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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Before 1848"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 26 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 27 de julho de 2024

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1

COSMA, ELA. "DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY AGENTS OF THE POLISH EMIGRATION IN THE ROMANIAN PRINCIPALITIES (1833–1849)". ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, n.º 30 (25 de dezembro de 2019): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2019.30.111-140.

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Before the 1848–1849 revolution, the Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, under Turkish suzerainty and Russian protectorate, hosted a significant number of Poles belonging to both factions of the Polish Great Emigration, Adam Czartoryski’s circle and the democrats. The names and activity of the Poles emigrated in the Romanian Lands during the Peoples’ Spring are less known than those of the Polish Great Emigration in France and England. The study brings to light the diplomatic involvement (1833–1849) of leading characters among the Polish monarchists sent by Czartoryski and Michał Czajkowski in the Romanian national movement promoted by Ion Câmpineanu (1838), as well as their bounds and military support offered to Nicolae Bălcescu and other revolutionaries from Wallachia (1848). Special attention is paid to the activity unfolded by Polish democrats in Moldavia, in order to prepare and trigger an uprising in neighbouring Galicia (1846, 1848). Led by Faustyn Filanowicz, Teofil Wiśniowski, Ioan Loga, the democrats’ main accomplishment was the establishment of the Polish South Legion (1842), with operational basis in Grozeşti (Oituz) and military deployment in southern Moldavia and north-eastern Wallachia (1848). The study case of the Polish emigration in the Romanian Principalities between 1833–1849 reveals useful conclusions regarding the organization of the universal revolution, a phenomenon of world interest for nineteenth century history.

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Buissink, Katjo. "The Proletariat in Marx and Engels' Critique of Capitalism, 1842–1848". Science & Society 87, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2023): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/siso.2023.87.1.95.

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Marx and Engels’ development during the 1840s is often approached by comparing their main theoretical work before and after 1846. Yet Marx and Engels were both active participants in political movements building up to the revolutionary wave which swept across Europe in 1848–49. This political context, and their personal belief in the political importance of the proletariat, are essential for understanding why Marx and Engels followed their chosen lines of research. As early as 1843, both men see the proletariat's potential as a revolutionary group and seek to develop this relationship further in their writings. For this reason, it is necessary to interpret Marx and Engels’ works and theoretical shifts during 1842–1848 in the context of their broader political development focused on the proletariat's role in the coming revolutions. This context shapes their prominent theoretical works, highlighting the strategic principles that they developed in their activist-oriented writings.

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Stanonik, Janez. "Anton Füster - a Slovene forty-eighter". Acta Neophilologica 31 (1 de dezembro de 1998): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.31.0.81-93.

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Anton Füster, originally by profession a Catholic priest and a leading figure in the Vienna Revolution of 1848/49, lived the early part of his life- from 1808 till 1847 - in his native Slovenia. A few months before the outbreak of the revolution he was nominated Professor at Vienna University. After the suppression of the revolution in spring 1849 he emigrated by way of Germany and London to the United States. After the first three years in Boston he lived in New York until his return to Austria in 1876. He died in Vienna in 1881.

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Stanonik, Janez. "Anton Füster - a Slovene forty-eighter". Acta Neophilologica 31 (1 de dezembro de 1998): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.31.1.81-93.

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Anton Füster, originally by profession a Catholic priest and a leading figure in the Vienna Revolution of 1848/49, lived the early part of his life- from 1808 till 1847 - in his native Slovenia. A few months before the outbreak of the revolution he was nominated Professor at Vienna University. After the suppression of the revolution in spring 1849 he emigrated by way of Germany and London to the United States. After the first three years in Boston he lived in New York until his return to Austria in 1876. He died in Vienna in 1881.

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PONT, ADRIAN C., CHRISTER BERGSTRÖM e ADRIAN C. PONT. "The Muscidae described by J. W. Zetterstedt (Insecta: Diptera)". Zootaxa 2852, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2852.1.1.

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The 204 species-group names of Muscidae proposed by J.W. Zetterstedt, including the species described by Stenhammar and Wahlberg in Zetterstedt, are reviewed. Excluded from this total are the nomina nuda listed in Zetterstedt (1837, 1845). Of these 204 names, 192 are available names, whilst 10 are unavailable because they are nomina nuda or were proposed in synonymy and not made available before 1961 (Aricia atrata, Anthomyza bicolor, Cyrtoneura coerulescens, Cyrtoneura curvinervis, Anthomyza insignita, Pyrellia luteipennis, Pyrellia parviceps, Aricia pulchella, Anthomyza pusilla, Aricia sororia), and two are unjustified emendations (Anthomyza ocreata, Anthomyza trigonota). Of the 192 available names, 85 are valid species whilst 107 are now placed in synonymy. In this review, 106 lectotypes are designated. Three names are raised from synonymy and are given new status as valid species: Mydaea detrita (Zetterstedt, 1845), Lophosceles impar (Zetterstedt, 1846), and Helina lapponica (Ringdahl, 1918). Fourteen new synonyms are proposed: Anthomyza cingulipes Zetterstedt, 1849 with Anthomyza (now Coenosia) bilineella Zetterstedt, 1838, Anthomyza nigrifemur Zetterstedt, 1845 with Palusia (now Coenosia) testacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Anthomyza cineraria Zetterstedt, 1845 with Anthomyza (now Helina) fratercula Zetterstedt, 1845, Anthomya veterana Zetterstedt, 1838 with Anthomyza (now Helina) longicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838), Anthomyza nivalis Zetterstedt, 1838 with Aricia (now Helina) flavisquama Zetterstedt, 1849, Aricia duplaris Zetterstedt, 1845 with Anthomyia (now Helina) obscurata Meigen, 1826, Lonchaea metallica Zetterstedt, 1849 with Anthomyia (now Hydrotaea) capensis Wiedemann, 1818, Anthomyza hians Zetterstedt, 1846 with Musca (now Lophosceles) mutatus Fallén, 1823, Anthomyza electa Zetterstedt, 1860 with Anthomyza (now Mydaea) detrita Zetterstedt, 1845, Anthomyza humeralis Zetterstedt, 1845 and Anthomyza humeralis Zetterstedt, 1860 with Mydaea setifemur Ringdahl, 1924, Anthomyza vicina Zetterstedt, 1838 with Anthomyza (now Phaonia) consobrina Zetterstedt, 1838, Aricia fumipennis Zetterstedt, 1845 with Anthomyza (now Spilogona) arctica Zetterstedt, 1838, and Anthomyza hirsutula Zetterstedt, 1838 with Anthomyza (now Thricops) innocua Zetterstedt, 1838. Following Reversal of Precedence, Helina flavisquama is preserved as a nomen protectum and Helina nivalis rejected as a nomen oblitum.

