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Frébort, Ivo, Hana Pospíšilová e Petr Galuszka. "Engineering barley for increased drought resistance". New Biotechnology 31 (julho de 2014): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1740.
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Kosová, K., P. Vítámvás, M. O. Urban, J. Kholová e I. T. Prášil. "Breeding for enhanced drought resistance in barley and wheat – drought-associated traits, genetic resources and their potential utilization in breeding programmes". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 4 (27 de novembro de 2014): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/118/2014-cjgpb.
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Drought represents the most devastating abiotic stress factor worldwide. It severely limits plant growth and development as well as agricultural characteristics including the final yield. The aim of this review is to summarise recent results of the breeding of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum; T. durum) for improved resistance to drought stress. First, drought-associated terms and definitions are outlined and plant strategies to cope with drought are presented. A brief overview of plant physiological mechanisms involved in water uptake and release is provided. Photosynthesis-related parameters (CO<sub>2</sub> availability and associated features such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, <sup>13</sup>C discrimination activity, water use efficiency) are discussed due to the crucial role of plant leaf stomata in both photosynthesis and water management. The second part describes the present state of research on drought resistance-associated traits in barley and wheat. Different strategies of plant water management aimed at maximising the final yield under various types of drought stress are discussed. Possibilities of the detection, identification and characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in barley and wheat germplasm are discussed and the future approaches to breeding for enhanced drought resistance as a complex physiological and agronomical trait are outlined.
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Sinha, N. C., e B. D. Patil. "Screening of Barley Varieties for Drought Resistance". Plant Breeding 97, n.º 1 (julho de 1986): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1986.tb01296.x.
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Falconí, Esteban, Javier Garófalo, Luis Ponce, Jorge Coronel, Segundo Abad e Miguel Rivadeneira. "'INIAP-Palmira 2014': a new drought-resistance barley variety". Agronomía Colombiana 33, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2015): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n2.49678.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is produced in the Ecuadorian highlands ( > 3,000 m a.s.l.) primarily for self-consumption and small-scale commercialization. Not many crop species are adapted to this altitude; therefore, barley is one of a few crop species that can be grown at these locations. Severe environmental conditions can be found in the Ecuadorian highlands since the region is characterized by poor soils and water deficiency (< 300 mm yr-1). The Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) has developed 'INIAP-Palmira 2014', a hulled two-row barley variety adapted to Ecuadorian agricultural conditions in the highlands. 'INIAP-Palmira 2014' showed acceptable yield performance as compared with the most popular improved barley cultivars in different production areas located in Ecuador. However, this new barley variety showed superior performance under water stress conditions in the highlands highlands (>3,000 m a.s.l.). Additionally, 'INIAP-Palmira 2014' showed disease resistance, mainly to yellow rust, in all of the locations where the new variety was evaluated.
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LIU, Qiang-De, Yan-Chun JIA, Feng ZHAO, Yong-Dong PAN, Wen-Qing CHEN, Yin-Ping XU, Hua-Yu ZHANG et al. "Drought resistance identification and drought resistance indexes screening of barley resources at mature period". Acta Agronomica Sinica 46, n.º 3 (14 de outubro de 2019): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2020.91031.
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Safin, Radik, Lilia Karimova, Lubov Nizhegorodtseva, Daria Stepankova, Gulnaz Shaimullina e Ruslan Nazarov. "Effect of various biological control agents (BCAs) on drought resistance and spring barley productivity". BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700063.
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The aim of the article is to study the effect of various biological agents of biofungicides on plant resistance to drought and formation of spring barley crops. Endophytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), rhizospheric bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens), actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.), and micromycetes (Trichoderma viride) were used as bioagents of biofungicides. Preparations based on biological agents were used to treat spring barley seeds. The studies were carried out in laboratory and field conditions. In the conditions of the model artificial acute drought, it was found that seed treatment with Streptomyces sp. Stimulates the leaf and root growth, as well as increases peroxidase activity in the leaves. The maximum content of proline was during seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens. An increase in the content of chlorophyll was observed when treating with Trichoderma viride seeds. In the field conditions, Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces were more efficient by the content of proline in seedlings. In terms of the spring barley yield, seed treatment with Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis was more efficient. Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis are promising for increasing barley resistance to drought.
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Vinyukov, Oleksander O., Anatoliy D. Gyrka, Oksana M. Korobova, Olha B. Bondareva e Hanna A. Chuhrii. "Agrotechnical methods of increasing drought resistance of spring barley". Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 13, n.º 37 (6 de maio de 2022): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.16.
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Studies were conducted in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine with the aim to increase the drought resistance of spring barley through such agrotechnical methods as: selection of new adaptive varieties, as well as improving the fertilizer system through the use of new nutrient complexes. New promising drought-resistant varieties of spring barley such as Stepovyk, Avers, Pryazovskyi 9, Chudovyi, Donetsk 14 are intended for cultivation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. It is established that the use of the new Nutrient Complex 3 increases the yield with the mineral fertilizer system by 1.37 t/ha, with the organo-mineral fertilizer system —by 2.08 t/ha, and Nutrient Complex 1 with the biological fertilizer system —by 1.6 t/ha,compared with control sample without the use of nutrient complexes.
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Feng, Xue, Wenxing Liu, Fangbin Cao, Yizhou Wang, Guoping Zhang, Zhong-Hua Chen e Feibo Wu. "Overexpression of HvAKT1 improves drought tolerance in barley by regulating root ion homeostasis and ROS and NO signaling". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n.º 20 (7 de agosto de 2020): 6587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa354.
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Abstract Potassium (K+) is the major cationic inorganic nutrient utilized for osmotic regulation, cell growth, and enzyme activation in plants. Inwardly rectifying K+ channel 1 (AKT1) is the primary channel for root K+ uptake in plants, but the function of HvAKT1 in barley plants under drought stress has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted evolutionary bioinformatics, biotechnological, electrophysiological, and biochemical assays to explore molecular mechanisms of HvAKT1 in response to drought in barley. The expression of HvAKT1 was significantly up-regulated by drought stress in the roots of XZ5—a drought-tolerant wild barley genotype. We isolated and functionally characterized the plasma membrane-localized HvAKT1 using Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of HvAKT1 in barley. Evolutionary bioinformatics indicated that the K+ selective filter in AKT1 originated from streptophyte algae and is evolutionarily conserved in land plants. Silencing of HvAKT1 resulted in significantly decreased biomass and suppressed K+ uptake in root epidermal cells under drought treatment. Disruption of HvAKT1 decreased root H+ efflux, H+-ATPase activity, and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, but increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the roots under drought stress. Furthermore, we observed that overexpression of HvAKT1 improves K+ uptake and increases drought resistance in barley. Our results highlight the importance of HvAKT1 for root K+ uptake and its pleiotropic effects on root H+-ATPase, and H2O2 and NO in response to drought stress, providing new insights into the genetic basis of drought tolerance and K+ nutrition in barley.
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WANG, Xing-Rong, Yue LI, Yan-Jun ZHANG, Yong-Sheng LI, Jun-Cheng WANG, Yin-Ping XU e Xu-Sheng QI. "Drought resistance identification and drought resistance indexes screening of Tibetan hulless barley resources at adult stage". Acta Agronomica Sinica 48, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 2022): 1279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2022.11048.
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Sherman, Jamie Douglas, Traci Hoogland, Jessica Williams e Greg Lutgen. "195 Breeding Winter and Spring two-row Barley for More Sustainable Livestock Production". Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (21 de setembro de 2022): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.173.
