3, the Handloom industry declined rapidly particularly in cities. Another British policy of de – industrialization of Assam, instead of export of cotton clothes and silk products, Assam became export of raw cotton and cocoon to fuel the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Despite, dwindling of textile weaving like all other arts with the fall of the Ahom rule, it never became extinct as many other branches of Assamese art. It is still a living art as much in demand as it had been in the medieval period (Goswami, 2012)
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Bekyashev, Kamil, e Damir Bekyashev. "THE COOPERATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE FIELD OF FISHERIES: LAW AND POLICY". Fisheries 2020, n.º 2 (13 de abril de 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2020-2-24-28.
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On January 31, 2020, Great Britain left the European Union (EU) and was given the opportunity to pursue an independent fishing policy. In this regard, the article considers the legal and political aspects of possible cooperation between the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom in the field of fisheries. An information on the state of the UK fishing industry is provided; the legal aspects of the UK exit from the EU in the context of fisheries are analyzed; the history of relations as well as the prospects for cooperation between Russia and the UK in the field of fisheries is considered. The authors have developed recommendations on the political and legal support of the fishery interests of the Russian Federation in relations with the UK.
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Tkachuk, Pavlo, Andrij Kharuk, Ihor Soliar e Lilia Skorych. "Russian aviation industry and First World War challenges". History of science and technology 12, n.º 2 (16 de dezembro de 2022): 388–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2022-12-2-388-407.
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The purpose of this study is to highlight the peculiarities of the development of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War. The focus is on analyzing production programs and matching their quantitative and qualitative parameters to war requirements. The main methods used in our work are problem-chronological, used to describe the state of the Russian aviation industry, and comparative, used to compare the level of development of the Russian aviation industry with other countries that participated in the First World War. General scientific methods have also found their application ‒ primarily, analysis and synthesis. The research resulted in the following conclusions: First World War became a challenge for Russian industry that was in the developing stage, including aviation industry. Needs of the front demanded for increase in plane productions that was a complex task for Russia, taking into account its economic backwardness. Aviation industry, being represented by several big (in the scope of Russia) enterprises, demonstrated a dynamic of growth. For the war period the plane production capacity had increased only in 3 times while in Germany – in 10 times and in France and Great Britain the growth was much bigger. Leading enterprises of aviation industry, such as factory of Duks, Liebiediev, Anatra, Shchetinin – mainly copied foreign samples (French, and sometimes German). Efforts to establish the production of original samples were a complete failure. The most known example is fighter “Illia Muromets” that was a leading one in 1914 but became old-fashioned till 1917. Aviation engine production was also narrow and was far beyond plane production. Enormous investments made in the development existed and building of new enterprises of planes and aviation engines production in 1916‒1917 did not show any results, none of the enterprises started the production. We have analyzed some of these failures – building of Anatra factory in Simferopol and Matias factory in Berdiansk, and aero-motors factories Anatra in Simferopol and Deka in Aleksandrovsk. State police on controlling aviation industry based on providing subsidies and preferential loan, turned to be ineffective – it was vanished by basic purchasing prices that did not count on inflation. That is why Russian aviation industry appeared to be unable to face and respond to war challenges. Production plans of leading Russian aviation factories as well as qualitative and quantitative parameters of products have been analyzed in the article.
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Bellamy, Andrew G. "The UK marine sand and gravel dredging industry: an application of Quaternary geology". Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 13, n.º 1 (1998): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1998.013.01.03.
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AbstractMarine sands and gravels currently contribute 24% (over 20 million tonnes/year) of the total sand and gravel aggregate consumption of Great Britain. To maintain or increase this contribution into the future, the identification, assessment and licensing of additional sand and gravel resource areas is of fundamental importance. Research into the Quaternary history of the continental shelf surrounding the UK assists in the prediction of sand and gravel resource locations. Similarly, resource assessment is significantly improved through an understanding of the origin and formation of these Quaternary deposits.Geological considerations also feature strongly in the management of existing dredging licence areas and in the acquisition of future licences from the Crown Estate. Precise resource assessment, coupled with accurate dredger positioning and track recording systems, minimizes the extent of dredged sea bed, thereby limiting environmental impact and improving the consistency of dredged cargoes. Also important is the need to overcome marine aggregate prejudice which arises from the perception by some customers that marine dredged sands and gravels differ markedly from those obtained onshore. Central to this issue is the argument that some of the most substantial marine deposits originated in subaerial environments at similar times and by the same processes as their present-day terrestrial equivalents, having been deposited in Quaternary cold climate fluvial environments.
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Jumaah, Abbas Ali, e Dr Hussein Shanawa Majeed. "The International Energy Agency and its Role in the Global Oil Market". International Academic Journal of Economics 10, n.º 1 (17 de abril de 2023): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iaje/v10i1/iaje1006.
