Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Batteries à flux"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Batteries à flux"
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Chen, Ming Yi, Richard Yuen e Jian Wang. "Experimental Study on the Bundle Lithium-Ion Batteries Fire". Materials Science Forum 890 (março de 2017): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.263.
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In this paper, a report is given on an experimental study of the combustion characteristics of six bundle lithium-ion batteries in a calorimeter. Several parameters including mass loss, heat release rate, surface temperature and heat flux distribution were measured to evaluate the hazards. The experimental results show that the lithium-ion batteries undergo fierce combustion processes. The total mass loss of six lithium-ion batteries fire is 67.8g, and the effective heat of the fire is 7.06 kJ/g. The highest temperature of the batteries fire is 816.9 °C and the maximum heat flux is 0.68 kW/m2.The results provide scientific basis for the development of fire protection measures during the usage, storage and distribution of primary lithium batteries.
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Ahmedov, B. J. "On a Possibility to Measure Thermo-Electric Power in SNS Structures". Modern Physics Letters B 12, n.º 16 (10 de julho de 1998): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984998000743.
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Two dissimilar Josephson junctions, which are connected to a heater can act as precise batteries. Because of the di erencein thermoelectric power of these batteries, circuit with two dissimilar batteries, under heat flow ΔT~10-5 K would have a net EMF 10-11 V around the zero-resistance loop leading to a loop's time-varying magnetic flux. It is shown that its theoretical value is proportional to both the temperature difference as well as the disparity in the thermoelectric powers of the two junctions.
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Li, Zhen Zhe, Yun De Shen, Gui Ying Shen, Mei Qin Li e Ming Ren. "Parameter Study on Cooling System of Battery for HEV". Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (junho de 2012): 2038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2038.
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A hybrid power composed of the fuel cell and MH-Ni battery has become a good strategy for HEV, but the performance of the battery cooling systems can not be easily adjusted. In this study, heat flux of the batteries and mass flow rate of cooling air have been investigated to improve the performance of a battery cooling system. As shown in the results, the error of root mean square has been decreased under the condition of decreasing heat flux of the batteries, and the performance of the battery cooling system has been improved with increasing the mass flow rate of cooling air. The analysis model developed in this study can be widly used to find out an optimal battery cooling system in the future work.
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Liu, Yue, Bin Li, Jianhua Liu, Songmei Li e Shubin Yang. "Pre-planted nucleation seeds for rechargeable metallic lithium anodes". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, n.º 35 (2017): 18862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04932c.
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Pre-planted nano copper particles not only played as nucleation seeds but also regulated the Li+ flux during lithium striping/plating process, leading to high cycling stability for rechargeable metallic lithium batteries.
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Wu, Zhiheng, Yongshang Zhang, Lu Li, Yige Zhao, Yonglong Shen, Shaobin Wang e Guosheng Shao. "Nitrogen-doped vertical graphene nanosheets by high-flux plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition as efficient oxygen reduction catalysts for Zn–air batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, n.º 44 (2020): 23248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07633c.
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Low temperature deposition of N-doped vertical graphene realized at low temperature lab-built high-flux plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (HPECVD) system, with outstanding catalytic performance enabled for ORR in Zn–air batteries.
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Zeising, Samuel, Rebecca Seidl, Angelika Thalmayer, Georg Fischer e Jens Kirchner. "Low-Frequency Magnetic Localization of Capsule Endoscopes with an Integrated Coil". Engineering Proceedings 6, n.º 1 (17 de maio de 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10146.
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Wireless capsule endoscopy is a promising and less invasive alternative to conventional endoscopy. A patient swallows a small capsule with an integrated camera to capture a video of the gastrointestinal tract. For accurate diagnosis and therapy, the capsule position in terms of the travelled distance must be known for each video frame. However, to date, there is no reliable localization method for endoscopy capsules. In this paper, a novel magnetic localization method is proposed. A coil as a magnetic field source is integrated into a capsule and fed with a low-frequency alternating current to prevent static geomagnetic field interference. This alternating magnetic field is measured by twelve magnetic sensors arranged in rings around the abdomen. The coil and the capsule batteries were designed based on the geometry and power supply of a commercially available endoscopy capsule and simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics software. In this way, the coil position and orientation were determined with an accuracy below 1 mm and 1°, respectively. As an analytic model for the magnetic flux density of the coil in that setup, a modified dipole model was derived. It was used to show that the batteries help to increase the amplitude of the magnetic flux density. The model is valid when signals below 100 Hz are applied, and no eddy currents are generated within the batteries. It is concluded that the magnetic flux density generated by the developed coil would be measurable with state-of-the-art magnetic sensors.
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Khasanshin, R. H., e D. V. Ouvarov. "Determination of threshold values of parameters of electronic irradiation of glass leading to electrostatic discharges". Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Seriâ fizičeskaâ 88, n.º 4 (26 de novembro de 2024): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0367676524040032.
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Experimental data are presented on the minimum values of energies and flux densities of electrons, the impact of which on the cover glasses of solar batteries and reflecting elements of thermoradiators of artificial Earth satellites leads to electrostatic discharges. It has been established that the addition of protons to the composition of the particle flux acting on the studied samples can suppress the development of discharges. For a qualitative interpretation of the results obtained, a mathematical model is proposed.
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Benavides, Darío, Paúl Arévalo, Luis G. Gonzalez e José A. Aguado. "Analysis of Different Energy Storage Technologies for Microgrids Energy Management". E3S Web of Conferences 173 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017303004.
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The importance of energy storage systems is increasing in microgrids energy management. In this study, an analysis is carried out for different types of energy storage technologies commonly used in the energy storage systems of a microgrid, such as: lead acid batteries, lithium ion batteries, redox vanadium flux batteries and supercapacitors. In this work, it is analyzed the process of charging and discharging (slow and fast) in these systems, the calculation of energy efficiency, performance and energy supplied under different load levels, in its normal operating conditions and installed power capacity is developed. The results allow us to choose the optimal conditions of charge and discharge at different levels of reference power, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the characteristics of each storage system within a microgrid.
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Teshima, Katsuya, Hajime Wagata e Shuji Oishi. "All-Crystal-State Lithium-Ion Batteries: Innovation Inspired by Novel Flux Coating Method." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, CICMT (1 de setembro de 2013): 000187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-wp41.