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Abstract Global climate change is impacting agricultural production systems and the ability to feed a growing world population. While welcomed in cool humid regions, warmer temperatures are exacerbating water shortages in dryland areas across the western United States. The impacts of these shortages on grain and beef production were evident when both dropped because of persistent drought in 2021, foreshadowing the challenges faced by dryland farmers and ranchers. We are developing barley adapted to abiotic stress to support more sustainable livestock production. In spring barley, we have found that the length of developmental stages impact grain yield, forage yield, and forage quality potentially providing resilience to drought. We have genetically dissected traits that could improve drought tolerance, forage yield, and forage quality in spring barley with the goal of improving breeding efficiency for these traits. We are working to develop cold tolerant winter barley to provide a rotational tool for growers to provide potential early grazing, resistance to drought, and increased grain and forage production. A long-term goal is to develop barley suitable for integration into livestock systems.
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Leybourne, Daniel J., Tracy A. Valentine, Kirsty Binnie, Anna Taylor, Alison J. Karley e Jorunn I. B. Bos. "Drought stress increases the expression of barley defence genes with negative consequences for infesting cereal aphids". Journal of Experimental Botany 73, n.º 7 (28 de janeiro de 2022): 2238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac010.
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Abstract Crops are exposed to myriad abiotic and biotic stressors with negative consequences. Two stressors that are expected to increase under climate change are drought and infestation with herbivorous insects, including important aphid species. Expanding our understanding of the impact drought has on the plant–aphid relationship will become increasingly important under future climate scenarios. Here we use a previously characterized plant–aphid system comprising a susceptible variety of barley, a wild relative of barley with partial aphid resistance, and the bird cherry-oat aphid to examine the drought–plant–aphid relationship. We show that drought has a negative effect on plant physiology and aphid fitness, and provide evidence to suggest that plant resistance influences aphid responses to drought stress. Furthermore, we show that the expression of thionin genes, plant defensive compounds that contribute to aphid resistance, increase in susceptible plants exposed to drought stress but remain at constant levels in the partially resistant plant, suggesting that they play an important role in determining the success of aphid populations. This study highlights the role of plant defensive processes in mediating the interactions between the environment, plants, and herbivorous insects.
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Qian, Gang, Zhaoxue Han, Tao Zhao, Guangbing Deng, Zhifen Pan e Maoqun Yu. "Genotypic variability in sequence and expression of HVA1 gene in Tibetan hulless barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare, associated with resistance to water deficit". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, n.º 5 (2007): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06300.
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Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are thought to protect against water stress in plants. Characteristics of sequence and expression of barley gene HVA1, a member of LEA group 3 protein, were investigated in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare), associated with phenotypically diverse drought-tolerant genotypes. Sensitive and tolerant genotypes were identified from Tibetan populations of cultivated hulless barley, based on scores of water loss rate (WLR), maldondialdehyde (MDA), and proline content. The results indicated that lower MDA contents, lower scores of WLR, and higher proline contents were associated with drought-tolerant genotypes in hulless barley. Notably, differential trends of expression patterns were detected among the selected contrasting genotypes, depending on the duration of dehydration stress. The HVA1 gene tended to respond earlier in the tolerance (after 2 h) compared with sensitive genotypes (after 4 h). Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the relative level of HVA1 expression was always higher in tolerant genotypes, rapidly increasing at the earlier stages (after 2–4 h of dehydration). However, HVA1 expressions of sensitive genotypes had a fast increase from 8 to 12 h of stress. Variable numbers of the 11-amino-acid-motif in LEA3 proteins were not consistent with the lines of drought resistance in hulless barley. Molecular characteristic of LEA3 protein in tolerant lines existed in the consistency of Gln32, Arg33, and Ala195 in Tibetan hulless barley. The present study may indicate that the differential HVA1 gene has a functional role in the dehydration tolerance in hulless barley. The authors suggested that the observed variability in sequence and expression of HVA1 could be related to the diverse drought-tolerant genotypes in crops.
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Smoczynska, Aleksandra, Andrzej M. Pacak, Przemysław Nuc, Aleksandra Swida-Barteczka, Katarzyna Kruszka, Wojciech M. Karlowski, Artur Jarmolowski e Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska. "A Functional Network of Novel Barley MicroRNAs and Their Targets in Response to Drought". Genes 11, n.º 5 (29 de abril de 2020): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11050488.
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The regulation of mRNA (messenger RNA) levels by microRNA-mediated activity is especially important in plant responses to environmental stresses. In this work, we report six novel barley microRNAs, including two processed from the same precursor that are severely downregulated under drought conditions. For all analyzed microRNAs, we found target genes that were upregulated under drought conditions and that were known to be involved in a plethora of processes from disease resistance to chromatin–protein complex formation and the regulation of transcription in mitochondria. Targets for novel barley microRNAs were confirmed through degradome data analysis and RT-qPCR using primers flanking microRNA-recognition site. Our results show a broad transcriptional response of barley to water deficiency conditions through microRNA-mediated gene regulation and facilitate further research on drought tolerance in crops.
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Cattivelli, Luigi, Maria Grossi, Pasquale Martiniello, Valeria Terzi e Antonio Michele Stanca. "Breeding and physiological strategies for improving drought resistance in barley". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 137, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1990.10826987.
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Kuryanchyk, Tatsiana G., e Nikolay V. Kozel. "Photosynthetic apparatus of barley plants treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid: mechanisms of adaptation to drought". Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, n.º 3 (8 de novembro de 2022): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2957-5060-2022-3-26-38.
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A significant effect of soil drought on the morphometric parameters of the leaves of barley plants of the Brovar and Avans varieties, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments in them has been established. It has been shown that during drought, the treatment of leaves of barley plants of the Brovar variety with 5-aminolevulinic acid causes a decrease in the content of proteins of photosystem antenna complexes, which leads to a decrease in the size of the light-harvesting antenna and is an effective mechanism for protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative stress. Fine adjustment of the photosynthetic apparatus components of leaves of barley plants ofthe Brovar variety to drought may be a key factor in determining the resistance of this variety to this type of abiotic stress. In the Avans variety, these adaptation mechanisms are either absent or manifest to a lesser extent, which leads to a more intensive development of oxidative stress in plants of this variety under the action of soil drought.
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Hoheneder, Felix, Katharina Hofer, Jennifer Groth, Markus Herz, Michael Heß e Ralph Hückelhoven. "Ramularia leaf spot disease of barley is highly host genotype-dependent and suppressed by continuous drought stress in the field". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 128, n.º 3 (16 de janeiro de 2021): 749–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00420-z.
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AbstractSince the 1980s, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is an emerging barley disease worldwide. The control of RLS is increasingly aggravated by a recent decline in fungicide efficacy and a lack of RLS-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, climate change increases drought periods in Europe, enhances variable weather conditions, and thus will have an impact on severity of plant diseases. Hence, identification of RLS-resistant cultivars and understanding of disease progression under abiotic stress are important aims in integrated disease management under climate change. In the present study, we evaluated quantitative RLS resistance of 15 spring barley genotypes under drought, controlled irrigation and field conditions between 2016 and 2019 and monitored microclimatic conditions within the canopy. We identified genotypes that show robust quantitative resistance to RLS in different field environments. Our findings suggest that long-lasting drought periods create unfavourable conditions for the disease and supports that the extent and duration of leaf wetness is a key factor for RLS epidemics.
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Mieldzioc, Adam, Monika Mokrzycka e Aneta Sawikowska. "Covariance regularization for metabolomic data on the drought resistance of barley". Biometrical Letters 56, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2019-0010.
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SummaryModern chromatography largely uses the technique of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). For a set of data concerning the drought resistance of barley, the problem of the characterization of a covariance structure is investigated with the use of two methods. The first is based on the Frobenius norm and the second on the entropy loss function. For the four considered covariance structures – compound symmetry, three-diagonal and penta-diagonal Toeplitz and autoregression of order one – the Frobenius norm indicates the compound symmetry matrix and autoregression of order one as the most relevant, whilst the entropy loss function gives a slight indication in favor of the compound symmetry structure.
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Pecio, Alicja. "Screening of Tolerant Genotypes of Spring Barley for Terminal Drought Stress Based on Grain Yield and Yield Components". Food Science & Nutrition Technology 4, n.º 3 (16 de maio de 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000183.
