Artigos de revistas: "Australia Emigration and immigration History"

1

Richards, Eric. "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?" Journal of British Studies 32, n.º 3 (julho de 1993): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386032.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

2

HARLING, PHILIP. "ASSISTED EMIGRATION AND THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE MID-VICTORIAN IMPERIAL STATE". Historical Journal 59, n.º 4 (28 de março de 2016): 1027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000473.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

ABSTRACTThis article examines three voyages of the late 1840s to advance the argument that emigration – often treated by its historians as ‘spontaneous’ – actually involved the laissez-faire mid-Victorian imperial state in significant projects of social engineering. The tale of the Virginius exemplifies that state's commitment to taking advantage of the Famine to convert the Irish countryside into an export economy of large-scale graziers. The tale of the Earl Grey exemplifies its commitment to transforming New South Wales into a conspicuously moral colony of free settlers. The tale of the Arabian exemplifies its commitment to saving plantation society in the British Caribbean from the twin threats posed by slave emancipation and free trade in sugar. These voyages also show how the British imperial state's involvement in immigration frequently immersed it in ethical controversy. Its strictly limited response to the Irish Famine contributed to mass death. Its modest effort to create better lives in Australia for a few thousand Irish orphans led to charges that it was dumping immoral paupers on its most promising colonies. Its eagerness to bolster sugar production in the West Indies put ‘liberated’ slaves in danger.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

3

Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, n.º 2 (junho de 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

4

Staples, DJ, e DJ Vance. "Comparative recruitment of the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, in five estuaries of the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 38, n.º 1 (1987): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870029.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Recruitment patterns of postlarvae immigrating into mangrove nursery areas of five major estuaries around the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, as well as juveniles emigrating offshore into coastal waters, were compared for the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, from September 1978 to March 1979.. Although considerable variability was observed among rivers, some basic recruitment patterns were discernible. Recruitment of postlarvae tended to follow a 28-day cycle with increased immigration on alternate spring tides. Variability between rivers in the number of resident juvenile prawns at any one sampling time resulted mainly from differences in the relative magnitude of postlarval settlement from these monthly cohorts. After the first heavy rainfall of the monsoon season, the lower reaches of rivers with !xger catchment areas a!! ran fresh, setthg up a physica! barrier to further past larval immigration. In contrast, post larval immigration continued throughout the study period in the river with the smallest catchment. There was a trend for more successful immigration earlier in the more northern rivers. Offshore emigration was influenced by rainfall, tide height and number of resident juvenile prawns at the time of emigration. The relative importance of these three factors differed among rivers, depending on the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of juvenile population changes and the degree of flooding. These local differences in the timing of emigration of juveniles could be detected in the abundance and size of adolescent prawns in the offshore coastal area of the south-eastern Gulf which in turn influenced the size composition of prawns available to the commercial fishery.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

5

Ilc Klun, Mojca. "The Importance of Individual Memories of Slovenian Emigrants When Interpreting Slovenian Emigration Processes". Ars & Humanitas 13, n.º 1 (20 de agosto de 2019): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ah.13.1.174-190.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

6

Ilc Klun, Mojca. "The Importance of Individual Memories of Slovenian Emigrants When Interpreting Slovenian Emigration Processes". Ars & Humanitas 13, n.º 1 (20 de agosto de 2019): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.174-190.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

7

Carlson, Helena M., e Erik L. Nilsen. "Ireland: Gender, Psychological Health, and Attitudes toward Emigration". Psychological Reports 76, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1995): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.179.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Ireland is experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. The current study collected demographic and psychological data on 203 Irish men and women in Ireland and in Northern Ireland, including measures of self-esteem, depression, attitudes toward immigration, and expectancies of emigration. Analysis indicated that approximately 81% of this Irish sample are considering emigration; however, the prospect of emigration is psychologically experienced differently by men and women. While there were no significant differences over-all in scores on self-esteem between Irish men and women, men who contemplated emigration reported higher self-esteem scores, and women contemplating emigration reported lower self-esteem scores (relative to those who had no plans to emigrate). In addition, women who contemplated emigration had higher depression scores than women who did not contemplate emigration. This pattern was not evident for men. These results indicate that psychologically women view the prospect of emigration less positively than men.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

8

Aiken, Síobhra. "‘Sinn Féin permits … in the heels of their shoes’: Cumann na mBan emigrants and transatlantic revolutionary exchange". Irish Historical Studies 44, n.º 165 (maio de 2020): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2020.8.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