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All-solid-state lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIBs) consisting of solid electrolyte materials have attracted a number of research interests because no use of organic liquid electrolyte increases packaging density and intrinsic safety of LIB, which contribute the development on environmentally-friendly automobiles such as electric vehicle (EV), hybrid vehicle (HV), and plug-in hybrid vehicle (HEV), in addition to efficient utilization of electric energy in smart grid. Among various solid electrolytes, inorganic electrolyte materials have achieved relatively high lithium-ion conductivity and better stability at an ambient atmosphere. Nevertheless, there is a drawback that is relatively high internal resistance owing to relatively slow Li ion movement caused by low crystallinity of materials, scattering at interfaces such as current collector/electrode active materials and electrode active materials/electrolyte materials. In this context, we have proposed a concept, all-crystal-state LIB, in which all the component materials have high crystallinity and those interfaces are effective for Li ion diffusion. Here, we present the fabrication of oxide crystals and crystal layers via flux method and flux coating. Flux method is one of the solution processes in which idiomorphic highly crystalline materials can be obtained under the melting point of the target ones. In addition, it provides simple, low-cost and environmentally-benign pathway compared to conventional solid-state-reaction method. Flux coating method is developed to fabricate high-quality crystal layers (films) on various substrates. High-quality crystals and crystal layers of cathode, anode and electrolyte materials were successfully fabricated.
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Tan, Chun, Matthew D. R. Kok, Sohrab R. Daemi, Daniel J. L. Brett e Paul R. Shearing. "Three-dimensional image based modelling of transport parameters in lithium–sulfur batteries". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, n.º 8 (2019): 4145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04763d.
Texto completo da fonteTeses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Batteries à flux"
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Deschanels, Mathieu. "Développement de systèmes électrochimiques innovants pour applications en batteries à flux circulants". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS062.
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Les batteries à flux circulants sont des dispositifs de stockage électrochimique de l’énergie caractérisés par la possibilité de dissocier leur énergie de leur puissance. Cette propriété donne à ces systèmes une grande adaptabilité facilitant leur mise à l’échelle pour développer des dispositifs de stockage de masse. Ces batteries bien que disposant de propriétés intéressantes sont encore limitées par leurs coûts et les faibles densités d’énergie qu’elles développent.Dans cette thèse, plusieurs axes ont été envisagés pour permettre l’amélioration de leurs performances. Les matériaux carbonés sont très utilisés dans ces systèmes (électrodes, configuration semi-solide). Les modifications de surfaces permettent d’ajuster les propriétés d’interface entre les matériaux carbonés et l’électrolyte. Dans une première étude, une méthode de modification basée sur la réaction de Diels-Alder est développée. L’objectif est de proposer un protocole de modification simple et adaptable pour différents groupements chimiques. Dans une seconde étude, la modification d’électrode de carbone par la réduction chimique de cations diazonium est réalisée avec des molécules hydrophobes. L’objectif est d’empêcher l’accès des molécules d’eau à la surface de l’électrode pour inhiber la réduction électrochimique de l’eau. Dans un troisième volet, une configuration de batterie utilisant deux pH différents dans le compartiment positif et négatif est étudiée. Cette configuration doit permettre une meilleure versatilité dans le choix des couples rédox ainsi que le développement de systèmes avec de plus grandes tensions de celluleRedox flow batteries are electrochemical energy storage devices characterized by its ability to dissociate their energy from their power. This property gives these systems a great adaptability facilitating their scalability to develop mass storage devices. These batteries, although having interesting properties, are still limited by their cost and the low energy densities they develop.In this thesis, several axes have been considered to improve their performance. Carbonaceous materials are widely used in these systems (electrodes, semi-solid configuration). Surface modifications allow to adjust the interface properties between the carbonaceous materials and the electrolyte. In a first study, a modification method based on the Diels-Alder reaction is developed. The objective is to propose a simple and adaptable modification protocol for different chemical moieties. In a second study, carbon electrode modification by chemical reduction of diazonium cations is performed with hydrophobic molecules. The objective is to prevent the access of water molecules to the electrode surface to inhibit the electrochemical reduction of water. In a third part, a battery configuration using two different pH in the positive and negative compartment is studied. This configuration should allow a better versatility in the choice of redox couples as well as the development of systems with higher cell voltages
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Jouhara, Alia. "De la conception de matériaux d'électrode organiques innovants à leur intégration en batteries "tout organique"". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4026/document.
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Répondre aux besoins croissants en termes de stockage électrochimique sans épuiser les ressources naturelles exige de promouvoir des technologies de batteries en rupture à la fois efficientes mais aussi à faible impact au plan environnemental. La conception de batteries organiques pourrait s'avérer être une partie de la solution. En effet, la richesse de la chimie organique offre une multitude de possibilités pour développer des matériaux d'électrode innovants à partir d’éléments abondants et peu coûteux. Près de 40 ans après la découverte des polymères conducteurs, des batteries Li-organiques offrent maintenant d’intéressantes performances en cyclage. Pourtant, la synthèse de matériaux organiques lithiés électroactifs à haut-potentiel ainsi que celle de matériaux organiques de type p électroactifs à bas potentiel se sont avérées assez complexes et par conséquent, très peu d'exemples de cellules « tout organique » existent. Au cours de ce travail de recherche, nous avons mis en lumière une approche chimique originale consistant à perturber la structure électronique de l’entité organique électroactive (modulation des effets inductifs) au moyen d’un cation spectateur faiblement électropositif ce qui conduit à une augmentation significative du potentiel redox des matériaux d'électrodes organiques lithiés déjà connus. Cette découverte nous a permis de développer une batterie Li-ion « tout organique » capable d’offrir une tension de sortie d’au moins 2,5 V sur plus de 300 cycles. Ensuite, nous avons cherché à concevoir des matériaux de type p capables de fonctionner à bas potentiel et ainsi élaboré des batteries Anion-ion « tout organique ». Enfin, une étude préliminaire d’une nouvelle famille de composés potentiellement bipolaires au plan redox (intégration de centres redox de type n et de type p) a également été réaliséeMeeting the ever-growing demand for electrical storage devices, without depleting natural resources, requires both superior and “greener” battery technologies. Developing organic batteries could well provide part of the solution since the richness of organic chemistry affords us a multitude of avenues for uncovering innovative electrode materials based on abundant, low-cost chemical elements. Nearly 40 years after the discovery of conductive polymers, long cycling stability in Li-organic batteries has now been achieved. However, the synthesis of high-voltage lithiated organic cathode materials and the synthesis of low-voltage p type organic anode materials is still rather challenging, so very few examples of all-organic cells currently exist. Herein, we first present an innovative approach consisting in the substitution of spectator cations and leading to a significant increase of the redox potential of lithiated organic electrode materials thanks to an inductive effect. These results enable developing an all-organic Li-ion battery able to deliver an output voltage above 2.5 V for more than 300 cycles. We then design two p type organic electrode materials able of being charged at low potentials for developing all-organic Anion-ion batteries able to deliver an output voltage at least 1.5 V. Finally, we present a preliminary study of a new family of potentially bipolar compounds
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Rizk, Rania. "Refroidissement passif de batteries lithium pour le stockage d'énergie". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC228.
