Bibliografias temáticas / Automobiles Catalytic converters

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 1 de fevereiro de 2022

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Helmers, Eckard. "Platinum emission rate of automobiles with catalytic converters". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4, n.º 2 (junho de 1997): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986288.

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Liu, Ping, e Jan Andersson. "Oxidation Mechanism of Ferritic Stainless Steel Used for Catalytic Converters in Automotive Exhaust Systems Studied by TEM". Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (agosto de 1997): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001076x.

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Emission of pollutants from automobiles is regarded as one of the major causes of air pollution in many cities around the world. However, the pollutants could be almost eliminated by using catalytic purification of exhaust gas, thus making a better environment. The metallic material for catalytic converters made of ferritic stainless steel, Sandvik 0C404 (20.0 Cr-5.0 Al-Fe balance in wt % plus the addition of rare earth elements), offers a number of advantages over a ceramic one: better thermal conductivity, higher mechanical strength and toughness, thinner walls, larger effective area, greater catalytic capacity, smaller and more flexible design; better resistance to thermal shock. The formation of a homogenous A12O3 layer at high temperature is essential for providing corrosion resistance in such applications because of its high corrosive environment.A prolonged oxidation of ferritic stainless steel Sandvik 0C404 at 1100 °C resulted in an accelerated oxidation (as schematically illustrated in Fig.l).

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Ilie, Sorin, Adrian Miuţescu, Mircea Stoianovici e Gabriela Mitran. "Recovery of Precious Metals from Catalytic Converters of Automobiles by Hydrometallurgical Solid-Liquid Extraction Processes". Advanced Materials Research 837 (novembro de 2013): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.105.

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Today, among the basic requirements to be fulfilled by an automobile, those relating to environmental protection and recyclability are of great importance. This paper aims to present a new technological solution to recover rare metals - Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium - from automotive used catalysts, based on hydrometallurgical method of solid-liquid extraction. Following the theoretical and experimental researches, were established the technological sequences which must be carried for recovering precious metals from used automotive catalysts, in the pilot phase. The proposed technology has been applied for a quantity of 10 kg of used automotive catalysts of ceramic monolithic type, at the end of the recovery process and selective separation, resulting the following recovery efficiencies: 95 % for Platinum, 95 % for Palladium and 92 % for Rhodium. Finally, there were highlighted the main advantages of hydrometallurgical processes: versatility, economicity, high efficiencies and relatively low costs.

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Generowicz, Natalia, Joanna Kulczycka, Monika Partyka e Kamil Saługa. "Key Challenges and Opportunities for an Effective Supply Chain System in the Catalyst Recycling Market–A Case Study of Poland". Resources 10, n.º 2 (9 de fevereiro de 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10020013.

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Increasing public awareness about low emission and stricter standards has a significant impact on the industry. The use of catalytic converters provides one of the solutions to the problem of lowering the amount of exhaust fumes. As most catalytic converters contain a combination of the three metals Pt, Pd and Rh, the manufacture of catalysts for automobiles is the largest sector of demand for and consumption of PGMs (platinum group metals). In Poland, the recycling system for catalysts is still in the development stage, but there is a significant trend of increase mainly due to EU policy on the circular economy. Due to frequent legal changes, the market is not fully transparent and the price for used catalysts can vary significantly. Therefore, apart from the recycling technology itself, it is important for the company to have a transparent method of testing the catalysts. The aim of this article was to identify the key opportunities and challenges to improving the catalyst recycling system in Poland. The organisational solutions have been analysed to show that an effective system could be implemented by creating a network between suppliers and customers with the use of good laboratory equipment and IT applications. The article defines the key opportunities and challenges such as the need to invest in an innovative laboratory and software for assessment of chemical composition and economic value of waste. A great opportunity for the development of this sector is the high demand for critical raw materials such as PGMs, which can be supported by research and development (R&D) projects.

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Chang, Yu-Hsien, e Cheng-hong Hong. "Some Applications of -Semigroups". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/968760.

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This study is originally motivated by the thermal balance equations for the gas and solid interphase heat-transfer for the fast-igniting catalytic converter of automobiles. Instead of solving this problem directly, we proved some results concerning the existence and uniqueness for abstract semilinear initial value problem by means of -semigroup theories on locally convex topological space. The most enjoyable here is that these results not only can be applied to solve the interphase heat-transfer for the fast-igniting catalytic converter of automobile under the situation of preheating at the entry edge of converter, but also can be applied to some other practical problems.

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Karthikeyan, A. "Emission Control in Two Wheelers Using Magnesium Nanoparticle as a Catalyst". Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (junho de 2015): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.343.

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Automobile emission is considered as the major source of pollution. Two wheelers are the main contributors in that due to its large number. For controlling the pollution the available methods of are pre-pollution control and post pollution control. This work is based on the post pollution control method in two-wheeler automobiles using magnesium as a catalyst. To achieve this objective, an innovative design of catalytic converter for two-wheeler automobiles is proposed using magnesium nanoparticle as a catalyst. This proposed method aims in the prevention of environmental pollution contributed from two-wheeler automobiles. It involves the use of magnesium which is cheaper than the counter parts rhodium nanoparticles, platinum, and palladium.

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Hirata, K., R. Oda, S. Tanaka, H. Tanigawa e J. Funaki. "Pressure-loss reduction and velocity-profile improvement in a catalytic converter by a flow deflector". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2008): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto682.

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In automobile exhaust systems, catalytic converters have become essential in reducing environmental pollution. However, the main components of catalytic converters produce large pressure drops in exhaust systems, which decrease engine power and increase fuel consumption. In addition to the need to reduce pressure loss, the flow passing through the catalytic substrate strate should be as uniform as possible, which provides a uniform thermal distribution and high catalytic conversion efficiency. The goal of the present study is simultaneously to reduce the pressure loss and to improve the flow distribution under spatial constraints. The authors herein propose new types of device and investigate their performances experimentally. Specifically, the possibilities of two types of flow deflector with a shell structure, which are placed inside the diffuser part of the catalytic converter in order to reduce flow separation, were investigated. In addition, using the particle image velocimetry technique and Pitot tube velocimetry, flow features such as the velocity profiles were elucidated. The tested converter has a standard cylindrical ceramic monolith substrate with channels of square cross-section. As a result, the two flow deflectors can reduce the pressure loss by 17 per cent and 22 per cent, compared with a no-deflector converter and can effectively improve the velocity profile.

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Malm, Jan-Olle, e Jan-Olov Bovin. "High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy of an automobile catalytic converter". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, n.º 4 (agosto de 1990): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100174345.

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Understanding of catalytic processes requires detailed knowledge of the catalyst. As heterogeneous catalysis is a surface phenomena the understanding of the atomic surface structure of both the active material and the support material is of utmost importance. This work is a high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) study of different phases found in a used automobile catalytic converter.The high resolution micrographs were obtained with a JEM-4000EX working with a structural resolution better than 0.17 nm and equipped with a Gatan 622 TV-camera with an image intensifier. Some work (e.g. EDS-analysis and diffraction) was done with a JEM-2000FX equipped with a Link AN10000 EDX spectrometer. The catalytic converter in this study has been used under normal driving conditions for several years and has also been poisoned by using leaded fuel. To prepare the sample, parts of the monolith were crushed, dispersed in methanol and a drop of the dispersion was placed on the holey carbon grid.

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Syed Bahari, Syed Najib, e Wan Ahmad Wan Yusoff. "Quality Improvement in Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) System Using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Methodology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (abril de 2012): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.290.

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This paper intends to present the application of FMEA method on Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) system. Catalytic converter of auto-exhaust emission is one of the most successful applications of heterogeneous catalysis, both in commercial and environmental point of view. FMEA method will be applied to this system to quantitatively determine and evaluate its risk factors. This method is being employed effectively for identifying and addressing what potentially could go wrong with a product or process. It is expected to enhance the lifetime of the TWC by improving its resistance to deactivation. It is widely accepted that FMEA is one of the best quality improvement tool. For the last several decades, FMEA has been widely used in industry especially in automotive sectors. This research will cover mostly on the system and design of the TWC itself as the most important part for controlling the exhaust emission from automobiles. By improving its resistance to deactivation will contribute to longer lifetime of automotive catalytic converter.

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Baba, Naoki, Katsuyuki Ohsawa, Kiyomi Iida e Shinobu Ishida. "Analysis of Transient Thermal Characteristics of Automobile Catalytic Converters." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 61, n.º 590 (1995): 3622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.61.3622.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Clarkson, Rory John. "A theoretical and experimental study of automotive catalytic converters". Thesis, Coventry University, 1995. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/cb5d72be-4f37-c710-5e08-df9c44201b6f/1.

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In response to the increasingly widespread use of catalytic converters for meeting automotive exhaust emission regulations considerable attention is currently being directed towards improving their performance. Experimental analysis is costly and time consuming. A desirable alternative is computational modelling. This thesis describes the development of a fully integrated computational model for simulating monolith type automotive catalytic converters. Two commercial CFD codes, PHOENICS and STAR-CD, were utilised to implement established techniques for modelling the flow field in catalyst assemblies. To appraise the accuracy of the flow field predictions an isothermal steady flow rig was designed and developed. A selection of axisymmetric inlet diffusers and 180o expansions were tested, with the velocity profile across the monolith, the wall static pressure distribution along the inlet section and the total pressure drop across the assembly being measured. These datum sets were compared with predictions using a variety of turbulence models and solution algorithms. The closest agreement was achieved with a two-layer near wall approach, coupled to the fully turbulent version of the RNG k-ε model, and a nominally second order differencing scheme. Even with these approaches the predicted velocity profiles were too flat, the maximum velocity being as much as 17.5% too low. Agreement on pressure drops was better, the error being consistently less than 10%. These results illustrate that present modelling techniques are insufficiently reliable for accurate predictions. It is suggested that the major reason for the relatively poor performance of these techniques is the neglecting of channel entrance effects in the monolith pressure drop term. Despite these weaknesses it was possible to show that the model reproduces the correct trends, and magnitude of change, in pressure drop and velocity distributions as the catalyst geometry changes. The PHONETICS flow field model was extended to include the heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reactions associated with catalysts. The methodology is based on an equivalent continuum approach. The result is a reacting model capable of simulating the three-dimensional distribution of solid and gas temperatures, species concentrations and flow field variables throughout the monolith mat and the effects that moisture has on the transient warm-up of the monolith. To assess the reacting model’s accuracy use was made of published light-off data from a catalyst connected to a test bed engine. Comparison with predicted results showed that the model was capable of reproducing the correct type, and time scales, of temperature and conversion efficiency behaviour during the warm-up cycle. From these predictions it was possible to show that the flow distribution across the monolith can significantly change during light-off. Following the identification, and subsequent modelling, of the condensation and evaporation of water during the warm-up process it was possible to show that, under the catalyst conditions tested, these moisture effects do not affect light-off times. Conditions under which moisture might affect light-off have been suggested. Although the general level of model accuracy may be acceptable for studying many catalyst phenomena, known deficiencies in the reaction kinetics used, errors in the flow field predictions, uncertainty over many of the physical constants and necessary model simplifications mean that accurate quantitative predictions are still lacking. Improving the level of accuracy will require a systematic experimental approach followed by model refinements.

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Quadri, Syed Saleem. "The effect of oblique entry into an automotive catalyst on the flow distribution within the monolith". Thesis, Coventry University, 2008. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/bccfd1aa-e70b-7608-3d41-121b43630c1d/1.

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Automotive catalytic converters are increasingly used to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines to comply with emission regulations. Maldistributed flow across the catalyst affects its warm up, light off time, ageing, and conversion efficiency. This thesis concerns flow distribution in automotive catalytic converters and methods to improve CFD predictions. Previous studies showed that modelling the monolith flow resistance using the Hagen- Poiseuille’s formulation under predicted flow maldistribution. The predictions were improved by incorporating an additional pressure loss term V2 2 1  , where V is transverse velocity just upstream of a monolith channel, for oblique entry of the flow into the monolith known as the entrance effect. Further improvement was obtained by incorporating the critical angle of attack method. However, there was no experimental evidence to support these oblique entry loss formulations. There also remained the possibility that under prediction of flow maldistribution might be due to the failure to predict flow in the diffuser accurately. A one-dimensional oblique angle flow rig was designed and built to measure the effect of oblique entry flow losses in monoliths. Experiments were performed at different angles of attack (α), using different lengths of substrate and a methodology was developed to obtain the oblique flow entrance losses. The results showed that the pressure loss attributed to the entrance effect increased with the angle of attack. The entrance effect was also found to be dependent on channel Reynolds number and substrate length. The theoretical assumption of V2 2 1  predicts accurately at low Reynolds number but looses its validity at high Reynolds number. From the experimental studies, an improved correlation for the entrance effect has been derived as a function of major controlling variables, i.e., angle of attack, length of the substrates and Reynolds number. A two-dimensional rig was designed to measure the flow field using PIV in a 2-D diffuser placed upstream of two different length substrates. The results showed that the flow in a wide angle diffuser consisted of a central core, free shear layer and recirculation regions. The near-field region was found similar to that of a plane jet. The flow field was found to be independent of Reynolds number. Increasing the substrate length resulted in a flattening of the axial profiles close to the substrate face. A CFD study was undertaken to predict maldistributed flow at the exit of the substrate for an axisymmetric catalyst model by incorporating the measured entrance effect correlation. A fixed critical angle of attack (αc,F) approach was used whereby the entrance effect is assumed constant for α>αc,F. Incorporating the entrance effect with αc,F= 810 improved the prediction of maldistribution in the flow profiles. A 2-D CFD study was undertaken to predict the flow distribution in the diffuser and downstream of the substrate. A comparison of the CFD predictions in the diffuser using different turbulence models showed that all the turbulence models used in this study over predicted the width of the central core region and the V2F turbulence model gave velocity predictions that compared best with PIV. Incorporating the entrance effect improved the predictions close to the diffuser-substrate interface and downstream of the substrate.

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Manlee, Tamaryn. "The identification of factors that contribute to the competitive advantage of the catalytic converter industry cluster in the Eastern Cape". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/99.

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The research problem addressed in this study was to determine what the main factors are that contribute to the competitive advantage of the catalytic converter industry cluster in the Eastern Cape. To achieve this objective theoretical models of competitive advantage and literature of industry clustering were identified. For the models on competitive advantage, Porter’s diamond was used for national competitive advantage and Porter’s model on the competitive environment, which affects the competitive advantage of a region. Other theories on competitive advantage of cities and regions were identified, leading up to the theory on the cluster approach. The literature mentioned was broken down and analysed using literature, from knowledgeable people in the automotive industry in the Eastern Cape, identified during the study. A questionnaire was developed to test the degree to which the catalytic converter industry cluster in the Eastern Cape is in agreement with the literature study. The empirical study obtained a strong concurrence with the literature study on national competitive advantage and the theory of clusters. This resulted in a strategy for the catalytic converter industry cluster to sustain competitive advantage and remain globally competitive.

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Haimad, N. "A theoretical and experimental investigation of the flow performance of automotive catalytic converters". Thesis, Coventry University, 1997. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/3f51aa95-571c-73d5-bee3-4b523cab0a1c/1.

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Considerable research is being carried out into the parameters that affect catalyst performance in order to meet the latest emission regulations. The conversion efficiency and the durability of automotive catalytic converters are significantly dependent on catalyst flow performance. Related investigations are commonly conducted using CFD techniques which represent an inexpensive and fast alternative to experimental methods. This thesis focuses on the flow performance of automotive catalytic converters using both experimental and computational techniques. The work describes the effects of inlet flow conditions on catalyst performance, the application of radial vanes to catalyst systems and the refinement of the CFD flow model which increases the accuracy of the predicted catalyst flow performance. the effects of inlet flow conditions on the flow maldistribution across the catalyst face and the total pressure loss through the system were assessed using a steady air flow rig. Tests were conducted over a range of Reynolds numbers typically encountered in automotive catalytic converters using a uniform and a fully-developed inlet flow condition. The results showed that the flow maldistribution significantly increases with Reynolds number notably in wide-angled diffusers. The catalyst flow performance is considerably improved when the inlet flow is uniform rather than fully-developed, the non-dimensional total pressure loss is reduced by 8% at Re=60000 and the flow maldistribution across the catalyst face is decreased by 12.5% and 15% respective Reynolds numbers of 30000 and 60000 when using a 60 degree diffuser. The total pressure loss through the system was found to be mostly associated with the monolith brick resistance. When the flow maldistribution is approximately 2, the pressure loss across the monolith brick represents 80% of the system pressure loss. The flow maldistribution across the catalyst face was improved by locating a system of radial splitters in the diffuser. The optimum flow performance was found to be a complex function of the vane design. A maximum improvement in the flow maldistrution indices M and Mi of 25% and 50% respectively was achieved at the expense of an increase in total pressure loss of 13.5% at Re = 60000. Both CFD and flow visualisation techniques were used as an aid to interpreting the flow field in the diffuser. Although a qualitative agreement was obtained using CFD, the flow maldistribution across the catalyst face was underpredected by up to 20%. The accuracy of the flow predictions was significantly improved by investigating the flow field in the monolith channels. Flow recirculation occurs in the channel entry length when the flow approaches the monolith channels at an angle which induces an additional implemented into four models of the flow through axisymmetric catalyst assemblies using various diffuser geometries and inlet flow conditions. By including the flow entrance effects in the porous media approach, the flow maldistribution was predicted within 8% instead of 15% when these effects are neglected. Further investigation of the flow in the monolith channels will be required to accurately model three-dimentional flows (racetrack catalysts) and to include various channel geometries and system flow rates.

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Kuczka, Allan Anthony. "Conceptual design analysis of a collection and processing system for scrapped catalytic converters". Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020249/.

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Yamin, A. K. M. "Pulsating flow studies in a planar wide-angled diffuser upstream of automotive catalyst monoliths". Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/e82aae35-8737-48e2-b73d-4758a88f5e1a/1.

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Automotive catalytic converters are used extensively in the automotive industry to reduce toxic pollutants from vehicle exhausts. The flow across automotive exhaust catalysts is distributed by a sudden expansion and has a significant effect on their conversion efficiency. The exhaust gas is pulsating and flow distribution is a function of engine operating condition, namely speed (frequency), load (flow rate) and pressure loss across the monolith. The aims of this study are to provide insight into the development of the pulsating flow field within the diffuser under isothermal conditions and to assess the steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions of flow maldistribution at high Reynolds numbers. Flow measurements were made across an automotive catalyst monolith situated downstream of a planar wide-angled diffuser in the presence of pulsating flow. Cycle-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made in the diffuser and hot wire anemometry (HWA) downstream of the monoliths. The ratio of pulse period to residence time within the diffuser (J factor) characterises the flow distribution. During acceleration the flow remained attached to the diffuser walls for some distance before separating near the diffuser inlet later in the cycle. Two cases with J ~ 3.5 resulted in very similar flow fields with the flow able to reattach downstream of the separation bubbles. With J = 6.8 separation occurred earlier with the flow field resembling, at the time of deceleration, the steady flow field. Increasing J from 3.5 to 6.8 resulted in greater flow maldistribution within the monoliths; steady flow producing the highest maldistribution in all cases for the same Re. The oblique entry pressure loss of monoliths were measured using a one-dimensional steady flow rig over a range of approach Reynolds number (200 < Rea < 4090) and angles of incidence (0o < α < 70o). Losses increased with α and Re at low mass flow rates but were independent of Re at high flow rates being 20% higher than the transverse dynamic pressure. The flow distribution across axisymmetric ceramic 400 cpsi and perforated 600 cpsi monoliths were modelled using CFD and the porous medium approach. This requires knowledge of the axial and transverse monolith resistances; the latter being only applicable to the radially open structure. The axial resistances were measured by presenting uniform flow to the front face of the monolith. The transverse resistances were deduced by best matching CFD predictions to measurements of the radial flow profiles obtained downstream of the monolith when presented with non-uniform flow at its front face. CFD predictions of the flow maldistibution were performed by adding the oblique entry pressure loss to the axial resistance to simulate the monolith losses. The critical angle approach was used to improve the predictions, i.e. the oblique entry loss was limited such that the losses were assumed constant above a fixed critical angle, αc. The result showed that the perforated 600 cpsi monolith requires the entrance effect to be restricted above αc = 81o, while the losses were assumed constant above αc = 85o for the ceramic 400 cpsi monolith. This might be due to the separation bubble at the monolith entrance being restricted by the smaller hydraulic diameter of the perforated monolith thus limiting the oblique entry loss at the lower incidence angle.

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Crawford, Ian Stewart. "Catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide or hydrogen over a Monel metal catalyst". Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EN/09enc899.pdf.

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Heather, Keith Buxmann. "The determination of a strategy for the implementation of learnerships in the catalytic converter canning industry in the Eastern Cape". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/117.

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The Eastern Cape Region, once had sufficient job seekers with automotive component manufacturing skills and experience. Indications are that this pool has been desiccated. The draining of skills out of the area is starting to affect growth potential and competitiveness in the industry in the area. In 1998, the Skills Development Act was passed to implement the National Skills Development Plan, and to encourage employers to train personnel. The strategy promotes a three faceted approach to encourage the development of skills; Workplace Skills Development Plans, Learnerships and Sector Specific Initiatives. This study will focus on the implementation of learnerships in the Catalytic Converter Canning Industry. The aim of this research is to verify the skills shortages; identify which skills are required by the Catalytic Converter Canning Industry in the Eastern Cape and propose a strategy of addressing these needs by means of learnerships. By studying the Legislation supporting the National Skills Development Plan, conducting a literature study, and interviewing knowledgeable people in the industry, the skills requirements of the industry were identified. Thereafter, a questionnaire was drawn up and completed together with representatives from Eberspächer South Africa, Faurecia Exhaust Systems South Africa, Precision Exhaust Systems and Tenneco Automotive South Africa, the active manufacturers of catalytic converters, for OEM’s worldwide, who are based in the Eastern Cape Region. The empirical study confirmed the findings of the research and skills deficiencies were identified. In conclusion, a strategy is proposed whereby the Catalytic Converter Canning Industry could address the skills shortage by the implementation and development of learnerships.

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Ludik, Henk. "An investigation into the impact of the substitution of platinum in auto catalysts on the South African economy". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/989.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has historically benefited from its mineral wealth, building one of the leading mining industries in the world. South Africa holds the worlds largest known PGM (or precious group metals) resource base (in a geological formation known as the Bushveld Igneous Complex), with an estimated life of 230 years (at current mining rates). This precious commodity is a precious source of both the direct as well as indirect contributions into the South African economy, as well as a leading source of employment in the South African mining industry. PGMs are predominantly used in auto catalysts, with an estimated 60% of global demand emanating from this application, where the commodity is used in breaking down noxious compounds in exhaust emissions. Given the strong correlation between automotive production and platinum sales, it seems viable to assume that platinum sales will continue to grow as more stringent legislation is introduced globally to reduce automotive emissions. This can currently only be down by increasing the platinum loads in auto catalysts, as alternative technologies are not widely accepted or developed at present. Given the influence (and positive correlation between) demand and prices, it appears that PGM prices will be driven upwards as demand continues to grow. This effect may be exacerbated by the fact that the expansion in demand is likely to outgrow the expansion in supply, given that few significant platinum operations have been started in recent years. Following the strong rally of commodity prices, specifically PGM prices in mid-2008 that saw platinum at a record high of USD2276/oz, major automotive producers have indicated that they are investigating alternatives to the application of precious metals in catalytic converters, in an attempt to curtail production costs. Although no viable substitute could be developed as yet, various alternatives (such as silver alloys) have been mentioned throughout the media. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of such a substitution event on South African PGM producers and its resultant effect on the South African economy. The study will attempt to determine, at a high level, the direct impact of the event, as well as the indirect consequences of the proposed substitution event.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is histories op die mynbou- en landbousektore gebaseer, wat gelei het tot Suid-Afrika se wêreldklas mynbou industrie. Suid-Afrika beskik oor die wêreld se grootste PGM reserwes (in 'n geologiese formasie, ook bekend as die Bosveld Stollings Kompleks), met ‘n geskatte lewe van 230 jaar (teen huidige mynbou tempo's). Die komoditeite is verantwoordelik vir ‘n aansienlike hoeveelheid direkte en indirekte waardetoevoeging tot die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. PGM’s word hoofsaaklik in katalisators in voertuie gebruik, met nagenoeg 60% van wêreldwye vraag wat uit die toepassing voortspring. PGMs word gebruik om uitlaatgasse op te breek en te verwerk in motorvoertuie. Gegewe die hoë mate van korrelasie tussen PGM en voertuigverkope, blyk dit voor die handliggend dat platinumverkope sal aanhou styg soos wat omgewingswetgeging in bepaling van toelaatbare uitlaatgasse in motorvoertuie strenger word. Die vermindering van uitlaatgasse is huidiglik slegs moontlik deur die verhoging van PGM ladings in katalisators, gegewe dat alternatiewe tegnologieë nog nie ver genoeg gevorder is om geimplementeer te word nie. Die hoë mate van korrelasie tussen PGM pryse en PGM vraag dui dat dit hoogs waarskynlik is dat die prys van edelmetaal sal aanhou styg soos wat vraag toeneem. Die verskynsel sal moontlik verder bou op die verwagting dat vraag vir die metaalaanbod oor die langtermyn sal oorskadu, siende dat geen wesenlike nuwe PGM myne onlangs oopgemaak is nie. Voertuigvervaardigers het aangedui dat hul alternatiewe tegnologieë opndersoek, nadat die platinumprys tot 'n rekord hoogtepunt van USD2276/ oz gestyg het in mid 2008. Die uitspraak is gelewer met die oog op koste kontrole in die vervaardiging van motorvoertuie. Alhoewel geen werkbare alternatief vir die edelmetale huidiglik bestaan nie, is verskeie moontlike materiale reeds in die media bespreek (byvoorbeeld verskeie silwer allooie). Die doel van die dokument is om die potensiële impak van so ‘n vervangings senario op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie te ondersoek. Die studie sal poog om op ‘n hoë vlak die direkte en indirekte gevolge van die gebeurtenis te bepaal.

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MORCELLI, CLAUDIA P. R. "Elementos do grupo da platina (Pt, Pd e Rh) emitidos por conversores cataliticos de automoveis: um estudo realizado em solos localizados as margens da Rodovia dos Bandeirantes no Estado de Sao Paulo". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11222.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:00/02118-9

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Livros sobre o assunto "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

CAPOC (3rd 1994 Brussels, Belgium). Catalysis and automotive pollution control III: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium (CAPoC 3), Brussels, Belgium, April 20-22, 1994. Editado por Frennet A. 1930- e Bastin J. M. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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CAPOC (1st 1986 Brussels, Belgium). Catalysis and automotive pollution control: Proceedings of the First International Symposium (CAPOC I), Brussels, September 8-11, 1986. Editado por Crucq A. 1933- e Frennet A. 1930-. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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1941-, Farrauto Robert J., e Gulati Suresh T, eds. Catalytic air pollution control: Commercial technology. 3^a ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.

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Heck, Ronald M. Catalytic air pollution control: Commercial technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.

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CAPOC, (4th 1997 Brussels Belgium). Catalysis and automotive pollution control IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium (CAPoC4), Brussels, Belgium, April 9-11, 1997. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998.

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CAPOC (2nd 1990 Brussels, Belgium). Catalysis and automotive pollution control II: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium (CAPoC 2), Brussels, Belgium, September 10-13, 1990. Editado por Crucq A. 1933-. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.

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Sideris, Marios. Methods for monitoring and diagnosing the efficiency of catalytic converters: A patent-oriented survey. New York: Elsevier, 1998.

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Holzinger, Katharina. Politik des kleinsten gemeinsamen Nenners?: Umweltpoltitische Entscheidungsprozesse in der EG am Beispiel der Einführung des Katalysatorautos. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 1994.

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Mines, United States Bureau of. High-temperature cyanide leaching of platinum-group metals from automobile catalysts--laboratory tests. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Kuczynski, R. J. High-temperature cyanide leaching of platinum-group metals from automobile catalysts--pilot plant study. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1995.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Makinde, O. D. "Modelling the Thermal Operation in a Catalytic Converter of an Automobile's Exhaust". In Mathematical Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and e-Learning, 51–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74339-2_4.

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Verma, Rajesh P., Ayush Kumar, P. K. Chauhan e Ankit Dimri. "Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Explanatory Variables of Catalytic Convertor of an Automobile for Prediction of CO2 Emission". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 97–105. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6577-5_11.

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Morton-Bermea, Ofelia, Elizabeth Hernández-Álvarez, Sara Ordóñez-Godínez, Laura E. Beramendi-Orosco, Josué Vega-Rodríguez e Omar Amador-Muñoz. "Increase of the Environmental Pt Concentration in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City Associated to the Use of Automobile Catalytic Converters". In Environmental Science and Engineering, 257–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44559-4_16.

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Taylor, K. C. "Automobile Catalytic Converters". In Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control, Proceedings of the First International Symposium (CAPOC I), 97–116. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(09)60416-x.

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Martin, Andreas, Venkata Narayana Kalevaru e Jörg Radnik. "Palladium in Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis". In Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies, 53–81. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9975-5.ch003.

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Palladium is one of the precious group metals mainly used in automobile catalytic converters. Besides, it has an importance in various catalytic processes. Although it is well known for hydrogenation reactions, various oxidations can also be catalyzed by palladium. This chapter gives an overview on the most common application of palladium catalysts in heterogeneously catalyzed acetoxylation, i.e. the acetoxylation of ethylene to vinyl acetate. Derived from this knowledge, the authors summarize in detail recently accumulated research results in acetoxylation of toluene to benzyl acetate that can be easily converted to benzyl alcohol. The chapter includes a detailed description of catalyst syntheses, gas phase oxidation runs, comprehensive characterizations and a deep understanding in catalyst-feed interaction. This development can turn away the manufacture of important petrochemicals from chlorine chemistry to oxidations using molecular oxygen.

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Nievergeld, A. J. L., J. H. B. J. Hoebink e G. B. Marin. "The performance of a monolithic catalytic converter of automobile exhaust gas with oscillatory feeding of Co, No, and O2: A modelling study". In Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control III, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium CAPoC 3, 909–18. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(06)81484-9.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Warner, Brent L., Ayele A. Tegegne e Muhammad K. Akbar. "Design of an Efficient Catalytic Converter Using CFD Techniques". In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67181.

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This study presents the design of an efficient catalytic converter with increased flow rate and minimum pressure drop using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. Automobile engines produce undesirable emissions during the combustion process, such as NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons. In addition to these harmful gases, particulate matter, such as lead and soot, is created. As a countermeasure, automobiles are equipped with catalytic converters, which are designed to play a vital role in eradicating emissions. However, due to the catalyst and filler materials found inside the converters, an increase in backpressure develops which leads to an increase in fuel consumption. The gas must pass through a low-porosity substrate to increase the reaction rate, which was simulated using parametric geometry. In this study, parametric simulations of the fluid flow were conducted, utilizing CFD techniques, to determine the optimum parameters that would create a minimal pressure drop while maintaining a high chemical reaction rate.

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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rytis Zautra, Saulius Nagurnas, Jonas Matijošius, Virginijus Švelnia, Ričardas Vėgneris, Vidas Žuraulis e Romualdas Juknelevičius. "Research Of Efficiency Of Catalytic Converters In Automobiles With An Otto Engine". In The 8th International Conference "Transbaltica ‘2013". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transbaltica2013.037.

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Parekh, K., R. Mourhatch e P. B. Aswath. "ZDDP-Additive-Catalyst Interactions in Engine Oil". In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64075.