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Merchant, Peter. "“What one sees another sees"". Journal of Juvenilia Studies 2, n.º 2 (27 de dezembro de 2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/jjs38.

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This essay considers some of the work published by Anna Kingsford (1846-88) before she reached the age of twenty and by Richard Jefferies (1848-87) before he turned eighteen. It focuses on the year 1866, and explores some unexpected parallels between his writing and hers. What stand revealed are two oddly overlapping careers that were shaped by, but also both rose above, the not always favourable conditions under which in the later nineteenth century the young writer had to operate.

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Solberg, Winton U. "The Sabbath on the Overland Trail to California". Church History 59, n.º 3 (setembro de 1990): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167743.

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The westward movement carried Americans to the banks of the Mississippi River by 1840, and in the following decade hardy pioneers began crossing the plains and mountains to settle on the Pacific coast. Gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill near present-day Sacramento on 24 January 1848, and the ensuing gold rush created a spectacle such as the world had never seen before.

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Laiskhanov, Sh U., K. D. Kaymuldinova e D. T. Aliaskarov. "DYNAMICS OF THE ARAL SEA WATER ON AREA HISTORICAL MAPS". Geography and water resources, n.º 2 (27 de junho de 2024): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55764/2957-9856/2024-2-52-63.12.

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The global environmental crisis of the Aral Sea has garnered the attention of researchers in recent decades, leading to an increase in studies on changes in the water area and its environmental impact. While most research on the Aral Sea focuses on the past fifty years, there is a lack of information on quantitative changes from its inception to becoming an environmental disaster. Our aim is to utilize historical maps to examine the Aral Sea's area in different years and trace its evolution before the environmental crisis. By reviewing scientific papers and maps using international search engines and electronic resources, we analyzed the area of the Aral Sea on historical maps with the ArсGIS 10.4.1 GIS program. The data from 1716 to 1967 reveals that the area was 10 320 km2 in 1716, expanding to 20 538 km2 in 1742 and reaching a peak of 71 009 km2 in 1848-1849. Subsequently, the area decreased slightly to 63 691 km2 by 1907 before rising again to 66 836 km2 by 1967. It is worth noting that pre-1848-1849 historical maps may have more inaccuracies due to limited scientific knowledge and mapping techniques.

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Jackson, M. W. "Before marx: Socialism and communism in France, 1830–1848". History of European Ideas 7, n.º 4 (janeiro de 1986): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(86)90054-9.

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Tartalja, Ivo. "The intersections of ideas of universal intersection from Uros Milankovic to Laza Kostic". Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, n.º 82 (2016): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pkjif1682109t.

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The paper attempts to offer an explanation of considerable analogies between the philosophical writings of Uros Milankovic (1800-1848) and Laza Kostic (1841-1910). Now it is possible to say with certainty that, a long time before his intention to derive the intersection principle, he had clearly adopted the viewpoint of the so-called Naturphilosophie on the paths of fundamental processes in the world.

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Swenson, Benjamin J. ""Arnold the Traitor": George Lippard, the Mexican-American War, and the Search for an Antebellum George Washington, 1846–1852". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 147, n.º 1-2 (janeiro de 2023): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pmh.2023.a909545.

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Abstract: During the Mexican-American War (1848–1846), Pennsylvania native and literary giant George Lippard promoted the nation-changing conflict by invoking the heroes and villains of the revolutionary era—most notably Benedict Arnold. An active member of the urban Democratic movement Locofocoism, Lippard used Arnold's infamy to paint political opponents and Mexican War skeptics as traitors while actively seeking to recruit the conflict's hero, General Zachary Taylor, for the presidential election of 1848 as a non-party candidate and antebellum era George Washington. Disillusioned by Taylor's affiliation with the Whig Party, Lippard went on before his death to form a secret society to further his expansionist goals. Although previous historians have examined Lippard's political activities, scholars have overlooked his role in propagating Arnold's traitorous legacy during a contentious period in American history.

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Erbentraut, Philipp. "English and French Influences on German Party Theory Before 1848". Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory 20, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/r.20.2.2.

