Bibliografias temáticas / (Augustinian monastery)

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "(Augustinian monastery)"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 29 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "(Augustinian monastery)"

Łatak CRL, Kazimierz. "Wokół postaci ojca Szymona Mniszka (ok. 1543–1591) – współzałożyciela zgromadzenia polskich augustianek". Textus et Studia, n.º 1(29) (9 de julho de 2022): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/tes.08103.

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The subject of this article is the figure of Szymon Mniszek, a Polish Augustinian active in the second half of the 16th century. After graduating from school in Łowicz, Mniszek entered the Augustinian monastery in Kazimierz near Kraków. He studied in Kraków and Padua, where he obtained a doctorate in theology. He later lectured on philosophy and theology in Padua for several years. He also published his most important works in Italy. As he came back to Poland, he was a preacher in Olkusz and Krakow, a lecturer of theology at the monastery study, provincial of the Polish province of the Order of Saint Augustine, and a royal preacher. In Krakow, he was also known for his social activity. His original work was the organization of a female confraternity at the Augustinian monastery, which in 1583 he transformed into a congregation of the third order of St. Augustine

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Guijo Pérez, Salvador, e Jesús Sánchez Gil. "Tan conocida, tan venerada y aplaudida. La iconografía guadalupana en el monasterio de San Leandro de Sevilla". ACCADERE. Revista de Historia del Arte, n.º 4 (2022): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.histarte.2022.04.04.

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This article studies and aims to present the catalogue of Novohispanic paintings with the theme of Our Lady of Guadalupe that are kept in the monastery of San Leandro in Seville. The study is structured in different sections: an introduction, a study that relates the New World and the monastery of San Leandro, the analysis of the iconography of Guadalupe and its arrival in Seville, as well as the works in the Augustinian monastery.

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Åsen, Per Arvid. "Medieval Monastery Gardens in Iceland and Norway". Religions 12, n.º 5 (29 de abril de 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12050317.

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Gardening was an important part of the daily duties within several of the religious orders in Europe during the Middle Ages. The rule of Saint Benedict specified that the monastery should, if possible, contain a garden within itself, and before and above all things, special care should be taken of the sick, so that they may be served in very deed, as Christ himself. The cultivation of medicinal and utility plants was important to meet the material needs of the monastic institutions, but no physical garden has yet been found and excavated in either Scandinavia or Iceland. The Cistercians were particularly well known for being pioneer gardeners, but other orders like the Benedictines and Augustinians also practised gardening. The monasteries and nunneries operating in Iceland during medieval times are assumed to have belonged to either the Augustinian or the Benedictine orders. In Norway, some of the orders were the Dominicans, Fransiscans, Premonstratensians and Knights Hospitallers. Based on botanical investigations at all the Icelandic and Norwegian monastery sites, it is concluded that many of the plants found may have a medieval past as medicinal and utility plants and, with all the evidence combined, they were most probably cultivated in monastery gardens.

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Griffiths, Fiona J. "Brides and Dominae: Abelard’s Cura Monialium at the Augustinian Monastery of Marbach". Viator 34 (janeiro de 2003): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.viator.2.300382.

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Sofronova, L. V., e T. G. Chougounova. "Apologia Pro Vita Sua: Erasmus Roterodamus on His Failed Monastic Attempt". Prepodavatel XXI vek, n.º 1/2 (31 de março de 2024): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2024-1-332-345.

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The article presents the first Russian translation of a famous letter from the Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam to his longtime friend Servatius Rogers, dated July 8, 1514. The letter is a response to the Prior’s demand to return to the Augustinian canon monastery in Steyne, of which the humanist had been a member since 1487. This epistolary source should be considered in the context of the “new biographical history”. Erasmus’s renouncing of the monastery is seen as a manifestation of Renaissance individualism. In explaining the humanist’s apostasy, more attention should be paid to his personal situation: it was not so much the shortcomings of the entire monastic community as the physical and psychological maladjustment to monastic life of the Rotterdam man himself that caused his departure from Stein. It is suggested that the epistle should be interpreted as an experience of the author’s self-representation. Erasmus deliberately selects autobiographical information demonstrates to the world the necessary image of himself. The humanist turns his justification for leaving the monastery into an Apology for the modus vivendi of a Renaissance intellectual.