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Ce mémoire présente une étude sur le refroidissement passif de batteries lithium-ion. Il se compose de deux grandes parties. La première partie est une étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement thermique d’une batterie et la seconde partie est l’étude expérimentale d’un système passif pour le refroidissement de plusieurs batteries. Un banc d’essais expérimental a été conçu pour suivre l’évolution thermique des batteries soumises à différents courants de sollicitation. Les batteries prismatiques étudiées sont de type LFP et de capacité 60 Ah. Dans un premier temps, le comportement thermique d’une batterie soumise à des cycles de charge / décharge, est caractérisé expérimentalement. Nous montrons que la température n’est pas uniforme à la surface de la batterie et la zone la plus chaude est identifiée. Dans un second temps, un modèle numérique tridimensionnel a été développé pour prédire la température en tout point de la batterie. Ce modèle thermique permet de prédire notamment les températures à l’intérieur de la batterie, non mesurées expérimentalement et ceci, pour différents courants de sollicitation. Les données d’entrée du modèle sont issues des essais expérimentaux et de la littérature. Cette phase de caractérisation thermique de la batterie est essentielle pour la conception d’un système de refroidissement. Enfin, une étude expérimentale d’un système de refroidissement passif basé sur des caloducs et des plaques à ailettes est réalisée. Plusieurs configurations sont testées au fur et à mesure en apportant des améliorations aboutissant enfin à un système à dix caloducs munis de plaques à ailettes verticales au niveau du condenseur combinés à des plaques à ailettes placées sur les faces des batteriesThis thesis deals with the passive cooling of lithium-ion batteries. It consists of two large parts. The first part is an experimental and numerical study of the thermal behaviour of a battery and the second part is the experimental study of a passive system for the cooling of several batteries. An experimental test bench was designed to monitor the thermal evolution of batteries subjected to different currents. The prismatic batteries studied are made of lithium-iron-phosphate and have a capacity of 60 Ah. In a first step, the thermal behaviour of a battery subjected to charge / discharge cycles is experimentally characterized. We show that the temperature is not uniform at the surface of the battery and the hottest area is identified. In a second step, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed to predict the temperature at any point of the battery. This thermal model makes it possible to predict in particular the temperatures inside the battery, not measured experimentally and this, for different currents. The model input data are from experimental trials and literature. This phase of thermal characterization of the battery is essential for the design of a cooling system. Finally, an experimental study of a passive cooling system based on heat pipes and finned plates is carried out. Several configurations are tested progressively with improvements leading finally to a system with ten heat pipes with vertical finned plates at the condenser combined with finned plates placed on the faces of the batteries
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Cadiou, Vincent. "Développement de matériaux d'électrodes organiques pour batterie anionique". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4024/document.
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Une nouvelle génération de batteries, à base de matériaux d’électrodes organiques, pourrait répondre en partie à la demande croissante en moyen de stockage de l’énergie, sans épuiser les ressources naturelles, à contrario des technologies actuellement commercialisées. Grâce à la diversité structurale de la chimie organique, de nouvelles opportunités existent permettant d’entrevoir le développement de batteries de type « rocking-chair anionique » grâce à l’intégration de matériaux d’électrode organiques de type p, avec la potentialité in fine de ne renfermer aucun métaux. Cependant, un choix limité de matériaux organiques de type p est rapporté dans la littérature. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a consisté à synthétiser deux matériaux d’électrodes positives de type p, les 2,5-dianilinotéréphtalates de dilithium et de magnésium. Un soin particulier a été pris pour favoriser des stratégies de synthèse intégrant au mieux les principes de la chimie « verte ». Des monocristaux de ces sels, développés en voie aqueuse, ont permis la résolution de leur structure cristalline, conduisant à une meilleure interprétation de leurs mécanismes électrochimiques. Dans un second temps, nous avons développé des matériaux polymériques d’électrodes négatives de type p appelés polyviologènes. D’ordinaire facilement solubles dans les solvants d’électrolytes de type carbonates organiques, nous avons modifié leurs structures afin d’augmenter leur tenue en cyclage. La dernière partie de cette thèse a consisté à optimiser la formulation des électrodes positives et négatives développées au cours de la thèse, afin d’assembler des batteries « tout organique » anioniques performantes, lesquelles ont permis d’obtenir une tension de cellule de 0,7 VA new generation of organic batteries could partly meet the growing demand for energy storage without depleting natural resources, in contrast to current technologies. Thanks to the structural diversity of organic chemistry, new opportunities exist allowing the development of "anionic rocking chair" batteries, through the integration of p-type organic electrode materials, with the ultimate potentiality to avoid any metals. However, a limited choice of p-type organic materials is reported in the literature. The first objective of this thesis was to synthesize two p-type positive electrode materials, dilithium and magnesium 2,5-dianilinoterephthalates. Particular care has been taken to promote synthesis strategies that best integrate the principles of "green" chemistry. Single crystals of these salts, developed in water, allowed the resolution of their crystalline structure, leading to a better interpretation of their electrochemical mechanisms. In a second step, we developed polymeric p-type materials for negative electrodes called polyviologens. Usually soluble in organic carbonate type electrolyte solvents, we have modified their structures to increase their cycling behavior. The last part of this thesis consisted in optimizing the formulation of the positive and negative electrodes developed during the thesis, in order to assemble efficient "all organic" anionic batteries, which allowed to obtain a cell voltage of 0.7 V
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Parant, Hélène. "Le concept d'électrodes liquides de carbone appliqué au domaine des batteries en flux : étude et application aux matériaux d'intercalation du lithium". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0726/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur les batteries en flux, une thématique en plein essor pour le stockage massif des énergies intermittentes. Ce travail a pour but de réaliser de nouveaux types d'électrolytes liquides, avec des particules de carbone, afin d'améliorer la puissance. Ce concept est appelé "électrodes liquides" et a été mis en pratique dans une batterie en flux à base de particules d'intercalation du lithium en milieu aqueux. Tout d'abord, l'objectif est de formuler les électrolytes de carbone avec une bonne conductivité électrique (1-4 mS/cm) et une viscosité raisonnable. Ce compromis a été trouvé grâce à l'étude de la méthode de mélange et du type de carbone. La conductivité électrique a été étudiée par impédancemétrie et en flux afin de tester la solidité du réseau de carbone en écoulement. Ces électrolytes de carbone ont été testés en présence d'espèces solubles, sur une batterie millifluidique modèle ferrocyanure/iode. L'étude a été complétée par une modélisation de la diffusion des espèces. L'effet du flux sur l'intensité a été étudié ainsi que l'influence de la cinétique de l'espèce redox. Enfin, ces électrolytes de carbone ont été utilisés pour réaliser des batteries en flux entièrement à base de particules. En particulier, la décharge d'une batterie LiFePO4{MnO2 en flux continu, a présenté une densité de courant entre 5 et 30 mA{cm2, ce qui est entre 10 et 100 fois supérieur aux valeurs de la littératureThis project deals with flow batteries, which are very promising technologies for large scale energy storage, especially for intermittent energies. This work aims at developing new types of electrolytes with carbon particles to enhance power of batteries. This concept is called "liquid electrode" and is implemented in flow batteries with redox lithium intercalation particles in aqueous media. The first objective is to formulate the carbon electrolyte, with a good electronic conductivity (1-4 mS/cm) and a reasonable viscosity. A compromise is reached thanks to the study of the mixing procedure and the carbon type. Conductivity is also studied by impedance spectroscopy and in flow to visualize the strength of the carbon network. The electrolytes are then, tested in a ferrocyanide/iodine millifluidic battery. The conversion of the soluble species is compared with a modelisation. A particular attention is paid to the effect of the flow and the kinetic on the battery intensity. Finally, these carbon electrolytes are used in a particles-based flow battery. For example, a battery LiFePO4{MnO2 demonstrates in flow, an intensity recovery between 5 et 30 mA{cm2 which is around 10 to 100 times higher than values reported in literature
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Pianca, David. "Dérivés de systèmes redox à base d’alloxazine pour des applications dans le domaine des batteries : étude par spectroscopie RPE". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAE010.
