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Anis, Ulfah, Devi Silsia, and Rizky Nirmala Kusumaningtyas. "Pengaruh Variasi Pollen Terhadap Karakteristik Kimia Bee pollen." Jurnal Teknologi Agro-Industri 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34128/jtai.v8i2.143.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Bee pollen contains high enough nutrition. Bee pollen contains some nutrients such as water, ash, lipid, protein, natural antioxidants, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The high nutrients on bee pollen causes bee pollen to be widely used by many people as a food additive on some food productions. Bee pollen is widely used as a fortificant and substitute material. Bee pollen as a substitute material on the making of crackers. On snack bar making, bee pollen is used as a fortificant material. Bee pollen as a fortificant is also used on the making of milk to increase its nutrients, especially the polyphenols. One of the factors effecting the nutrient contents of bee pollen is the source of pollen. There are two sources of pollens, multiflora and uniflora. The aim of this experiment is to know the effect of pollen sources on water, ash, lipid, protein and crude fiber content in 3 types of commercial pollen in Indonesia. The result is bee pollen from 3 different plants pollen have a significant difference to proximate content including water, ash, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and crude fiber.
 Keywords: bee pollen, proximate, pollen
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Chang, Hongcai, Guiling Ding, Guangqun Jia, Mao Feng, and Jiaxing Huang. "Hemolymph Metabolism Analysis of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Response to Different Bee Pollens." Insects 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010037.
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Pollen is essential to the development of honey bees. The nutrients in bee pollen vary greatly among plant species. Here, we analyzed the differences in the amino acid compositions of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri), rape (Brassica napus), and apricot (Armeniaca sibirica) pollens and investigated the variation in hemolymph metabolites and metabolic pathways through untargeted metabolomics in caged adult bees at days 7 and 14. The results showed that the levels of five essential amino acids (isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, and histidine) were the highest in pear pollen, and the levels of four amino acids (isoleucine: 50.75 ± 1.93 mg/kg, phenylalanine: 87.25 ± 2.66 mg/kg, methionine: 16.00 ± 0.71 mg/kg and histidine: 647.50 ± 24.80 mg/kg) were significantly higher in pear pollen than in the other two kinds of bee pollen (p < 0.05). The number of metabolites in bee hemolymph on day 14 (615) was significantly lower than that on day 7 (1466). The key metabolic pathways of bees, namely, “sphingolipid metabolism (p = 0.0091)”, “tryptophan metabolism (p = 0.0245)”, and “cysteine and methionine metabolism (p = 0.0277)”, were significantly affected on day 7. There was no meaningful pathway enrichment on day 14. In conclusion, pear pollen had higher nutritional value among the three bee pollens in terms of amino acid level, followed by rape and apricot pollen, and the difference in amino acid composition among bee pollens was reflected in the lipid and amino acid metabolism pathways of early adult honey bee hemolymph. This study provides new insights into the physiological and metabolic functions of different bee pollens in bees.
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Bleha, Roman, Tatiana Shevtsova, Andrej Sinica, Vojtech Kruzik, and Jan Brindza. "Morphology, physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of bee pollens." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 1 (March 6, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/139/2018-cjfs.
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Six supposedly unifloral bee pollens of various botanical origins were characterised by morphometry, SEM, CIE L*a*b* colour parameters and FTIR spectroscopy. Botanical origin and homogeneity of bee pollens were verified by colour and morphology of pollen grains. Water activity, moisture and antioxidant capacity of bee pollens were also evaluated. The results were discussed in terms of connection between botanical origin, composition and antioxidant properties of pollen materials.
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Mosić, Mirjana, Jelena Trifković, Irena Vovk, Uroš Gašić, Živoslav Tešić, Branko Šikoparija, and Dušanka Milojković-Opsenica. "Phenolic Composition Influences the Health-Promoting Potential of Bee-Pollen." Biomolecules 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9120783.
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Information on compositional, nutritional and functional properties of bee-pollen, as a health-promoting food, is essential for defining its quality. Concerning the nutritional importance of phenolic compounds, the aim of this study was to determine the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of twenty-four bee-pollen samples collected from different regions of Serbia. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) fingerprinting was used for profiling of bee-pollen samples according to the botanical type. HPTLC hyphenated with image analysis and a pattern recognition technique confirmed the grouping of samples caused by the specific phenolic composition of pollens of different botanical origin. Flavonoid glycosides in bee-pollen samples were identified by applying ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ Orbitrap MS). Eight out of twenty-seven flavonol glycosides were identified in bee-pollen samples for the first time. All analyzed bee-pollen samples showed a high number of phenolic compounds which may have therapeutic potential.
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Pande, Rachna, and V. K. Verma. "Performance of hymenopteran insects as pollinators of pumpkin in Meghalaya." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 1806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1044.
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Pumpkin is a major cultivated crop particularly in north eastern states of India that depends on insects for the pollination, as the pollens of these plants are large sized and sticky. In the present study, field and lab experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of the pollinators of pumpkin based on their diversity, relativeabundance and foraging activity. Total four hymenopteran insect pollinators were observed in field viz., bumble bee, little honey bee, Indian honey bee and Digger bee. On the basis of abundance and relative abundance bumble bee was identified as most abundant pollinator of pumpkin with 69.69 per cent mean relative abundance as other pollinators mean relative abundance was less than 25 per cent and it was only 3.49 per cent for Indian honey bee. Foraging speed and foraging rate of bumble bee was 7.13 sec/flower and foraging rate was 3.80 flower/minute. To ensure the efficient pollinator of pumpkin flower, pollen carrying capacity, pollen deposition and percent deposition of viable pollen was studied for all the pollinators in field and laboratory condition. The pollen carrying capacity of pollinators ranged from more than 7 mg to 1 mg. It was highest for bumble bee which was 7.33 mg followed by little honey bee (6.66 mg) and least pollen carrying capacity was observed in Digger bee (1.67 mg). Pollen depositions by pollinators on stigma in a single visit was again highest for bumble bee (565 pollen grains) with maximum number of viable pollen deposition 224.33 pollen grains out of which 39.7 per cent pollen was viable. So on the basis of above result it can be concluded that bumble bee was the most abundant and most efficient pollinator of pumpkin.
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Somerville, D. C., and H. I. Nicol. "Crude protein and amino acid composition of honey bee-collected pollen pellets from south-east Australia and a note on laboratory disparity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 1 (2006): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03188.
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Pollen pellets collected from honey bees foraging at 62 floral species were analysed for protein and amino acid content and their value for honey bee nutrition was determined. The crude protein levels of all pollen pellets analysed ranged from 9.2% for Hypochoeris radicata (flatweed) to 37.4% for Echium plantagineum (Paterson’s curse) with a mean of 25.9%. Pollen pellets from 15 species were identified as providing protein levels below those acknowledged to satisfy honey bee dietary requirements when they are the only source of pollen available to the honey bee colony. Pollens collected from species of the same genus demonstrated similar protein profiles. Isoleucine was deficient in 38% of the pollens with 69% of eucalypts and related species demonstrating a significant isoleucine deficiency.
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Khakhlary, D., and A. Rana. "Characterization of chemical composition of ethanolic extract of bee pollen in India." Journal of Environmental Biology 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/6/5148.
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Aim: Bee pollen is a mixture of pollen/male gametophyte of flowers, nectar/sweet liquid substance from flowers and salivary secretions of bees. It comprises a huge diversity of compounds which are thought to work together for medicinal purpose. The present study was undertaken to assess the bioactive components of bee pollens responsible for therapeutic properties. Methodology: The volatile chemicals compounds found in ethanolic extracts of Apis mellifera pollen were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The observations revealed the presence of hydrocarbons, sugars and their derivatives, fatty acids, glycosides, alcohol, esters, aldehyde and carbamate. Interpretation: Present findings authenticate huge chemical diversity and hence, further study on pollens is required due to its broad spectrum of potential medicinal and nutritional activities. Key words: G-C mass spectrometry, Bee pollen, Bioactive compounds
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Kurniati, Reni, Fatmawati Patang, Desy Rara Bulaan, and Nova Hariani. "Uji Potensi Bee Pollen Trigona incisa Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus) yang Dibebani Glukosa." Biosfer : Jurnal Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.23969/biosfer.v9i1.14271.