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De Maeyer, Nicolas. "“Illustre est Lovanium et Belgium Janssenio”: Textgenetische Analyse von Cornelius Jansenius’ Oratio de interioris hominis reformatione". Journal of Early Modern Christianity 2, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2015): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2015-0003.

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Abstract The present contribution offers an analysis of the Oratio de interioris hominis reformatione (1628), a sermon written by Cornelius Jansenius (1585–1638), professor of exegesis at the university of Leuven, for the introduction of a new monastic rule in the monastery of Affligem (Southern Netherlands). The text was reprinted several times and gained a certain popularity in the seventeenth century, especially through its French translation by Robert Arnauld d’Andilly (1642). This contribution focuses on the historical circumstances which lead to the genesis of the Oratio. By means of introduction, a summary of the text’s content is given, focusing on Jansenius’ presentation of the Augustinian exegesis of 1 John 2:16 on the threefold concupiscence. Our proper analysis of the historical context of the Oratio is threefold. In first instance, we analyze Jansenius’ relations with the different protagonists in the reform of Affligem, which culminated in the introduction of a new monastic rule in 1628. Thereafter, we focus on the history of the Benedictine monastery itself, from its foundation until the seventeenth century. We end our analysis with a close examination of the pronuntiatio of the Oratio on 18 October 1628 and the immediate impact of the text.

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Pariseault, Christine, Christina Whitehouse e Melissa O’Connor. "Providing Experience for Undergraduate Nursing Students to Care for Older Adults: A Qualitative Study". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1782.

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Abstract Care of the older adult can be complex and frequently influenced by ageism. Nursing students do not have the frequent opportunity to provide care for older adults. The purpose of this pilot study was to expose sophomore nursing students to older adults earlier and more often in the undergraduate curriculum by providing a unique clinical experience at St. Thomas of Villanova Monastery, a residential facility for retired Augustinian priests. This study examines the experience of students’ participation in this clinical experience. Qualitative content analysis of 12 student logs was conducted. Themes that emerged included: age-related changes, environmental considerations, psychosocial needs and changes, and consideration of gerontology as a career choice and existing bias. Students gained a valuable understanding of the unique age-related changes that older adults are experiencing. Early experiences are vital in the curriculum and provide enhanced engagement in gerontology.

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Grossi, Vittorino. "El servus/serva Dei El monje/monja (frater/soror) agustiniano". Augustinus 65, n.º 1 (2020): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augustinus202065256/25719.

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The article approaches the fiuure of the Augustinian monk taking as point of departure some of the Works of Saint Augustine, particularly the Regula ad servos Dei and sermons 354, 355 and 356, to show how Augustine from the initial anthropological category of homo interior-homo exterior –typical from the Latin Christian tradition–, he shifts, already in the Regula ad seruos Dei (probably around 400), to the category of homo spiritalis, in relationship to a spirituality of freedom under the grace of God. From this anthropological perspective, famulus/a seruus/a Dei (= the monk, the virgin) is considered not as “he who tames the flesh”, but rather as “he who loves spiritual beauty”, he who is born of Holy Spirit. The article points out how for Augustine, the monastery must be a place with an atmosphere of freedom and grace that gives life, “not as servants under the law”, but “as free men under grace” (reg. 3 8, 1).

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Seeberg, Stefanie. "Neupräsentationen und Umdeutungen des Heiligen Kreuzes von Polling vom 13. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 80, n.º 2 (30 de dezembro de 2017): 292–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkg-2017-0015.