AbstractThe emigration of female revolutionary activists has largely eluded historical studies; their global movements transcend dominant national and regional conceptions of the Irish Revolution and challenge established narratives of political exile which are often cast in masculine terms. Drawing on Cumann na mBan nominal rolls and U.S. immigration records, this article investigates the scale of post-Civil War Cumann na mBan emigration and evaluates the geographical origins, timing and push-pull factors that defined their migration. Focusing on the United States in particular, it also measures the impact of the emigration and return migration of female revolutionaries – during the revolutionary period and in its immediate aftermath – on both the republican movement in Ireland and the fractured political landscapes of Irish America. Ultimately, this article argues that the cooperative transatlantic exchange networks of Cumann na mBan, and the consciously gendered revolutionary discourse they assisted in propagating in the diaspora, were integral to supporting the Irish Revolution at home and abroad.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

9

Bade, Klaus J. "From Emigration to Immigration: The German Experience in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". Central European History 28, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1995): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012292.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

United Germany has become more ethnically divers and, to a certain extent, more “multicultural” with a growing minority of immigrants and temporary migrants living within its borders. There are labor migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe with restricted work permits, immigrants coming out of the former “guest worker” population, and ethnic Germants from Eastern Europe as well as various groups of asylum seekers and other refugees.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

10

Markowitz, Fran. "Ethnic Return Migrations—(Are Not Quite)—Diasporic Homecomings". Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 16, n.º 1-2 (março de 2012): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.16.1-2.234.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In February 2004, in preparation for the publication of our co-edited volume, Homecomings: Unsettling Paths of Return, Anders H. Stefansson conducted a search of book titles on Amazon.com. That search revealed 7,575 titles under the subject heading of “immigration/emigration.” Of these, a mere 157, or 2%, reappeared in the “return migration” category. Some five years later, I replicated that search. This time, 19,700 titles were listed under immigration/emigration, and 20% (4,027) of these turned up as publications about return migration. By the first decade of the twenty-first century, from an under-researched curious footnote, return migration has transmogrified into a “clearly recognized . . . significant global phenomenon” (Brettell 2006, 989). Anthropologists and sociologists, storytellers, statisticians, economists, and political analysts have delved into, and are researching and writing about the return of diasporic people(s) to their ancestral homelands.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

11

Way, Raymond Tint. "Burmese Culture, Personality and Mental Health". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, n.º 3 (setembro de 1985): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678509158832.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

As Australia, shaped by new policies of immigration and multiculturalism, grows more cosmopolitan, the challenge for psychiatry is to gain greater familiarity with the new ethnic minority groups, including their cultural personalities and backgrounds. The problem faced by the Burmese group in Australia is distinctive and poignant. Some 20,000 Burmese immigrated following World War II, chiefly to Western Australia in the first place, uniting and consolidating their families. Following the military coup and the Revolutionary Council Government of the early 60s, further emigration from Burma was cut off. This meant that the Burmese in Australia, already under stress arising from cultural differences, were prevented from developing the extensive internal social support systems that characterise other major ethnic groups. The author, a Burmese doctor working in a psychiatric setting in Sydney, draws attention to aspects of his country and its people which should be helpful for psychiatric and related professions.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

12

Persian, Jayne, e Kate Matthew. "“Boat People”: The Long History of Immigration in Australia". Journal of Australian Studies 40, n.º 4 (outubro de 2016): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2016.1226924.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

13

Jackson, John A. "Emigration and the Irish abroad: recent writings". Irish Historical Studies 32, n.º 127 (maio de 2001): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140001511x.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

There has been a remarkable revival of interest in the Irish abroad within the past ten years. In part this is attributable to the new confidence experienced by the Irish at home with the economic success of the ‘tiger economy’ and the decline of ‘migration by necessity’. Equally the Irish abroad, especially in the United States, have risen to the top of the immigrant pile and have achieved prosperity and assurance of their position in their adopted homelands. This itself has led to a reduction in some of the inhibitions that have held back serious attention to the history of the immigrants and to a recognition of their place in the sun. Public awareness has been further stimulated by changing patterns of immigration and by the development of new attitudes towards immigrants in the host societies, now including Ireland itself. Such changes have created a need to give meaning to the term ‘plural society’ and to challenge the racism that has characteristically followed in the wake of increased numbers of immigrants.These seven books are representative of a large number that have begun to address the topic in the last few years from an historical point of view. For the most part they relate to the Irish in Britain but use the focus on the immigrants to open up issues about the history of Ireland and Britain and the role of each in an emerging global system. For example, one of them is a comparative account of the Irish in Liverpool and Philadelphia which allows consideration of some of the broader questions regarding the treatment of the Irish immigrant in the literature both by historians and other interested scholars.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