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Bee polen lebah kelulut (Trigona incisa ) secara empiris dipercaya dapat menurunkan gula darah. Namun sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian yang membuktikan bahwa bee pollen ini berkhasiat sebagai penurun kadar gula darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi bee pollen Trigona incisa dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah mencit (Mus musculus) yang dibebani glukosa. Mencit 25 ekor akan dibagi 5 kelompok perlakuan. Perlakuan I adalah kelompok kontrol negatif diberi 1mL CMC 1%, Perlakuan II adalah kontrol posistif diberi glibenklamid 0,65 mg/bb dalam 1mL CMC 1%. Perlakuan III, IV dan V diberi bee pollen dengan dosis 0,125 mg, 0,25 mg dan 0,50 mg masing dalam 1mL CMC 1%. Mencit dipuasakan selama 16 jam sebelumnya dan diukur kadar gula darah puasanya. Menit ke-30 , semua mencit diberi glukosa 50% sebanyak 3 g/kgbb. Pengukuran kadar gula darah mencit selanjutnya setelah menit ke 30, 60,90,120, 150 dan 180 dengan alat glukometer. Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA dan uji lanjut LSD. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian bee polen Trigona incisa pada dosis 0,125 - 0,50 mg terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah sebanding bahkan lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol positif. Bee pollen dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah mencit 12,50- 24,30 %
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Oroian, Mircea, Florina Dranca, and Florin Ursachi. "Characterization of Romanian Bee Pollen—An Important Nutritional Source." Foods 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172633.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Bee pollen represents an important bee product, which is produced by mixing flower pollens with nectar honey and bee’s salivary substances. It represents an important source of phenolic compounds which can have great importance for importance for prophylaxis of diseases, particularly to prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, those having direct correlation with oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to characterize 24 bee pollen samples in terms of physicochemical parameters, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, individual phenolics compounds, fatty acids, and amino acids from the Nort East region of Romania, which have not been studied until now. The bee pollen can be considered as a high protein source (the mean concentration was 22.31% d.m.) with a high energy value (390.66 kcal/100 g). The total phenolic content ranged between 4.64 and 17.93 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content ranged between 4.90 and 20.45 mg QE/g. The high protein content was observed in Robinia pseudoacacia, the high content of lipids was observed in Robinia pseudoacacia pollen, the high fructose content in Prunus spp. pollen while the high F/G ratio was observed in Pinaceae spp. pollen. The high TPC was observed in Prunus spp. pollen, the high TFC was observed in Robinia pseudoacacia pollen, the high free amino acid content was observed in Pinaceae spp. pollen, and the high content of PUFA was reported in Taraxacum spp. pollen. A total of 16 amino acids (eight essential and eight non-essential amino acids) were quantified in the bee pollen samples analyzed. The total content of the amino acids determined for the bee pollen samples varied between 11.31 µg/mg and 45.99 µg/mg. Our results can indicate that the bee pollen is a rich source of protein, fatty acids, amino acids and bioactive compounds.
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Li, Xin-Meng, Ying Wang, Li Lei, Ge Zhang, and Bao-Hua Xu. "Effects of Three Different Bee Pollen on Digestion, Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gut Microbes in Apis mellifera." Insects 16, no. 5 (May 8, 2025): 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16050505.
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The nutritional value of pollen for honeybees varies significantly depending on its source. This study examines the nutrient composition of three types of bee-collected pollen—Maize bee-collected pollen (MBP), Lotus bee-collected pollen (LBP), and Sunflower bee-collected pollen (SBP)—and their effects on honeybee digestion, immunity, and gut microbiota. Nutritional analysis revealed no significant differences in moisture, protein, and carbohydrate content among the three pollen types. However, sunflower bee-collected pollen exhibited a significantly lower crude fat content than maize bee-collected pollen and lotus bee-collected pollen, while lotus bee-collected pollen had a significantly higher crude ash content than the other pollen types. Additionally, notable differences in amino acid composition were observed across the three pollen types. Feeding assays demonstrated that honeybees consumed significantly more sunflower bee-collected pollen than maize bee-collected pollen or lotus bee-collected pollen. Honeybees fed sunflower bee-collected pollen exhibited reduced lipid deposition, enhanced immune enzyme activity, and increased expression of immune-related genes. Protein digestibility was highest in honeybees fed lotus bee-collected pollen, whereas protease and lipase activities were significantly lower in those consuming sunflower bee-collected pollen. Notably, honeybees fed sunflower bee-collected pollen had thinner midgut intestinal walls. Furthermore, the microbial structure of the honeybee gut was altered depending on the type of different pollen. In summary, honeybees had the worst digestibility of Sunflower bee-collected pollen; sunflower bee pollen had a greater effect on antioxidant and immune functions, and intestinal flora of honeybees. These findings underscore the influence of different types of pollen on honeybee nutrition, immunity, and gut microbiota, offering a foundation for optimizing pollen diets to support honeybee health.
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Anık, Sema, and Filiz Vardar. "Botanical Origin and Biochemical Composition of Different Color Fractions of Bee Pollen." Journal of Apicultural Science 68, no. 2 (December 1, 2024): 143–54. https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2024-0011.
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Abstract Bee pollen is a good nutrient storage and a natural source of phenolic acids and flavonoids with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. Pollen color is related to flavonoids and carotenoids groups of structurally different plant pigments which are also non-enzymatic antioxidants. This study aims to indicate the biochemical differences between bee pollen of different color fractions concerning antioxidant properties. We separated the different colored bee pollens as light and dark to determine their botanical origins and biochemical compositions. According to their botanical origins, seventeen genera belonging to fourteen families were identified in the different colored bee pollen samples. Scandix sp. (Apiaceae), Arbutus sp. (Ericaceae), Trifolium sp., Caesalpinia sp. (Fabaceae), and Morus sp. (Moraceae) pollen were only encountered in dark pollen grains, whereas Betula sp. (Betulaceae), Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), and Crataegus sp. (Rosaceae) were only seen in light pollen grains. Total phenolics and carotenoids showed higher values in light color fraction however total flavonoids were higher in dark color. Four different antioxidant assays (ABTS, CERAC, CUPRAC, and DPPH) were performed for better comprehension. Although the bioactive ingredients were different based on pollen color fractions, there were no significant differences in antioxidant activities.
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Mishchenko, O., O. Lytvynenko, K. Afara та D. Kryvoruchko. "Тhe influence of the removal bee pollen with the pollen catcher on the flight activity and behaviour of the bees-polen collectors". Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, № 1(164) (25 травня 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2021-164-1-25-33.
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The possibility of demonstration of the productivity potential of the bee families depends directly on the level of provision of protein feed. In this regard, the study of the bees behavior that is connected to harvesting and processing of protein food is important for both biology and practical beekeeping. The presented work provides some data of experimental studies of the influence of the removal of the bee pollen on the flight activity of bees. The study of the ethological features that enhance the increase of collection, harvesting and processing of the protein feed was conducted. With this purpose the studies were conducted to elucidate the factors that induce collection of the protein feed -bee pollen by bees and its harvesting in the nest of the bee family in the form of the bee bread. The factors that influence the increase of the collection of the protein feed by bees were researched on experimental and control bee families- analogues. Throughout the studies it was identified that the bees with medium strength were the most active in collecting the pollen. The removal of the bee pollen with pollen catchers decreases the raising of brood by bee families, but doesn’t result in their significant weakening. With the enlargement of the area of the open brood the collection of the pollen by bees increases. In order to obtain the saleable bee pollen the strong bee families should be kept on the apiary. The bees-collectors of the protein feed have the individual features of collecting the bee pollen. With the removal of thbrood from the nest the activity the bees that flew out decreased. When adding the open brood the activity increased. On the contrary, with supply of the bee pollen to the nest, the pollen collecting activity decreases and adding the carbohydrates has no effect. The removal of the bee pollen with the pollen catcher from the bee families increases the flight activity which in turn leads to obtaining more bee pollen on the apiaries and pollination of additional quantity of entomophilous plants. In order to obtain the saleable bee pollen the strong families should be kept on the apiary and the removal should be conducted in the morning and day hours. Key words: bee family, Ukrainian steppe breed, pollen, bee pollen, bee bread, pollen catcher, flight activity of bees.
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Gabriele, Morena, Stefania Frassinetti, and Laura Pucci. "Antimicrobial Activity and Nutraceutical Potential of Tuscan Bee-Pollens on Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Different Cell-Based Models." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07749.
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Bee-pollen is an apiary product of great interest owing to its high nutritional and therapeutic properties. This study aimed to assess the cellular antioxidant activity and the antihemolytic effects of Castanea, Rubus, and Cistus bee-pollens on oxidized human erythrocytes. In addition, the antimicrobial potential of each sample was tested on three Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, the effect of Castanea bee-pollen, showing better phytochemical content, was analyzed on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) exposed to thapsigargin, used to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress). Our results showed good biological activities of all bee-pollen samples, which, under oxidative conditions, significantly improved the erythrocytes’ antioxidant activity and limited cell lyses. Moreover, all samples exerted antimicrobial activity with different selectivity among the tested microorganisms, with minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 5 to 10 mg/mL. Finally, thapsigargin treatment increased intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and up-regulated the expression of factors involved in the ER-stress and inflammatory pathways. Conversely, Castanea bee-pollen was effective in reducing gene overexpression, as well as the oxidation process arising from thapsigargin treatment, with a maximum protective effect at 10 µg/mL. In conclusion, bee-pollens, mainly Castanea species, represent good natural antibacterial and potential nutraceutical products useful in the prevention of free radical and ER-stress associated diseases.
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Isik, Ayla, Murat Ozdemir, and Ibrahim Doymaz. "Infrared drying of bee pollen: effects and impacts on food components." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 1 (March 6, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/410/2017-cjfs.