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The phosphorous content in engine oil is found to be the major cause of the poisoning of Catalytic converters in automobiles, hence environmental regulations limiting the phosphorous level in GF4 and GF5 oils have been introduced. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) being the only major source of phosphorous in current engine oils, is also an indispensable component of the additive package in these oils for it has been the primary anti wear — as well as anti oxidant — additive for over fifty years. Efforts are made to replace the ZDDP with other materials with the same properties which would not be harmful to the environment and also an economically feasible substitute. Another solution to this problem is to reduce the amount of ZDDP used while improving its antiwear performance. Anti-wear action of ZDDP, involves its break down reaction with the steel surface by Zn Fe ion exchange and subsequent formation of an amorphous chemisorbed film containing zinc, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur and also iron in the form of polyphosphates and sulfates of zinc and iron. The efficiency of this mechanism is reduced by parallel reactions between ZDDP and other additives as well as their antagonistic effects. Introduction of a material with catalytic properties which would reduce the negative effects of the presence of the other additives on the anti wear properties of ZDDP is an option that was explored in this paper. Both triboligical wear tests (Ball on cylinder lubricity evaluation tests) as well as mechanism studies (DSC, FT-IR and NMR) were used to evaluate the performance of ZDDP in the presence of the most common additives (i.e. Anti-oxidants, Detergents and Dispersant). Iron Fluoride is also introduced as a potential additive to improve the efficiency of wear protection mechanism of ZDDP. The improvements observed in the presence of the Iron Fluoride will allow further reducing the amount of ZDDP in engine oils containing this material as an additive [1].

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Parise, Ronald. "Electrical Energy Production in an Automobile Catalytic Converter". In 2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-5587.

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Aradi, Allen A., Joseph W. Roos, Ben F. Fort, Thomas E. Lee e Robert I. Davidson. "The Physical and Chemical Effect of Manganese Oxides on Automobile Catalytic Converters". In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/940747.

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Roeb, Martin, Christian Sattler, Ruth Klu¨ser, Nathalie Monnerie, Lamark de Oliveira, Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos, Christos Agrafiotis et al. "Solar Hydrogen Production by a Two-Step Cycle Based on Mixed Iron Oxides". In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76126.

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A very promising method for the conversion and storage of solar energy into a fuel is the dissociation of water to oxygen and hydrogen, carried out via a two-step process using metal oxide redox systems such as mixed iron oxides, coated upon multi-channeled honeycomb ceramic supports capable of absorbing solar irradiation, in a configuration similar to that encountered in automobile exhaust catalytic converters. With this configuration, the whole process can be carried out in a single solar energy converter, the process temperature can be significantly lowered compared to other thermo-chemical cycles and the re-combination of oxygen and hydrogen is prevented by fixing the oxygen in the metal oxide. For the realization of the integrated concept, research work proceeded in three parallel directions: synthesis of active redox systems, manufacture of ceramic honeycomb supports and manufacture, testing and optimization of operating conditions of a thermochemical solar receiver-reactor. The receiver-reactor has been developed and installed in the solar furnace in Cologne, Germany. It was proven that solar hydrogen production is feasible by this process demonstrating that multi cycling of the process was possible in principle.

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Murphy, Oliver J., Rajesh T. Kukreja e Craig C. Andrews. "Electrically Initiated Chemically Heated Catalytic Converter to Reduce Cold-Start Emissions from Automobiles". In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1233.

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Rajendran, Rajasekar, U. Logesh, N. S. Praveen e Ganesan Subbiah. "Optimum design of catalytic converter to reduce carbon monoxide emissions on diesel engine". In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIERS IN AUTOMOBILE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (FAME 2020). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034427.

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Menon, Shruti Mohandas, e Navid Goudarzi. "Exhaust Systems: CO2 Emission Reduction Using Zeolite Catalyst". In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3389.

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Air pollution is a leading public health concern that needs to be tackled. About 30% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO, HC and NOx are due to automobiles. By 2030, the US Department of Transportation aims to reduce light duty vehicle emissions by 18%. This can be achieved by public policy approaches such as implementing emission control norms and performance improvements such as exhaust system design. In this work, the implementation of a pure Zeolite catalyst to reduce the exhaust CO2 emission of a SI engine is studied theoretically and experimentally. The complete exhaust system including the catalytic converter, muffler, and pipes is modeled in a 3D CAD modeling software, using the engine specifications. Current expensive precious metals in the catalytic converter are replaced with a binding agent along with Zeolite catalyst. The exhaust system is fabricated and the experimental tests are performed at the maximum engine RPM to obtain threshold emission reduction values. The results showed obtaining an emission reduction of CO2 at a lower cost. Furthermore, it is found that employing Zeolite sieves can further reduce the pollutant emission at a similar cost.

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Jayapalan, Senthilkumar, B. R. Ramesh Bapu, Kalaiyarasan, P. Hemanthkumar, Jayaprakash Venugopal, Anish Mariadhas e S. Sivasaravanan. "Experimental investigation on emission reduction in diesel engine by using biodiesel with catalytic converter". In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIERS IN AUTOMOBILE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (FAME 2020). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034645.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Zaera, F., e M. T. Paffett. Kinetic studies of competitive adsorption processes related to automobile catalytic converters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/562575.

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