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Dörnyei, Sándor. "Medical students from Hungary at the University of Vienna before 1848". Orvosi Hetilap 149, n.º 44 (1 de novembro de 2008): 2101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2008.ho2206.

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Lynn, Shane. "Before the Fenians: 1848 and the Irish Plot to Invade Canada". Éire-Ireland 51, n.º 1--2 (2016): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eir.2016.0004.

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BRYANT, CHAD. "Zap's Prague: the city, the nation and Czech elites before 1848". Urban History 40, n.º 2 (21 de fevereiro de 2013): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000011.

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ABSTRACT:Karel Vladislav Zap, who came of age during the 1830 revolutions in Europe, belonged to a generation of Czech elites determined to promote national consciousness while actively carving out a space within Prague's middle-class social milieu. Zap, as his topographies of the city demonstrate, also called on his countrymen to claim the city and its structures from their German-speaking neighbours, thus contributing to a dynamic that would continue throughout the century.

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Quitin, José. "Franz Liszt au Pays de Liège". Bulletin de la Classe des Beaux-Arts 6, n.º 1 (1995): 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/barb.1995.20270.

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Combining information from Liszt's correspondence and contemporary newspapers, Quitin shows the virtuoso leaving to conquer Belgium in 1841. Quitin accords particular attention to Franz Liszt's «Liège» performances of 13, 19 and 24 February and 11 October 1841, and of 17 and 20 July 1842 (inauguration of the statue of Grétry), to his performance at Spa on 20 August 1845 (on his way back from the inauguration of the Beethoven monument in Bonn on 15 August), and his unscheduled participation on 28 January 1846 at the Liège Musical Society's charity concert. The difficulties aroused by the practical organization of these concerts and the reactions of the audience and of Liszt himself are evoked in a number of often unpublished documents. Similarly, in the programmes, we perceive the evolution of the virtuoso's musical concepts shortly before setting up in Weimar. Franz Liszt was not to return to Liège until 40 years later, to attend a monumental concert of his work offered to him by the Société Libre d'Émulation on 27 March 1886, and conducted by Eugène Hutoy (Liège 1844-1889). The triumphantly successful performance of his Messe de Gran was a prelude to its triumph in Paris on 25 March. 17 and 20 July 1842 (inauguration of the statue of Grétry), to his performance at Spa on 20 August 1845 (on his way back from the inauguration of the Beethoven monument in Bonn on 15 August), and his unscheduled participation on 28 January 1846 at the Liège Musical Society's charity concert. The difficulties aroused by the practical organization of these concerts and the reactions of the audience and of Liszt himself are evoked in a number of often unpublished documents. Similarly, in the programmes, we perceive the evolution of the virtuoso's musical concepts shortly before setting up in Weimar. Franz Liszt was not to return to Liège until 40 years later, to attend a monumental concert of his work offered to him by the Société Libre d'Émulation on 27 March 1886, and conducted by Eugène Hutoy (Liège 1844-1889). The triumphantly successful performance of his Messe de Gran was a prelude to its triumph in Paris on 25 March.

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Mathew, J. "Edward Blyth, John M'Clelland, the curatorship of the Asiatic Society's collections and the origins of the Calcutta journal of natural history". Archives of Natural History 42, n.º 2 (outubro de 2015): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0311.

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This paper explores the origins of the Calcutta journal of natural history (1841–1848) and the search from the 1830s for a permanent curator for the collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Edward Blyth (1810–1873) was appointed, even though John M'Clelland (or McClelland) (1805–1883), who founded the Calcutta journal of natural history, had acted as part-time curator of the collections for two years before Blyth's arrival in Calcutta. An analysis of the Society and the journal allows reconsideration of the significance of natural history in India in the mid-nineteenth century.

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Pál, Judit. "Continuity and Discontinuity in the Administrative Elite of the Szekler Seats between 1840-1876". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2022): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.1.04.

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"This study analyzes to what extent the frequent regime changes from the middle of the 19th century had an effect on the continuity, respectively the discontinuity of the officer corps of the Szekler seats, from the period before the Revolution of 1848 until the abolition of the Szekler seats following the administrative-territorial reform of 1876. While before 1848 we have strong continuity, the main feature of the two decades after the Revolution of 1848 was discontinuity. Beginning with the Revolution, the next two decades were marked by frequent changes and total rupture from the previous regime. The most radical break occurred in the age of neo-absolutism, when a lot of new and literally foreign people flowed into the Szeklerland administration. The next big elite change in the administration took place after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. After the Compromise the situation stabilized again; and we find representatives of much of the same families who held the majority of offices during the pre-1848 period. This shows a high degree of stability of the county elite. Keywords: administrative elite, elite change, Szekler seats, 19th century, Transylvania, continuity, discontinuity. "

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Smith, Vardaman R. "John Stuart Mill's Famous Distinction Between Production and Distribution". Economics and Philosophy 1, n.º 2 (outubro de 1985): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100002492.

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In the final sentence of the "Preliminary Remarks" to the Principles of Political Economy (1848), John Stuart Mill declaresThe laws of Production and Distribution, and some of the practical consequences deducible from them, are the subject of the following treatise. (1848, p. 21)It is almost two hundred pages before Mill asserts thatThe laws and conditions of the Production of wealth partake of the character of physical truths. There is nothing optional or arbitrary in them. … It is not so with the Distribution of wealth. That is a matter of human institution solely. (1848, p. 199)

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Leclerc, Hélène. "Les pays tchèques entre Est et Ouest : de la situation de centre à la mission de pont (1848-1918)". Austriaca 81, n.º 1 (2015): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2015.1202.

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The Czech Lands between East and West : from geographical centre to political bridge-building (1848-1918) The article examines the concept of European centrality by taking the example of the Czech Lands and their relationship to the German space and the Austrian Monarchy from 1848 to 1918. After calling back to mind the Czech Lands’ situation in the Habsburg state and the representation as a bridge which was got popularised in the years before the revolution of 1848, it deals with the evolution of this representation among Germans and Czechs, with special focus on František Palacký and Tomáš Masaryk.

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Leffler, Christopher T., Stephen G. Schwartz e John Q. Le. "American Insight Into Strabismus Surgery Before 1838". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases 9 (1 de janeiro de 2017): 117917211772936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179172117729367.

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English surgeon John Taylor attempted to perform strabismus surgery in the 18th century. The field languished until, in Germany, treatment of strabismus by cutting an extraocular muscle was proposed by Louis Stromeyer in 1838 and performed by Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach in 1839. According to traditional teaching, there has never been any proof that anyone in the United States thought of the idea of strabismus surgery before Stromeyer’s report. In 1841, American surgeon William Gibson wrote that he had cut extraocular muscles to treat strabismus several times beginning in 1818 but never published his cases. Gibson’s former trainee Alexander E Hosack of New York confirmed Gibson’s memory. Interestingly, Hosack’s family had a connection with the family of New York oculist John Scudder Jr (1807-1843), whose reported cure of strabismus by cutting some of the fibers of an extraocular muscle was described in newspapers throughout the United States in 1837. Thus, Scudder’s report preceded that of Stromeyer. Scudder’s claim cannot be verified, but his description could have influenced Stromeyer, and demonstrates that the idea of strabismus surgery did exist in America before 1838.

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WAGNER, MEIKE. "De-monopolizing the Public Sphere: Politics and Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Germany". Theatre Research International 37, n.º 2 (3 de maio de 2012): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883312000053.

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This article focuses on an incident of censorship and police intervention at the Königstädtische Theater in Berlin in 1828, occasioned by a performance of Gotthilf August von Maltitz'sThe Old Student(Der alte Student). Identifying how the playwright and his actors sought to represent political topics onstage allows me to explore how theatre functioned as a potential player in an incipient public sphere. In turn this reveals how the desire to represent political topics onstage and to become a performative player in the public sphere was already under way in the 1820s, well before the revolutionary turbulence of 1848.

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Kinnear, Malcolm. "Epidemic hysteria aboard ship in 1848". British Journal of Psychiatry 197, n.º 2 (agosto de 2010): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.197.2.90.

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Dr Colin Arrott Browning (1791–1856), a minister's son from Auchtermuchty, joined the Royal Navy as assistant surgeon near the end of the Napoleonic Wars and served aboard the frigate HMS Hebrus at the bombardment of Algiers in 1816. He rejoined the Navy after receiving his MD and spent several years as surgeon in warships before being appointed surgeon superintendent in his first convict transport in 1831. He made nine highly successful voyages in this capacity, mainly to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), that of the Hashemy being his last, and wrote two books on the subject (The Convict Ship and England's Exiles, later compiled into one). A dedicated and competent physician, he was a forthright advocate of humane treatment and literacy for convicts, and a fervent evangelist.

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Marentes, Luis A. "Before Chicano: Citizenship and the making of Mexican American manhood, 1848–1959". Latino Studies 17, n.º 4 (16 de outubro de 2019): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41276-019-00202-1.

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Evans, R. J. W. "The Habsburgs and the Hungarian Problem, 1790–1848". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (dezembro de 1989): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3678977.

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ON 4 MARCH 1848 Hungarians were excitedly debating the devastating criticisms of their country's rulers pronounced before assembled members of the diet the previous day by the popular tribune, Lajos Kossuth, the culmination of a campaign of agitation which stretched back a decade and more. Kossuth called for a constitutional transformation, with a responsible ministry, full legal equality, and the abolition of all privilege. The following month his programme was conceded wholesale by the authorities, under pressure from the sans-culottes of Budapest, and prostrate before their own Viennese revolution—for Kossuth's speech had played a major part in unseating Metternich there. Six months later power passed to a fully secessionist Hungarian regime, in which Kossuth enjoyed near-dictatorial sway. The ensuing civil war, during which the dynasty was declared deposed, took a further year to contain; its outcome appeared to be a complete breakdown of mutual confidence between king and country.

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Guardino, Peter. "“In the Name of Civilization and with a Bible in Their Hands:” Religion and the 1846–48 Mexican-American War". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 30, n.º 2 (2014): 342–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2014.30.2.342.

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Religion was crucial to how Americans and Mexicans saw their enemies and motivated themselves to contribute to the 1846–1848 war. The very strength of religious attitudes made controlling their effects difficult. Some U.S. troops attacked Mexican Catholicism, inspiring Mexican resistance. Conversely, Mexican authorities sometimes sought to limit religiously inspired resistance. Furthermore, at a key moment some Mexicans felt their religious concerns required them to violently oppose their own government. Mexican negotiators gained protections for Catholics in the territory transferred by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, but anti-Catholic politicians in the U.S. Senate eliminated these protections before ratifying the treaty. La religión constituyó un factor crucial en la manera de concebir al enemigo y de animarse a participar en la guerra de 1846–1848 entre estadounidenses y mexicanos. La misma fuerza de las actitudes religiosas dificultaba el control de sus efectos. Algunas tropas estadounidenses atacaban el catolicismo mexicano e inspiraban así la resistencia. A su vez, las autoridades mexicanas a veces buscaban limitar la resistencia inspirada por la religión. Además, en un momento clave, algunos mexicanos sintieron que sus preocupaciones religiosas les exigían oponerse violentamente a su propio gobierno. Los negociadores mexicanos obtuvieron protección para los católicos en el territorio transferido mediante el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, pero los políticos anticatólicos del Senado de Estados Unidos suprimieron esta protección antes de ratificar el tratado.

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Srbová, Veronika. "The Family of the Prague Patriotic Physician Václav Staněk in the Revolutionary Years 1848 and 1849". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 61, n.º 3-4 (2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0030.

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The article deals with the topic of family in the Czech patriotic milieu of the 19th century on the example of the family of Václav Staněk, a physician and patriot. Václav Staněk was in close contact with Josef Frič and František Ladislav Čelakovský. Before the revolution in 1848, Staněk and his wife Karolina opened a Czech ‘parlour’, one of the first places for women interested in education. The paper focuses on the public activities of the family during the revolution 1848 and presents the work of Václav Staněk at the Imperial Diets in Vienna and Kroměříž. Not only does it pay attention to the political activities of Staněk himself, but it also shows the political opinions of his wife a partly his daughter as well. An important space is dedicated to the everyday life of V. Staněk as a member of the Imperial Diets in Vienna and Kroměříž and to the everyday life of his family in Prague. The main source of information is the rich and unexploited correspondence of the Staněk family, which provides insight into the political and family life at that time.

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Phillips, Peter. "‘Or Else We Shall Be Bound Hand and Foot’: Bishop James Brown and the Oversight of Seminaries". Recusant History 25, n.º 2 (outubro de 2000): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200030053.

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With the consecration in Southwark Cathedral of James Brown as first Bishop of Shrewsbury, the restoration of the hierarchy in England and Wales was completed. Originally intending to leave several sees vacant for a time, Rome unexpectedly hurried him into office in the face of the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, an attempt to prevent the new Roman Catholic bishops from assuming territorial titles. At 39, he was one of the youngest of the bishops. Brown came to his diocese from the world of education. In 1845 he had joined the staff of his old school at Sedgley Park, assuming the presidency of the college in 1848. These were years of reform: he supervised improvements to the buildings, reorganised the course of studies, and introduced an annual school retreat. Before returning to Sedgley Park, Brown had been on the staff at Oscott, staying on after his ordination to the priesthood there in 1837. He was thus a member of staff when the newly-consecrated Wiseman arrived to assume the presidency of Oscott in September 1840. One might surmise that, like others at Oscott, Brown was a little unsettled by Wiseman’s flamboyance and rather bemused by the stream of visitors the new president’s presence attracted. Brown was by this time prefect of studies, an office he accepted in 1839 and which he surrendered in 1844 to George Errington, Wiseman’s former vice-president in Rome, and who, at Wiseman’s request, had come to Oscott the previous year. Brown’s time as prefect of studies had witnessed the grant of a royal warrant allowing students from Oscott to enter for external examinations in the University of London.

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Jennings, Jeremy. "Democracy before Tocqueville: Michel Chevalier's America". Review of Politics 68, n.º 3 (junho de 2006): 398–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670506000155.

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This article explores the writings of Michel Chevalier, a contemporary of Alexis de Tocqueville, on America. Despite widespread praise, Chevalier's text Lettres sur l'Amérique du Nord has been largely ignored in the scholarly literature. This article, therefore, reveals the nature of the account of America provided by Chevalier and, thereby, compares and contrasts his account with the more famous account penned by Tocqueville. In particular, it shows that Chevalier, viewing America from a Saint-Simonian background, was more aware of the economic dimensions of American culture and society than was Tocqueville. However, both recognized the differences that separated a democratic America from an aristocratic Europe and that the future lay with the former. The article concludes by examining the views of both Tocqueville and Chevalier on America in the wake of the Revolution of 1848, showing how America now figured as the model of a moderate republic for both authors.

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Robert W. Gray. "Bringing the Law Back In: Land, Law and the Hungarian Peasantry before 1848". Slavonic and East European Review 91, n.º 3 (2013): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.91.3.0511.

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HEILBRONNER, ODED. "The German bourgeois club as a political and social structure in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries". Continuity and Change 13, n.º 3 (dezembro de 1998): 443–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416098003221.

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The German voluntary association (hereafter in German the Verein, or Vereine in the plural) played an important role in the evolution of German society in the later nineteenth century and in the first third of the twentieth. This sort of association (or male bourgeois club) was a cornerstone of European Enlighenment society at the end of the eighteenth century, of the liberal society of the Vormärz, and of the German political parties in the years 1848–1849. Furthermore, the Verein was one of the main characteristics in the rise and hegemony of German bourgeoisie in the second half of the nineteenth century, and one of the cornerstones of local society as it developed in Germany towards the end of the 1890s.Research into the German Vereine is very advanced. To this day, historical research continues to benefit from Thomas Nipperdeys' breakthrough article concerning the importance of the Vereine in the rise of bourgeois-liberal society prior to 1848. Otto Dann, Wolfgang Hardtwig, and Dieter Düding have expanded our knowledge concerning the importance of the Vereine for the rise of bourgeois nationalism and liberalism before 1848. Regional studies have also emphasized these aspects during the Vormärz period and after.Folklorist-anthropological research is indebted to Hermann Bausinger's article on the importance of the connection between the Vereine and the development of German folklore. Similarly, Max Weber paved the way for the sociological research on the Vereine that has flourished since the 1860s, led by sociologists such as Hans Jürgen Siewert and Gerhard Wurzbacher. These are the two dominant streams in current research of the Vereine, although it is beyond the scope of this article to explore them here.