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Infrared radiation drying being one of the innovative drying methods was chosen to perform comparative study at different infrared power levels at 50, 62, 74 and 88 W. Quality attributes such as protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, vitamin C content, solubility index and colour of infrared dried bee pollen samples were evaluated. The infrared power has a significant effect on the drying and quality characteristics especially colour. Drying time was reduced from 170 to 50 min when the infrared power level increased from 50 W to 88 W. Morphological changes on the surface of bee pollen grains increased with increasing the infrared power. The bee pollen infrared dried at 50 W retained its quality characteristics better than the bee pollens infrared dried at other power levels.
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Yadeta, Gemechis L., Emana G. Degaga, and Admassu A. Merti. "Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Honey Bee Collected Pollen in the Main Flowering Season, in West Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia." Journal of Apicultural Science 68, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2024-0006.
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Abstract This study aimed to assess the effect of botanical and geographical differences on the protein, minerals, total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of bee pollen collected from five districts in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Pollens of Guizotia sp., Brassica sp., Trifolium sp., Eucalyptus sp., Plantago lanceolata and Vicia faba were color-sorted from multifloral pollens and subjected to chemical analysis. The results revealed the mean content of moisture 10.6% of fresh weight (FW), protein 19.4% of dry weight (DW) and ash 2.4% (DW); the most dominant minerals, K (9765.6), Ca (963.4), Mg (960.5), Fe (142.8) and P (126.5) in mg/kg DW. The average of the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity (DPPH radical) were 40.3 GAE mg/g FW and 13.7 AAE mg/g FW (gallic and ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively). V. faba pollen had the highest protein, ash, P and Cu content. Four pollen taxa had the highest Ca values, while multifloral pollens contained the highest Fe content. The samples from Ejere had the highest ash, Ca, Na and Cu content. The results showed a high content of the tested chemicals and a strong antioxidant capacity of bee pollen, varying with botanical and geographical origins. These findings would also serve as inputs for further assessment of the nutritional values of pollen for honey bee colonies and potential human consumption. However, comprehensive chemical investigations of larger number of samples representing diversified flora and locations are crucial to developing a broad regional information base on the nutritional profile of bee pollen.
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Gabriele, Morena, Stefania Frassinetti, and Laura Pucci. "Antimicrobial Activity and Protective Effect of Tuscan Bee Pollens on Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Different Cell-Based Models." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061422.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Bee pollen is an apiary product of great interest owing to its high nutritional and therapeutic properties. This study aimed to assess the cellular antioxidant activity and the antihemolytic effect of Castanea, Rubus, and Cistus bee pollens on human erythrocytes. We also tested the antimicrobial potential of each sample on selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, the effect of Castanea bee pollen, showing the best phytochemical profile, was analyzed on human microvascular endothelial cells exposed to thapsigargin, used as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor. Our results showed good biological activities of all bee pollen samples that, under oxidative conditions, significantly improved the erythrocytes’ antioxidant activity and limited cell lyses. Castanea and Cistus showed comparable antihemolytic activities, with higher % hemolysis inhibition than Rubus. All samples exerted antimicrobial activity with different selectivity among all the tested microorganisms with minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 5 to 10 mg/mL. Finally, Castanea bee pollen was effective in reducing gene over-expression and oxidation process arising from thapsigargin treatment, with a maximum protective effect at 10 µg/mL. In conclusion, bee pollen represents a potential natural antibacterial and a good nutraceutical product useful in the prevention of free radical and ER stress-associated diseases.
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Aylanc, Volkan, Samar Larbi, Ricardo Calhelha, Lillian Barros, Feriel Rezouga, María Shantal Rodríguez-Flores, María Carmen Seijo, et al. "Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Mono- and Polyfloral Moroccan Bee Pollen by Characterizing Phenolic and Volatile Compounds." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020835.
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Bee pollen is frequently characterized as a natural source of bioactive components, such as phenolic compounds, which are responsible for its pharmaceutical potential and nutritional properties. In this study, we evaluated the bioactive compound contents of mono- and polyfloral bee pollen samples using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and established links with their antioxidant and antitumor activity. The findings demonstrated that the botanical origin of bee pollen has a remarkable impact on its phenolic (3–17 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (0.5–3.2 mg QE/g) contents. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 35 phenolic and 13 phenylamide compounds in bee pollen, while gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed its richness in volatiles, such as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols, ketones, etc. The concentration of bioactive compounds in each sample resulted in a substantial distinction in their antioxidant activity, DPPH (EC50: 0.3–0.7 mg/mL), ABTS (0.8–1.3 mM Trolox/mg), and reducing power (0.03–0.05 mg GAE/g), with the most bioactive pollens being the monofloral samples from Olea europaea and Ononis spinosa. Complementarily, some samples revealed a moderate effect on cervical carcinoma (GI50: 495 μg/mL) and breast adenocarcinoma (GI50: 734 μg/mL) cell lines. This may be associated with compounds such as quercetin-O-diglucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, which are present in pollens from Olea europaea and Coriandrum, respectively. Overall, the results highlighted the potentiality of bee pollen to serve health-promoting formulations in the future.
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Ghramh, Hamed A., and Khalid Ali Khan. "Honey Bees Prefer Pollen Substitutes Rich in Protein Content Located at Short Distance from the Apiary." Animals 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050885.
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The availability of floral resources is crucial for honey bee colonies because it allows them to obtain protein from pollen and carbohydrates from nectar; typically, they consume these nutrients in the form of bee bread, which has undergone fermentation. However, the intensification of agriculture, urbanization, changes to the topography, and harsh environmental conditions are currently impacting foraging sites due to habitat loss and scarcity of food resources. Thus, this study aimed to assess honey bee preference for various pollen substitute diet compositions. Bee colonies perform poorly because of specific environmental problems, which ultimately result in pollen scarcity. Pollen substitutes located at various distance from the bee hive were also investigated in addition to determining the preferences of honey bees for various pollen substitute diets. The local honey bee (Apis mellifera jemenitica) colonies and different diets (four main treatments, namely, chickpea flour, maize flour, sorghum flour, wheat flour; each flour was further mixed with cinnamon powder, turmeric powder, flour only, flour mixed with both cinnamon and turmeric powder) were used. Bee pollen was used as a control. The best performing pollen substitutes were further placed at 10, 25, and 50 m distances from the apiary. Maximum bee visits were observed on bee pollen (210 ± 25.96) followed by chickpea flour only (205 ± 19.32). However, there was variability in the bee visits to the different diets (F (16,34) = 17.91; p < 0.01). In addition, a significant difference in diet consumption was observed in control (576 ± 58.85 g) followed by chickpea flour only (463.33 ± 42.84 g), compared to rest of the diets (F (16,34) = 29.75; p < 0.01). Similarly, foraging efforts differed significantly (p < 0.01) at the observed time of 7–8 A.M., 11–12 A.M., and 4–5 P.M. at the distance of 10, 25, and 50 m away from the apiary. Honey bees preferred to visit the food source that was closest to the hive. This study should be very helpful for beekeepers in supplementing their bee colonies when there is a shortage or unavailability of pollens, and it is much better to keep the food source near the apiary. Future research needs to highlight the effect of these diets on bee health and colony development.
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Sudaryadi, I., F. Oktaweni, I. E. Pramono, K. W. Fatikasary, H. Widiawati, and Sutikno. "Stingless bee pollen product from Mount Merapi Slope, Turi Yogyakarta Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1200, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1200/1/012012.
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Abstract Stingless beekeeping practice (meliponiculture) in Indonesia is known to have an important role in flowering plant pollination outcomes as the stingless bee species is widely distributed across most regions of the country. As a social insect, lebah klaceng (the local name of stingless bee) consists of many species which produces honey, bee pollen, and propolis. It has been found that higher diversity of the collected pollens indicates a higher success of pollination outcomes for different kinds of flowering plants. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the diversity of collected stingless bee pollens in the meliponiculture practice at the Mount Merapi Slope, Turi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia by observing the pollen characteristics. Acetolysis method was used in the preparation of the collected pollens for identification. The pollens were then observed under a light microscope. The result showed that the stingless bee pollens collected from Mount Merapi Slope were successfully obtained from various flowering plants belonging to 31 families dominated by Arecaceae (46.60%), followed by Asteraceae (6.90%), and Malvaceae (5.70%). It can be concluded that the stingless bee, Tetragonula laeviceps, is a good pollinator insect which supports the successful pollination of up to 31 families of flowering plants found at the Mount Merapi Slope, Turi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Yıldız, Oktay, Zehra Can, Özlem Saral, Esin Yuluğ, Ferhat Öztürk, Rezzan Aliyazıcıoğlu, Sinan Canpolat, and Sevgi Kolaylı. "Hepatoprotective Potential of Chestnut Bee Pollen on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damages in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/461478.