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The energy is very essential way to fulfill man various need. It is the main nerve for economical and industrial development. Since the beginning of the world and most war that man made through history is to invade the new energy and develop it. Coal is the oldest source of energy and was exploit in economic way during industrial evolution since the beginning of eighteenth century in Britain. The share of coal was dominated the total world consumption of energy so nineteenth century was called coal century. However, the second half of nineteenth century witnessed emerge a new source of energy was called oil. Which that mean begin a new age of capitalism conflict of obsession on oil field that concentrated in the middle east especially Arab Gulf countries. Each of it want to secure their need of crude oil and fighting with each other to control oil sources. Great capitalism countries especially Britain, United States of America, and France managed to dominate international oil industry by utilize oil and getting their oil companies enormous income. Since the beginning of second half of twentieth century large company oil was emerged especially (seven sister) in the international oil market and middle East region as the largest monopolistic organization on international level.
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Walters, Emily Curtis. "Between Entertainment and Elegy: The Unexpected Success of R. C. Sherriff's Journey's End (1928)". Journal of British Studies 55, n.º 2 (11 de março de 2016): 344–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2016.3.
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AbstractDespite West End producers' and critics' expectations that it would never turn a profit, R. C. Sherriff's Journey's End (1928) became the most commercially successful First World stage drama of the interwar period, celebrated as an authentic depiction of the Great War in Britain and around the world. This article explains why. Departing from existing scholarship, which centers on Sherriff's autobiographical influences on his play, I focus instead on the marketing and reception of this production. Several processes specific to the interwar era blurred the play's ontology as a commercial entertainment and catapulted it to international success. These include its conspicuous engagement with and endorsement by veterans of the war, which transformed the play into historical reenactment; the multisensory spectatorial encounter, which allowed audiences to approach Journey's End as a means of accessing vicarious knowledge about the war; and a marketing campaign that addressed anxieties about the British theatrical industry. Finally, I trace the reception of this play into the Second World War, when British soldiers and prisoners of war spontaneously revived it around the world. The afterlives of Journey's End, I demonstrate, suggest new ways of conceiving of the cultural legacy of the First World War across the generations.
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Salvucci, Richard. "Economic Growth and Change in Bourbon Mexico: A Review Essay". Americas 51, n.º 2 (outubro de 1994): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007926.
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About twenty years ago, the Mexican SepSetentas series publishedLa historia económica en América Latina, the proceedings of a symposium held at the thirty-ninth International Congress of Americanists. For many novice historians of Mexico, the SepSetentas collectionavailable for ten (very old) pesos each at fine shops in the Metro, or at Sanborns-were Penguins or Pelicans of a lesser sort. Graduate students eagerly awaited new volumes, and scoured the streets for older ones. SepSetentas published some first-rate items, and, alas, some not-so-first-rate ones.La historia económica en América Latinawas a keeper. Its second volume contained useful bibliographies and historiographical essays by Enrique Florescano, David Brading, Woodrow Borah and Sherburne Cook, and Jan Bazant. To take just one example, Brading noticed that no one had reconciled Chevalier'sLand and Societywith Borah'sNew Spain's Century of Depression. “Where should one look to study domestic industry or commerce?” Brading wondered. The accounts of the Royal Treasury had not been systematically exploited. The tobacco industry had yet to find its historian. The costs of Spanish colonialism were essentially unknown. The proper scope of rural history was the regional study. And so on. Obviously, Brading's essay proved remarkably prescient. Historians in Mexico, Great Britain, Western Europe, the United States and Canada have all had a hand in carrying out the agenda that Brading proposed. We have, as the song says, come a long way. The latest and most comprehensive measure of our progress is the long-awaited appearance of Richard Garner's (with Spiro E. Stefanou)Economic Growth and Change in Bourbon Mexico(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993).
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Garrity, Jane, e Celia Marshik. "Fashion’s Borders". English Language Notes 60, n.º 2 (1 de outubro de 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-9890736.
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Abstract The introduction traces the long history of fashion’s movement across cultural, national, and political borders. After brief case studies of early twentieth-century French and Spanish styles imagining fashion as an engine of transnational amity, the introduction highlights how fashion navigates some of the most troubled borders of recent years, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and racial violence. Fashion forces viewers and consumers to choose sides, whether through national identification or through recognition of the long history of black and brown bodies producing fashionable objects. To advance the global history of fashion, the introduction briefly discusses the work of designers Rawan Maki (Bahrain), Laurence Leenaert (Belgium), and Kim Jones (Great Britain), examining how each upends gender, race, class, or fashion binaries, and analyzes how LVMH and Uniqlo, brands at opposite ends of the contemporary style spectrum, underline the very different ways in which fashion traverses the globe in the twenty-first century. The introduction concludes with the hope that this issue will raise questions about fashion’s articulation of the relation among the local, the national, and the global, as well as about the human experience of interacting with the fashion industry in one national context while living in a globalized world.
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Toktonalieva, N., e I. Toktonaliev. "History and Background of the Implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Review)". Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, n.º 9 (15 de setembro de 2020): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/17.