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KADAR, NICHOLAS, e RUSSELL D. CROFT. "Why Semmelweis's doctrine was rejected: evidence from the first publication of his results by Friedrich Wieger, and an editorial commenting on the results". British Journal for the History of Science 53, n.º 3 (3 de julho de 2020): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087420000229.

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AbstractWe present English translations of two French documents to show that the main reason for the rejection of Semmelweis's theory of the cause of childbed (puerperal) fever was because his proof relied on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, and not because Joseph Skoda referred only to cadaveric particles as the cause in his lecture to the Academy of Science on Semmelweis's discovery. Friedrich Wieger (1821–1890), an obstetrician from Strasbourg, published an accurate account of Semmelweis's theory six months before Skoda's lecture, and reported a case in which the causative agent originated from a source other than cadavers. Wieger also presented data showing that chlorine hand disinfection reduced the annual maternal mortality rate from childbed fever (MMR) from more than 7 per cent for the years 1840–1846 to 1.27 per cent in 1848, the first full year in which chlorine hand disinfection was practised. But an editorial in the Gazette médicale de Paris rejected the data as proof of the effectiveness of chlorine hand disinfection, stating that the fact that the MMR fell after chlorine hand disinfection was implemented did not mean that this innovation had caused the MMR to fall. This previously unrecognized objection to Semmelweis's proof was also the reason why Semmelweis's chief rejected Semmelweis's evidence.

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Hakkarainen, Heidi. "Contagious Humanism in Early Nineteenth-Century German-Language Press". Contributions to the History of Concepts 15, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2020): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2020.150102.

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This article explores the ways the emerging concept of humanism was circulated and defined in early nineteenth-century German-language press. By analyzing a digitized corpus of German-language newspapers and periodicals published between 1808 and 1850, this article looks into the ways the concept of humanism was employed in book reviews, news, political reports, and feuilleton texts. Newspapers and periodicals had a significant role in transmitting the concept of humanism from educational debates into general political language in the 1840s. Furthermore, in an era of growing social problems and political unrest, humanism became increasingly associated with moral sentiments. Accordingly, this article suggests that its new political meanings and emotional underpinnings made humanism culturally contagious, particularly immediately before and during the 1848/49 revolutions.

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Wendling, Karina Bénazech. "“The priests do their best to inflame the people.” Religious actors in Ireland, 1800–1845: Instigators of violence or peacemakers?" Violence: An International Journal 2, n.º 1 (abril de 2021): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26330024211004611.

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After the 1801 Act of Union uniting Ireland and Great Britain, and the broken promises made to Catholics, Daniel O’Connell founded the Catholic Association which combined religious and political demands. Despite the pacifying dimension of the movement, the decades preceding the Great Hunger (1845–1851) saw several episodes of violence, before reaching a climax during the revolutionary movement of 1848. Relying on Philippe Braud’s definition of political violence and the study of British and Catholic authorities’ correspondence among other sources, this article intends to shed light on the different dynamics at work in the rise in violence. It also examines the various attempts to readjust to and withdraw from acts of violence, to move beyond ambiguities and better assess the role played by religious agents.

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Brooks, John. "Development of Wallace's Perception of Biogeography, 1848-1859". Earth Sciences History 4, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 1985): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.4.2.1457343317l30352.

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Alfred Russel Wallace produced his two-volume treatise, Geographical Distribution of Animals, the first comprehensive treatment with an evolutionary perspective, in 1876. His active interest in the subject, however, began three decades earlier. In 1848, he embarked for Amazonia to seek evidence for species formation by examining the relationship between the distribution and affinity of related species. A series of papers based on his discoveries in the following decade presented not only Wallace's theory of evolution but also his concept of the regional aspects of geographical distribution as the resultant of both physiographic events and the origin and extinction of species. These conceptual papers were all published before Charles Darwin's, On the Origin of species (1859).

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Stanford, Kristin I., Min-Young Lee, Kristen M. Getchell, Kawai So, Michael F. Hirshman e Laurie J. Goodyear. "Exercise Before and During Pregnancy Prevents the Deleterious Effects of Maternal High-Fat Feeding on Metabolic Health of Male Offspring". Diabetes 64, n.º 2 (9 de setembro de 2014): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db13-1848.

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Kokaisl, P., e V. Šťastná. "Rusins in Czech Newspapers and Magazines from the Revolutionary 1848 to the Outbreak of WWI". Rusin, n.º 65 (2021): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/65/7.

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Using the Czech press from the revolutionary 1848 to the period before WWI as the source of information, the authors revise the established view of the Rusin question in the Habsburg Empire in the mid 19th – early 20th century. The analysis suggests that the Slavic population in Galicia and Subcarpathian Rus retained their ethnic identity and distanced themselves from the mainstream population. If in 1848 all Slavic residents of Galicia, whose political leaders opposed the Poles, were referred to as Rusins in the Czech press, by the end of the 19th century the Czech press had already regarded this people as an independent nation.

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Overbeek, A. B. "Boekbespreking - Michael Kuur Sørensen, Young Hegelians before and after 1848. When theory meets reality". Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 126, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2013): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2013.1.over.

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Smolej, Tone, e Tanja Žigon. "Stanovsko gledališče v Ljubljani v sezoni 1838/39". Jezik in slovstvo 69, n.º 1-2 (4 de abril de 2024): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/jis.69.1-2.89-103.

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This paper analyses the 1838/39 season of the German Theatre of the Carniolan Provincial Estates (Ständisches Theater) in Ljubljana, focusing on its artistic output. The introductory section describes the archival material on the basis of which the theatre’s repertoire was reconstructed and then discusses the role of the theatre’s impresario, Ferdinand Funk, and the most important plays which were performed there. In addition to the works of the Austrian playwrights Ferdinand Raimund, Johann Nestroy, Carl Meisl, and Friederich Halm, those of Eugène Scribe and Shakespeare in German translation featured prominently; women playwrights were also noticeably represented in the theatre’s repertoire. Before the 1848 revolutions the Slovene intelligentsia also patronised the Theatre of the Carniolan Provincial Estates, which was the only theatre in Ljubljana at the time, and refined their taste for dramatic art there.

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Hughes, R. Elwyn. "Alfred Russel Wallace; some notes on the Welsh connection". British Journal for the History of Science 22, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1989): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400026352.

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Wallace became a full-time naturalist in 1848, the year when he and Bates set out on their journey to South America. Wallace was twenty-five at the time and over half of his life had been spent in various parts of Wales, the land of his birth. Commentators have tended to gloss over or ignore any formative influences from this early period of his life or even to dismiss them as non-existent. This is surprising as it was during the eight or so years in Wales leading up to 1848 that Wallace's interest in natural history emerged. ‘The importance of this early period in Wallace's life can scarcely be over-emphasized’ wrote Durant in his account of the development of the Wallace personality, but he omitted any specific reference to the significance of the early period in Wales. Those seeking a simple unitary cause for Wallace's conversion to natural history usually locate this in his visit to Leicester in 1844 and his meeting there with H. W. Bates. ‘The odyssey began … in 1844, in Leicester’ wrote Brooks, adding that ‘the more remote parts of … southern Wales had offered little reading material…’ This, and similar claims, are presumably founded primarily on Wallace's belief—expressed sixty years later—that it was at Leicester that he first familiarized himself with Malthus' Essay on the Principles of Population and Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels in South America. There is, however, evidence that Wallace was probably familiar with at least one of these books some time before his visit to Leicester and that it was during his period in southern Wales that his interest in natural history emerged and developed.

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Hudi, József Attila. "Zsidó ifjak a Pápai Református Kollégiumban 1848 előtt". Acta Papensia 7, n.º 1-2 (2007): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55954/ap.2007.1-2.51.

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There were 2437 students enrolled in the Pápa Reformed College between 1815-1847 and, out of them , 176 were Israelite. Most of the enrolled Jewish students came from families of traders and artisans. 61,8 % of the parents w ere traders, while 8,4% w orked as craftsmen. The rest of the parents were doctors, surgeons, rabbis, restaurant-keepers, notaries, leaseholders. Even m idw ives provided their children w ith education. The minority of the children started their studies at the elementary school, while the majority at the gram mar school. Legal education was started at the College in 1832, which attracted youth mainly from the Transdanubian region. The reception of Jewish people from H ungary, Bohemia and Moravia testifies the openness of the College. While the colleges in D ebrecen and Sárospatak showed reservation, the Pápa College opened its gates before the Jewish people living in the region. Rabbi Lipót Low (1811-1875) taught Hebrew and French languages in the College for a while.

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Heidenreich, Linda. "The Colonial North". Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 30, n.º 1 (2005): 23–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2005.30.1.23.

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Using census records, newspapers, oral histories, and stories, this article excavates the histories of three nineteenth-century women—a landed Californiana, a soldier’s wife, and an indigenous woman—who lived in northern Alta California before the U.S. invasion. It examines their lives in relation to each other, and in relation to the larger social-economic order at the time. It closes by attempting to answer a new question: “How did women’s status before the invasion influence their chances for survival after 1848?”

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P i e t r z a k - T h é b a u l t, Joanna. "Ai Fratelli Polacchi - poetyckie świadectwa pobytu Legionu Mickiewicza we Włoszech". Colloquia Litteraria 34, n.º 1 (22 de novembro de 2023): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/cl.2023.34.1.3.

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Four poems by Italian little known (or rather unknown at all) poets are published in annex to Władysław Mickiewicz’s Mémorial de la Légion Polonaise de 1848 créée en Italie par Adam Mickiewicz, Paris 1877. They have been ‘carefully’ preserved by Mickiewicz himself, despite he burnt a lot of papers before leaving for Constantinople in 1855. These poems, offered to Mickiewicz in 1848 while passing with his Legion from empoli to Milan, are average examples of the Italian patriotic poetry of the ‘second romanticism’ and three of them were translated and published in Polish as late as in 1961. It would be interesting to investigate more about how many literary testimonies of this ideological and military enterprise still remain in old prints and in manuscripts.