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Abstract The center of the baroque altarpiece of the Augustinian Monastery of Polling in South Germany forms the so-called Holy Cross. Its current presentation, dated from 1763, is the last of a sequence of four well-documented presentations of a Romanesque wooden cross since 1230. This cross is an excellent example for analyzing and comparing several methods of re-presenting a historic art object as well as for understanding the motivation for such re-presentations, which are grounded on changes of the spiritual function of the object. In its first reframing, the cross received a covering of gilded parchment and a painting of the crucifix on this ground coat. In a fundamental publication from 1994, this covering was compared with a reliquary holding the old venerated wooden cross. However, looking at the context of medieval instructions for painters and the material evidence of extant contemporary paintings, this interpretation becomes questionable: the covering with parchment was a common and technically motivated procedure rather than a spiritually motivated one.

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NORTON, MICHAEL LEE. "Further thoughts on Graz 807 and Vienna 13314". Plainsong and Medieval Music 25, n.º 1 (15 de março de 2016): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137115000224.

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ABSTRACTGraz, University Library, MS 807 and Vienna, Austrian National Library, latin 13314 have been studied intensively for more than a century, yet unsolved problems remain. Following a brief discussion of the sources and relevant scholarship, the antiphons for the Rogationtide processions in the gradual portions of both manuscripts I examine, along with a supplementary set of Rogationtide antiphons added to the Vienna codex. I then take a closer look at the expanded descriptions for the rites for Holy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday in the Vienna manuscript's sacramentary. From this evidence, I reaffirm the association of the liturgies in Vienna 13314 and Graz 807 with the canons and canonesses of Klosterneuburg respectively, and argue that the twelfth-century additions to Vienna 13314 suggest that the two manuscripts were kept together already in the twelfth century, most likely at the Augustinian monastery at Seckau. I conclude with further observations on the much-discussed odd placement of the Dedication of the Church in the Sanctorale of Graz 807 and on the occasion that would have brought the two manuscripts to Seckau.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "(Augustinian monastery)"

Vrchotová, Michaela. "Nástěnné malby v augustiniánském klášteře v Třeboni". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-307567.

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TITLE: The mural paintings in the Augustinian monastery in Třeboň AUTHOR: Michaela Vrchotová DEPARTMENT: Department of Art History SUPERVISOR: Prof. PhDr. Ing. Jan Royt, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The subject of this thesis are the mural paintings in St. Giles church and the former monastery of Augustinian Canons in Třeboň, which date from the last quarter of the 14th century until the late Middle Ages and the onset of Renaissance at the beginning of the 16th century. The main objective was to gather all available information that could contribute to elucidating the period context of the creation of the mural paintings in the monastery of Třeboň. The intended output was, to the extent of objective possibilities, an art historical analysis of the works, backed by all the researched facts, and the assessment of the significance of Rosenberg donators and of their links to the imperial court. The extent of preservation and the possibilities for assessment of the artistic quality of the individual mural images form a relatively broad range. The mural paintings were divided into three time periods and the pictures that were the focus of the thesis stand as interesting period documents, not only from the artistic, but also from the cultural point of view, and as such they deserve a place in the history of Třeboň monastery...

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Frdlíková, Markéta. "Příspěvek k možnému původu a současnému stavu bývalého kláštera v Pivoni". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408902.

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Contribution to the origin and temporary state of the former monastery in Pivoň Abstract This Thesis is contributing to the issue of establishment of former Pivon Monastery,belonging to the Order of st. Augustin between years 1266-1787. Its' origin is a bit older, probably connected with Wilhelmite order, but there still remains a possibility of another, unknown founder. To this topic exist many relevant articles, the same as architectonical surveys but without any strict solution. The oldest visible architectonic parts survived till our days in presbytery of the monastic Church of Annunciation. In the time of writing this Thesis is the area of former monastery put up for auction and its' state is unfavourible, due to the sequences of events in 20th century and unfinished renovation from previous decade. That's why is this Thesis also focused on the poor state of properties of the Monastery area and church and is trying to figure out at least theoretical solution to current situation from the view of monument care.

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Sladká, Veronika. "Historie a současnost klášterní knihovny u sv. Tomáše v Praze". Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347799.