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The volume of the global pharmaceutical market in 2018 amounted to 1.2 trillion US dollars, and by 2020 the global pharmaceutical market has grown to 1.5 trillion dollars. Countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain took the leading positions in the pharmaceutical market, while the market share of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the world community was 2.6%. Further growth of the global pharmaceutical market is predicted by 5% annually, which may contribute to the rapid production and distribution of low-quality pharmaceutical products. One of the main goals of the country is to provide the population with effective, high-quality and safe medicines drugs to protect their health, since consumers cannot assess the quality of medicines on their own. To accomplish this task in developed and developing countries, the state regularly checks and evaluates the quality, efficacy, safety, as well as the main pharmacological effects of drugs at all stages of production. In the production of drugs, it is necessary to comply with the rules of Good Manufacturing Practice. Good Manufacturing Practice is one of the indispensable elements of a modern control and authorization system in the field of pharmaceutical circulation, no less important than the Pharmacopoeia or other state drug standards. Materials and methods. The review article presents an analysis of published scientific works of the last 15 years. To search for reliable information, we used scientific literature data from available and open sources placed in scientific electronic databases: Cyberleninka, PubMed, E-library, Medline, J-stage, Hindawi using the keywords: Good Manufacturing Practice, GMP, pharmaceutical industry, quality of medicines. Results. When analyzing scientific literature sources, special attention is paid to the relevance of this problem, the prerequisites for the introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice standards in the pharmaceutical industry and world practice. Conclusion. Summarizing the scientific literature data, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to comply with the basic requirements of the international Good Manufacturing Practice standard for the production of high-quality drugs, which has a positive effect on the health of consumers.
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Tempelhoff, Johann W. N. "Eersteling - bakermat van die Suid-Afrikaanse goudmynbedryf". New Contree 9 (11 de julho de 2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v9i0.814.
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The Eersteling gold-fields in the Northern Transvaal are very important in the history of the South African gold-mining industry. There, for the first time, gold was mined on a large scale in South Africa following its discovery in 1871 by the prospector Edward Button. In 1872 Button went to Great Britain where he formed the Transvaal Gold Mining Co. Ltd. From sale of stocks he obtained the capital required to buy the modern equipment necessary for large scale gold-mining at Eersteling. His activities were interrupted by the outbreak of the first Anglo-Boer War in 1880, and were recommenced only when other gold-fields were being developed in the Soutpansberg district. When gold was discovered on the Witwatersrand in 1886 most of the diggers flocked there, leaving Eersteling almost to itself. Although Eersteling never experienced a boom again, mining activities were continued and have lasted into the present time. The present high gold price has resulted in a renewed interest in the Eersteling gold-fields, where modern equipment is used to exploit the riches of this area.
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Nikolaienko, Volodymyr, Leonid Nikolaienko e Yuriy Yakovenko. "Railway mobility: social history and implementation practices". Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, n.º 1 (março de 2023): 92–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2023.01.092.
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The article raises questions of the social history (history of institutionalization) of railways and railway mobility (or mobility of railway passenger's), which are becoming popular in the English-speaking sociology of transport, which is the reason for mainstreaming this topic in Ukraine. The questions raised are considered from the point of view of empires’ history, in particular, Great Britain, where the institutionalization of the internal railway, and later of railways in the colonies, led to the development of not only English, but also world industry, and at the same time contributed to world socio-cultural development, including the development of warfare. Our goal is to provide the reader with a preliminary introduction to a large series of books published under the general title “Studies in Imperialism”, where there are works on the institutionalization of railway transport, in particular the passenger railway, their functions, etc. The series is dominated by the idea that imperialism as a cultural phenomenon had the same significant impact on the dominant society as it did on the dependent one and that the development and operation of railways is a direct consequence of imperial ideology. It was the imperial ideology of the institutionalization of railway transport both in the metropolises themselves and on the colonized territories that gave rise to contradictions of the social order, including massive outrage, as it led to radical institutional and mental changes associated with the traditional space and time orientation of local residents, limited them in the right to voluntary movement, accustomed to movement according to someone’s and somewhere developed schedules and life according to the principle of movement from work to work, etc. Finally, the authors make a conclusion that all this fit into the postulates of the ideology of modernization and rationalization of public life, but was interpreted in terms of the colonization of others living space/time, as it accustomed to the appropriate life regime and not only while travelling by rail.
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PETRUSHENKO, YURIY, FEDIR ZHURAVKA, IRYNA MAREKHA e MARIYA NOVGORODCEVA. "INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FACTORS". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 294, n.º 3 (março de 2021): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-294-3-32.
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In the article, the authors analyze the scope of international tourism development factors based on factological and statistical grounds. It was proven in the article that on the macro-level tourist markets can be grouped into national and oversea ones. The classification of the national markets implies their division into highly-intensive markets (USA, Germany, Great Britain, etc.), stabilized markets (Spain, Greece, Turkey, Poland, etc.), reformed markets (Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, China, etc.), ant accumulated markets (India, Tunis, Egypt, Cuba, etc.). The basic factors affecting the international tourist market include static (climate, natural resources, cultural heritage, etc.) and dynamic ones (population, urbanization, wealth, family, leisure, income, spending, technological advancement, international conflicts and their resolution, etc.). In the article, special attention is paid to the analysis of the dynamic factors of international tourism development, social and economic ones in particular. The presence of positive factors in the country promotes favorable conditions for enhancing its tourist attractiveness on the international level. It was found out that positive factors increase the inflows of tourists for the specific regions (Brazil, France, Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Israel, and U.A.E.). On the national level, the following factors are crucial for the development of tourist industry: natural resources, politics, population and its well-being, cultural heritage and rich history. It was revealed, that in Ukraine tourist business is internationally-oriented, which has both pros and cons for the national economy. In the article, the authors presented a matrix with positive (catalysts) and negative (inhibitors) factors affecting tourist business in Ukraine. Among the positive drivers are large contribution to the national economy and state financial support. At the same time, imperfect infrastructure and lack of legal regulations can be referred to the negative factors. It was stressed in the article that drastic measures should be undertaken in order to increase social and economic performance of national tourist business in Ukraine and increase it international image.