14

Raymer, James, Xujing Bai, Nan Liu e Tom Wilson. "Estimating a Consistent and Detailed Time Series of Immigration and Emigration for Sub-state Regions of Australia". Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 13, n.º 2 (4 de setembro de 2019): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09310-w.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

15

Mitchell, Tony. "Migration, Memory and Hong Kong as a 'Space of Transit' in Clara Law's Autumn Moon". Cultural Studies Review 9, n.º 1 (13 de setembro de 2013): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v9i1.3589.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Macau-born and Melbourne-based film maker Clara Law and her screenwriter-producer-director husband Eddie Fong have produced a transnational output of films which are beginning to receive critical recognition as major contributions to contemporary cinema. These ‘films of migration’ explore what Gina Marchetti has encapsulated as ‘the Chinese experience of dislocation, relocation, emigration, immigration, cultural hybridity, migrancy, exile, and nomadism—together termed the “Chinese diaspora”’. The self-imposed ‘relocation’ of Law and Fong to Australia in 1994 was the result of increasing frustration with the rampantly commercial imperatives of Hong Kong cinema and its lack of appreciation for the auteur cinema they wanted to pursue.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

16

Mei, Ding. "From Xinjiang to Australia". Inner Asia 17, n.º 2 (9 de dezembro de 2015): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340044.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Russians have lived in Xinjiang since the nineteenth century and those who accepted Chinese citizenship were recognised as one of China’s ethnic minorities known asguihua zu(naturalised and assimilated people). In theminzuidentification programme (1950s–1980s), the nameeluosi zureplacedguihua zuand became Russians’ official identification in China. Russians (including both Soviet and Chinese citizens) used to constitute a significant population in Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and several other regions in China before the 1960s. According to the 2000 census,eluosi zuhad a population of only 15,609 and more than half of these lived in Xinjiang. Based on anthropological fieldwork in China and Australia, this article investigates the formation of theeluosi zuand the changing concept of ‘the Russian’ in Xinjiang, with the emphasis on the socialist period after 1949. The emigration to Australia from the 1960s to 1980s initially strengthened the European identity of this Russian minority. With the abolition of the ‘white Australia’ policy in 1973 and China’s growing importance to Australia, this Russian minority group’s identification with Xinjiang and China has been revived. Studying Russians from Xinjiang also provides an insight into the Uyghur diaspora in Australia, since their emigration history and shared regional identity are intertwined.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

17

Huff, Gregg, e Giovanni Caggiano. "Globalization, Immigration, and Lewisian Elastic Labor in Pre–World War II Southeast Asia". Journal of Economic History 67, n.º 1 (março de 2007): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000022.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Between 1880 and 1939 Burma, Malaya, and Thailand received inflows of migrants from India and China comparable in size to European immigration in the New World. This article examines the forces that lay behind migration to Southeast Asia and asks if experience there bears out Lewis's unlimited labor supply hypothesis. We find that it does and, furthermore, that immigration created a highly integrated labor market stretching from South India to Southeastern China. Emigration from India and China and elastic labor supply are identified as important components of Asian globalization before the Second World War.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

18

Morgan, Kenneth. "Peopling a new colony: Henry Jordan, land orders, and Queensland immigration, 1861–7". Historical Research 94, n.º 264 (22 de abril de 2021): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htab002.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract This article analyses the first years of the land order system of immigration that dominated Queensland’s settlement as a colony. Queensland issued land orders worth £30 per adult to fare-paying British and Irish immigrants who were mechanics, agriculturalists and people with modest amounts of capital. This form of immigration was facilitated through the work of an Emigration Commissioner – later an Agent-General – based in the British Isles. Henry Jordan held these positions in the period 1861–6. The article argues that land orders only partly met their intended outcomes, but that Jordan’s activities were essential for the scheme’s limited success.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

19

Arnold, GW, A. Grassia, DE Steven e JR Weeldenburg. "Population ecology of western grey kangaroos in a remnant of wandoo woodland at Baker's Hill, southern Western Australia". Wildlife Research 18, n.º 5 (1991): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910561.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