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The pot experiment with spring barley was carried on in 2011 and 2013-2014 years. The total number of 263 genotypes was tested against short-term drought stresses introduced at the tillering stage for 11 days or at full flag leaf stage for 14 days. At the control treatment, plants were grown at the optimal soil moisture level of 13-15% weight by weight for the whole vegetation period and in the stress treatments, the moisture was maintained at the level of 5-6% weight by weight. Spring barley showed a higher tolerance to the drought stress at tillering stage than at flag leaf stage. Barley genotypes differed in their response to terminal drought stresses due to diverse ability for regenerating after the stress removal. The resistance and tolerance of the genotypes to the drought stress imposed at tillering stage resulted from their ability to produce additional fertile tillers and to the stress at flag leaf stage by compensation of the reduced grain number per spike through increasing the weight of 1000 grains. The grain yield of tolerant genotypes named as MCAM: 85, 86, 102, 128 and 129 was stable independent on water supply and the most suitable for breeders in Poland.
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Gaze, V. L., I. A. Lobunskaya, P. I. Kostylev e E. G. Filippov. "Estimation of drought tolerance of spring barley samples in their initial period of development on an osmotic solution". Grain Economy of Russia, n.º 4 (6 de setembro de 2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2022-82-4-34-38.
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Development of drought-tolerant spring barley varieties is one of the important breeding directions for resistance to abiotic stress factors. In order to solve this problem successfully, it is necessary to use in hybridization the varieties and lines with the highest tolerance. The main purpose of the current study was to estimate the effect of osmotic stress of different concentrations on seed germination and to evaluate the relative drought tolerance of spring barley varieties and lines. The study was carried out in the laboratory for plant physiology in 2018–2020. The estimation of drought tolerance of spring barley samples was carried out on 26 varieties and lines, bred in the ARC “Donskoy”, in the initial period of development. The laboratory experiments on the ability of spring barley seeds to germinate on a sucrose solution (imitation of a lack of moisture in the soil) make it possible to estimate drought tolerance of samples at the early stages of their development. There was studied an effect of a sucrose solution with an osmotic pressure of 3, 8, 10, 12, 14 atmospheres on the ability of seed germination. When increasing a concentration of the solution, there was a seed germination decrease in all genotypes. As a result of the study, there were the largest statistically significant differences (P > 0.95) of the samples under the concentration of the osmotic sucrose solution of 8 atmospheres, in comparison with the options of 3, 10, 12 and 14 atmospheres. There have been obtained the data on the relative drought tolerance of spring barley varieties and lines. The maximum indicators of seed germination under osmotic pressure of 8 atmospheres were registered among the samples ‘Zernogradsky 1716’ (91.1 %), ‘Zernogradsky 1717’ (85.9 %), ‘Zernogradsky 1719’ (84, 1%), ‘12545/18’ (80.2 %), ‘Zernogradsky 1701’ (78.9 %), ‘12551/18’ (72.9%), ‘12487/18’ (72.4%), ‘Zernogradsky 1724’ (70.6 %), ‘Zernogradsky 1721’ (69.8 %), ‘12525/18’ (69.2 %) in comparison with the standard variety ‘Ratnik’ (43.6 %). The identified samples can be used for further study of drought tolerance in the field.
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Su, Zhouyang, Zhi Zheng, Meixue Zhou, Sergey Shabala e Chunji Liu. "Tissue-Specific Responses of Cereals to Two Fusarium Diseases and Effects of Plant Height and Drought Stress on Their Susceptibility". Agronomy 12, n.º 5 (2 de maio de 2022): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051108.
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Multiple species of Fusarium can infect wheat and barley plants at various stages of development. Fusarium head blight (FHB) refers to the infection of spikes and developing kernels by these pathogens, and crown rot (FCR) infers to infection of the root, crown, and basal stem by Fusarium pathogens. Interestingly, most of the host genes conferring resistance to these two diseases are different in both wheat and barley, and plants’ susceptibility to these two diseases are oppositely affected by both plant height and reduced water availability. Available results do not support the hypothesis that reduced height genes have different effects on biotrophic and necrotrophic diseases. Rather, differences in temperature and humidity in microenvironments surrounding the infected tissues and the difference in the physical barriers originating from the difference in cell density seem to be important factors affecting the development of these two diseases. The fact that genes conferring resistance to Type I and Type II of FHB are different indicates that it could be feasible to identify and exploit genes showing resistance at the three distinct stages of FCR infection for breeding varieties with further enhanced resistance. The strong association between FCR severity and drought stress suggests that it should be possible to exploit some of the genes underlying drought tolerance in improving resistance to FCR.
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Yasseen, B. T., e B. K. S. Al-Maamari. "Further Evaluation of the Resistance of Black Barley to Water Stress: Preliminary Assessment for Selecting Drought Resistant Barley". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 174, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1995): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1995.tb00189.x.
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Tokhetova, L. A., T. V. Savin, A. A. Demesinova, A. K. Baytanatova e B. K. Omirtay. "RESULTS OF SPRING BARLEY BREEDING UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE KYZYLORDA REGION". Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 62, n.º 3 (2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2022.v62.i3.076.
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Long-term research on monitoring of soil and climatic conditions of the Aral Sea region, based on screening of morpho-biological features in the context of zoned varieties and samples of local breeding, taking into account the complex of breeding and genetic parameters and practical breeding work, a model of a variety of spring barley was developed. The key basis of this model is the parameters aimed at creating precocious varieties with high salt and drought resistance. The formation of reproductive organs is completed before the onset of the summer drought. The purpose of the work is to increase the productivity of grain forage crops, launch new scientific and technical products on the market by creating fodder barley varieties resistant to environmental stress factors, competitive in productivity, grain quality when cultivated in environmentally unfavorable conditions of Kazakhstan. As a result of selection and practical work, five new varieties of spring barley adapted to stressful conditions were created: Sur Aruy, Inkar, Kaysar, Shakhristan, Altyn arai, combining a complex of productive traits and valuable biological properties. Varieties are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Kazakhstan Republic, and patents have been obtained
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Germán S, E. "Breeding Malting Barley under Stress Conditions in South America". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 4 (23 de novembro de 2011): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3713-cjgpb.
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The annual average area sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare) in South America during 1999–2003 was 795 000 ha. In Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, two-rowed spring cultivars are used mostly for malt production. Research has been developed in private malting companies and official institutions supported by the industry. In Argentina, tolerance to drought and heat stress during grain filling are important in drier areas. Yield and malt extract had been improved in cultivars released from 1940 to 1998. In Brazil, progress in grain yield, grain size, malting quality, early maturity, and resistance to net blotch, powdery mildew, and leaf rust has been achieved by EMBRAPA and malting companies. Higher tolerance to soil acidity and resistance to spot blotch are required. Since 1976, malting barley breeding in INIA-Chile has improved grain yield, grain size, beer production efficiency, and resistance to scald, net blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust. Uruguay produces high quality malt exported mainly to Brazil. Malting companies have released locally bred and introduced cultivars since the early 1970’s. Initiated in 1988, INIA-Uruguay breeding program has improved yield, malting quality, and lodging and disease resistance. Fusarium head blight is a new challenge for research in Brazil and Uruguay. Information regarding malting barley production, the most important stresses in different areas of production, and breeding progress under South American conditions is provided.
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Zaytseva, I. Yu, L. V. Mamaeva, I. N. Shchennikova, L. P. Kokina e E. V. Dyagileva. "Initial material for breeding drought-resistant varieties of spring barley in the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region". E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125401022.