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Monastery library of Order of Hermits of Saint Augustin in Prague is an outstanding book collection of considerable scientific and historical value. Nowadays, it consists of more than 18 000 volumes. Saint Thomas monastery was founded by Wenceslaus II. in 1278 and had, from the very beginning,, a leading role among other monasteries of this order in Bohemia. From the early 14th century an Augustinian university was run there - as the only one in vast province of Bavaria, to which Bohemia belonged. In the 17th century, an independent Bohemian province was established and Saint Thomas monastery became a natural centre of it. This diploma thesis aims to provide an overview of a history of library and to introduce significant members of Augustinian order, who contributed to development (in time of prosperity) of library. Author is particularly focused on early modern period, to which scholars have not paid attention yet, and events connected to the end of the Thirty Years War, when, as it was assumed in the past, the library sustained big damage. Apart from that, everyday interest and care for books and libraries inside the order will be characterised and the cultural and historical impact of the library of Saint Thomas convent will also be emphasized. Origins and medieval period of the library is...

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Vacek, Miloš. "Kapitulní kostel Povýšení sv. Kříže v Litomyšli". Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297830.

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1 Abstract At first the Diploma thesis "Capitular Church of Raising of The Holy Cross in Litomyšl" acquaints shortly with history of Litomyšl, which went before and is important for understanding later period - foundation of a Monastery of the Augustinians the Hermits. This is concern mainly about a Monastery of the Benedictines and then about a Monastery of the Premonstratensians. In 1344 a Bishopric was founded in Litomyšl (Chapter 1). The second resident Bishop Jan II. from Středa founded the Monastery of the Augustinians together with the Church of Raising of The Holy Cross in 1356 (Chapter 2). There was an important change in the meaning of the aforementioned Church during the Hussite period - in 1448 a Parish Office was transfered here from destroyed Church of St. Clement (Chapter 3). In this thesis description of architectural history of the Church is not missing; construction of the Church took 20 years and modifications continued until the Hussitism (Chapter 4). Till the 20th century many noble families cared the Church; these families were also owners of a domain of Litomyšl (Chapter 5). Till the 20th century the Church went through many reconstructions and also a few cardinal renovations (Chapter 6). In the beginnig of the 20th century the Provost titular was given Litomyšl Deanery. Several years...

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Livros sobre o assunto "(Augustinian monastery)"

O'Keeffe, Tadhg. An Anglo-Norman monastery: Bridgetown Priory and the architecture of the Augustinian canons regular in Ireland. Cork: Cork County Council, 1999.

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Heinrich, Rüthing, ed. Die Chronik Bruder Göbels: Aufzeichnungen eines Laienbruders aus dem Kloster Böddeken 1502 bis 1543. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2005.

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Hann, Kathrin. Sant Ypoelten, Stift und Stadt im Mittelalter: Katalogbuch zur Sonderausstellung des Diözesanmuseums St. Pölten aus Anlass der Verleihung des Privilegs von 1159 : 5. Mai bis 31. Oktober 2009. Editado por Diözesanmuseum St Pölten (Austria). St. Pölten: Diözesanmuseum St. Pölten, 2009.

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Bertazzoni, Elisa. Il monastero di San Carlo in Guastalla e le giovani Gonzaga. Guastalla [Reggio Emilia]: Arti grafiche Umberto Soncini, 2008.

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Blechová, Lenka. Diplomatarium monasterii Glacensis canonicorum regularium sancti Augustini ab anno 1350 usque ad annum 1381. Brno: Středoevropské centrum slovanskýh studií, 2018.

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Siccardi, Cristina. Maria Teresa alla conquista di Cascia: L'ineffabile avventura dell'erede di S. Rita. Cavallermaggiore: Gribaudo, 1993.

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Lacroix, Marie-Thérèse. La vie au Monastère Saint-André de Tournai, 1611-1796. Tournai, Belgique: Editions ARSA, Religieuses de Saint-André, 1999.