A subpopulation of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) living in a 305-ha remnant of wandoo woodland in the mediterranean climate of the south-west of Western Australia was studied for 10 years. Measurements and estimates were made of a wide range of population characteristics including population size, composition, reproductive rate, emigration and immigration rates and death rates. Growth rates of males and females were established and yearly differences in nutritional status assessed. The population increased over four years from 146 � 22 to a plateau of around 200 before being culled to 95. The numbers then increased slowly over another six years to 158 individuals. The population had an average of 46 adult males per 100 adult females. Subadults plus juveniles made up 10-36% of the population, depending on the year. Breeding was seasonal, being earlier in years with early autumn rain. Reproductive rate was higher, overall, in these years. Females became sexually mature at about 16 kg, their reproductive rate increased with weight until they reached 24 kg; 91% of adult females over 24 kg had pouch young annually. Mortality of young appeared to be high, and to be the factor regulating the population. On average, only 27% of young survived the first year after leaving the pouch. Emigration rate was estimated to exceed immigration by 5% per annum. The estimated mortality rate of adults was 5% per annum. The nutritional status of individuals varied from year to year; within a year, only females were heavier in early summer than in later summer. It was concluded from faecal nitrogen levels that nitrogen was not a major factor influencing nutritional status in summer. Fifteen years after this remnant woodland was established by clearing, the subpopulation of kangaroos living in it appeared to be relatively stable in numbers, and certainly was not showing the marked fluctuations known to occur in semi-arid areas of Australia.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

20

Iacovetta, Franca, Michael Quinlan e Ian Radforth. "Immigration and Labour: Australia and Canada Compared". Labour / Le Travail 38 (1996): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144093.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

21

Elder, Catriona. "‘Diggers’ Waifs’: Desire, anxiety and immigration in Post‐1945 Australia". Australian Historical Studies 38, n.º 130 (outubro de 2007): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610708601246.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

22

Raymer, James, e Arkadiusz Wiśniowski. "Applying and testing a forecasting model for age and sex patterns of immigration and emigration". Population Studies 72, n.º 3 (6 de junho de 2018): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2018.1469784.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

23

Lasinska, Marianna. "Permanent and temporary migrations of european jews late XIXth - early XXth century". Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, n.º 2 (2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-59-65.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Big part of European Jewry emigrated to other continents in late XIXth – early XXth century. Jews from Russian Empire started their first emigration wave in 1881. The main reason of this wave was Pogroms, according to traditional historiography. Other reasons were: low social level of life in Russian Empire; restrictions on Jewish rights («Pale of Settlement»); religious and ideological ideas of Zionism; networks of relatives and friends with information about wonderful life in other countries; Jewish hometown-based associations in foreign countries with their help to new immigrants etc. One more reason of Jewish migration – the work of recruiting agents network. The Number of recruiting agents was too big in Russian Empire in late XIXth – early XXth century. The business with recruiting of new emigrants was a very profitable. Mass of Jewish people coming out from Russian Empire to other countries and continents with recruiting agents services. There were many scammers in association of recruiting agents. Two waves of Jewish emigration caused irreparable damage economic system and demography of Russian Empire. Situation with Jewish immigration into Russian Empire was quite different. It`s character was not such mass. The main reasons of immigration were: business, finance and Zionism. This study is based on archival materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire of the Vilnius Governor-General, which are stored in the holdings of the Central Archives for the History of Jewish People Jerusalem (State of Israel). These archival materials are about permanent and temporary migration of European Jewry that took place across the northwestern border of the Russian Empire to the territories of Western European countries, England and the North American continent during 1881-1903. Circumstances of crossing the specified border by foreigner Jews in the opposite direction (immigration) for staying within the Russian Empire are covered. It is noted that one of the reasons for the mass emigration movements of the Jewish population outside the Russian Empire was the active actions of emigration agents and their societies.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

24

Cruickshank, Joanna. "Race, History, and the Australian Faith Missions". Itinerario 34, n.º 3 (dezembro de 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115310000677.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In 1901, the parliament of the new Commonwealth of Australia passed a series of laws designed, in the words of the Prime Minister Edmund Barton, “to make a legislative declaration of our racial identity”. An Act to expel the large Pacific Islander community in North Queensland was followed by a law restricting further immigration to applicants who could pass a literacy test in a European language. In 1902, under the Commonwealth Franchise Act, “all natives of Asia and Africa” as well as Aboriginal people were explicitly denied the right to vote in federal elections. The “White Australia policy”, enshrined in these laws, was almost universally supported by Australian politicians, with only two members of parliament speaking against the restriction of immigration on racial grounds.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

25

Eltges, Markus, e Wendelin Strubelt. "Migration – Germany’s past and present. Thoughts and figures". European Spatial Research and Policy 26, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2019): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.2.02.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In this article, the history of emigration from Germany and the immigration to Germany especially in relation to its changing borders in the 20th century is discussed. After 1945 Germany was confronted with the integration of a million German refugees. Starting in the 1950s, Germany intentionally attracted foreign workers, and integrated them fairly well. The article analyses the current discussions in Germany in relation to the impact of massive immigration of refugees from non-European areas around 2015. It concludes with a position that in the time of globalisation migration needs a society-focussed and political learning process which has not yet ended and will require more learning. But countries with a declining population are well advised to see immigration as an opportunity for future growth and social diversity.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