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Shishikin, Vitalii. "Nationalization of the UK Coal Industry in the Middle of the Twentieth Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 3 (junho de 2022): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.3.18.
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Introduction. The relevance of studying the activities of the fuel and energy complex, which plays an important role in the modern economy, is supported by the fact that in this sector there is an active interaction between the authorities and private business. In Russia, this issue has not been fully resolved, and therefore the experience of a state such as Great Britain will be important in carrying out transformations. Methods and materials. The key ones in the study of the topic are regulations, statistics and office documentation in English, as well as the works of foreign authors. By nature, the study is historical and implies the use of specialized and general scientific methods of cognition. Analysis. The subject of the study is the British coal industry, which in the interwar period was faced with a structural crisis, related to shifts in the global economy and the impact of domestic market factors. As a response, controversy arose in the ruling circles and the scientific community of the United Kingdom regarding the increased influence of the authorities on economic processes and related measures of support to the population. The nationalization of coal mining, planned even before World War II, was carried out only in 1946–1947 and led to the formalization of a state monopoly that gave stability to the domestic coal market. The multi-level management structure of the association made it possible to quickly respond to emerging problems, and the involvement of members of the public and experts helped to build a system for exchanging information and interaction between the company’s management, industry enterprises and coal consumers. In fact, the authorities took control of the modernization of coal mining and its adaptation to the needs of industry, transport and households, emphasizing not only quantitative but also qualitative indicators of the coal sector. Results. Thus, state regulation of economic processes and transfer of coal industry facilities in favor of the Crown, they did not act as goals in themselves, but were a stabilizing measure during the transitional period for the country.
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Page, Christopher. "“An Attractive and Varied Repertoire”: The Guitar Revival of 1860–1900 and Victorian Song". Soundboard Scholar 8, n.º 1 (2022): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/sbs.2022.8.7.
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Most modern histories of the classical guitar are devoted to solo playing. They therefore forego a different kind of history based upon the guitar used as an accompaniment for a singer. This article explores how that alternative history might be framed with reference to England during the long reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901). This is the ideal laboratory for such an experiment, not least because the compositions of Catharina Pratten (1824–1895), the most influential guitar player of the day, are often thought to reveal a late-Victorian public with little interest in the guitar as a solo resource. Yet the newspaper record, here distilled into 1,405 separate performances, shows that there the guitar actually underwent a revival in England between about 1880 to 1900; it was, however, primarily a vogue for using the instrument as an accompaniment to songs, not for playing solo music. A substantial part of that song repertoire is recoverable, and the newspaper reports can often be collated with census records and trade directories to produce micro-histories of players. The article therefore works towards a social and musical history of the guitar at a time when the entertainment industry of Great Britain was fed by an inexhaustible supply of musicians, actors and songwriters that did not fail to encompass guitar-players. A complete list of the data analyzed in this article is available in this issue at https://digitalcommons.du.edu/sbs/vol8/iss1/4.
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Cochran, Thomas C. "The Culture of Technology: An Alternative View of the Industrial Revolution in the United States". Science in Context 8, n.º 2 (1995): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700002040.
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The ArgumentThe purpose of this essay is revisionist on two counts: first, that the American colonies and early United States republic kept pace with Great Britain in reaching a relatively advanced stage of industrialization by the early nineteenth century and second, that the Middle Atlantic States shared equally with New England the innovative role in creating America's industrial revolution. In both cases the industrial leaders achieved their preeminence by different routes. By concentrating on the importance of the sources of machine power as the defining characteristic of industrialism, scholars have overlooked alternative paths to industrial change. In Britain steam power and the textile industry were the foundations of an industrial revolution. But in American colonies the use of water power and the growth of industries such as woodworking and building led to an equally revolutionary change in the production of machine-made products. Benign geography in colonial America provided abundant wood and water power and an excellent transportation system based on navigable rivers and a hospitable coastline. But the crucial factors were cultural: the compelling urge to do things with less human work, the open reception to new immigration, a younger and more venturesome population, a favorable legal and fiscal environment for enterpreneurs. In the American context the tendency of scholars to emphasize the leadership of New England was largely a result of the greater local availability of manufacturing records. But recent research has demonstrated that Philadelphia, the largest port of entry in the eighteenth century, was quite naturally a center of innovation in construction materials, woodworking machinery and shipbuilding to meet the needs of the expanding agricultural hinterland and the coastal trade. In sum, the values of an expanding, youthful, skilled population replenished by fresh and venturesome sources from abroad helped shape cultural values that were particularly favorable in the geographic environment of North America for alternative paths of rapid industrial growth.