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Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Real Monasterio de Agustinas Recoletas de la Visitación de Santa Isabel (Pamplona, Spain) e Fundación Caja Navarra, eds. Juan de Goyeneche y el triunfo de los navarros en la monarquía hispánica del siglo XVIII: Real Academía de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid, octubre-noviembre de 2005, Monasterio de Augustinas Recoletas, Pamplona, diciembre de 2005-enero de 2006. Pamplona]: Fundación Caja Navarra, 2005.

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Die Chronik Bruder Göbels: Aufzeichnungen eines Laienbruders aus dem Kloster Böddeken 1502 bis 1543. 2^a ed. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2006.

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San Agustín de Acolman. [México]: Teléfonos de México, 1990.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "(Augustinian monastery)"

Iltis, Hugo. "The KÖniginkloster and the Augustinian Monastery". In Life of Mendel, 44–54. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429399794-3.

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Simeone, Nigel, John Tyrrell e Alena Němcová. "Unfinished". In Janáěek’s Works, 281–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198164463.003.0009.

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Abstract The organ builder F.G. Steinmeyer of Oettingen in Bavaria had built the new organ for the Augustinian Monastery in Brno (1875-6; Helfert 1939, 179), and invited Janá ček, then choirmaster at the monastery, to visit their workshop in Bavaria. Janá ček went there in the summer of 1878 and composed the present fragment for organ during this time.

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Jujeczka, Stanisław. "Dokumenty śląskiej rodziny Hahn (Gallus) w archiwum klasztoru w Herzogenburgu". In Fontes historiae examinare: Studia ofiarowane Profesorowi Rościsławowi Żerelikowi w sześćdziesięciopięciolecie urodzin, 265–83. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381386524.14.

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DOCUMENTS OF THE SILESIAN HAHN (GALLUS ) FAMILY IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE HERZOGENBURG MONASTERY The article concerns documents about the Silesian Hahn (Gallus) family kept in the archives of the monastery of Augustinian Canons in Herzogenburg in Lower Austria. These are documents and files of the monastery in St. Andrä an der Treisen. Among the aforementioned documents concerning the Hahn (Gallus) family, there are 34 originals and a paper notebook from 1595 with notarized copies of 12 documents, some of the texts being duplicated. The article contains detailed records of 35 documents concerning the Hahn family collected in Stiftsarchiv Herzogenburg, Urkunden St. Andrä an der Traisen.

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Maas, Werner. "Overture: The Garden of Mendel". In Gene Action, 3–9. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141313.003.0001.

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Abstract Mendel carried out his experiments with peas in the garden of the Augustinian Monastery in Brno in the Czech Republic. At the time of his experiments the city was called Brunn and was part of the Habsburg Empire. Brno is the capital of the province of Moravia and is the second-largest city in the Czech Republic. It is 2 hours from Vienna by train.

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Wood, Roger J., e Vítêzslav Orel. "The Elusive Law". In Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: a Prelude to Mendel, 1–11. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505846.003.0001.

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Abstract Close to the heart of the industrial city of Brno, in a walled garden of the monastery of St Thomas, can still be seen the plot where Fr. Gregor Mendel grew his peas. Here, between 1856 and 1863, the famous Augustinian friar discovered heredity’s fundamental secret, expressed in the formation and development of hybrids, which led to the universal concept of the gene.

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Steinberg, Michael. "Anton Bruckner". In The Symphony, 92–127. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195061772.003.0004.

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Abstract Bruckner ‘s father, like his father before him, was schoolmaster in the village of Ansfelden. Before that, and as far back as the fourteenth century, the Bruckner’s had been farmers and laborers. Anton sang in the choir, was allowed to play the organ, and learned the rudiments of music from a cousin. In 1837, the year his father died, he was taken as a choirboy into the Augustinian monastery of Saint Florian, whose buildings, Austrian Baroque at its most splendid, dominate the countryside southeast of Linz. There the musician and the man gradually emerged.

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Krass, Urte. "The Lisbon Miracle of the Crucifix (1 December 1640)". In The Portuguese Restoration of 1640 and Its Global Visualization. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463725637_ch02.

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After the proclamation of the new king from the Lisbon palace on 1 December 1640, the central Restoration image miracle occurred: a silver crucifix on the bishop’s staff came to life, released its right arm from the crossbeam, and blessed the crowd, signifying Christ’s approval of the coup. The chapter provides a close reading of contemporary interpretations of the miracle and investigates the bishop’s staff as a political relic. The tradition of living images of Christ is outlined as well as the special veneration of Christ among the Habsburgs. A crucifix in Goa, in the Augustinian monastery of Santa Mónica, might have provided inspiration for the Lisbon miracle. A 1641 pamphlet with imagery from the Estado da Índia, too, points to the powerful transcontinental connections of image worlds.

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Jonsen, Albert R. "Splicing Life: Genetics and Ethics". In The Birth of Bioethics, 166–95. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195103250.003.0006.

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Abstract Children are like their parents: common sizes and shapes, virtues and strengths, weaknesses and sufferings trail through families, and humans must always have wondered why. Four centuries ago, Michel de Montaigne reflected on the excruciating pain he and his father shared from stones in the bladder. In his essay “Of the resemblance of children to their fathers” the essayist reflected, “I was born twenty-five and more years before his illness, at a time when he enjoyed his best health. Where was the propensity to this infirmity hatching all this time? And when he was so far from the ailment, how did this slight bit of his substance, with which he made me, bear so great an impression of it? How did it remain so concealed that I began to feel it forty-five years later? ... Will anyone enlighten me about this process?” This sixteenth-century savant asked a question that only modem genetics could answer. Modem genetics flows from human curiosity about “the resemblance of children to their fathers.” That curiosity could only speculate about this resemblance until a little over a century ago, when speculation turned into science. In the 1860s, Gregor Mendel, abbot of the Augustinian monastery of Brno in Austria, mathematically calculated the inherited characteristics of pea plants that he bred in his monastery garden.

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Backus, Irena. "Augustin Marlorat And Nicolas Colladon". In Reformation Readings Of The Apocalypse, 61–86. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138856.003.0003.

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Abstract Marlorat is a little-studied figure; the fullest account of his life is still to be found in Eugene and Emile Haag’s La France Protestante. Born at Bar-le-Duc in 1506, he was orphaned at the age of eight and placed in an Augustinian monastery, where he took his vows in 1524. He acquired a good knowledge of the Fathers and of scholastic theology and was soon famous as preacher. He converted to the Reformation while he was prior at Bourges and was called to preach the new doctrines at Bourges, Poitiers, and Angers. Fleeing persecution, he went first to Geneva, then to Lausanne, where he was put in charge of the parish of Crissier in 1549. Ten years later, when he was pastor at Vevey, he was called back by the Genevan consistory and sent to Paris. In 1560, he presided over the provincial synod of Dieppe while pastor at Rouen and attended the colloquy of Poissy. He died in the same year, a victim of the Roman Catholic authorities, who ordered his hanging in front of the church of Notre-Dame at Rauen on 30 October 1561.

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Barondes, Samuel H. "The Astonishing Leap From Traits to Genes". In Mood Genes, 49–62. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131062.003.0004.

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Abstract When Emil Kraepelin expressed the view that manic depressive insanity was due to “hereditary taint,” he had no way of foreseeing that the specific factors-the genes-that transmit this vulnerability might some day be identified. To Kraepelin, heredity was simply another way of saying that the disorder ran in families, and that he suspected that this trend was caused by nature rather than nurture. Yet in 1865, long before Kraepelin himself began laying the clinical groundwork for a study of the role of genes in mood disorders, the fundamental rules of heredity that would eventually guide this work had already been put forward. They had been discovered over the course of just a few years by an Augustinian rponk, Gregor Mendel, working in his monastery garden in Brno (now in the Czech Republic), and later shown to apply as much to human beings as to plants. The most important of these Mendelian rules is that some inherited properties-such as the colors of the flowers in Mendel’s garden or certain human diseases-can be thought of as being controlled by a single unit, which Mendel referred to as an “element of the germinal cell,” and to which in 1909 the Danish biologist Wilhelm Johannsen gave the “ gene”.

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