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Des systèmes dérivés de l'alloxazine ont été étudiés dans un premier temps par voltampérométrie cyclique et ont été utilisés comme négolytes dans des batteries à flux redox (RFB) couplées à la spectroscopie RPE. Une bonne cyclabilité a été observée pour les ligands solubles dans l'eau, contrairement aux ligands solubles en milieu organique. Dans la deuxième partie, des matériaux poreux (MOF) basés sur des groupements alloxazine électroactifs ont été utilisés comme matériaux d'électrode pour les batteries Li-ion et étudiés simultanément par spectroscopie RPE avec une cellule operando. La caractérisation du dépôt de lithium dans les batteries a été suivie par la raie RPE du lithium métallique : (i) le rapport d'asymétrie, (ii) l'amplitude pic à pic et la double intégrale du signal, (iii) la taille des particules et (iv) le déphasage et a été simulée avec des modèles mathématiques développés sous Matlab. Tous ces travaux restent préliminaires et ouvrent la voie à de futures investigationsSystems derived from alloxazine were first studied by cyclic voltammetry and were used as negolytes in redox flow batteries (RFB) coupled with EPR spectroscopy. A good cyclability was observed for water-soluble ligands in contrast to organic-soluble ligands. In the second part, porous materials (MOFs) based on electroactive alloxazine moieties were used as electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and studied simultaneously by EPR spectroscopy with an operando cell. The characterization of lithium deposition in batteries was monitored by the EPR line of the metallic lithium: (i) the asymmetry ratio, (ii) the peak-to-peak amplitude and the double integral of the signal, (iii) the particle size and (iv) the phase shift and was simulated with mathematical models developed in Matlab. All of this work remains preliminary and pave the way for future investigations
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Alam, Tariq Rizvi. "Modeling and Design of Betavoltaic Batteries". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89648.
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The betavoltaic battery is a type of micro nuclear battery that harvests beta emitting radioactive decay energy using semiconductors. The literature results suggest that a better model is needed to design a betavoltaic battery. This dissertation creates a comprehensive model that includes all of the important factors that impact betavoltaic battery output and efficiency.
Recent advancements in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) necessitate an onboard miniaturized power source. As these devices are highly functional, longevity of the power source is also preferred. Betavoltaic batteries are a very promising power source that can fulfill these requirements. They can be miniaturized to the size of a human hair. On the other hand, miniaturization of chemical batteries is restricted by low energy density. That is why betavoltaics are a viable option as a power source for sophisticated MEMS devices. They can also be used for implantable medical devices such as pacemakers; for remote applications such as spacecraft, undersea exploration, polar regions, mountains; military equipment; for sensor networks for environmental monitoring; and for sensors embedded in bridges due to their high energy density and long lifetime (up to 100 years).
A betavoltaic battery simulation model was developed using Monte Carlo particle transport codes such as MCNP and PENELOPE whereas many researchers used simple empirical equations. These particle transport codes consider the comprehensive physics theory for electron transport in materials. They are used to estimate the energy deposition and the penetration depth of beta particles in the semiconductors. A full energy spectrum was used in the model to take into account the actual radioactive decay energy of the beta particles. These results were compared to the traditional betavoltaic battery design method of estimating energy deposition and penetration depth using monoenergetic beta average energy. Significant differences in results were observed that have a major impact on betavoltaic battery design. Furthermore, the angular distribution of the beta particles was incorporated in the model in order to take into account the effect of isotropic emission of beta decay. The backscattering of beta particles and loss of energy with angular dependence were analyzed. Then, the drift-diffusion semiconductor model was applied in order to estimate the power outputs for the battery, whereas many researchers used the simple collection probability model neglecting many design parameters. The results showed that an optimum junction depth can maximize the power output. The short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the battery varied with the semiconductor junction depth, angular distribution, and different activities. However, the analysis showed that the analytical results overpredicted the experimental results when self-absorption was not considered. Therefore, the percentage of self-absorption and the source thickness were estimated using a radioisotope source model. It was then validated with the thickness calculated from the specific activity of the radioisotope. As a result, the battery model was improved significantly. Furthermore, different tritiated metal sources were analyzed and the beta fluxes were compared. The optimum source thicknesses were designed to increase the source efficiencies. Both narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for beryllium tritide were analyzed.PHD
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Charyton, Martyna. "Ion exchange coatings for porous separator membranes in RFB applications". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0266.