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Orlova, T. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COURSE OF PUBLIC HISTORY FOR THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN UKRAINE". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, n.º 146 (2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.146.9.
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This article is dedicated to the pursuit of the ways of overcoming the crisis in university education in Ukraine, particularly at the department of history. By analyzing foreign experience, it is argued that the growing demand of society for history must be supplied by making experts with diplomas and degrees closer to the needs of the communities, as well as by finding new opportunities for the graduates at the labor market. Therefore, half a century ago professional historians have offered a new branch of training and subsequent activities, named public history. Currently, public history has spread practically all over the world: it is developing rapidly in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Ireland, China, India, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Anumber of universities of ferspecial courses of training, in the USA, for example, there areover 130. The graduates of the higher education institutions can findjob with in the broad opportunities of the creative industry. Recently in Ukraine, at the government level, the idea of promoting the development of this industry is advocated. But the problem of staff is pressing even more due to the mass emigration of employable population, particularly educational emigration. The demand for the activities of public historians is also caused by the importance of the so-called "soft force" of the state at the global level, as well as by the urgency of streng the ning identity at the level of the countryor a specific community. The development of public history esteem cooperation between professionals and laymen, interested in history of past and recent years. Public history is a history about the public, for the public and together with the public. The mentioned branch spans a wide scope of forms of working with the past, oriented at various audiences. For training experts, it is proposed to introduce an obligatory course "Public/practical history" at the senior-class students of relevant professional faculties of Ukrainian universities. The functioning of the universities in market conditions must be oriented on efficiency, pragmatism, instrumentalization. The suggested course is innovative, interdisciplinary and practice-oriented according to the leading global trends in education and science. The implied training has to combine strong theoretical foundations with state-of-the-art practical technologies of spreading historical knowledge, served by the informational society.
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YAMALIDOU, MARIA. "PETER HARMAN and SIMON MITTON (eds.), Cambridge Scientific Minds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. viii+343. ISBN 0-521-78612-6. £14.95 (paperback). DAVID MILLAR, IAN MILLAR, JOHN MILLAR and MARGARET MILLAR, The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xii+428. ISBN 0-521-00062-9. £14.95, $20.00 (paperback)." British Journal for the History of Science 37, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2004): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740421617x.
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Peter Harman and Simon Mitton (eds.), Cambridge Scientific Minds and David Millar, Ian Millar, John Millar and Margaret Millar, The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists. By Maria Yamalidou 466Maria Michela Sassi, The Science of Man in Ancient Greece. By Laurence M. V. Totelin 467H. L. L. Busard, Johannes de Tinemue's Redaction of Euclid's Elements, the So-called Adelard III Version. Volume I: Introduction, Sigla and Descriptions of the Manuscripts, Editorial Remarks, Euclides, Elementa. Volume II: Conspectus Siglorum, Apparatus Criticus, Addenda. By Jackie Stedall 468Gerhard W. Kramer, The Firework Book: Gunpowder in Medieval Germany. By Simon Werrett 469Robert Crocker (ed.), Religion, Reason and Nature in Early Modern Europe. By Scott Mandelbrote 470Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575–1750. By Owen Gingerich 471Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738): Calvinist Chemist and Physician. By Georgette Ironside 472J. Christiaan Boudri, What was Mechanical about Mechanics: The Concept of Force between Metaphysics and Mechanics from Newton to Lagrange. By Niccolò Guicciardini 473Ken Alder, The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey that Transformed the World. By Graeme Gooday 474Berit Pedersen (ed.), A Guide to the Archives of the Royal Entomological Society. By J. F. M. Clark 476Richard Yeo, Science in the Public Sphere: Natural Knowledge in British Culture 1800–1860. By Leigh D. Bregman 477Louise Purbrick (ed.), The Great Exhibition of 1851: New Interdisciplinary Essays. By Nick Fisher 478Hermione Hobhouse, The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition: Art, Science and Productive Industry. A History of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. By Sophie Forgan 479Michael Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865–1900. By Kenneth F. Kiple 480Greta Jones, ‘Captain of All these Men of Death’: The History of Tuberculosis in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Ireland. By Juliana Adelman 481Christopher Herbert, Victorian Relativity: Radical Thought and Scientific Discovery. By Hazel Hutchison 482Paul Ziche (ed.), Monismus um 1900: Wissenschaftskultur und Weltanschauung. By Peter Zigman 484Maggie Mort, Building the Trident Network: A Study of the Enrollment of People, Knowledge, and Machines. By Sean Johnston 485A. M. Moulin and A. Cambrosio (eds.), Singular Selves: Historical Issues and Contemporary Debates in Immunology/Dialogues entre soi: Questions historiques et débats contemporains en immunologie. By Pauline M. H. Mazumdar 486Ioan James, Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neutmann. By Claire Jones 487Joseph W. Dauben and Christoph J. Scriba (eds.), Writing the History of Mathematics: Its Historical Development. By Adrian Rice 488Jill Ker Conway, Kenneth Keniston and Leo Marx (eds.), Earth, Air, Fire, Water: Humanistic Studies of the Environment. By Leigh Clayton 490Steven Weinberg, Facing Up: Science and Its Cultural Adversaries. By Steven French 491
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CLARY, RENEE M. "THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES: HENRY DE LA BECHE’S CONVERGENCE OF PROFESSIONALIZATION AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY". Earth Sciences History 39, n.º 2 (12 de novembro de 2020): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.2.291.