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Bee pollen has been used as an apitherapy agent for several centuries to treat burns, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, and various other diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of chestnut bee pollen against carbon tetrachloride (CCI4)-induced liver damage. Total phenolic content, flavonoid, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and DPPH radical activity measurements were used as antioxidant capacity determinants of the pollen. The study was conducted in rats as seven groups. Two different concentrations of chestnut bee pollens (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) were given orally and one group was administered with silibinin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for seven days to the rats following the CCI4treatment. The protective effect of the bee pollen was monitored by aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (AST) activities, histopathological imaging, and antioxidant parameters from the blood and liver samples of the rats. The results were compared with the silibinin-treated and untreated groups. We detected that CCI4treatment induced liver damage and both the bee pollen and silibinin-treated groups reversed the damage; however, silibinin caused significant weight loss and mortality due, severe diarrhea in the rats. The chestnut pollen had showed 28.87 mg GAE/g DW of total phenolic substance, 8.07 mg QUE/g DW of total flavonoid, 92.71 mg Cyn-3-glu/kg DW of total anthocyanins, and 9 mgβ-carotene/100 g DW of total carotenoid and substantial amount of antioxidant power according to FRAP and DPPH activity. The results demonstrated that the chestnut bee pollen protects the hepatocytes from the oxidative stress and promotes the healing of the liver damage induced by CCI4toxicity. Our findings suggest that chestnut bee pollen can be used as a safe alternative to the silibinin in the treatment of liver injuries.
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Costa, Karen Daniele Lima da, Maria Carolina de Abreu, Sinevaldo Gonçalves de Moura, and Juliana do Nascimento Bendini. "Bee pollen from different floral species of the caatinga biome: determination of nutritional parameters." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2023.17.1.11502.
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The objective of this work was to characterize nutritional parameters of bee pollens from plant species occurring in a semiarid region, in Picos, state of Piaui, Brazil. Bee pollen samples were collected from the experimental apiary of the Study Group on Bees from the Semiarid Region of Piaui (GEASPI/UFPI) and subjected to melissopalynological analysis to determine their botanical origins, and bromatological analysis (crude protein, lipids, fibers, and ash) in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of the Department of Zootechnics of the Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), in Teresina, Piaui (DZO/UFPI/Teresina). Six plant species (Aspilia sp., Senna obtusifolia,Mimosa pudica L., Cupheaericoides, Croton sp., and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) were predominant for bee pollen production in the study area. Therefore, the nutritional compositions of the pollen produced in the Caatinga area varied according to their botanical origin, as shown by the crude protein (20.75% to 38.18%), fiber (0.53% to 1.37%), lipid (0.49% to 4.7%), and total mineral (2.56 to 4.17%) contents. Bromatological parameters also varied according to the botanical origin of the pollens evaluated. The study region has considerable diversity of pollinator plant species that provide bee pollens with a wide spectrum of nutritional characteristics.
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Rzepecka-Stojko, Anna, Barbara Pilawa, Paweł Ramos, and Jerzy Stojko. "Antioxidative Properties of Bee Pollen Extracts Examined by EPR Spectroscopy." Journal of Apicultural Science 56, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0003-0.
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Antioxidative Properties of Bee Pollen Extracts Examined by EPR Spectroscopy Bee pollen is a valuable and highly recognized source of exogenous antioxidants. The aim of these studies was to determine the antioxidant capacity of three types of bee pollen extracts: ethanol extracts of bee pollen, pepsin extracts of bee pollen and ethanol extracts of pepsin-digested bee pollen. Their antioxidant properties were determined with the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and their ability to quench DPPH free radicals was estimated. The EPR results showed that ethanol extracts of pepsin-digested bee pollen (EEPP) had the highest antioxidative effect and the highest free radical DPPH scavenging potential. The pepsin extracts of bee pollen (PEP) had the weakest antioxidant capacity. The ability to quench DPPH free radicals was also the weakest one for this extract. An average antioxidative effect was recorded for ethanol extracts of bee pollen (EEP).
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Urcan, Adriana, Adriana Criste, Daniel Dezmirean, Rodica Mărgăoan, André Caeiro, and Maria Graça Campos. "Similarity of Data from Bee Bread with the Same Taxa Collected in India and Romania." Molecules 23, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102491.
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Bee Bread samples from Romania and India were analysed by microscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC/DAD) and compared with pollen from the correspondent taxa. The quantification of sugars, fructose/glucose ratio, total phenolics and flavonoids was also carried out. From the results was possible to identify Brassica and Eucalyptus samples that present similar HPLC/DAD profiles with the respective ultraviolet (UV) identification of the main compounds as Kaempferol-3-O-glycosides and Hydrocinnamic acid derivatives. The Fructose/Glucose (F/G) ratio and the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids was in line with the prevalence of the specie identified. These coincident fingerprints gave the identification of the samples, as was previously proposed for bee pollens. This paper relates for the first time the achievement on the taxon carried out previously only for bee pollens. It was reported for the first time that this phenolic profile remains unchanged in the case of floral pollen (hand collected), bee pollen and bee bread. Despite the biochemical transformation that occurs during the fermentation of bee bread, it seems that these phenolic compounds are not affected and remain unchanged. Also, variables such as soil and climate do not seem to influence these compounds for the kind of samples under study.
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Bagri, Ajendra singh, Prabhawati Tiwari, and Eza Gloch. "Botanical origin and chemical composition of bee pollens collected from Apis cerana hives domesticated in the Pauri Garhwal, Western Himalaya, India." Ecological Questions 34, no. 2 (March 20, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eq.2023.020.
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The present investigation aims to determine the botanical origin and chemical composition of bee pollen samples (n =22) harvested from Apis cerana hives domesticated in Pauri Garhwal (Uttarakhand, India). The majority (95%) of the samples were unifloral in their botanical origin. All the identified pollens belonged to eighteen plant families, among which Rutaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae were found dominant. The chemical parameters soluble sugars, starch, crude protein, amino acids and phenolic contents were analyzed calorimetrically and were found in the range from 0.2 to 26.09 mg/g, 0.22 to 11.04 mg/g, 13.40 to 191.41 mg/g, 2.01 to 6.48 mg/g, and 5.10 to 35.50 mg GAE/g, respectively. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the chemical contents of the analyzed samples and a moderate correlation (r= 0.40; n=22) was observed between total soluble sugars and crude protein. Bee pollens as a good source of nutrition, medicine and dietary supplement for both humans and bees, demonstrate the important need to define bee pollen from different regions of India in order to develop bee pollen quality standards.
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Barbieri, Daniele, Morena Gabriele, Martina Summa, Raffaele Colosimo, Donatella Leonardi, Valentina Domenici, and Laura Pucci. "Antioxidant, Nutraceutical Properties, and Fluorescence Spectral Profiles of Bee Pollen Samples from Different Botanical Origins." Antioxidants 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101001.
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Bee pollen is made by honey bees (Apis Mellifera) from the pollen of plants and flowers and represents an apiary product enriched in essential amino acids, polyphenols, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids. This study investigated the botanical origin, micronutrient profile, and antioxidant activity of bee pollen samples (n = 10) harvested in Lucca and Massa Carrara (Tuscany, Italy) between 2016 and 2017. The palynological analysis showed that bee pollen samples were composed of nine botanical families. Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on bee pollen samples in bulk, without any treatment, and in ethanol extracts to determine the characteristic fluorescent profile and, to identify the main chemical compounds with biological activity. The main chemical compounds detected were polyphenols (mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids), hydro-soluble vitamins (B2, B3, B6, and B9), amino acids, and pigments. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was investigated, and one of the two Viburnum pollens resulted in the highest polyphenols and flavonoids content (20.15 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g fw and 23.46 ± 0.08 mg CE/g fw, respectively). However, Prunus and Eucalyptus families showed the highest in vitro (190.27 ± 8.30 µmol Fe2+/g) and ex vivo (54.61 ± 8.51 CAA unit) antioxidant capacity, respectively. These results suggested that Tuscan bee pollen, depending on the botanical family, is rich in essential nutrients and potential nutraceutical product.
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Taha, Ibrahim M., Khadiga Ahmed Ismail, Rokayya Sami, Huda Aljumayi, Garsa Alshehry, Eman Algarni, Adel Aljumayi, et al. "Bee Pollen: An Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agent for Beef Sausage." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2024.2339.
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Natural additives can enhance the microbial and oxidative quality of processed meat products. Bee pollen is a natural ingredient with valuable nutritional properties. It has been suggested as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. The goal of this research was to include bee pollen in beef sausage formulation as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent for improving the quality criteria under cold storage. Five beef sausage formulas were prepared; the first formula was prepared from the basic formula (positive control) include butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), the second formula (negative control) was prepared like the basic formula without BHT and the other three formulations were prepared by including 1, 2 and 3% eucalyptus (Eucalyptus ssp.) bee pollen. All formulations were stored at 5±2 °C until spoilage symptoms appeared. Chemical composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBA-RS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), microbial counts and sensory properties were evaluated. The obtained results were compared with Egyptian criteria to assess their acceptability. In comparison with the sausage basic formula, formulas treated with BHT and bee pollen showed a significant reduction in TVB-N, TBA-RS, total aerobic bacteria count, psychrophilic count, molds and yeasts count. The sensory properties of all formulations prepared with bee pollen were acceptable. Bee pollen was superior as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent for sausage. It could be concluded that bee pollen can be used by meat manufacturers for enhancing quality and extending the shelf-life.