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Cette étude s'est concentrée sur la fabrication d'une membrane échangeuse d'anions composite À partir d'une étude de la littérature sur différents types de membranes échangeuses d'ions (IEM), nous avons pu conclure qu’à la fois la structure chimique de la membrane ainsi que son processus de fabrication affectent leurs propriétés de transport ionique. Une structure composite hiérarchique de la membrane a alors été considérée comme avantageuse par rapport à la membrane dense et autoportée. Les membrane présentées se composent d'un substrat poreux en poly(chlorure de vinyle)-silice et d'une couche d'ionomère appliquée dessus. Cette membrane composite est conçue pour que le substrat assure la stabilité dimensionnelle et limite la quantité de matériau échangeur d'anions nécessaire. La couche échangeuse d'ions a été appliquée sur le substrat poreux à l'aide d'une technique de revêtement par lame et de durcissement aux UV qui peuvent être facilement adoptée dans un processus rouleau-à-rouleau. Tout d'abord, la couche échangeuse d'ions a été fabriquée par immobilisation d'un polymère hydrosoluble – poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) dans une matrice d'acrylamides et de résine acrylique. Tous les produits chimiques utilisés sont des réactifs industriels de base. De plus, faire varier la teneur en PVP de 6% en poids jusqu'à 16% permet de contrôler les propriétés de transport d'ions de la membrane. Les membranes avec des teneurs inférieures en PVP gonflent moins en milieu aqueux et présentent une perméabilité aux cations conforme à une membrane commercial (FAP 450) mais pour une conductivité ionique plus faible. Les tests de performance effectués pour un système de batterie à flux redox tout vanadium de référence (VRFB) démontrent que les membranes à base de PVP peuvent atteindre une efficacité énergétique (EE) comparable à celle d'une membrane de référence commerciale (74,7% contre 73,0% pour FAP 450 et 75,0% pour Nafion N115). Cependant, une dégradation oxydative a été observée dans un test de stabilité ex-situ. Ainsi, l'étape suivante a été d'utiliser un ionomère pouvant également servir d'agent de réticulation, stable dans l'environnement de l'électrolyte de vanadium. Le vinylimidazolium poly(oxyde de phénylène) (VIMPPO) a été synthétisé. Le VIMPPO seul durci aux UV était trop densément réticulé et présentait une résistivité spécifique élevée. Pour diminuer la résistivité de la membrane, le VIMPPO a été utilisé en combinaison avec des monomères d'acrylamide. L'étude en batterie VRFB a montré une amélioration des performances de la membrane composite par rapport aux membranes à base de PVP. Une membrane avec 15 wt.% de VIMPPO dans la couche de revêtement a permis une efficacité énergétique élevée - 75,1% pendant les expériences de cyclage VRFB et une rétention de capacité conforme aux résultats des membranes commerciales. Néanmoins, quelques indices de dégradation oxydative ont encore été observés. Suite à l'étude prometteuse sur le VIMPPO, la génération suivante de membranes composites a été fabriquée en utilisant VIMPPO sans acrylamides afin de garantir une bonne stabilité chimique. Pour éviter une densité excessive après réticulation, le VIMPPO a été formulé avec des monomères durcissables aux UV avec des groupes ammonium quaternaire. Ces monomères peuvent former des ponts moléculaires d'espacement entre les chaînes de l’ionomère conduisant à sa structure desserrée. La membrane fabriquée à l'aide de chlorure de (vinylbenzyl)triméthylammonium a permis d'atteindre des performances considérablement améliorées par rapport aux membranes commerciales montrant une efficacité énergétique plus élevée 77,4%. De plus, la stabilité de ce type de membranes était meilleure que celle des membranes précédemment fabriquées, permettant de réaliser des expériences de cyclage à long terme au cours desquelles les membranes présentaient des performances stablesThis study was focused on the fabrication of a composite anion exchange membrane in an industrially oriented process. From a literature study on different types of ion exchange membranes (IEMs), it can be concluded that both the chemical structure of the membrane as well as their fabrication process affect their ionic-transport properties. A hierarchical, composite structure of the membrane was considered as advantageous over the dense, self-supported membrane. The presented membrane consists of a porous poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-silica substrate (600 µm) and a layer of ionomer (20 – 40 µm) applied on top of it. It is designed so that the substrate ensures dimensional stability and limits the amount of anion exchange material needed, allowing for a lower cost of fabrication. The ion-exchange layer was applied on the porous substrate using blade-coating technique and UV-curing which can be easily adopted in a large-scale, roll-to-roll process. Three different approaches are described in the corresponding chapters. Firstly, the ion exchange layer was fabricated by immobilization of a water-soluble polymer – poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in a matric of acrylamides and acrylic resin. All of the used chemicals are commodity reagents, which can be seen as an economic advantage of such coatings over the commercial IEMs. Moreover, varying the content of PVP from 6 wt.% up to 16% allows controlling the ion transport properties of the membrane. Membranes with lower contents of PVP swell less in aqueous media and exhibit permeability to cations in line with the commercial AEM (FAP 450) but with a lower ion conductivity. The performance tests carried out for a benchmark All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery system (VRFB) demonstrate that PVP-based membranes can reach comparable energy efficiency (EE) to the one of a commercial, benchmark membrane (74.7% versus 73.0% for FAP 450 and 75.0% for Nafion® N115). However, oxidative degradation was observed in an ex-situ stability test. Thus, the next step was to use an ionomer that can also serve as a crosslinking agent, stable in the environment of the vanadium electrolyte. Vinylimidazolium poly(phenylene oxide) (VIMPPO) was synthesized with 50 % of the degree of functionalization. Such ionomer exhibited high ion exchange capacity: 2.4 mmol g-1. In parallel, UV-cured alone VIMPPO was too densely crosslinked and demonstrated high area-specific resistivity. To decrease the resistivity of the membrane, VIMPPO was used in combination with acrylamide monomers. This allowed to decrease the content of the synthesized ionomer. VRFB cycling study showed an improvement of the composite membrane performance in comparison to the PVP-based AEMs. A membrane with 15 wt. % of VIMPPO in the coating layer allowed for high energy efficiency – 75.1 % (at 80 mA cm-2) during the VRFB cycling experiments and capacity retention in line with the results of the commercial IEMs. Nevertheless, some indications of oxidative degradation were still observed. Following the promising study on the VIMPPO, the next generation of the composite membranes was fabricated using VIMPPO without acrylamides in order to secure chemical stability. To prevent excessive density of the crosslinking, VIMPPO was formulated with UV-curable monomers with quaternary ammonium groups. Those monomers can form spacing molecular bridges between the chains of the ionomer leading to its loosened structure. The membrane fabricated using (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride allowed to reach significantly enhanced performance in comparison to the commercial IEMs showing higher energy efficiency (77.4 %) and lower capacity decay than in the case of FAP 450 or Nafion® N115. Furthermore, the stability of this type of membranes was better than previously fabricated membranes, allowing to perform long-term cycling experiments (75 cycles at 50 mA cm-2) during which the membranes exhibited stable performance
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Agbli, Kréhi Serge. "Modélisation multiphysique des flux énergétiques d’un couplage photovoltaïque-électrolyseur PEM-pile à combustible PEM en vue d’une application stationnaire". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2001/document.
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A l’aide de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) comme outil de modélisation graphique, la modélisation et la gestion d’énergie d’une application stationnaire isolée à base d’un système PEMFC couplé à l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque comme source principale d’énergie sont développées. Afin d’assurer une autonomie du système en combustible, un électrolyseur PEM est intégré au dispositif. En outre, des packs de batteries et de supercondensateurs permettent un stockage d’énergie et de puissance.Grâce à la modularité de la REM, les modèles respectifs des différentes entités énergétiques du système ont été développés avant de les assembler pour reconstituer un modèle global. Une caractéristique propre de la REM étant la commande, une Structure Maximale de Commande (SMC) est déduite du modèle REM du système par application de règles d’inversion.Le phénomène d’effet échelle a permis de dimensionner le système grâce à un profil de consommation domestique d’énergie électrique. Une stratégie de gestion énergétique basée sur la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et prenant en compte les dynamiques de chaque source a été développée. Différents modes de fonctionnement ont été étudiés. Grâce è un profil d’ensoleillement d’une journée, la pertinence du modèle a été évaluée. Il a été en outre introduit un couplage entre la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et la logique floue afin que la stratégie de gestion redéfinisse les références des grandeurs électriques en tenant compte de l’état de charge des batteries et de celui des supercondensateursA stand alone multi-source system based on the coupling of photovoltaic energy and both a PEM electrolyser and a PEMFC for stationary application is studied. The system gathers photovoltaic array as main energy source, ultracapacitors and batteries packs in order to smooth respectively fast and medium dynamic by supplying the load or by absorbing photovoltaic source overproduction. Because of the necessity of fuel availability, especially for islanding application like this one, a PEM electrolyser is integrated to the system for in situ hydrogen production.The main purpose being modeling and management of the power flows in order to meet the energy requirement without power cut, a graphical modeling tool namely Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used because of its analysis and control strengths. Thanks to the modular feature of the EMR, the different models of each energetic entity of the system are performed before their assembling.By using scale effect, the energetic system sizing is performed according to a household power profile. Then, by the help of the multi-level representation, the maximal control structure (MCS) is deduced from the system EMR model. The electrical reference values of the MCS are generated by applying the power balancing method involving the own dynamic of each source into the energy management strategy. Different behavior modes are taken into account. By considering an irradiance profile for one day, the system is simulated highlighting its suitable behaviour. Moreover, the relevance of the introduced coupling between fuzzy logic controller and the power balancing method is pointed out
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Chaabene, Nesrine. "Développement d’une microbatterie redox–flow en milieu liquide ionique". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS592.pdf.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une microbatterie redox-flow sans membrane en utilisant les liquides ioniques (LI) comme électrolytes. De par leurs propriétés, les LI sont de bons candidats pour des applications liées au stockage de l'énergie. Cependant, ils sont très sensibles à l’humidité, coûteux, relativement difficiles à synthétiser et pour certains, visqueux rendant leur utilisation au niveau industriel difficile. Un moyen de contourner ces inconvénients consiste à mélanger le LI avec un solvant moléculaire. Dans ce travail, nous avons déterminé les propriétés électrochimiques des deux LI aprotiques et hydrophobes appartenant à la famille du bis(trifluorométhylsulfonyl)imide de 1-alkyl-3-méthylimidazolium et un LI protique et hydrophile, le nitrate d'éthylammonium (NEA). Nous avons aussi étudié l’influence de l'ajout d'un solvant moléculaire (la γ-butyrolactone, GBL) sur les propriétés physicochimiques des mélanges. Nous nous sommes également intéressés aux propriétés physicochimiques de deux mélanges eutectiques : l’éthaline et le DES-Menthol que nous avons comparé au LI le plus fréquemment utilisés dans les applications liées à l'énergie. Les propriétés électrochimiques de ces LI et de leurs mélanges avec le GBL ont été étudiées en présence de différents couples redox afin de choisir les meilleurs couples pour l'élaboration d'une batterie. Des caractérisations électriques de différentes microbatteries redox-flow sans membrane ont été réalisées en utilisant ces milieux électrolytiques et espèces électroactivesThe objective of this thesis is to develop a membraneless redox-flow microbattery using ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes. Due to their properties, they are well suited for applications related to energy storage. However, they are very sensitive to moisture, expensive, difficult to synthesize and viscous, making their use at an industrial level difficult. A way of overcoming these drawbacks is to mix the IL with a molecular solvent. In this work, we have studied the electrochemical properties of two aprotic and hydrophobic ILs belonging to 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide family and a protic and hydrophilic IL, ethylammonium nitrate (EAN). We have also studied the influence of molecular solvent (γ-butyrolactone, GBL) addition on the physicochemical properties of the mixtures. Physicochemical properties of two eutectic mixtures: ethaline and Menthol-based DES were investigated in order to compare them with an IL commonly used in electrochemical applications. Electrochemical properties of these ILs and their mixtures with GBL had been studied in the presence of different redox couples in order to select two couples to be tested in a microfluidic cell. Electrical characterizations of different membraneless redox-flow batteries have been carried out using these electrolytic media and electroactive species
Livros sobre o assunto "Batteries à flux"
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Effect of NASA advanced designs on thermal behavior of Ni-H₂ cells. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Batteries à flux"
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"Transient Temperature and Heat Flux Measurement Using Thin-Film Microsensors". In Ultrasonic Welding of Lithium-Ion Batteries, 55–74. ASME Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.861257_ch4.
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M. Rishi, Aniket. "Graphene-Based Functional Coatings for Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancements". In Advances in Boiling and Condensation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110500.
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Pool boiling heat transfer has proven to be the most effective ways to dissipate the large amount of heat fluxes and achieve the efficient cooling in many industrial applications including high-power electronics cooling, data center cooling, heat exchangers, batteries, refrigeration, and air conditioning. With the aggressive net-zero carbon footprint goals set up by the numerous industries across the globe, the need for development of innovative two-phase cooling solutions is of utmost importance. Graphene, being the highest thermal conductivity material, has been implemented in numerous studies for improving both the critical heat flux (maximum possible heat removed before thermal runaway of the heater surface) and a heat transfer coefficient (determines how efficiently the heat is removed) in pool boiling heat transfer. Initially, this chapter introduces various graphene-based nanomaterials and basics related to structure and characterization of graphene. Later, the highlights of some of the notable research work related to the graphene-based coatings for pool boiling enhancements are discussed. The responsible mechanism for such higher performance is summarized. Concluding remarks and industrial applicability of these techniques are also discussed in this section.
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Chan, C. C., e K. T. Chau. "Electric propulsion". In Modern Electric Vehicle Technology, 67–150. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198504160.003.0005.
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Abstract An electric propulsion system is the heart of EVs. Its functional block diagram is shown in Fig. 5.1. Its job is to interface batteries with vehicle wheels, transferring energy in either direction as required, with high efficiency, under control of the driver at all times. From the functional point of view, an electric propulsion system can be divided into two parts—electrical and mechanical. The electrical part consists of the subsystems of electric motor, power converter, and electronic controller, whereas the mechanical part includes the subsystems of mechanical transmission (optional), and vehicle wheels. The boundary between the electrical and mechanical parts is the air-gap of the motor, where electromechanical energy conversion is taken place. The electronic controller can be further divided into three functional units℄sensor, interface circuitry and processor. The sensor is used to translate the measurable quantities, such as current, voltage, temperature, speed, torque and flux, into electronic signals. Through the interface circuitry, these signals are conditioned to the appropriate level before being fed into the processor. The processor output signals are usually amplified via the interface circuitry to drive power semiconductor devices of the power converter. The converter acts as a power conditioner that regulates the power flow between the energy source and the electric motor for motoring and regeneration. Finally, the motor interfaces with the vehicle wheels via the mechanical transmission. This transmission is optional because the electric motor can directly drive the wheel as in the case of in-wheel drives (Chan, 1993).
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Boes, Mary, e Virginia McDermott. "Helping Battered Women: A Health Care Perspective". In Handbook of Domestic Violence Intervention Strategies, 255–77. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195151701.003.0012.
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Abstract In the midst of a winter ice storm, the wails of ambulance sirens signaled a new arrival to the overburdened emergency room staff every 5 minutes. The ER waiting area was already crowded. Within this onslaught of urgent accident cases and emergent needs of broken bones and flu, Julia Crouse was finally triaged.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Batteries à flux"
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Qatramez, Ala' E., Andrew Kurzawski, John Hewson, Daniel Foti e Alexander J. Headley. "Estimation of Heat Flux From Gases Released During Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries". In ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2023-106993.
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Abstract A jet is formed from venting gases of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway. Heat fluxes to surrounding surfaces from vented gases are calculated with simulations of an impinging jet in a narrow gap. Heat transfer correlations for the impinging jet are used as a point of reference. Three cases of different gap sizes and jet velocities are investigated and safety hazards are assessed. Local and global safety hazard issues are addressed based on average heat flux, average temperature, and average temperature rise in a cell. The Results show that about 40% to about 70% of venting gases energy can leave the module gap where it can be transferred to other modules or causes combustion at the end of the gap if suitable conditions are satisfied. This work shows that multiple vents are needed to increase the temperatures of the other modules’ cells to go into thermal runaway. This work is a preliminary assessment for future analysis that will consider heat transfer to the adjacent modules from multiple venting events.
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Qatramez, Ala', Andrew Kurzawski, John Hewson, Daniel Foti e Alexander Headley. "Estimation of Heat Flux From Gases Released During Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries". In ASME 2023 Summer Heat Transfer Conference - Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America - July - 2023. US DOE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2430758.
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Fan, Guodong, e Marcello Canova. "Model Order Reduction of Electrochemical Batteries Using Galerkin Method". In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9788.
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This paper presents a model order reduction (MOR) method for modeling and estimation of a first-principles electrochemical Lithium-ion battery. The MOR approach combines the Galerkin method with coordinate transformation and is applied to solve the spherical diffusion problem with non-zero flux boundary conditions. The order of the reduced-order model (ROM) is carefully selected based on analysis in the frequency domain. With the reduced-order diffusion model, an enhanced single particle model which incorporates the electrolyte dynamics is developed and validated against the experimental data.
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Jin, Zhijia, Xiaodong Sun, Long Chen, Zebin Yang, JianGuo Zhu, YouGuang Guo e Gang Lei. "Optimization of a Five-Phase E-core Bearingless Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Motor for Flywheel Batteries". In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asemd.2018.8558870.
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Cho, Jeong-Ju, e M. Urquidi-Macdonald. "Study of Lithium Polymer Interface to Enhance Efficiency and Safety in Lithium/Water Batteries". In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1361.
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Abstract New gel electrolytes composed of silica powder and organic electrolytes for the application of lithium/seawater batteries were tested with a porous separator. The maximum current density was ∼25mA/cm2. The discharging current was decreased suddenly because of two reasons. One reason is that the porous separator became clogged with lithium hydroxide and the other is because of the deposition of lithiumsilicate on the lithium surface, which was confirmed using SEM, XPS and hydroxide ion flux measurements. The efficiency (5 ∼ 27%) of the lithium oxidation was also obtained by measuring the hydrogen volume. The efficiency is strongly dependent on the ambient temperature. The effect of additives and other gel systems was also investigated.
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Katterbauer, Klemens, Abdallah Al Shehri, Abdulaziz Al-Qasim e Ali Yousef. "Enhancing CPG-Derived CO2 Flux Measurements via a Robust Wireless Sensor Analysis Framework – A New Zealand Taranaki Basin Case Study". In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35298-ms.
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Abstract In the pursuit of more sustainable resource use, lithium has emerged as a useful resource for a range of uses, including batteries. Due to these difficulties, there is a growing need for improved field operations that preserve output levels while also making the operations more sustainable. The Fourth Industrial Revolution are greatly impacting the oil and gas sector, and as the need for lithium to be used for batteries and energy technologies grows, hydrocarbon reserves are becoming a more desirable source of these precious minerals. Lithium has been found in considerable amounts in the generated brines of a number of reservoirs worldwide. In this study, we provide a novel artificial intelligence (AI) optimization strategy for optimizing lithium recovery from reservoir operations while preserving reservoir oil production goals. A deep learning LSTM algorithm is integrated into the AI framework to estimate water injection amounts based on oil, brine, and lithium recovery. After that, a global optimization framework using the deep learning model is integrated to optimize the water injection levels in order to maximize lithium recovery while preserving reservoir oil production levels. For the purpose of recovering lithium from reservoir brine in an oil and gas reservoir, we have presented a novel AI optimization framework. The framework allows hydrocarbon recovery rates to be maintained while optimizing lithium recovery. The framework, which highlights the potential for a large improvement in lithium recovery rates from an enhanced injection procedure, was successfully demonstrated on the Volve field. This paradigm has the potential to yield substantial benefits for optimizing the use of reservoir brine, which might lead to improved sustainability in reservoir operations.