26

Bosworth, Richard. "Australia and Assisted Immigration from Britain, 1945-1954*". Australian Journal of Politics & History 34, n.º 2 (28 de junho de 2008): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1988.tb01174.x.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

27

Nolan, Anne. "The ‘healthy immigrant’ effect: initial evidence for Ireland". Health Economics, Policy and Law 7, n.º 3 (19 de janeiro de 2011): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413311000040x.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

AbstractThe period from 1996 to 2008 was one of rapid economic and social change in Ireland, with one of the most significant changes being the transition from a situation of net emigration to one of substantial net immigration. Although research on the impact of immigration on Irish society, as well as the labour market characteristics and experiences of immigrants in Ireland has increased in recent years, comparatively little is known about the health status of immigrants to Ireland. An extensive international literature has documented a ‘healthy immigrant’ effect for large immigrant-receiving countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, whereby the health status of immigrants is better than comparable native-born individuals. There is also evidence to suggest that immigrants’ health status deteriorates with time spent in the host country. However, the Irish immigration experience differs considerably from that of countries that have been the focus of research on the ‘healthy immigrant’ effect. Using microdata from a nationally representative survey of the population in 2007, this paper finds only limited evidence in favour of a ‘healthy immigrant’ effect for Ireland, although the distinctive features of the Irish immigrant population, and the nature of the data available, may partly explain the results.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

28

Iacovetta, Franca, Michael Quinlan e Ian Radforth. "Immigration and Labour: Australia and Canada Compared". Labour History, n.º 71 (1996): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516450.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

29

Cahill, Damien, Katherine Betts, Glenn Patmore, Dennis Glover e Michael Thompson. "The Great Divide: Immigration Politics in Australia". Labour History, n.º 79 (2000): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516749.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

30

Moreno, Aviad. "BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MOROCCO TO ISRAEL". International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, n.º 1 (22 de janeiro de 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819000916.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

AbstractThe post-1948 mass migration of Jews from Arab Muslim countries to Israel is widely seen by scholars as a direct result of decolonization and rising nationalism across the Middle East and North Africa, coupled with the emigration and immigration policies of regional powers. In this article I draw on local histories of northern Morocco to critique the existing literature. I apply new methods to reconceptualize that migratory experience as shaped by social and cultural processes, albeit ones that interacted with nationalist state policies. I provide a multilayered macro- and microanalysis of the process of Jewish emigration from northern Morocco and point to the transregional, interpersonal, communal, and institutional networks that jointly shaped the dynamic character and pace of migration to Israel (and to Europe and the Americas) among local Jews.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

31

Oleinikova, O. "Moving out of Their Places: Migration into Australia". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Sociology, n.º 7 (2016): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7979/7.120.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Using а combination of migration literature analysis and practical experiences of Ukrainian migrants in Australia this paper examines the character of post-independence Ukrainian migration to Australia. Through comparative analysis of Ukrainian immigration waves to Australia, the paper looks back to origins of such immigration, briefly reflecting on the history of Ukrainian arrivals, and explains trends in current immigration movement. Particularly, using interview materials with Ukrainian migrants who came to Australia in the post-independence period (from 1991 until 2013) this paper identifies the main immigration streams popular among Ukrainians that form three groups of migrants: economic migrants "zarobitchany", tourist-visa over stayers (from illegal migrants to refugees) and high skilled migrants. The focus is on the logic of the post-Soviet immigration wave, which is formed and explained not only by socioeconomic rationale behind migration, but also by relations inside Ukrainian community, which have significantly changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Complex relations between post-war Ukrainian migrants and their Australian descendants on one hand, and post-independence Ukrainian migrants on the other, is argued to be rooted in the difference in qualitative characteristics and historical conditions, rather than in simple withstanding of political versus economic migration waves.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

32

McAllister, Ian. "National identity and attitudes towards immigration in Australia". National Identities 20, n.º 2 (7 de setembro de 2016): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2016.1206069.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

33

Christie, Nancy J., e Freda Hawkins. "Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared". Labour / Le Travail 28 (1991): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143532.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