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Tao, Yuxiao, Enning Zhou, Fukai Li, Lifeng Meng, Qiangqiang Li, and Liming Wu. "Allergenicity Alleviation of Bee Pollen by Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Regulation in Mice Allergic Mediators, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 3454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213454.
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Bee pollen as a nutrient-rich functional food has been considered for use as an adjuvant for chronic disease therapy. However, bee pollen can trigger food-borne allergies, causing a great concern to food safety. Our previous study demonstrated that the combined use of cellulase, pectinase and papain can hydrolyze allergens into peptides and amino acids, resulting in reduced allergenicity of bee pollen based on in vitro assays. Herein, we aimed to further explore the mechanisms behind allergenicity alleviation of enzyme-treated bee pollen through a BALB/c mouse model. Results showed that the enzyme-treated bee pollen could mitigate mice scratching frequency, ameliorate histopathological injury, decrease serum IgE level, and regulate bioamine production. Moreover, enzyme-treated bee pollen can modulate metabolic pathways and gut microbiota composition in mice, further supporting the alleviatory allergenicity of enzyme-treated bee pollen. The findings could provide a foundation for further development and utilization of hypoallergenic bee pollen products.
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Al-Kahtani, Saad N., El-Kazafy Taha, Khalid Ali Khan, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Soha A. Farag, Dalia M. B. Shawer, and El-Said Mohamed Elnabawy. "Effect of harvest season on the nutritional value of bee pollen protein." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0241393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241393.
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Bee pollen is a natural product that has valuable nutritional and medicinal characteristics and has recently garnered increasing attention in the food industry due to its nutritive value. Here, we harvested pollen loads from the Al-Ahsa oasis in eastern Saudi Arabia during spring, summer, autumn, and winter in 2018/2019 to compare the nutritional value of bee pollen protein with the amino acid requirements of honeybees and adult humans. Based on the nutritional value of bee pollen protein, the optimal season for harvesting bee pollen was determined. The composition of the bee pollen showed the highest contents of crude protein, total amino acids, leucine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, threonine, and glycine in samples collected in spring. The highest contents of lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, tyrosine, and cysteine were observed in samples collected in winter. The highest contents of histidine, methionine, and serine were in samples collected in autumn. Moreover, the highest levels of aspartic acid, proline, and alanine were in samples collected in summer. Leucine, valine, lysine, histidine, threonine, and phenylalanine (except in autumn bee pollen) contents in pollen from all four seasons were above the requirements of honeybees. Leucine, valine, histidine, isoleucine (except in autumn bee pollen), lysine (except in spring and summer bee pollen), and threonine (except in winter and spring bee pollen) in all tested samples were above the requirements of adult humans. In comparison with the minimal amino acid requirements of adult humans and honeybees, the 1st limiting amino acid in bee pollen collected during the different seasons was methionine. Bee pollen collected during spring (March–May) and winter (December–February) can be considered a nutritive food source for adult humans and honeybees.
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Suedy, Sri Widodo Agung, and Ni Putu Tasya Savitri. "Melisopalinologi Madu dari Temanggung." Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2024): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/baf.9.1.2024.93-101.
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Melisopalinologi adalah studi terkait kandungan polen dalam madu, yang dapat menunjukkan karakteristik tumbuhan sumber pakan lebah, serta fitogeografinya sekitar sarang lebah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis polen dalam madu dari lima daerah di Temanggung, guna mengetahui keanekaragaman tumbuhan pakan lebah dan karakteristik madunya. Sampel madu diambil secara purposive sampling dari 5 daerah di Temangung, kemudian dianalisis untuk identifikasi polen menggunakan teknik asetolisis. Telah teridentifikasi sebanyak 1855 butir polen yang terdiri dari 14 tipe polen, dimana 7 tipe teridentifikasi sampai tingkat famili, 2 tipe sampai tingkat genus, dan 5 tipe sampai tingkat spesies. Persentase polen tipe famili Euporbiaceae mencapai 27,33%, Ceiba petandra (20,27%), Imperata sp. (14,82%), Zea mays (14,23%), dan tipe lain dibawah 10%. Berdasarkan dominasi polen tertentu, madu dapat dikelompokkan sebagai madu monoflora (madu dari Medari, Kentengsari dan Nglorog), biflora (madu dari Kwandungan Jurang), dan multiflora (madu dari Rejosari). Nilai indeks keanekaragaman hayati Shannon (H’), indeks dominansi, dan indeks kemerataan tumbuhan pakan lebah di Temanggung termasuk kategori sedang. Melisopalinology is the study of pollen content in honey, which can indicate the characteristics of bee forage plants, as well as the phytogeography around beehives. This study aims to analyze the pollen in honey from five areas in Temanggung, to determine the diversity of bee forage plants and honey characteristics. Honey samples were taken by purposive sampling in 5 areas in Temangung, then analyzed for pollen identification using acetolysis techniques. A total of 1855 pollen grains consisting of 14 types of pollen were identified, of which 7 types were identified to the family level, 2 types to the genus level, and 5 types to the species level. The percentage of pollen types of the Euporbiaceae family reached 27.33%, Ceiba petandra (20.27%), Imperata sp. (14.82%), Zea mays (14.23%), and other types below 10%. Based on the dominance of certain pollen, honey can be grouped as monoflora (honey from Medari, Kentengsari and Nglorog), biflora (honey from Kwandungan Jurang), and multiflora (honey from Rejosari). The value of Shannon's biodiversity index (H'), dominance index, and evenness index of bee forage plants in Temanggung is categorized as moderate..
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Drummond, Francis A., Anne L. Averill, and Brian D. Eitzer. "Pesticide Contamination in Native North American Crops, Part II—Comparison of Flower, Honey Bee Workers, and Native Bee Residues in Lowbush Blueberry." Insects 15, no. 8 (July 26, 2024): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15080567.
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In lowbush blueberry fields, we conducted residue analysis comparing flowers, trapped pollen (honey bee and Osmia spp.), and collected bees (honey bee workers, bumble bee queens, and non-Bombus spp. wild native bees). The study was conducted from 2012 to 2014. The number of pesticide residues, total concentrations, and risk to honey bees (Risk Quotient) on flowers were not significantly different from those determined for trapped honey bee pollen (except in one study year when residues detected in flower samples were significantly lower than residue numbers detected in trapped pollen). The compositions of residues were similar on flowers and trapped pollen. The number of residues detected in honey bee pollen was significantly greater than the number detected in Osmia spp. pollen, while the total concentration of residue was not different between the two types of pollen. The risk to honey bees was higher in trapped honey bee pollen than in trapped Osmia spp. pollen. The analysis of honey bee workers, native bumble bee queens, and native solitary bees showed that although more pesticide residues were detected on honey bee workers, there were no differences among the bee taxa in total residue concentrations or risk (as estimated in terms of risk to honey bees).
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Anis, Ulfah, and Syafnil Syafnil. "Pengolahan Bee Pollen Sebagai Pangan Fungsional Pada Biskuit." Jurnal Inovasi Pengabdian Masyarakat Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jurnalinovasi.v2i1.19120.
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Bee pollen mengandung nutrisi yang sangat berguna bagi tubuh manusia. Kandungan nutrisi tersebut misalnya asam amino, serat kasar, vitamin, mineral Fe dan Zn serta antioksidan. Kandungan nutrisi tersebut memiliki fungsi masing-masing pada tubuh ketika dikonsumsi. Mineral Fe dapat mencegah anemia. Mineral Zn dapat mencegah terjadinya stunting pada anak. Kandungan lain pada bee pollen yaitu antioksidan. Antioksidan berfungsi menangkal radikal bebas. Pembuatan biskuit sebagai cemilan sehari-hari relatif mudah dan cepat. Selain itu, biskuit juga memiliki umur simpan yang lama, sehingga biskuit dapat dijadikan stok atau simpanan cemilan sehari-hari. Pengolahan bee pollen sebagai bahan substitusi dapat memberikan pengetahuan sebagai salah satu contoh pengolahan bee pollen pada produk pangan. Bee pollen yang diproduksi di Madrasah Aliyah Mambaul Ulum belum diolah menjadi produk pangan. Bee pollen yang sudah diproduksi di Madrasah Aliyah Mambaul Ulum tersebut diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk diolah menjadi produk pangan yaitu biskuit. Praktek pengolahan bee pollen di Madrasah Aliyah Mambaul Ulum menjadi bahan substitusi dalam pembuatan biskuit merupakan salah satu cara pemanfaatan bee pollen yang telah diproduksi tersebut. Praktek pembuatan biskuit dari bee pollen tersebut diikuti oleh siswa dan guru di Madrasah Aliyah Mambaul Ulum. Siswa dan guru turut yang mengikuti praktek tersebut terlihat antusias dalam membuat biskuit dari bee pollen. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan ini memberikan pengetahuan baru bagi siswa dan guru di Madrasah Aliyah Mambaul Ulum.