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Water scarcity has a significant impact on plants, quality and quantity of crops. On the soils of the northeast of European Russia, instability of precipitation is one of the main factors negatively affecting barley productivity. To assess the drought tolerance level, we used the RSR (root-to-shoot ratio) indicator, which shows the relative redistribution of fluxes of plastic substances between root and aerial organs. Evaluation of 57 collection accessions of spring barley of various ecological and geographical origins was carried out. As a result of the research, sources of breeding of valuable traits were identified for further breeding work on the creation of barley varieties adaptive to the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region. The accessions Bonita, Bionic, Cooper, Danuta, 752A, NCL 95098, local sample from India (k-3506), Odessky 115, Rodos, Kazminsky, Polarny 14, Adam, Bear, Medicum 11, Irbe (PR-3528), Mie, 121–13, and C-105 are characterized by resistance to osmotic stress at the early stages of organogenesis. For further breeding work drought-resistant varieties NCL 95098, Cooper, Bonita, Danuta, Mie, Rodos, Kazminsky, Adam, Bear, Medicum 11, Irbe (PR-3528), 752A, Polarny 14, and C-105, distinguished by the elements of plant productivity, are advisable to use taking into account their positive qualities. The rest of the drought-resistant accessions are recommended to be included in crosses with varieties having higher productivity.
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Matin, M. A., Jarvis H. Brown e Hayden Ferguson. "Leaf Water Potential, Relative Water Content, and Diffusive Resistance as Screening Techniques for Drought Resistance in Barley". Agronomy Journal 81, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1989): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100010018x.
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Kibalnik, O. P., T. V. Larina, O. B. Kameneva e D. S. Semin. "Assessment of drought resistance in sorghum CMS lines based on various sterility sources". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, n.º 4 (16 de dezembro de 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-4-9-17.
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Background. Global climate changes have recently led to a more frequent occurrence of adverse factors and a decrease in the productivity of major crops. Sorghum is a highly drought-resistant crop that can tolerate long-term soil and air droughts with much lower harvest losses than wheat or barley. It is important to understand physiological mechanisms affecting drought tolerance when breeding efforts are aimed at improving the adaptability to abiotic conditions and productivity of sorghum hybrids.Materials and methods. Twenty sterile lines of grain sorghum with 8 types of CMS were studied in 2019 and 2020 in the arid conditions of Saratov Province. Indicators of the leaf water regime were assessed according to VIR’s guidelines. Statistical processing of the research results was performed using the AGROS 2.09 software.Results. The indicators of the leaf water regime that reflected differentiated responses of the CMS-line plants to the prevailing water and temperature stressors during the critical flowering period for sorghum were analyzed. Four CMS lines were identified according to the chosen set of indicators: they manifested 71.13–72.02% of total water content, 5.26–9.08% of water deficit, and 57.40–83.17% of water retention capacity on average for the two years of research. For the first time, the effect of CMS in sorghum on the manifestation of water regime indicators was registered. In isonuclear CMS lines, the greatest effect on drought resistance was shown by cytoplasm A3 versus A4 (with the Zheltozernoe 10 genome), cytoplasm A5 versus A1 (with the Karlik 4v genome), and M35-1A versus the analog on cytoplasm 9E (with the Pischevoe 614 genome).Conclusion. It is shown that genetically different types of sterility can be used in breeding practice to increase the resistance to abiotic stressors in components of F1 crosses and hybrids.
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Ouda, S. A., M. S. Gaballah . e M. A. El-Kholy . "Predicting the Effect of Some Yield Stabilizing Agents on Increasing Drought Resistance in Barley". Journal of Applied Sciences 5, n.º 8 (15 de julho de 2005): 1378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.1378.1384.
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Chen, Guoxiong, Tamar Krugman, Tzion Fahima, Kegui Chen, Yingang Hu, Marion Röder, Eviatar Nevo e Abraham Korol. "Chromosomal regions controlling seedling drought resistance in Israeli wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2009): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9453-z.
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Ali, Qurban, e Arif Malik. "Genetic response of growth phases for abiotic environmental stress tolerance in cereal crop plants". Genetika 53, n.º 1 (2021): 419–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2101419a.
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The yield potential and quality of main cereals crop plants including maize, wheat, rice and barley have improved through breeding and introduction of transgenic crop plants from last three decades. There has been intensive research for the improvement of resistance against biotic and abiotic environmental conditions to safe the potential of cereal crop plants. Among abiotic stresses drought and heat are two most important abiotic factors which caused major loss in yield and quality of crop plants. The heat stress leads towards drought due to loss of water from soil and plant surfaces, therefore drought and heat caused combined adverse effects on plant morphological, physiological and yield traits which leads to reduce crop plant potential. There has been always an interaction among the environmental conditions and crop plants to produce grain and restore productivity. The drought and heat stress caused changes at cellular level, molecular changes and gene expression changes in cereals at various vegetative and reproductive stages/phases of crop growth and development. A large number of genes have indentified in cereals which switch up-regulated and down-regulated during drought and heat stress conditions. However, there is a need to improve resistance in cereals at gene level to maintain potential of yield and quality under abiotic stress conditions like drought, heat, salinity, and cold.
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Austin, Roger B., Peter Q. Craufurd, Michael A. Hall, Edmundo Acevedo, Beatriz da Silveira Pinheiro e Eliud C. K. Ngugi. "Carbon isotope discrimination as a means of evaluating drought resistance in barley, rice and cowpeas". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 137, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1990.10826983.
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Shupletsova, O. N., e I. N. Shchennikova. "Genetic sources for barley (Hordeum vulgare) breeding in the Volga-Vyatka region". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, n.º 1 (24 de junho de 2019): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-1-82-88.
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Background. The environmental conditions in the northeast of the Russian Non-Black-Soil zone require development of barley cultivars with resistance to higher soil acidity, drought and diseases. Increased productivity in stressful environments was achieved by combining different breeding techniques, including application of cell technologies.Materials and methods. Barley accessions from the unique collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) served as sources of useful traits. These accessions underwent field- and laboratory-based research at the FASC of the North-East, which was targeted at the main qualities of breeding value: grain yield, growing season duration, and resistance to lodging, diseases and soil stress. Cultivation of callus tissues and regeneration of barley plants were performed in vitro on artificial nutrient media modified by adding selective agents simulating the effect of natural stressors.Results and discussion. After studying the accessions from VIR for various traits of breeding value for the environments of the Volga-Vyatka region, the following breeding sources were selected: cvs. ‘Dina’ (k‑29216, Russia), ‘Andrey’ (k‑30122, Russia), etc. for their earliness; ‘Belogorsky 90’ (k‑29770, Russia), ‘Syabra’ (k‑29917, Belarus), etc. for combined high yield and earliness; ‘Musson’ (k‑30968, Russia), ‘Fenix’ (k‑30835, Ukraine), etc. for lodging resistance; ‘Dina’ (k‑29216, Russia), ‘Medikum’ (k‑30962, Russia), etc. for disease resistance; and ‘Tandem’ (k‑30883, Russia), ‘Novichok’ (k‑30806, Russia), etc. for soil stress resistance. Besides, cvs. ‘Ekolog’ (k‑29417, Russia), ‘Conrad’ (k‑30406, USA), etc. were identified as promising for cellular breeding. General principles regulating selection of initial genotypes for barley tissue culture were formulated. Of practical interest is application of cell-level breeding techniques to cultivars sensitive or moderately resistant to stressors. Accessions from VIR’s collection have been used to develop spring barley cultivars adapted to the cultivation conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region: more than 30 cultivars through hybridization and selection, and 6 cultivars with theuse of in vitro tissue culture.
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Nevo, Eviatar. "Evolution of wild barley at Evolution Canyon: adaptation, speciation, pre-agricultural collection, and barley improvement". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, n.º 1-2 (18 de maio de 2015): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.940783.