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Adams, Thomas E., e Shripad T. Revankar. "Development of Hydrogen Loading System and Characterization of Tritiated Metallic Films for Betavoltaic Batteries". In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30174.
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Betavoltaic cells can provide extended power up to 10 or more years in extreme temperature environments, −55°C to 150°C. However there is limited study on the loading of tritium which is beta source for these cells. The present study examines the loading of the tritium using surrogate hydrogen gas in various films through experiments and simulations. A detailed review of the betavoltaic cell characteristics is first discussed and key challenges in this technology are identified. For the experimental work, a testing facility is designed for loading hydrogen in metallic films such as titanium, palladium and scandium which are good for storage of hydrogen or tritium. The facility is unique as it enables precise measurement of hydrogen loading in the films using pressure difference. Preliminary tests of loading on scandium films were carried out and some results are presented. In order to optimize the film thickness simulations were carried out using MC-SET code for beta flux emission. The results of the simulations for titanium and palladium film are presented.
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Baviskar, Shreyas, Dipankar Chatterjee, Kiran Chandrakant Jawale e A. Rammohan. "Battery Thermal Management of Lithium Prismatic Cell Battery by Using Different Coolants". In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-5059.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lithium (Li)-based batteries have wide applications in the everyday gadgets. Li-based batteries have prominent usage in the automotive sector. All the major OEMs for manufacturing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) use only Li batteries and are still going to continue for the next decades. However, during the operation of these batteries, they are susceptible to environmental and battery factors. The amount of charge currently taken in or out influences the internal resistance and temperature of the battery. Therefore, the amount of heat generated by the Li-ion batteries during operation is critical for designing a cost-effective and efficient thermal management system (TMS) for HEVs and EVs. For that, the right cooling mechanism for a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack is to be chosen for the vehicles and establishing optimal cooling conditions to keep the temperature within a safe range of 15 to 35°C, which is critical to improving performance, safety, and life of the battery. For a high-energy Li-ion battery module, this work provides a comparison of air-type and liquid-type thermal management systems. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to investigate the cooling performance of thermal management systems with different fluids. In this study, the 12 V modules are made up of five prismatic pouch cells and initial constant heat flux is provided for all the cases. The effect of different coolants (i.e., air, water with ethylene glycol, and nano-coolant) at different flow rates and compositions on the module’s thermal behavior are evaluated and compared. Both air and ethylene glycol and water are given a flow rate of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, whereas the nano-coolant is given a flow rate of 1.0 m/s. As the nano-coolant flow rate is increased, the Li-ion temperature drops below its optimum range, hence affecting its performance. The results of this research are being put to use in the development of a more effective energy-saving battery temperature management system and in the widespread adoption of nano-coolant for Li batteries. It is observed that the nanofluid gave a superior performance in terms of temperature reduction, that is, 5.04% and 2.97% more efficient than air-cooling and water + ethylene glycol cooling.</div></div>
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Weiss, Lukas, Ioannis Karathanassis, Bastian Rueppel, Timothy Smith e Michael Wensing. "Enhancing Heat Transfer in Immersion Cooling of Battery Packs - Using ALTP Heat Flux Sensors". In Energy & Propulsion Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-4327.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The effectiveness of immersion cooling for the thermal management of Electric-Vehicle (EV) batteries is crucially influenced by the thermophysical and rheological properties of the heat-transfer liquid. This study emphasizes upon the design requirements for such a fluid in terms of bulk properties, i.e., high electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity, low viscosity, but also relevant to the rheological properties maximizing the heat transfer rate. Key concepts of the implemented research constitute: (i) the promotion of vortical motion in the laminar flow regime, which, in turn, enhances heat transfer by disrupting boundary layers; (ii) vortex stabilization through the addition of viscoelasticity-inducing agents in the base heat-transfer liquid. To improve cooling efficiency, the primary objective is to maximize the achievable heat transfer rate for minimal pumping losses. Hence, a multi-objective optimization process must be set in place where the optimal coolant rheology is dependent on the geometrical features of the battery module. The overall framework of interdependent research activities comprises: (i) the characterization of viscoelastic flow with the use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in a flow loop with benchmark geometries; (ii) heat-transfer measurements employing a novel Atom Layer Thermopile (ALTP) sensor and (iii) dedicated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling using the Phan-Thien-Tanner constitutive equation for elastic stresses. While there are tailored designs for efficient heat transfer in immersion-cooling paradigms needed, in this paper we concentrate on heat flux measurements when cooling a bluff body. In this work results on heat transfer in the wake behind a square rod were analyzed and discussed. High-viscosity liquids have higher heat transfer at equivalent Re-number. An improvement of heat-transfer due to viscoelastic flow behavior is indicated for high-viscosity liquids, but the trend must be proven with additional experiments. PIV based flow analysis shows a mismatch between the flow pattern and the heat transfer surface.</div></div>
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Thiagarajan, Suraj Joottu, Sreekant Narumanchi, Charles King, Wei Wang e Ronggui Yang. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer With Pool and Spray Impingement Boiling on Microporous and Nanowire Surface Coatings". In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23284.
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The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is leading a national effort to develop next-generation cooling technologies for hybrid vehicle electronics, as part of the Advanced Power Electronics and Electrical Machines program area in the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Vehicle Technologies Program. The overarching goal is to reduce the size, weight, and cost of power electronic modules that convert direct current from the batteries to alternating current for the motor, and vice versa. Aggressive thermal management techniques help in achieving the goals of increased power density and reduced weight and volume, while keeping the chip temperatures within acceptable limits. The viability of aggressive cooling schemes such as spray and jet impingement in conjunction with enhanced surfaces is being explored as part of the program. In this work, we present results from a series of experiments with pool and spray boiling on enhanced surfaces, such as a microporous layer of copper and copper nanowires, using HFE-7100 as the working fluid. Spray impingement on the microporous coated surface showed an enhancement of 100%–300% in the heat transfer coefficient at a given wall superheat with respect to spray impingement on a plain surface under similar operating conditions. The critical heat flux also increased by 7%–20%, depending on the flow rates. Heat transfer coefficients obtained on the nanowire-grown surface are considerably better than those obtained on the plain surface, although the enhancement is lower than those obtained on the microporous surface. The critical heat flux is also considerably lower for the nanowire surface than for the plain surface.