34

Frankl, Michal. "Mobilizing National History against Refugees: A Czech Polemic on Migration". Hungarian Studies Review 49, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hungarianstud.49.1.0011.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract The article analyzes the radical anti-migration ideas promoted by the respected Czech historian Jaroslav Pánek and the debate around them as a case study in how history is used, or not used, to substantiate anti-refugee and anti-migrant policy and emotion. Starting by outlining the arguments in Pánek’s book European Migration Crisis, a response to the migration “crisis” of 2015, the article further discusses the broader context of reactions to refugees in the Czech Republic and the controversy that developed after its publication. The final section analyzes Pánek’s longer intellectual trajectory and traces the roots of his anti-migration positions in his earlier historical research. While many of Pánek’s views can be easily dismissed as fabrication, conspiracy theory, or nationalism, it is essential to read such arguments carefully in order to understand the backlash against refugees in the formerly Communist countries. His book is an example of how national and regional history can be mobilized to negate the transition from emigration to immigration societies. Pánek’s choice of usable past demonstrates how nationalist historiography complicates the discussion of refugee reception in the region with the experience of uncertain democracies, ethnic conflicts and cleansing, and a history of emigration.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

35

Savvinov, Pavel Olegovich. "From political and intellectual biography of the Yakut emigrant Asklefeodot Afanasyevich Ryazansky (1898-1968)". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 11 (novembro de 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.11.34291.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The subject of this research, dedicated to mental characteristics of the world of Yakut emigration of 1917 – 1940, is the history of Yakut emigration on the example of life of the active participant in the anti-Bolshevik movement in the northeast of Russia, who fought for the alternative path of development in the XX century and the Yakut emigrant Asklefeodot Afanasyevich Ryazansky (1898 – 1968). The object of this research is the history of Russian emigration. Historical-biographical method is applies in the course of this work. The article analyzes the adaptation of the Yakut emigrant in the context of impact of external factors in China and Australia, as well as his political views. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the topic of Yakut emigration and “Yakut world” did not receive due coverage within the Russian historical science, although it is an important scientific problem that requires comprehensive examination on the background of Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil war in the context of world history. The conclusion is made that along with majority of Russian emigrants of the first wave, A. A Ryazansky struggled for survival in the new conditions abroad and was able to adjust to foreign cultural environment, having become a prominent journalist in China, and later the owner of marine company in Australia. Ryazansky saw the future of his homeland (Russia) as a democratic federative state with guaranteed preservation of ethnocultural identity of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia with the possibility of receiving education.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

36

Piperoglou, Andonis. "Envisioning Greek Refugees as ‘Farmers for Australia’: Christy Freeleagus, Land Settlement and Immigration Restriction in White Australia". Australian Historical Studies 52, n.º 1 (2 de janeiro de 2021): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2020.1812679.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

37

Кашницкий, Илья Савельевич. "Демографический дайджест". Демографическое обозрение 3, n.º 3 (18 de novembro de 2016): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v3i3.1750.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Murphy M. The Impact of Migration on Long-Term European Population Trends, 1850 to PresentKelle J., A.O. Haller. Who Benefits from Economic Growth? Work and Pay in BrazilVictora C.G., R. Bahl, A.J.D. Barros, G.V.A. França, S. Horton, J. Krasevec, S. Murch, M.J. Sankar, N. Walker, N.C Rollins. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect Stillwell J., M. Thomas. How far do internal migrants really move? Demonstrating a new method for the estimation of intra-zonal distanceMarjavaara R., E. Lundholm. Does Second-Home Ownership Trigger Migration in Later Life?Bell M., E. Charles-Edwards, P. Ueffing, J. Stillwell, M. Kupiszewski, D. Kupiszewska. Internal Migration and Development: Comparing Migration Intensities Around the WorldGoujon A., S. KC, M. Speringer, B. Barakat, M. Potancoková, J. Eder, E. Striessnig, R. Bauer, W. Lutz. A harmonized dataset on global educational attainment between 1970 and 2060 – an analytical window into recent trends and future prospects in human capital developmentCooray A., F. Schneider. Does corruption promote emigration? An empirical examinationUeffing P., F. Rowe, C.H. Mulder. Differences in Attitudes towards Immigration between Australia and Germany: The Role of Immigration Policy

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

38

Rašević, Mirjana. "Migration as a Catalyst of Serbia’s Development". Southeastern Europe 43, n.º 3 (10 de dezembro de 2019): 277–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04303004.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This article examines the link between Serbia’s demographic and socioeconomic momentum on the one hand, and the migration phenomenon on the other. This is done both to determine the restrictions for development and to identify the potential scope for using migration as a catalyst of Serbia’s development as an emigration country. The revised push and pull model by Fassmann and Musil (2013) and the migration transition model (from emigration to immigration countries), developed by Fassmann and Reeger (2012) have been chosen as the article’s theoretical frame of reference. The emphasis in the article is on qualitative consideration of these topics, but one that is based on various types of records. To that end, the author has used statistics and the findings of various national studies conducted in the recent years.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