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The present paper reviews the state of cultivated barley,Hordeum vulgare, in Old World agriculture and its domestication through its progenitor, wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum. It focuses on the adaptation, incipient sympatric speciation, and domestication ofH. spontaneumin the “Evolution Canyon” model. The “Evolution Canyon,” at lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel, revealsevolution in actionat a microsite caused by interslope microclimatic divergence across life from viruses and bacteria through fungi, plants, and animals including mammals. The interslope adaptive complexes ofH. spontaneumat “Evolution Canyon” include genetic diversity, drought resistance bydehydrin I, rhizosphere bacteria, andEibi Igene promoter.Isadefense locus and vitamin E components also diverge between the opposite tropical and temperate abutting slopes. A highly likely pre-agricultural collection site ofH. spontaneumis described on the Natufian cemetery of the Oren and Um Usba caves in “Evolution Canyon”. Finally, the paper briefly reviews the remarkable interslope incipient sympatric speciation ofH. spontaneumat “Evolution Canyon”, as is true for other organisms such as bacteria,Drosophila, and spiny mice,Acomys. Sympatric ecological speciation is still controversial and “Evolution Canyon” provides an appropriate site to explore it inH. spontaneumand other organisms across life.
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Kibalnik, Oksana Pavlovna, Irina Alexandrovna Sazonova, Yulia Valerievna Bochkareva, Vera Valerievna Bychkova e Dmitry Sergeevich Semin. "Influence of Abiotic Stresses on Morphophysiological Characteristics and Biological Value of Grain Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench". International Journal of Plant Biology 14, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2023): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010013.
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Sorghum is the agricultural crop most adaptable to the effects of abiotic factors, able to tolerate prolonged soil and air droughts, changes in air temperature, insufficient precipitation, salinization, acidification of soils, and many others with the least loss of yield compared to traditional crops such as wheat and barley. However, even among sorghum genotypes, there are samples with varying degrees of resistance to stressors, for example, drought. The aim of this study is a comprehensive study of the influence of abiotic factors on the physiological characteristics and biochemical parameters of sorghum grain. The experiment was carried out on the experimental field and laboratory conditions of the Rossorgo Institute. Drought resistance of plants is determined in the initial phase of development and during the flowering period by the degree of seed swelling in hypertonic solutions and the water regime of the leaves (total water content, water deficiency, moisture loss, and water-holding capacity). The quality of the grain is determined using the spectrophotometry method for the main biochemical components, and likewise, the separation of the protein into fractions. The growing conditions of plants in 2021–2022 differ significantly in terms of hydrothermal indicators. As a result of the conducted research for use in breeding programs for the creation of new varieties and hybrids with increased stress resistance selected samples L-65/14, Magistr has high drought resistance in the degree of seed swelling in hypertonic solutions (55.2–58.9%), which turned out to be at the level of the control variant (61.6–63.7%), and indicators of the water regime of the leaves (total water content of leaf tissues—74.20–77.83%; water-retaining capacity—83.77–85.56%; low moisture loss for 1 h/day—2.86–3.01%). These samples were characterized by the biological value determined by the optimal ratio of major indicators of grain and protein fractions: albumin (16.59–22.75%), globulin (8.13–9.09%), glutelin (9.09–14.01%), and prolamin (5.79–11.50%).
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Kwapata, Kingdom, Thang Nguyen e Mariam Sticklen. "Genetic Transformation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) with theGusColor Marker, theBarHerbicide Resistance, and the Barley (Hordeum vulgare)HVA1Drought Tolerance Genes". International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/198960.
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Five common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) varieties including “Condor,” “Matterhorn,” “Sedona,” “Olathe,” and “Montcalm” were genetically transformed via the Biolistic bombardment of the apical shoot meristem primordium. Transgenes includedguscolor marker which visually confirmed transgenic events, thebarherbicide resistance selectable marker used forin vitroselection of transgenic cultures and which confirmed Liberty herbicide resistant plants, and the barley (Hordeum vulgare) late embryogenesis abundant protein (HVA1) which conferred drought tolerance with a corresponding increase in root length of transgenic plants. Research presented here might assist in production of betterP. vulgarisgermplasm.
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Santos, Alexandre Barreto Almeida dos, Antonio Evaldo Klar e Cleber Júnior Jadoski. "PARÂMETROS FISIOLÓGICOS DE CULTIVARES DE CEVADA SOB DÉFICITS HÍDRICOS". IRRIGA 13, n.º 4 (18 de dezembro de 2008): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2008v13n4p438-448.
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PARÂMETROS FISIOLÓGICOS DE CULTIVARES DE CEVADA SOB DÉFICITS HÍDRICOS Alexandre Barreto Almeida dos Santos; Antonio Evaldo Klar; Cleber Junior JadoskiDepartamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, klar@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar parâmetros fisiológicos em seis cultivares de cevada (Borema, Lagoa, BRS – 180, BRS – 195, BRS – 225 e EMB – 128), por meio da imposição de ciclos de seca em diferentes estágios fenológicos da cultura. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 - vasos irrigados constantemente até o final do ciclo da cultura; T2 - ciclo de seca iniciado aos 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e T3 - ciclo de seca iniciado aos 65 DAS. Avaliaram-se a resistência difusiva ao vapor de água (Rs), teor relativo de água (TRA) e potencial de água na folha (Ψf). Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados: quatro blocos, seis cultivares de cevada e três tratamentos, totalizando setenta e duas unidades experimentais. O experimento foi conduzido durante os meses de agosto a novembro de 2005, em estufa plástica localizada na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu – UNESP. Os dados analisados permitiram concluir que todas as cultivares de cevada apresentaram adaptação ao déficit hídrico, porém a cultivar EMB – 128 foi a que apresentou maior tendência à tolerância à seca e a BRS180 amenor. Os resultados mostraram que apenas um ciclo de seca pode aumentar a tolerância à seca. UNITERMOS: resistência difusiva ao vapor de água, teor relativo de água e potencial de água na folha. SANTOS, A. B. A.; KLAR, A. E.; JADOSKI, C. J. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN BARLEY CULTIVARS UNDER WATER STRESS 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate some physiological parameters in six barley cultivars (Borema, Lagoa, BRS-180, BRS-195, EMB-128 e BRS-225), under water stress in different crop phenological phases. The treatments were as follows: T1 - pots constantly irrigated until harvest; T2: - water stress starting from 45 days after sowing (DAS) and T3 - water stress starting from 65 DAS. Leaf resistance to water vapor diffusion (Rs), relative water content (RWC), and leaf water potential (Ψl) were used to evaluate drought tolerance. Pots were arranged in a randomized block design with four blocks, six barley cultivars, and three treatments, in a total of seventy two pots. The experiment was conducted from August to November2005 ina polyethylene greenhouse located at the experimental area of Rural Engineering Department – FCA, UNESP – Botucatu - SP. The results showed that all barley cultivars presented some adaptation to water stress, but EMB-128 was the most likely and BRS-180 the least likely to be drought tolerant. The results revealed that only one drought cycle may increase tolerance to drought. KEY WORDS: Leaf resistance to water vapor diffusion, relative water content, and leaf water potential.
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Shupletsova, O. N., S. Yu Ogorodnikova e Ya I. Nazarova. "Effects of nonspecific resistance in barley genotypes obtained by cell selection". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, n.º 4 (27 de janeiro de 2021): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-192-199.
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An effective way to increase the genetic diversity of plants and create sources of resistance to edaphic stressors is the selection of cells under selective in vitro conditions based on somaclonal variation. The use of somaclones (regenerant forms) of barley with resistance to increased acidity, ionic toxicity of aluminum, heavy metals and drought is promising in the northeast of the Non-Black-Soil Zone of Russia. Development of regenerants with integrated resistance to soil stressors due to specific and nonspecific mechanisms is a relevant trend.The target research material was a hybrid combination of spring barley (Luly × Conrad) × 2867-80 and its regenerant forms obtained as a result of cell selection with stressors of various nature. Plants were grown under ordinary soil conditions and on provocative backgrounds with aluminum and cadmium. The productive traits of plants, the symptoms of oxidative stress, and the environment-forming activity of the root system were evaluated.In regenerated plants obtained in callus culture on selective in vitro media with aluminum or water deficiency, an increased ability of the root system to alkalize the medium in the rhizosphere zone (by 0.2–0.5 pH units) when grown on alumina soil was revealed. Against stressful soil backgrounds, regenerative lines induced on in vitro media with cadmium or aluminum were observed to have a low manifestation of oxidative stress symptoms, tested by the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves, which provided these genotypes with higher seed productivity (1.5–3.6 times in the number of grains, and 1.5– 3.0 times in the grain weight per plant) and adaptive advantages compared to the original genotype and regenerants induced on an in vitro medium with water deficiency. It is concluded that complex resistance to soil aluminum and cadmium toxicity is formed in barley regenerants obtained in the process of cell selection on in vitro media with any of these metals.
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Belan, Igor A., Lyudmila P. Rosseeva, Natalia P. Blokhina, Yuri P. Grigoriev, Yaroslava V. Mukhina, Natalia V. Trubacheeva e Lidia A. Pershina. "Resource potential of soft spring wheat varieties for the conditions of Western Siberia and Omsk region (analytical review)". Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, n.º 4 (27 de agosto de 2021): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.4.449-465.
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The article is devoted to the review and analysis of varietal resources of soft spring wheat cultivated in the conditions of Western Siberia. For 2020, 261 varieties of this crop are included into the State Register of the Russian Federation, including 97 varieties (36.8 %) created by breeders of 15 institutions in the West Siberian region. In the Omsk region, depending on the climatic zone, the largest areas are occupied by the following varieties: mid-early – Omskaya 36 (242.16 thousand hectares), Pamyati Azieva (59.94 thousand hectares), Boevchanka (48.27 thousand hectares), Novosibirskaya 31 (36.3 thousand hectares); mid-season – Omskaya 38 (82.91 thousand hectares), OmGAU 90 (52.84 thousand hectares), Sigma (49.99 thousand hectares), Altaiskaya zhnitsa (35.2 thousand hectares); mid-late – Uralosibirskaya (145.72 thousand hectares), Melodiya (59.53 thousand hectares), Omskaya 28 (57.41 thousand hectares), Pavlogradka (67.31 thousand hectares), Element 22 (65.87 thousand hectares), Omskaya 35 (41.7 thousand ha). The joint creation of varieties with scientists from the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences made it possible to use, along with collection samples and selection varieties, alloplasmatic introgressive lines of soft wheat carrying the cytoplasm of the cultivated barley Hordeumvulgare L. As the result, there have been developed Sigma, Uralosibirskaya 2, Ishimskaya 11 and Sakmara varieties with a high level of resistance to stem and leaf rust and a medium level to powdery mildew. Due to the massive increase of the leaf and stem rust, varieties with a high level of resistance to these pathogens have been created and recommended for cultivation – Omskaya 38, Sigma, Uralosibirskaya, Uralosibirskaya 2 and Element 22. In the main grain-growing soil-climatic territories of the Omsk region, 15 droughts have been recorded over the past 45 years. Thus, a method for in vitro testing of drought resistance has been developed. Varieties with increased drought resistance and high level of stem rust resistance (Omskaya 37, Omskaya 38, Uralosibirskaya and Omskaya 42) in drought-specific and epiphytotic 2020 exceeded the standard varieties by 0.90-1.74 t / ha in yield. Of special interest among new varieties are Omskaya 42, Uralosibirskaya 2, OmGAU 100, Stolypinskaya 2, Lider 80 and Omskaya 44. It is concluded that close cooperation with Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other scientific institutions is necessary in order to create varieties that combine increased productivity with resistance to unfavorable biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
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Panfilov, Alexander L., e Rinat R. Abdrashitov. "Effect of biofertilizers and osmotic stress on morphological parameters of spring barley seedlings". RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 17, n.º 4 (27 de dezembro de 2022): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2022-17-4-425-436.
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One of ways to increase resistance of agricultural plants to abiotic stresses is the use of biofertilizers with anti-stress and growth-regulating properties. They improve absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus from organic fertilizers and soil. The purpose of the research was to study sowing qualities of seeds, morphological indicators of spring barley seedlings after presowing seed treatment with biofertilizers under conditions of sufficient humidification and osmotic stress. The laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of biofertilizers on seedlings of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Gubernatorsky under conditions of sufficient and insufficient humidification. The barley seeds were treated once according to the following scheme: 1. control (distilled water) 10 L/t; 2. Gumi 20 M potash (0.4 L/t); 3. Borogum-M complex (0.2 L/t); 4. PEG 6000 (100 g/L); 5. Gumi 20 M (0.4 L/t) + PEG 6000 (100 g/L); 6. Borogum-M complex (0.2 L/t) + PEG 6000 (100 g/L). Treatment of spring barley seeds with biofertilizers increased the germination rate and germination capacity by 35 and 2 %, respectively. When modeling drought using PEG-6000, the sowing qualities of seeds decreased by 4 %. Under conditions of sufficient humidification, the studied biofertilizers had a complex positive effect on shoot and root weight of barley seedlings. In addition, the average length of roots, shoots and the total root length increased. The number of roots did not change significantly. Lack of moisture decreased the effectiveness of Borogum-M complex biofertilizer, while Gumi 20 M potassium biofertilizer had a positive effect on the parameters of barley seedlings under water stress conditions.
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Nikolaev, P. N., e O. A. Yusova. "RESISTANCE OF SPRING BARLEY VARIETIES BRED BY THE OMSK AGRARIAN SCIENTIFIC CENTER TO STRESS UNDER CONDITIONS OF WESTERN SIBERIA". TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 4 (24) (novembro de 2020): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-4-24-135-142.
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Spring barley is a key grain-fodder and fodder crop, which forms an increased yield compared to other grain-fodder crops due to early maturity and drought resistance. Taking into account climatic factors and production demands, breeding for increased productivity and adaptability to local natural and climatic factors, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is relevant today. The purpose of the research was to assess the fitness of spring barley varieties (Hordeum sativum L.) bred by the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center for the conditions of climate transition from continental to sharply continental in Western Siberia. The object of the research: eleven varieties of spring barley, which belong to the multi-row hulled (standard ‘Omskiy 99’), two-row hulled (standard ‘Omskiy 95’), multi-row hulless or “naked” (standard ‘Omskiy golozerny 2’) and two-row hulless (standard ‘Omskiy golozerny 1’). The studies were carried out in the zone of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia from 2011 to 2019. The coefficient of linear regression and the stability of the reaction of the yield of varieties were calculated. Under the conditions of the continental and sharply continental climate of Western Siberia, the average yield of spring barley for the period of research was 4.03 t/ha (Lim. = 2.23–5.63 t/ha). The intensive group includes varieties ‘Omskiy golozerny 4’, ‘Sibirskiy Avangard’ and ‘Sasha’ (regression coefficient more than 1). Increased stability of the yield was noted in the varieties ‘Omskiy golozerny 2’, ‘Omskiy golozerny 1’, ‘Sasha’, ‘Omskiy 90’, ‘Omskiy 96’, ‘Omskiy 100’ (stability variance less than 0.29). Varieties ‘Omskiy 96’ and ‘Omskiy 100’ are characterized by full compliance of the formed yield with those agrotechnical conditions in which they are grown at a fairly stable level of productivity formation. The highest average yield over the years of the study was formed by the varieties ‘Sasha’ (4.70 t/ha) with values of plasticity (regression coefficient is equal 1.1) and stability (stability variance is equal 0.18), ‘Omskiy 100’ (4.89 t/ha; 1.02; 0.11, respectively). We recommend them for cultivation in the region.
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Filippov, E. G., A. A. Dontsova e R. N. Bragin. "THE ESTIMATION OF ADAPTABILITY OF WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA". Grain Economy of Russia, n.º 4 (5 de setembro de 2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-64-4-14-18.
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The improvement of yield stability largely depends on responsiveness to favorable growing conditions and resistance to stress factors. The promising varieties should have stable yields, resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, such as winter resistance and drought tolerance. In this regard, a purposeful breeding for adaptability, i.e. resistance to stress factors is of great importance. The purpose of the research was to study the adaptability and stability of winter barley varieties. The estimation was carried out on the experimental field of the FSBSI ARC “Donskoy”, which is located in the southern zone of the Rostov region. Through three years, 28 winter barley varieties of domestic and foreign breeding were studied. The location of the plots is systematic in double sequence; the area is 10 m². The calculation of ecological plasticity was carried out according to the method of S. A. Eberchart, W. A. Rassel (1966) (ed. by V. A. Zykin (2005)) using the statistical data processing program Statistica 10. It has been established that the most responsive varieties (bi > 1) to the improvement of growing conditions were ‘Erema’ (bi = 1.60), ‘Foks 1’ (bi = 1.64), ‘Skala’ (bi = 1.61), ‘Explorer 8’ (bi = 1.81) and ‘Capten’ (bi = 2.02). These varieties due to a high level of agricultural technology provide maximum yields. At an extensive background it is better to use the varieties ‘KWS-2-117’ (bi = 0.28), ‘KWS – 2–234’ (bi = 0.48). The most stable varieties of the studied foreign ones were the varieties ‘Wintwalt’ and ‘Explorer 4’ (σ²d = 0.04). Through the years of study, the variety ‘Marusya’ (RF) had the highest yield with a linear regression coefficient bi = 0.54, which indicates great stability of this variety.
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Osipova, L. V., T. L. Kurnosova e I. A. Bykovskaya. "VARIETY-SPECIFIC FEATURES OF BARLEY AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF ONTOGENESIS". TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 4 (28) (2021): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-4-28-129-137.
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In modern technologies of growing grain crops, high priority is given to the choice of varieties with significant adaptive potential and the development of ways to increase the resistance of plants to the action of various stresses. The purpose of our research was to identify the specific features of different varieties of barley during critical periods of growth. The studies were carried out in 2020–2021. The objects of research were varieties of spring barley created in the Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture. A series of laboratory and vegetative experiments were conducted, in the course of which we studied the indicators of the physiological status and varietal specificity of the resistance of spring barley to oxidative stress induced by an osmotically active sucrose solution during de-etiolation (laboratory experiments) and caused by soil drought at the VI stage of organogenesis (vegetative experiment, varieties ‘Vladimir’ and ‘Raushan’). The biometric indicators of sprouts and indicators of water status were evaluated. In all experiments, the varieties responded to stress by increasing the content of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA). Weak resistance of vegetative organs was noted in 1) roots – variety ‘Raushan’ (3.8 under stress conditions vs. 0.92 μM/g of raw mass under optimal conditions). ‘Moskovsky 2’ (8.1 vs.2.0), ‘Elf’ (4.5 vs. 1.38); 2) sprouts – ‘Raushan’ (4.6 vs.1.54), ‘Elf’ (5.0 vs. 1.37), ‘Nur’ (6.0 vs. 2.4). Varieties ‘Moskovsky 86’ and ‘Vladimir’ were the most resistant to stress since the accumulation of MDA increased to a lesser extent compared to its base content (‘Moskovsky 86’ – sprouts: 5.5 vs. 2.8; roots: 3.0 vs. 2.2 μM/g of raw mass; ‘Vladimir’ – sprouts: 3.4 vs. 2.9; roots: 3.9 vs.3.2 μM/g). Moreover, the content of chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids in varieties ‘Moskovsky 86’ and ‘Vladimir’ decreased respectively by 5.1; 5,9; 6.7 % and 8.0; 17,4; 6.9 % compared to the control options. Thus, variety ‘Vladimir’ is more stress-resistant than the other ones.
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Martynova, S. V., e V. N. Pakul. "Adaptive potential of breeding lines of spring barley in conditions of Kuznetsk Depression". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, n.º 5 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-5-3.
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Adaptive properties of spring barley in the conditions of the Kuznetsk depression have been studied. The objects of the research are five medium-ripening breeding lines of spring barley. The breeding lines were studied in a nursery of competitive varietal trials in 2016-2020. The soil of the experimental plot is leached chernozem, heavy loam with a medium granulometric composition. The repetition was fourfold, the seeding rate (optimal for spring barley in the cultivation zone) 450 pcs / m2. The sowing dates were April 29 - May 5, the harvesting was done with a Sampo 130 combine at the stage of full ripeness of spring barley samples (August 12-15). The experiment was carried out in comparison with the standard cultivar Biom. The parameters of environmental plasticity (bj), stability (S2dj), the environmental conditions index (Ij) were calculated according to the method developed by S.A. Eberchart and W.A. Russel, which examines the positive response of the genotype to the improved growing conditions. Under contrasting growing conditions of spring barley in the years of research, it was found that the environment factor had a significant influence on the yield - 82.6%, the share of genotype influence was 1.4%. The average yield over the years of the study of spring barley in the nursery of competitive variety trials was 5.51 t/ha, the maximum average yield has a breeding line KM-198/11 - 6.45 t/ha. Genotypes with the highest adaptive properties were identified: KM-198/11 (bi = 0.24, Si2 = 2.59), Nutans 12/16 (bi = 0.24, Si2 = 2.18) with yield variability of 25.9-29.2% (Biom standard - 46.1%). The medium-maturing selection line of spring barley KM-198/11, having above-average adaptive properties, is prepared for submission for state variety testing in 2021 as the variety Kuzbass Jubilee. The main advantages of the variety were revealed: high drought tolerance, resistance to lodging and blight, high productivity (6.45-8.50 t/ha), large grain size (53.2 g), medium reaction to stress factors (reduced productivity). Grain crude protein content was 13.6-14.1%, the film content 8.4%, the natural weight 620 g/l.
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Mieldzioc, Adam, Monika Mokrzycka e Aneta Sawikowska. "Identification of Block-Structured Covariance Matrix on an Example of Metabolomic Data". Separations 8, n.º 11 (4 de novembro de 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8110205.
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Modern investigation techniques (e.g., metabolomic, proteomic, lipidomic, genomic, transcriptomic, phenotypic), allow to collect high-dimensional data, where the number of observations is smaller than the number of features. In such cases, for statistical analyzing, standard methods cannot be applied or lead to ill-conditioned estimators of the covariance matrix. To analyze the data, we need an estimator of the covariance matrix with good properties (e.g., positive definiteness), and therefore covariance matrix identification is crucial. The paper presents an approach to determine the block-structured estimator of the covariance matrix based on an example of metabolomic data on the drought resistance of barley. This method can be used in many fields of science, e.g., in agriculture, medicine, food and nutritional sciences, toxicology, functional genomics and nutrigenomics.
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Bandurska, Hanna, Justyna Niedziela, Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, Katarzyna Nuc, Tamara Chadzinikolau e Dominika Radzikowska. "Regulation of proline biosynthesis and resistance to drought stress in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes of different origin". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118 (setembro de 2017): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.006.
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Csajbók, József, Péter Pepó e Erika Kutasy. "Photosynthetic and Agronomic Traits of Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties". Agronomy 10, n.º 12 (19 de dezembro de 2020): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121999.
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We tested six winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in a small plot field experiment, measuring photosynthesis and other parameters three times during the growing season. Four genotypes—Andoria, Jakubus, Paradies and Zophia—are new, promising varieties with requirements of intensive technology, high yield potential and very good disease resistance. The two popular Hungarian varieties (KG Apavár and KG Puszta) are relatively old but they have good tolerance to extreme ecological conditions and outstanding resistance and winter hardiness. The aim of our research was to test the new varieties’ performance. Several recent studies found close connections among various photosynthetic parameters in barley, and we confirmed that in our research. There were significant differences between the varieties in the assimilation rate—the highest values were measured at the BBCH 47–49 stage (end of booting), except Jakubus and Zophia, where the highest values were at BBCH 73–75 (milk ripe). The cultivars’ response to irradiation change varied, especially at higher photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels. In April and May, the plants were in drought stress according to the intercellular CO2 level and the total conductance to carbon dioxide. The differences between the air and leaf temperature were also low, indicating water stress, but the assimilation rate was relatively high (9.07–14.09 µmol m−2 s−1).We found a close connection between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values and grain protein content in each of the tested barley cultivars. The correlation was significant, at p = 0.01 level. The protein yield per hectare was determined rather by grain yield than protein content. The relationship between the NDVI values and grain yield was moderate, but NDVI values and protein content are in strong correlation.
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Savvina, V. V. "Assessment of the source material of spring barley in Yakutia". Agrarian science, n.º 2 (7 de abril de 2021): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-345-2-71-73.
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The article provides data on the study of varieties in a collection nursery in the conditions of Central Yakutia. For the period 2015-2017 in collection nurseries 292 specimens of various origins were studied. The predecessor is steam. Sowing was carried out at the optimal time for the culture on May 22-26. The “Tammi” variety, zoned in the republic, was used as a standard. The variety is ultra-early ripening, the growing season is from 58-66 days. The mass of 1000 grains is 32-37 g. Average yield in favorable years is up to 20-25 c/ha. Drought resistance is average. The standard was plated every 30 samples. The evaluation of the studied samples in the field was carried out according to such characteristics as the duration of the growing season, yield, resistance to lodging, productive tillering, grain content, grain productivity. The plants were harvested by hand followed by hand threshing. The duration of the growing season for all varieties over the years of research varied on average from 67 to 80 days or more. The following early ripening varieties were identified: Polar (Norway), Grosso (Netherlands), Rajsa (Sweden), Sobolek (Russia), Zolotnik (Altai region), Svyatogor (Kirov region), Stimul (Krasnodar region), Symko (Canada), Stacey (Canada), Chervonets (Irkutsk region), Beacon (USA), Tandem (Kirov region), Courier (Krasnodar region). Based on the results of the study, the best varieties were identified by yield (Tandem, Beacon, Sobolek, Svyatogor, Rajsa, Courier), by the weight of 1000 grains (Zolotnik, Sobolek, Svyatogor, Symko), by productive bushiness: Tandem (pallidum), Sobolek (ricotense), Stimulus (nutans), Courier (nutans), Svyatogor (nutans). Based on the study data, the source material was extracted and selected for further use in the hybridization of new early maturing, highly productive varieties.
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Hudzenko, V. M., T. P. Polischuk, O. O. Babii, A. A. Lysenko e T. V. Yurchenko. "Comprehensive evaluation of spring barley breeding lines in yield, stability and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors under condition of the central part of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe". Plant varieties studying and protection 17, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2021): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.17.1.2021.228206.
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Purpose. Identification of spring barley promising breeding lines with combination of adaptive traits under conditions of the central part of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe. Methods. Field trial, laboratory-field analysis of drought tolerance, statistical and graphical analysis of experimental data. Results. The analysis of variance of the AMMI model showed that the largest contribution to the general variation (85.78%) had environmental conditions (years of research). The value of the genotype was 8.21%, and the genotype by environment interaction was 6.01%. The first and second principal components of both AMMI and GGE biplot explained more than 85% of the genotype-environment interaction. Spring barley breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5162’, ‘Nutans 5073’ and ‘Deficiens 5161’ had the superior combination of yield performance and relative stability through the years according to GGE biplot. With GYT biplot analysis it has been determined that the breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5162’ and ‘Nutans 5073’ also significantly predominated over the other genotypes in terms of combination of yield performance and a number of other traits – 1000 kernels weight, drought tolerance, resistance to pathogens. Breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5161’, ‘Nutans 4966’, ‘Nutans 4705’, ‘Nutans 4816’, ‘Nutans 5184’, ‘Nutans 5193’, which exceeded the mean value in the trial in terms of combination of yield performance and a number of adaptive traits may have practical significance in the breeding process for creation of new initial material. Conclusions. As a result of the complex evaluation when using AMMI, GGE biplot and GYT biplot graphical models the breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5162’ and ‘Nutans 5073’ with the optimal combination of yield, stability, thousand kernel weight and tolerance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors have been identified
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Malkanduev, Khamid, Rustam Shamurzaev e Aminat Malkandueva. "Assessment of yield and quality of winter barley grain in southern Russia". E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126201013.
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A new high yielding winter barley of Madar variety is presented. One of the main conditions to obtain high yields is the use of new varieties adapted to the climatic conditions of a particular region. Therefore, the objective of our research, when creating the variety, was to increase productivity by improving adaptive properties and elements of productivity of plants and heads. As a result of joint work with breeders of FSBSI of the National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko a new variety of winter barley Madar for forage direction was created, with a potential yield of more than 80 dt/ha. For the years of the comparative testing at FSBSI of the National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko by predecessors sunflower, winter wheat and white mustard, yields of the variety were 118.7 dt/ha; 87.5 and 68.4 dt/ha respectively. In the tests on seeding time, yields in the variety ranged from 65.3 to 81.7 dt/ha. The new variety is resistant to lodging, winterhardiness and drought resistance. The variety is suitable for cultivation according to all technologies; it can be cultivated in all zones of Russia. The estimated economic effect of the new variety is an increase in yields from 3 to 8dt/ha.
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Qin, Bi, Meng Wang, Hai-xia He, Hua-xing Xiao, Yu Zhang e Li-feng Wang. "Identification and Characterization of a Potential Candidate Mlo Gene Conferring Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew in Rubber Tree". Phytopathology® 109, n.º 7 (julho de 2019): 1236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-18-0171-r.
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Mildew resistance locus O (Mlo) gene was first found in barley as a powdery mildew susceptibility gene, and recessive mlo alleles confer durable resistance to barley powdery mildew. To identify candidate Mlo susceptibility genes in rubber tree, HbMlo12 was cloned from rubber tree clone CATAS7-33-97, which is susceptible to powdery mildew. Protein architecture analysis showed that HbMlo12 was a typical Mlo protein with seven transmembrane domains. Protein blast search in the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome database showed that HbMlo12 shared the highest similarity with AtMlo12, with 63% sequence identity. Furthermore, HbMlo12 together with the dicot powdery mildew susceptible Mlo proteins (including AtMlo2, AtMlo6, AtMlo12, tomato SlMlo1, pepper CaMlo2, pea PsMlo1, etc.) were grouped into clade V. Subcellular localization analysis in tobacco epidermal cells revealed that HbMlo12 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. HbMlo12 was preferentially expressed in the flower and leaf of rubber tree. Moreover, its expression was significantly upregulated in response to powdery mildew inoculation. Application of exogenous ethephon caused a distinct increase in HbMlo12 expression. Additionally, HbMlo12 transcript was quickly induced by spraying salicylic acid and gibberellic acid and reached the maximum at 0.5 h after treatments. By contrast, HbMlo12 expression was downregulated by methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and drought stress treatments. There was no significant change in HbMlo12 expression after indole-3-acetic acid, H2O2, and wounding stimuli. Taken together, these results suggested that HbMlo12 might be a candidate Mlo gene conferring susceptibility to powdery mildew in rubber tree. The results of this study are vital in understanding Mlo gene evolution and developing new rubber tree varieties with powdery mildew resistance using reverse genetics.
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McGrann, Graham R. D., Andrew Steed, Christopher Burt, Rachel Goddard, Clea Lachaux, Anuradha Bansal, Margaret Corbitt, Kalina Gorniak, Paul Nicholson e James K. M. Brown. "Contribution of the drought tolerance‐related Stress‐responsive NAC 1 transcription factor to resistance of barley to R amularia leaf spot". Molecular Plant Pathology 16, n.º 2 (25 de agosto de 2014): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12173.
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