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Dencker, Berit Elisabeth. "Popular Gymnastics and the Military Spirit in Germany, 1848–1871". Central European History 34, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2001): 503–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691610152988026.

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Over the course of the nineteenth century, a popular nationalist movement developed in the German states that had gained considerable strength by 1871, the year of unification. The German gymnastics association movement was one of the main forms in which popular nationalism was organized. It was started by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn early in the nineteenth century as a means to train young Germans to fight the French occupation. Gradually, it developed into a movement that sought to unify Germany, a project that was not, at first, supported by the German states. The movement was also guided by liberal and, especially before the revolution of 1848, democratic principles, and in this sense, too, was at odds with the reigning political system in Central Europe.

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Ritter, Gretchen. "Jury Service and Women's Citizenship before and after the Nineteenth Amendment". Law and History Review 20, n.º 3 (2002): 479–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1556317.

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The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution had surprisingly little impact on women's citizenship or the American constitutional order. For seventy-two years, from 1848 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, suffrage was the central demand of the woman rights movement in the United States. Women demanded the right to vote in the nineteenth century because they believed it would make them first class citizens with all the rights and privileges of other first class citizens. Both normatively and instrumentally, the suffragists believed that voting would secure equal citizenship for women by raising their civic status and allowing them to assert their political interests. Yet in many ways women were more politically efficacious in the years just prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment than they were afterward. Further, their ability to claim rights from the courts and legislatures, on the basis of their new status as voting citizens, was limited.

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Roy, Michaël. "‘Throwing pearls before swine’: the strange publication history of Vie de Frédéric Douglass, esclave américain (1848)". Slavery & Abolition 40, n.º 4 (21 de fevereiro de 2019): 727–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2019.1582961.

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Zaytsev, Ilya. "“They Began to Bring Me More and More Tatar Things…”: Alexander Berthier de la Garde Crimean Tatar Collection in His Letters to Nikolay Veselovsky (1907—1913)". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018496-4.

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The article publishes 8 letters by the Crimean collector and historian Alexander Berthier de la Garde (1842—1920) addressed to the outstanding Russian Orientalist Nikolay Veselovsky (1848—1918). The letters from 1907 to 1913 are preserved now in the Archive of the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art in Moscow. These documents are an important source for the history of the Crimean Tatar part of the collection of A. L. Berthier De la Garde, which was sold in parts in 1919 shortly before the collector's death. References to the origin of objects, their descriptions and Arabic inscriptions on weapons are very important in the letters. The Appendix contains two notes by N. I. Veselovsky about the portrait of the Crimean Khan Shahin-Giray and the sabre from the collection of A. L. Berthier-De la Garde.

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James, N. "Franklin's fate: discoveries and prospects". Antiquity 91, n.º 360 (dezembro de 2017): 1647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.194.

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2014, at last, revealed the wreck of HMS Erebus off Canada's Arctic mainland. Two years later, her companion, HMS Terror, was found 40 miles away, off King William Island. The government was already confident enough about their whereabouts in 1992 to declare the entire area a National Historic Site and, among other responses to the retreating ice and increasing shipping, Parks Canada began searching for the wrecks in 2008. Previous investigators had concentrated on tracing and recording the crews: among others, Owen Beattie in the 1980s (Notman et al. 1987), F.L. McClintock in 1857–1859, and four naval expeditions before that. HMS Investigator was lost in the 1853 search, and her wreck discovered off Banks Island in 2011. Ranging very widely, all of the investigators, and many others, were trying to find out what befell Sir John Franklin's attempt to complete the Northwest Passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific in 1845–1848. Erebus and Terror were his ships.

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Hurtado, Albert L. "Empires, Frontiers, Filibusters, and Pioneers: The Transnational World of John Sutter". Pacific Historical Review 77, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2008): 19–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2008.77.1.19.

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This article reassesses John Sutter's role in borderlands history as a destabilizing influence in Mexican California and model for filibusters of the 1850s. Nominally a Mexican citizen, his national loyalties were slippery. In effect, Sutter was an independent filibuster before 1846; californios and the Mexican government regarded him as such. After 1848 his contributions to the American settlement and conquest of California (suitably sanitized and mythologized) made him a pioneer hero who had shown filibusters what might be done in Latin America with a small army and a lot of swagger. Sutter approved and supported Central American filibusters in the 1850s; at least one of his sons fought with filibusters. One of the most colorful characters in the history of the American West, Sutter had eccentricities and personal failings that make him easy to parody. This article shows him in a more serious light. His actions in California had lasting importance there and repercussions elsewhere in Latin America.

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Seeman, Erik R. "The Presence of the Dead among U.S. Protestants, 1800–1848". Church History 88, n.º 2 (junho de 2019): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964071900115x.

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Historians have long known that antebellum American Protestants were fascinated by death, but they have overlooked Protestant relationships with the dead. Long before the advent of séance Spiritualism in 1848, many mourners began to believe—contrary to mainstream Protestant theology—that the souls of the dead turned into angels, that the dead could return to earth as guardian angels, and that in graveyards one could experience communion with the spirits of the departed. The version of Protestantism these mourners developed was therefore, to use Robert Orsi's term, a religion of “presence,” a religion in which suprahuman beings—in addition to God—played an important role. Based on diaries and popular sentimental literature written mostly by women, this article brings to light an unexplored facet of antebellum Protestant lived religion: that the dead were “present with us tho’ invisible,” as one young woman wrote about her deceased sister.

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