39

Woods, Louis A., Joseph M. Perry e Jeffrey W. Steagall. "The Composition and Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Belize: Immigration and Emigration Patterns, 1980-1991". Latin American Research Review 32, n.º 3 (1997): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100038048.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In the history of human migration, rarely has a situation arisen in which simultaneous voluntary immigration and emigration flows have dramatically transformed the ethnic composition of an independent country. Belize since its independence in 1981 provides an example of such an unusual combination of circumstances. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, anecdotal evidence began to accumulate suggesting that the country's population was undergoing profound structural changes that included realignment of its settlement patterns and alteration of its ethnic mix.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

40

Portes, Alejandro, e Adrienne Celaya. "Modernization for Emigration: Determinants & Consequences of the Brain Drain". Daedalus 142, n.º 3 (julho de 2013): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00226.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This essay reviews existing theories of professional emigration as background to examine the present situation. Classical theories of the brain drain neglected the possibility that immigrant professionals would return to their home countries and make significant investments and economic contributions there. They do, in fact, with beneficial consequences for the development of these countries. The advent of the transnational perspective in the field of immigration has helped clarify these dynamics, while identifying the conditions under which professional cyclical returns and knowledge transfers can take place. Implications for the future attraction of foreign professionals by the United States and other advanced countries are discussed.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

41

Bashford, Alison. "Immigration restriction: rethinking period and place from settler colonies to postcolonial nations". Journal of Global History 9, n.º 1 (12 de fevereiro de 2014): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281300048x.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

AbstractImmigration acts have long been analysed as instrumental to the working of the modern nation-state. A particular focus has been the racial exclusions and restrictions that were adopted by aspirationally white, new world nation-states: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. This article looks again at the long modern history of immigration restriction in order to connect the history of these settler-colonial race-based exclusions (much studied) with immigration restriction in postcolonial nation-states (little studied). It argues for the need to expand the scope of immigration restriction histories geographically, temporally and substantively: beyond the settler nation, beyond the Second World War, and beyond ‘race’. The article focuses on the Asia-Pacific region, bringing into a single analytical frame the early immigration laws of New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and Canada on the one hand and those of Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Fiji on the other.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

42

Vollmer, Renate. "Assisted Emigration from Northern Germany to South Australia in the Nineteenth Century". Australian Journal of Politics & History 44, n.º 1 (março de 1998): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00003.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

43

Prada, Elena-Maria. "Immigration in Romania and Romanian in-Migration in Times of Covid-19. A Panel Data Analysis". Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 10, n.º 1-2 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2021-0004.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract Immigration in Romania is a scarcely studied topic, mainly because the impact of this phenomenon is low. Romania is primarily known due to its history of emigration. This paper is a preliminary analysis of the way both temporary and permanent Romanian immigration changed at the NUTS 3 level during the 2015 migration crisis and due to COVID-19 pandemics. Internal migration was also included as the analysis was based on a component of the MASST model on in-migration, but with respect to NUTS3 level migration. The results obtained were statistically significant for the temporary migration and permanent migration. The refugees’ crisis had a direct influence on permanent migrants, while the COVID-19 pandemic left its mark on temporary migration, leading to an increase in the number of temporary migrants.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

44

Palacios, Manuela, e María Xesús Nogueira. "Otherwhereness and Gender: Mary O’Malley’s “Asylum Road” and Marga do Val’s “A cidade sen roupa ao sol”". Oceánide 13 (9 de fevereiro de 2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.46.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This article aims to delve into the gendered nature of Mary O’Malley’s and Marga do Val’s poetry on displacement and migration, so as to assess the female subject’s questioning of notions such as home, belonging, mobility and otherness. In spite of these writers’ different national and cultural backgrounds, the common history of massive emigration from Galicia and Ireland allows us to hypothesize that their poetry and contemporary reflections on displacement are mutually relevant, as former research on Irish and Galician women’s mobility has indicated (Lorenzo-Modia 2016, Acuña 2014). As each writer is analysed, their most significant and germane propositions are identified. This allows us to conclude that there is a will to connect the theme of migration to the writers’ autobiographical experience of mobility and that O’Malley and do Val are thoroughly aware of the relation between past and present flows of emigration and immigration.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

45

Cherry‐Smith, Benjamin. "Immigration, the “Chinese Question”, and Ontological Insecurity in Colonial Australia". Australian Journal of Politics & History 67, n.º 2 (junho de 2021): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12753.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

46

Bonnell, Andrew G. "Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914". Itinerario 37, n.º 1 (abril de 2013): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000284.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