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ABSTRACT Several European countries instituted mining schools in the late 1700s, including France, Germany, Hungary, and Russia. However, since England’s mining industry was privatized with little government involvement, Great Britain was decades behind with the creation of a school of mines. In 1835, Henry De la Beche (1796–1855) became the first director of the Ordnance Geological Survey, precursor to the British Geological Survey. De la Beche used this position to advance geology’s professionalization, which would include the establishment of an applied geology museum, mining records storehouse, and a school of mines. The Museum of Economic Geology, displaying the country’s mineral resources and geology, was De la Beche’s first success. Founded in 1835, it opened to the public in 1841. The Mining Records Office opened in 1840 as a repository for plans of working and abandoned mines. An early public advocate for workers’ safety, De la Beche lobbied for government inspections of collieries, immediate reporting of mining accidents, and proper plans of mines. The School of Mines was De la Beche’s third accomplishment in geology’s professionalization. As an outgrowth of the museum, it was formally opened in 1851 along with the larger Museum of Practical Geology, the Museum of Economic Geology’s successor. De la Beche’s intent for the School of Mines—instruction as a combination of science and practice—seems modern in its approach. In 1843, funding was allocated for lectures on the practical applications of geology, but these were not implemented until the School of Mines opened in 1851. In his effort to educate everyone—from miner to mine owner—De la Beche transcended social boundaries and supported open, public lectures. As a result, some considered him a class traitor. De la Beche used his position to advocate for advancement of the mining industry to include miner safety and public education. Therefore, while the Royal School of Mines emerged later than many of its European counterparts, it was part of a systematic professionalization of geology, coupled with education and a public advocacy for mining participants.
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Kelly, Veronica. "A Complementary Economy? National Markets and International Product in Early Australian Theatre Managements". New Theatre Quarterly 21, n.º 1 (26 de janeiro de 2005): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x04000351.
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The international circulation of commercial theatre in the early twentieth century was driven not only from the centres of Great Britain and the USA, but by the specific enterprise and habitus of managers in ‘complementary’ production sites such as Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. The activity of this period suggests a de-centred competitive trade in theatrical commodities – whether performers, scripts, or productions – wherein the perceived entertainment preferences and geographies of non-metropolitan centres were formative of international enterprise. The major producers were linked in complex bonds of partnerships, family, or common experience which crossed the globe. The fractures and commonalities displayed in the partnerships of James Cassius Williamson and George Musgrove, which came to dominate and shape the fortunes of the Australian industry for much of the century, indicate the contradictory commercial and artistic pressures bearing upon entrepreneurs seeking to provide high-quality entertainment and form advantageous combinations in competition with other local and international managements. Clarke, Meynell and Gunn mounted just such spirited competition from 1906 to 1911, and their story demonstrates both the opportunities and the centralizing logic bearing upon local managements shopping and dealing in a global market. The author, Veronica Kelly, works at the University of Queensland. She is presently undertaking a study of commercial stars and managements in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Australia, with a focus on the star performer as model of history, gender, and nation.
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Zhornokui, Yurii. "Venture fund: do realities of legal precedents in ukraine correspond to global development tendencies". Law and innovations 46, n.º 2 (2024): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2024-2(46)-20.
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Problem setting. The current state of Ukrainian legislation and the insufficiency of scientific analysis at the level of legal doctrine do not create prerequisites for a unified approach in understanding the essence of venture fund’s legal nature. There is still unresolved problem of understanding the essence of such a fund, which involves not only the analysis of legal precedents, legislation and legal doctrine in Ukraine, but also in economically developed countries (for example, Great Britain and the USA). Analysis of recent researches and publications. The regulatory framework that currently ensures the creation and operation of venture funds in Ukraine does not correspond to global tendencies in the development of venture industry. The doctrinal works of domestic and foreign experts, such as H. M. Sitchenko, R. V. Tarnavskyi, D. S. Kleinberger, S. N. Kaplan, B. A. Sensoy and others, testify to a different understanding of the essence of the studied structure in Ukraine and countries where relations of venture investment into innovation activity have received much greater development. Purpose of the research is to clarify the essence of the venture fund according to the legislation and legal doctrine of Ukraine, the USA and Great Britain. Аrticle’s main body. The provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Collective Investment Institutions” have a positive impact on the sphere of investment activity, since they: 1) regulate a specific area of its activity; 2) establish the legal position of certain institutional investors, asset management companies, the procedure for placing investments and partially, the possibility of establishing certain restrictions by state authorities in this area in order to prevent violations of the rights of some investors and investments’ recipients. However, there is one big disadvantage – the specified Law does not contain provisions regarding: 1) the obligation of venture funds to invest into innovative companies; 2) mandatory terms of the venture investment agreement; 3) characteristics for the recipients of venture investments; 4) a special procedure for the withdrawal from the company by the venture investor. It is currently impossible to use in Ukraine the development of American and British law regarding legal guaranteeing of contractual relations in the form of partnerships, taking into account the current situation of the legislation on collective investment institutions in terms of venture funds activities. However, the existing civil mechanisms have the potential to meet the generally accepted global standards of regulating the relevant field and ensuring a uniform practice of structuring relations between investors and the asset management company of the collective investment institution in the form of a venture fund. Сonclusions and prospects for the development. Venture funds created in Ukraine do not correspond to the understanding of their essence and structure in Great Britain and the USA, and even the nature of corporate venture funds, which is enshrined in domestic legislation on the regulation of joint investment relations. At the same time, Ukrainian regulatory provision for the legal status of venture funds and legal precedents regarding their creation and operation is being built without considering the world traditions and advanced economies, which already have a long history of using such structures. Accordingly, the tendencies and challenges of the world economy are not taken into account that results to the ignorance of economic principles for concluding transactions, which are characteristic for the field of venture investment and innovation activity.
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Sysoiev, Oleksii. "PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS FOR THE ECONOMIC FIELD AS AN OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN UKRAINE". Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, n.º 2 (2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2020.2.3.
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The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problems of scientific research dedicated to training of specialists for the economic industry. As a result of the theoretical analysis, the classification of modern researches on the problem of training of future economists has been carried out: 1) research that examines problems that are common not only for the training of future economists but also systemic problems for other specialists’ training; 2) research that analyzes the problems aimed at preparation of future economists for a certain type of activity necessary for their profession, or is related to the ways of improvement of the quality of future economists’ professional training as well as the formation of pedagogical competence among future specialists in the economic field, that is, the training of teachers of economic disciplines; 3) scientific research on comparative professional pedagogy related to training of specialists in economic specialties in other countries of the world. There has been presented the classification of scientific research related to the scientific degree for which the research was submitted: in doctoral dissertations there were raised the problems which are systemic for training of not only future economists but other specialists too. A candidate level research is more focused on individual problems of future economists’ professional training, improving the quality of professional training of future economists. It has been stressed that studies aimed at studying foreign experience of economists’ training are still not sufficient, although due attention is paid to such countries as the USA, Great Britain and Germany. The research aimed at studying the experience of the Republic of Poland, which is Ukraine’s neighbour and is close to it in culture and history, has been noted as insufficient.
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Ibragimov, Farkhad Elshan Ogli. "Development of Iranian-German Relations in 2010-2020 (Problems and Prospects)". Вопросы безопасности, n.º 4 (abril de 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2022.4.39069.
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The subject of the study is Iranian-German relations in 2010-2020. The object of the research is the development of relations between Iran and Germany. The author of the work examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the history of the development of relations between Iran and Germany, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, which directly affects Iran's relations with the world community, in particular with the European Union. Particular attention is paid to the role of Germany as a strategic partner of Iran. Germany has traditionally been seen as Iran's closest partner in Europe, although its policy towards Iran during the so-called nuclear crisis of the 2000s largely followed the example of Washington due to Germany joining the latter's power diplomacy. The main conclusions of the study are: The future of German-Iranian relations will depend on a number of international, regional and domestic factors, the development of which is difficult to predict with any certainty; besides Germany, the positions of Great Britain and France in relation to Iran matter to a lesser extent; Iran's geopolitical attractiveness, along with Iran's willingness to welcome Germany as an active player in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf, as well as pressure from the country's economic groups to develop trade relations with Iran, encourage Germany to take the lead in European foreign policy towards Iran ; With the start of nuclear talks in 2013, Berlin played a positive role in the negotiations that culminated in the nuclear deal in July 2015. Since then, close cooperation has been established both in industry and in the field of education; The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the results of the study can be applied in the strategic planning of international relations with Iran.
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Perova, M. K. "European trajectory of USА direct investment". Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), n.º 12 (30 de novembro de 2022): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2212-01.
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The present paper focuses on the U.S. direct investment in European countries. To date Europe attracted 60 % of the total volume of US global investment. These ties become more complex, covering a growing number of different fields of activities. The study of this issue implies the analysis of the modern features of outward FDI fl ows and the main directions of their placement in Europe. New technologies have made noticeable changes in the usual investment pattern. A global presence without significant FDI is becoming the most important trend in the international activities of companies. However, 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which fi rst turned capital outfl ows negative, and hen resolved the tax liability overhang on overseas assets, which have contributed to a jump in cross-border M&A purchases by United States MNEs. Thus, FDI fl ows have received a powerful impetus, including investment growth opportunities in European countries. The top countries receiving US FDI: аre Great Britain (identical US business conditions), Luxembourg and the Netherlands (minimizing tax bills), Ireland (export platform). France and Germany are also joining these countries. The most important directions in the industrial structure of US FDI are the information, the service sector, the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals. The increased role of intangible assets forces branches of American companies to increase their attention to R&D. Europe remains one of the most competitive regions in the world in terms of scientific and technical potential.
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Steiner, Philippe. "Wealth and Power: Quesnay's Political Economy of the “Agricultural Kingdom”". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 24, n.º 1 (março de 2002): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710120115846.
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The Physiocrats “New Science” of Political Economy is often represented as unrelated to the pursuit of national power. A recent study (Fourquet 1989), which rests on the approaches of Fernand Braudel (1979) and Immanuel Wallerstein (1980), has radicalized the thesis already propounded by Edmond Silberner (1939) who claimed that Quesnay was profoundly ignorant of military matters and failed to understand the power struggles being played out on the seas and in the colonies. Did not Quesnay propose turning back to an agricultural economy, banishing industry, trade, and the navy—in short, all the active forces thanks to which Great Britain had snatched domination of the world economy from Holland and thanks to which she would prevent France from obtaining it?Yet this thesis is weak. It must be remembered that Quesnay's first economic writings date from 1756–57, that is to say a period when confrontation between France and England was at a peak, with the start of the Seven Years' War. How could an author who claims to de ne the economic government ofan agricultural nation ignore the military problems which were so crucial in this period? Even if he wanted to, how could he succeed in doing so once he came to deal with taxes and the highly sensitive question of finance? How could he make himself understood by his contemporaries with a political theory that set aside all the burning issues of the day? How could he find an audience among those developing the science of commerce who always accorded great importance to the pursuit of power?Under scrutiny the traditional thesis appears inaccurate. After recalling the writings of some of his contemporaries, whom Quesnay knew and read (section 1), I shall show that articles drafted between 1756 and 1757, like published or unpublished works which Mirabeau and Quesnay elaborated between 1757 and 1760, give significant room to the nation's military power, particularly when the economic government is in question (section 2). From the years 1763–64 the idea of a natural order does not lead Quesnay to neglect the pursuit of power (section 3). These links between power and wealth in the work of the founder of Physiocracy will lead finally to some remarks on political economy as a form of rationalization of politics.
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Gourvish, Terry, Laurent Bonnaud, Michael Robbins, Federico Paolini, Margaret Walsh, Dorian Gerhold, Paul Rosen et al. "Book Reviews: Railways in Britain and the United States, 1830–1940: Studies in Economic and Business History, Naissance d'une Industrie touristique: Les Anglais et la Suisse au XIXe siècle, Track, Politica ed economia dei trasporti, secoli XIX–XX: Una storia della modernizzazione in Italia, Coast to Coast by Automobile: The pioneering trips, the Technical Development of Roads in Britain, the Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900, the Bicycle in Wartime: An Illustrated History, Iron Shipbuilding on the Thames, 1832–1915: An Economic and Business History, Clyde River Steamers 1872–1922, Echoes of Old Clyde Paddle Wheels: The First Sixty Years from the Comet of 1812, the Cambridge Urban History of Britain II, 1540–1840, Chicago Maritime: An Illustrated History, Wheels and Deals: The Automotive Industry in Twentieth-Century Australia, Deregulation and Liberalisation of the Airline Industry: Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania, Railway Records: A Guide to Sources". Journal of Transport History 23, n.º 2 (setembro de 2002): 188–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.23.2.8.
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BUD, ROBERT. "Penicillin and the new Elizabethans". British Journal for the History of Science 31, n.º 3 (setembro de 1998): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087498003318.
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Generally, the mass media in Britain, as elsewhere, treat the history of science as arcane knowledge. A few iconic tales do none the less come to permeate public consciousness. How do these come to be selected from the myriad of possible narratives?One of the most enduring and well known of stories is the discovery of penicillin, which stretched from Alexander Fleming's observation in 1928 to the award of the Nobel prize to Fleming, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain in 1945 and the subsequent dominance of American companies in its manufacture. During the 1980s, when it appeared scandalous that monoclonal antibodies discovered in Cambridge, England, had not been patented by the British government, the parallel was often made with penicillin. An alternative use was made of the story when, in July 1995, a columnist in London's Evening Standard criticized massive expenditure on medical research and claimed that most drugs were discovered by accident. He sustained his thesis by merely putting in pointed parentheses the one word, ‘penicillin’. The same year, partisans found space in the correspondence columns of the New Scientist to return enthusiastically to the debate over the proper disposition of credit between Fleming and Florey. The BBC's Money Programme broadcast a piece on how best to support inventors today in October 1996; it included film of the Science Museum's coverage of Fleming.The story of penicillin seems therefore bound, time and time again, to great issues in British culture: pride over technological prowess, resentment over the loss of opportunity, jealousy of American success, the National Health Service and the emergence of the modern pharmaceutical industry. The appeal of the story and meaning of its associations are matched by reverence for its material relics. In high profile auctions, the sale of samples prepared by Fleming raises thousands of pounds and is previewed in the newspages and on the radio. The original plate on which Fleming observed penicillin with its sterile ring surrounding the healing penicillin is one of the most familiar of historic relics (Figure 1).