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Ghosh, Sampat, Saeed Mohamadzade Namin, and Chuleui Jung. "Differential Bacterial Community of Bee Bread and Bee Pollen Revealed by 16s rRNA High-Throughput Sequencing." Insects 13, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100863.
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We investigated the bacterial community of bee bread and bee pollen samples using an approach through 16 s rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed a higher bacterial diversity in bee bread than in bee pollen as depicted in taxonomic profiling, as well as diversity indices such as the Shannon diversity index (3.7 to 4.8 for bee bread and 1.1 to 1.7 for bee pollen samples) and Simpson’s index (>0.9 for bee bread and 0.4–0.5 for bee pollen). Principal component analysis showed a distinct difference in bacterial communities. The higher bacterial diversity in the bee bread than bee pollen could presumably be due to factors such as storage period, processing of food, fermentation, and high sugar environment. However, no effect of the feed (rapeseed or oak pollen patties or even natural inflow) was indicated on the bacterial composition of bee bread, presumably because of the lack of restriction of foraged pollen inflow in the hive. The diverse bacterial profile of the bee bread could contribute to the nutritional provisioning as well as enhance the detoxification process; however, a thorough investigation of the functional role of individual bacteria genera remains a task for future studies.
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Algethami, Jari S., Aida A. Abd El-Wahed, Mohamed H. Elashal, Hanan R. Ahmed, Esraa H. Elshafiey, Eslam M. Omar, Yahya Al Naggar, et al. "Bee Pollen: Clinical Trials and Patent Applications." Nutrients 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142858.
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Bee pollen is a natural cocktail of floral nectar, flower pollen, enzymes, and salivary secretions produced by honeybees. Bee pollen is one of the bee products most enriched in proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, lipids, minerals, and vitamins. It has a significant health and medicinal impact and provides protection against many diseases, including diabetes, cancer, infectious, and cardiovascular. Bee pollen is commonly promoted as a cost-effective functional food. In particular, bee pollen has been applied in clinical trials for allergies and prostate illnesses, with a few investigations on cancer and skin problems. However, it is involved in several patents and health recipes to combat chronic health problems. This review aimed to highlight the clinical trials and patents involving bee pollen for different cases and to present the role of bee pollen as a supplementary food and a potential product in cosmetic applications.
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AbdulRahaman, AA, MT Liadi, AK Musa, OS Kolawole, and FA Oladele. "Pollens in bee-breads as an indicator of honey sources." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 48, no. 4 (March 8, 2014): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i4.16966.
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Adulteration of honey and bee-breads in the markets are becoming a matter of deep corncern. The aim of this study, therefore, is to authenticate the natural sources of the honey and bee breads produced by the University of Ilorin Apiary Farm and Jatropha Plantation. A microscopic survey of some pollen breads collected from the Apiary Farm of 6 colonies and Jatropha Plantation of one colony at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria revealed the presence of 9 types of pollens in honey-breads or bee-breads produced by the bees in the area under study. These pollen types include monoporate, salcate, triporate, tricolpate, pericolpate, panporate, biporate, salcate and vesculate. Monorate, colpate, triporate and panporate pollen types are the most frequent occuring in all colonies, followed by salcate, biporate and tricolpate. The least frequent types are pericolpate and vesculate pollens occuring only in the colony A. Density of each of these pollens were also determined in each colony. Some impurities were detected in colonies B, C and E. Panporate pollen of Jatropha curcas is of high frequency in the colony of Jatropha indicating that honeybees visit the Jatropha plants more frequently. So, the honey from the plantation might contain high percentage of panporate pollens. The honey produced at the Apiary and Jatropha Plantation at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria is based on this study. A polyfloral or multifloral type rather than unifloral or monofloral because it contains many types of pollen indicating its source from more than one plant sources or more than one nectars of different entomophilous plants exhibiting the presence of some anemophilous pollens. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i4.16966 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(4), 247-252, 2013
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Correa Mosquera, Ana Ruby, Marta Cecilia Quicazán, Martha Maria Cuenca, and Claudia Estella Hernández. "Effect of dehydration on instrumental sensory characteristics of bee pollen." Afinidad. Journal of Chemical Engineering Theoretical and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 597 (January 20, 2023): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55815/408303.
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Colombian beekeeping producers and academic sector are developing research projects for using bee products by developing and improving their nutritional and functional quality, especially new food products with bee pollen inclusion. Bee pollen is a promising raw material for the production of functional foods because of its bioactive characteristics. In this work sensory stability of wet pollen, sun dried pollen and cabin dried pollen was evaluated during accelerated storage at 30, 40 and 50°C, taking into account different parameters such as volatile compounds profile by using a commercial electronic nose, fracturability of bee pollen grains with texture analyzer, colour change in CIELAB scale using a commercial colorimeter and water activity. It was found that electronic nose allows differencing bee pollen samples according to their water activity and distinguishing different volatile compounds profiles presented during storage. Bee pollen samples with a high water activity showed volatile compounds profile major changes during storage as well as their colour change. Bee pollen samples with a low water activity presented a change in their smell associated with fat rancidity, which is directly related to the texture.
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Sen, Nisa Beril, Etil Guzelmeric, Irena Vovk, Vesna Glavnik, Hasan Kırmızıbekmez, and Erdem Yesilada. "Phytochemical and Bioactivity Studies on Hedera helix L. (Ivy) Flower Pollen and Ivy Bee Pollen." Antioxidants 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2023): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071394.
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Bee pollen, known as a ‘life-giving dust’, is a product of honeybees using flower pollen grains and combining them with their saliva secretions. Thus, flower pollen could be an indicator of the bee pollen botanical source. Identification of bee pollen sources is a highly crucial process for the evaluation of its health benefits, as chemical composition is directly related to its pharmacological activity. In this study, the chemical profiles, contents of phenolic marker compounds and pharmacological activities of Hedera helix L. (ivy) bee pollen samples from Türkiye and Slovenia, as well as ivy flower pollen grains, were compared. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analyses revealed that pollen samples, regardless of where they were collected, have similar chemical profiles due to the fact that they have the same botanical origins. Marker compounds afzelin, platanoside and quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-galactopyranoside, common to both bee pollen and flower pollen, were isolated from bee pollen, and their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). These three compounds, as well as chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (found in flower pollen), were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. In vitro tests and effect-directed analyses were used to evaluate the xanthine oxidase inhibition and antioxidant activity of the marker compounds and extracts from flower pollen and bee pollen. This is the first report comparing chemical profiles and related bioactivities of the flower pollen and bee pollen of the same botanical origin, as well as the first report of the chemical profile and related bioactivities of ivy flower pollen.
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Habryka, Celina, Robert Socha, and Lesław Juszczak. "The influence of honey enrichment with bee pollen or bee bread on the content of selected mineral components in multifloral honey." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (October 28, 2020): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1329.
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Bee products, such as honey, pollen, and bee bread, are an excellent source of bioactive ingredients, including minerals, having a health-supporting effect. However, due to the specific sensory properties of bee pollen and bee bread, the best way to include them in a diet is to add them to honey. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of the added bee pollen or bee bread on selected minerals content in multifloral honey. The mineral content was analyzed using absorption atomic spectrometry (FAAS) with prior dry mineralization. On the basis of obtained results, it was found that the addition of bee pollen or bee bread to honey significantly influences the content of selected macro- and microelements, excluding sodium. The greatest increase in mineral content was observed for magnesium, iron, and zinc. Enrichment of honey with the highest dose of bee pollen or bee bread resulted in an over 20-fold increase in the Mg and Fe content, and an over 14-fold increase in the Zn content. Honey enriched with the maximum addition of bee pollen was characterized by a higher content of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu compared to honey with bee bread. Due to a fact that both bee pollen and bee bread are good sources of minerals, their addition to honey significantly increases its ability to cover daily demand for macro- and microelements.
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Kishore, Kundan, H. Kalita, D. Rinchen, and Brijesh Pandey. "Floral boilogy of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 82, no. 7 (July 11, 2012): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i7.21642.
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A study on floral phenology, floral visitors, foraging nature of floral visitors, nectar production, pollination efficiency and stigma receptivity of large cadamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) of the family Zingiberaceae conducted during 2009–10. Anthesis in large cardamom took place in the early morning (around 5:30 am) and flowers offer plenty of anthers and moderate amount of nectar to floral visitors. There were four floral visitors; bumble bee (Apis braviceps Smith), honey bee (Apis cerena), fruit fly (Bactocera sp.) and moth (Udaspes folus), and among them A. braviceps was found to be the major pollinator due to its high pollination efficiency attributed to its big body size and foraging habit, while A. cerena acts as a pollen robber. Each flower receives 45.92 visits of bumble bee with the foraging time of 118.93 seconds in a day. Pollination efficiency of bumble bee was as high as 100% while honey bee could pollinate only 8.41% of flower. Bumble bee delivers pollens in the receptive cup pf stigma, in contrary honey on the non-receptive hairs surrounding stigma cup. Nectar secretion begins at 9 hr on the day anthesis and reaches to its peak at 14 hr, followed by reduction in nectar production. A temperature range of 25–28°C and air humidity of 50–60% favoured high nectar production. Increase in 0.77 unit of temperature and decrease in 2.04 unit of air humidity resulted in 1 unit increase in nectar content. The visitation frequency and foraging time of bumble bee were not correlated with the nectar production. Bumble bee and honey bee had almost equal pollen load, but pollen carrying mechanism was quite different as honey bee carries pollen in pollen basket and bumble bee on its head and thorax. Stigma became receptive 12 hr before anthesis (protogynous) and remains receptive even after 15 hr of flower senescence. The best time of pollination was between 6 and 9 hr on the day of anthesis.
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Zhang, Ge, Ashley L. St. Clair, Adam Dolezal, Amy L. Toth, and Matthew O’Neal. "Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidea) Pollen Forage in a Highly Cultivated Agroecosystem: Limited Diet Diversity and Its Relationship to Virus Resistance." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 3 (April 10, 2020): 1062–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa055.
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Abstract Intensified agriculture reduces natural and seminatural habitats and plant diversity, reducing forage available to honey bees (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidea]). In agricultural landscapes of Iowa, United States, we studied the impact of extrinsic agricultural intensification on the availability of pollen for honey bees by placing colonies next to soybean fields surrounded by either a low or high level of cultivation. The abundance and diversity of pollen returned to a colony were estimated by placing pollen traps on bee colonies during the summer and fall of 2015 and 2016. We observed no difference in abundance and diversity of pollen collected by colonies in either landscape, but abundance varied over time with significantly less collected in September. We explored if the most commonly collected pollen from these landscapes had the capacity to support honey bee immune health by testing if diets consisting of these pollens improved bee resistance to a viral infection. Compared to bees denied pollen, a mixture of pollen from the two most common plant taxa (Trifolium spp. L. [Fabales: Fabaceae] and Chimaechrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene [Fabales: Fabaceae]) significantly reduced honey bee mortality induced by viral infection. These data suggest that a community of a few common plants was favored by honey bees, and when available, could be valuable for reducing mortality from a viral infection. Our data suggest a late season shortage of pollen may be ameliorated by additions of fall flowering plants, like goldenrod (Solidago spp. L. [Asterales: Asteraceae]) and sunflower (Helianthus, Heliopsis, and Silphium spp. [Asterales: Asteraceae]), as options for enhancing pollen availability and quality for honey bees in agricultural landscapes.
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Keskin, Merve, and Aslı Özkök. "Effects of drying techniques on chemical composition and volatile constituents of bee pollen." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 38, No. 4 (August 31, 2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-cjfs.
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Bee pollen is used as a food supplement by humans as it is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Bee pollen has many biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant. Fresh bee pollen is not suitable for long-term storage because of its moisture content. In order to protect the nutrient content and freshness, the bee pollen can be dried by using different drying techniques. In this study, the biochemical characterization of the bee pollen samples dried by different techniques and drying effects on the biochemical properties of bee pollen were determined. Moisture, total lipid and protein, pH and total phenolic content of pollen samples were determined. The results ranged 6.23–20.62%, 4.98–5.57%, 16.812–1.477%, 4.08–4.33 and 15.2–22.73 mg GAE g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. All samples are rich in squalene and methyl octadecanoate. It is clear that bee pollen bioactive components will be less damaged by using drying methods performed under more moderate conditions like lyophilization than when the traditional method is used.
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Prđun, Saša, Lidija Svečnjak, Mato Valentić, Zvonimir Marijanović, and Igor Jerković. "Characterization of Bee Pollen: Physico-Chemical Properties, Headspace Composition and FTIR Spectral Profiles." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092103.
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Chemical characterization of bee pollen is of great importance for its quality estimation. Multifloral and unifloral bee pollen samples collected from continental, mountain and Adriatic regions of Croatia were analyzed by means of physico-chemical, chromatographic (GC-MS), and spectroscopic (FTIR-ATR) analytical tools, aiming to conduct a comprehensive characterization of bee pollen. The most distinctive unifloral bee pollen with regard to nutritional value was Aesculus hippocastanum (27.26% of proteins), Quercus spp. (52.58% of total sugars), Taraxacumofficinale (19.04% of total lipids), and Prunusavium (3.81% of ash). No statistically significant differences between multifloral and unifloral bee pollen from different regions were found for most of the physico-chemical measurement data, with an exception of melezitose (p = 0.04). Remarkable differences were found among the bee pollen HS VOCs. The major ones were lower aliphatic compounds, monoterpenes (mainly linalool derivatives, especially in Prunusmahaleb and P.avium bee pollen), and benzene derivatives (mainly benzaldehyde in T.officinale and Salix spp.). Aldehydes C9 to C17 were present in almost all samples. FTIR-ATR analysis revealed unique spectral profiles of analyzed bee pollen exhibiting its overall chemical composition arising from molecular vibrations related to major macromolecules—proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
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Bakour, Meryem, Hassan Laaroussi, Pedro Ferreira-Santos, Zlatina Genisheva, Driss Ousaaid, José Antonio Teixeira, and Badiaa Lyoussi. "Exploring the Palynological, Chemical, and Bioactive Properties of Non-Studied Bee Pollen and Honey from Morocco." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185777.
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Bee products are known for their beneficial properties widely used in complementary medicine. This study aims to unveil the physicochemical, nutritional value, and phenolic profile of bee pollen and honey collected from Boulemane–Morocco, and to evaluate their antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity. The results indicate that Citrus aurantium pollen grains were the majority pollen in both samples. Bee pollen was richer in proteins than honey while the inverse was observed for carbohydrate content. Potassium and calcium were the predominant minerals in the studied samples. Seven similar phenolic compounds were found in honey and bee pollen. Three phenolic compounds were identified only in honey (catechin, caffeic acid, vanillic acid) and six phenolic compounds were identified only in bee pollen (hesperidin, cinnamic acid, apigenin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol). Naringin is the predominant phenolic in honey while hesperidin is predominant in bee pollen. The results of bioactivities revealed that bee pollen exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and effective α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory action. These bee products show interesting nutritional and bioactive capabilities due to their chemical constituents. These features may allow these bee products to be used in food formulation, as functional and bioactive ingredients, as well as the potential for the nutraceutical sector.
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Damulienė, Vaida, Vilma Kaškonienė, Paulius Kaškonas, Rūta Mickienė, and Audrius Maruška. "Improved Antibacterial Properties of Fermented and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Bee Pollen and Its Combined Effect with Antibiotics." Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 1 (December 26, 2024): 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010015.
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Background/Objectives: A variety of phytochemicals from different plants are collected by bees into bee pollen granules. This research focused on evaluating the effects of lactic acid fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis on the antibacterial activity of bee pollen and its interaction with antibiotics. There is limited knowledge regarding the interactions between treated bee pollen extracts and antibiotics, and this study contributes to the field by providing new insights into the antibacterial activity of pollen subjected to eight distinct treatment methods. Methods: Bee pollen’s bacterial fermentation using a Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus culture and spontaneous fermentation were performed. Bee pollen hydrolysis was performed using commercial enzymes, including enzyme mixtures as well as pure enzymes. The agar well diffusion assay was employed to assess the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, as well as their interaction with antibiotics (ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline dihydrate, and erythromycin). Results: This study showed an enhancement in bee pollen’s antibacterial activity after both fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. The increase varied with the pollen’s origin, treatment type, and culture used for antimicrobial tests. More than 77% of bee pollen extracts demonstrated a synergistic effect with antibiotics across all tested bacterial strains, while antagonistic interactions were comparatively rare. Conclusions: The applied treatment methods can improve the antibacterial properties of bee pollen. Bee pollen extracts, in combination with antibiotics, can enhance their effectiveness. These findings provide new insights into the potential use of bee pollen in combating bacterial infections.
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Redina, N. M., L. O. Adamchuk, N. V. Nikolaieva, and J. Brindza. "MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEE POLLEN OBTAINED FROM BRASSICA NAPUS L." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6814.
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The purpose of this work was to research the morphological characteristics of monofloral bee pollen obtained from Brassica napus L. The formulated goals were: determine the period of bee pollen receiving; implement the selection of bee pollen samples during blooming period of species; establish the monoflorality ratio of the total pollen collection; explore the morphometric indicators of bee pollen by the parameters of pollen lump, shaping level and weight. Bee pollen collection was carried out in Skvyra district of Kyiv region from local population of Apis mellifera L. families. Morphometric measurements were performed in the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Biosafety, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Here were determined the amount of bee pollen per one day brought by one family: from 27.04 to 03.05.16 is 50.8 ± 2.25 g; from 04.05 to 06.05.16 – 100.0 ± 3.33 g; from 07.05 to 17.05.16 – 270.7 ± 11.79 g; from 18.05 to 22.05.16 – 100.5 ± 3.028 g; from 23.05 – 25.05.16 – 39.8 ± 2.74 g. Here were defined the morphological parameters of bee pollen lump from B. napus: length is in the range from 3.40 ± 0.061 mm to 3.66 ± 0.048 mm; width is in the range from 2.88 ± 0.059 mm to 3.26 ± 0.067 mm; weight is in the range from 8.65 ± 0.317 mg to 11.31 ± 0.241 mg; shaping level of bee pollen is in the range 4.62 – 4.96 points. The total monoflorality ratio constitutes from 79.94 ± 0.619 % to 98.00 ± 0.202 %. The obtained results confirmed that the activity of bee flying depends on the blooming period and intensity of the nectar secretion, on the collection of protein feed from B. napus. Pollen lumps from Brassica napus L. bee pollen were large, dense, regular shape without splits, which specified the possibility of its use for the producing on a commercial scale.
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Rupanar, Shobha Vasant, Rituja Satpute, Prakash Gadhave, and Nirmala Kakade. "Bee pollen beyond nutrition: An integrated review of its chemical, pharmacological, and biological properties." Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 2024): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jdras.jdras_81_24.
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Abstract Bee pollen, renowned for its nutritional richness and therapeutic properties, harbors a complex array of compounds influenced by geographical origins and plant sources. In recent years, bee pollen has gained significant attention owing to its recognized potential health benefits and nutritional value. A systematic review was undertaken, encompassing peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and ethnobotanical studies, to gather pertinent information on bee pollen, its chemical constituents, and its physiological effects on human health. The assessment emphasizes the complex chemical composition of bee pollen, comprising carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and enzymes. Various analytical methods have been employed to characterize the components of bee pollen, highlighting its complex composition. Bee pollen contains life-essential proteins, making up an average of 22.7%, and essential amino acids such as isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and tryptophan. Geographical variations emphasize its diversity, underscoring the need for comprehensive analysis. Contemporary scientific investigations have initiated the revelation of bee pollen’s potential health benefits. Beyond its nutritional value, bee pollen exhibits a spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunostimulatory, and hepatoprotective effects, suggesting its therapeutic value in addressing a spectrum of health conditions. Additionally, its biological effects on different physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, and respiratory systems, are explored. Recognized as a pivotal resource for medicinal development, bee pollen warrants systematic and scientific scrutiny to fully unravel its multifaceted activities and therapeutic potential. The objective of this study is to offer a thorough exploration of the background and existing scientific literature concerning bee pollen. The study seeks to examine in detail the composition, nutritional importance, therapeutic applications, and potential health benefits associated with bee pollen. Further exploration of bee pollen may pave the way for the creation of innovative therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements, enriching both traditional and evidence-based healthcare approaches.
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Chan, Sue, and Nigel E. Raine. "Sharing the wealth: pollen partitioning in a Cucurbita crop pollination system with reference to the wild hoary squash bee." Journal of Pollination Ecology 33 (October 25, 2023): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)751.
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Cucurbita pepo crops (pumpkin, squash) are entirely dependent upon insect pollinators for reproduction. In Ontario, Canada, their most important pollinator is the hoary squash bee (Eucera pruinosa), a wild ground-nesting, solitary bee whose only source of pollen in the region is Cucurbita crops. As such, in this context, we have a unique opportunity to study pollen partitioning in a cropping system in which a wild bee is the main pollinator. To evaluate pollen partitioning in the system, we measured pollen production by the crop, the pollen lost as waste due to the activities of bees in staminate flowers, pollen loads collected by female squash bees, and the number of pollen grains in fully provisioned hoary squash bee nest cells, and we compared these to the crop’s pollination requirements as reported in the literature. From the perspective of both plant and bee reproduction, about 13% of the pollen produced by staminate acorn squash flowers was wasted, but it may be harvested by other organisms like ants. After waste is accounted for, about 9% of the pollen left is needed for plant reproduction leaving the remaining 91% available for hoary squash bee reproduction. We also evaluated the mass of pollen a female hoary squash bee could carry in a single foraging trip relative to her own body mass (~4%). The information contained here is useful for understanding the relationship between a crop and an oligolectic wild bee species or to set up controlled, field realistic experiments involving the hoary squash bee.
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Sancho-Galán, Pau, Antonio Amores-Arrocha, Ana Jiménez-Cantizano, and Víctor Palacios. "Use of Multiflora Bee Pollen as a Flor Velum Yeast Growth Activator in Biological Aging Wines." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091763.
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Flor velum yeast growth activators during biological aging are currently unknown. In this sense, this research focuses on the use of bee pollen as a flor velum activator. Bee pollen influence on viable yeast development, surface hydrophobicity, and yeast assimilable nitrogen has already been studied. Additionally, bee pollen effects on the main compounds related to flor yeast metabolism and wine sensory characteristics have been evaluated. “Fino” (Sherry) wine was supplemented with bee pollen using six different doses ranging from 0.1 to 20 g/L. Its addition in a dose equal or greater than 0.25 g/L can be an effective flor velum activator, increasing yeast populations and its buoyancy due to its content of yeast assimilable nitrogen and fatty acids. Except for the 20 g/L dose, pollen did not induce any significant effect on flor velum metabolism, physicochemical parameters, organic acids, major volatile compounds, or glycerol. Sensory analysis showed that low bee pollen doses increase wine’s biological aging attributes, obtaining the highest score from the tasting panel. Multiflora bee pollen could be a natural oenological tool to enhance flor velum development and wine sensory qualities. This study confirms association between the bee pollen dose applied and the flor velum growth rate. The addition of bee pollen could help winemakers to accelerate or reimplant flor velum in biologically aged wines.
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Al-Kahtani, Saad N., El-Kazafy A. Taha, Soha A. Farag, Reda A. Taha, Ekram A. Abdou, and Hatem M. Mahfouz. "Harvest Season Significantly Influences the Fatty Acid Composition of Bee Pollen." Biology 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060495.
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Seasonal variations in the fatty acid (FA) compositions of pollen loads collected from the Al-Ahsa Oasis in eastern Saudi Arabia throughout one year were determined to identify the optimal season for harvesting bee pollen rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The highest values (%) of lipids, linolenic acid (C18:3), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0), the sum of the C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 concentrations, and EFAs were obtained from bee pollen harvested during autumn. The maximum values (%) of oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), UFAs, and the UFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio were found in bee pollen harvested during summer. The highest concentrations (%) of behenic acid (C22:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), and SFAs were found in bee pollen harvested during winter. Bee pollen harvested during spring ranked second in its oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acid concentrations and for EFAs, UFAs, and the UFA/SFA ratio. The lowest SFA concentration was found in bee pollen harvested during summer. Oleic, palmitic, and linolenic acids were the most predominant FAs found in bee pollen. It was concluded that the FA composition of bee pollen varied among the harvest seasons due to the influence of the dominant botanical origins. We recommend harvesting pollen loads during spring and summer to feed honeybee colonies during periods of scarcity and for use as a healthy, nutritious food for humans.
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Wardaniati, Isna, and Surhiyatun Taibah. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL BEE POLLEN LEBAH TRIGONA (Trigona itama)." JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science) 3, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/jops.v3i1.1103.
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Bee pollen memiliki kandungan bahan kimia yang kompleks dan beragam membuat bee pollen mempunyai khasiat yang bermacam-macam, salah satunya adalah sebagai antioksidan. Bee pollen merupakan salah satu bahan yang mengandung antioksidan alami berupa flavonoid, polifenol dan karotenoid. Kandungan Antioksidan berfungsi sebagai menetralisasi radikal bebas, sehingga tubuh terlindungi dari berbagai macam penyakit degeneratif dan kanker. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan (AA) ekstrak etanol bee pollen lebah trigona (Trigona itama) menggunakan metode β-karoten bleaching secara spektrofotometri Uv-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ektrak etanol bee pollen lebah trigona (Trigona itama) memiliki nilai aktivitas antioksidan (AA) sebesar 66,2% (intermediate) sedangkan asam askorbat sebagai kontrol positif sebesar 97,7% (antioksidan kuat). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ektrak etanol bee pollen lebah trigona (Trigona itama) memiliki khasiat sebagai antioksidan dengan golongan aktivitas antioksidan (AA) intermediet (sedang).
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Zarobkiewicz, Michał K., Mateusz M. Woźniakowski, Mirosław A. Sławiński, Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda, and Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych. "Bee pollen in allergy and immunology. Short review." Herba Polonica 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2017-0007.
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Summary Bee pollen is a natural resource - pollen collected by bees and stored in the beehive with various bee enzymes added as it is a mixture of plants pollen and bee saliva. It is rich source of various nutrients, among them exogenous amino acids. Therefore, it can be a good and natural dietary supplement. New possibilities for bee pollen usage arise every day, yet it can also be a threat. Although bee pollen can act as an immunostimulant and anti-allergic agent, it is also and maybe even primarily allergic or cross-reactive with many allergens. A number of bee pollen allergy cases was described worldwide. A caution is therefore needed before ingestion or any other form of administration, especially in case of children or individuals with atopic predispositions. Anti-allergic attributes and immunostimmulation ability still need further research.