47

Elphick, Jeremy. "Cinematic poetics and reclaiming history". Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, n.º 18 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.18.18.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Australia’s brutal legacy of offshore detention has been marked by tragedy, human rights abuses and international condemnation, framed within an overarching failure to reach any true resolution. The difference between Australia’s two major political parties’ approach to immigration policy has been largely cosmetic and there is little tangible difference between the actual policies they have implemented and sustained. Human Rights Watch bluntly diagnosed Australia as having “serious unresolved human rights problems”, calling the conditions on Manus and Nauru “abysmal” (Giakoumelos). This paper examines the process by which successive Australian governments have advocated and implemented border and immigration policies and, more specifically, how control of information has been a central tactic in defining how such policies are perceived by the public. There is a questionable disconnect between Australia’s political class and those targeted by the immigration policies it sustains. Chauka, Please Tell Us the Time (Boochani and Kamali Sarvestani 2017) captures the cruelty of Australia’s offshore detention policy, while intimately mapping the emotional and psychological experience of living in detention. Chauka, Please Tell Us the Time marks a fundamental shift, blunting attempts to dehumanise those in detention from a distance, while highlighting the moral crisis that this dehumanisation has created.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

48

Gratton, Brian, e Emily Klancher Merchant. "An Immigrant's Tale: The Mexican American Southwest 1850 to 1950". Social Science History 39, n.º 4 (2015): 521–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.70.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Recent scholarship on Mexican Americans in the United States, relying largely on qualitative evidence, sees racism and exploitation as the major explanatory factors in their history. Using representative samples of persons of Mexican origin, we argue that immigration is fundamental to their historical experience. A small, beleaguered community in 1850, the Mexican-origin population grew during the late nineteenth century due to greater security under US jurisdiction. However, immigration between 1900 and 1930 created a Southwest broadly identified with persons of Mexican origin. Economic development in Mexico, restriction of European immigration to the United States, and extreme cross-border wage differentials prompted extensive emigration. Despite low human capital, circular migration, and discrimination, immigrant Mexicans earned substantially higher wages than workers in Mexico or native-born Hispanics in the United States. They followed typical immigrant paths toward urban areas with high wages. Prior to 1930, their marked tendency to repatriate was not “constructed” or compelled by the state or employers, but fit a conventional immigrant strategy. During the Depression, many persons of Mexican origin migrated to Mexico; some were deported or coerced, but others followed this well-established repatriation strategy. The remaining Mexican-origin population, increasingly native born, enjoyed extraordinary socioeconomic gains in the 1940s; upward mobility, their family forms, and rising political activity resembled those of previous immigrant-origin communities. In the same decade, however, the Bracero Program prompted mass illegal immigration and mass deportation, a pattern replicated throughout the late twentieth century. These conditions repeatedly replenished ethnicity and reignited nativism, presenting a challenge not faced by any other immigrant group in US history.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

49

Dudała, Rafał. "Italian migration policy: Changes and effects". Review of Nationalities 8, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2018): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2018-0012.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract The phenomenon of Italian migration is characterized by a clear caesura, which makes Italy a country with a long history of emigration and a much shorter experience of immigration. The mid-1970s are considered a breakthrough, when the zero-migration balance was recorded for the first time. The growing wave of arriving foreigners forced the rulers to change the current immigration policy, which rarely responded to the needs of both foreigners and citizens of the Republic. Subsequent laws, usually created in extraordinary circumstances, were also subject to the process of alternating power. Lack of legislative continuity and insufficient social integration gave birth to additional tensions around the observed influx of refugees. In this situation, it seems that the management of the migration crisis is no longer the responsibility of a single nation, but should be an action taken at the level of solutions of the European community.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

50

Johnson, Todd M., e Gina A. Bellofatto. "Migration, Religious Diasporas, and Religious Diversity: A Global Survey". Mission Studies 29, n.º 1 (2012): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338312x637993.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract Vast efforts are put into the collection of statistics in every country of the world relating to religious adherence. Quantitative tools in the context of demography – births, deaths, conversions, defections, immigration, and emigration – provide a comprehensive view of demographic changes in religious diasporas, which are created by the migration of people worldwide. Utilizing the taxonomies of religions and peoples from the World Christian Database (WCD) and World Religion Database (WRD), a preliminary examination of religious diasporas shows 859 million people (12.5% of the world’s population) from 327 peoples in diasporas around the world. The continuing trend of religious migration around the world is both increasing and intensifying religious diversity, especially in the former Christian West. This paper outlines some key issues relating to religious diversity in the twenty-first century and how the movement of peoples worldwide contributes to those issues.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Australia Emigration and immigration History"

Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos