Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Augustine , 354-430"

В статье обсуждаются представления Кассиодора (487–575) об индивидуальной душе и зависимость его психологических представлений от Августина (354–430) и других ранних авторов. The paper discusses the ideas of Cassiodorus (487-575) on the individual soul and the dependence of his psychological ideas on Augustine (354-430) and other early authors.

Aurelius Augustine (354-430 years) - one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church - known as the brightest representative of Western patristics, one of the most recognized creators of the doctrine of the role and significance of the church.

Phrases such as inner-man, inner-self, inner-vision and inner-hearing occupy an important place in the philosophy of Saint Augustine (AD 354-430). Inner-man phrases are dominant to the Augustin ’ s explanations relating to knowledge. Besides function as a means to explain thoughts of Augustine relating to knowledge, these phrases also function as a means to connect his explanations relating to knowledge to other areas of Augustine ’ s philosophy. Before Augustine tazhere was internality also. For example in Jewishness it was thought as conscience which speaks to the individual from his inside. Saint Paul used it as the intelligent part of the soul, but Paul was influenced by Plato. But the person who uses inner-man phrases systematically and who develops an epistemology directed to subject ’ s understanding himself and who in this way starts the tradition of internality of the West is Saint Augustine.

The article deals with the content and structure of the concept of divine law, its action in space and time, relationship with justice in one of the major works of the undivided Christian church of Father Augustine (354 — 430). The concept of divine law of Aurelius Augustine defines it as the will of the Christian God, the eternal unchanging truth which extends to the inhabitants of God and the earthly city, their community and regulatory relations, based on the criterion of justice. In the earthly city divine law takes the form of positive law, hierarchical structure, as well as time and historical performance.

O HEREGE COMO HOMO SACER
 
 Resumo: o artigo analisa a condição do herege, conforme é definida pelos escritores cristãos antigos, em especial Agostinho de Hipona (354-430), à luz da figura do homo sacer, insacrificável e matável, a “vida que não merece ser vivida” como apresentada na obra de Giorgo Agamben.
 
 Palavras-chave: Herege. Homo Sacer. Agostinho De Hipona. Giorgio Agamben.
 
 Abstract: the paper discusses the condition of heretic, as defined by the ancient Christian writers, mainly Augustine of Hippo (354-430), in the light of the figure of homo sacer, which cannot be sacrificed and yet may be killed, “a life that does not deserve to be lived” as presented in the Giorgo Agamben’s work.
 
 Keywords: Heretic. Homo Sacer. Augustine of Hippo. Giorgio Agamben

This essay promotes affective engagement with the texts we read, arguing that we should attend both to recognizing emotion within the texts and to allowing ourselves to feel emotion as we read. The essay thus aligns itself with contemporary theories of non-hermeneutic or surface reading. The argument is illustrated specifically by the relationship of Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE) to the emotion of anger. The transcripts of the Council of Carthage, held in 411, show an eruption of anger on Augustine’s part. The essay then traces his thinking on anger through various texts, notably the City of God, the Augustinian Rule, and the personal letters to Nebridius. Using the reflections on anger of the contemporary philosopher Agnes Callard, I argue that Augustine saw anger as a unique type of moral problem, something that, once experienced, was ineradicable and distorted a sense of justice and order. It is only through an emotionally engaged reading that such a position is perceptible.

In 418, the Italian bishop of Eclanum (Aeclanum: Mirabella-Eclano), Julian (380-454), engaged Augustine of Hippo (354-430) in an extensive debate about three key issues of the Catholic faith, all of which are essentially grounded in sound philosophy and can be proven by reason. These are: the state of nature after sin, the authority of law (legis auctoritate), and the free will of rational beings (libertas arbitrii), the last of which remains vigorously debated today in response to the early concept of determinism. These three issues, in particular, preoccupied Augustine’s thoughts and writings up until his death.

The study of women in Manichaeism is still in its infancy. The present article aims to contribute to this promising field of research by concentrating on the writings of the former Manichaean Augustine (354-430). A considerable number of data emerge from his works, which elucidate the presence and role of Manichaean women in Roman North Africa. It turns out that, at quite different stages of his life, Augustine came into contact with female Manichaeans and described their significance very differently.

The paper notes that the study of the personality of Augustine (354—430) and his writings is inextricably linked with his ideas on the soul, which occupy an important place in European religious and philosophical thought. Indeed, referring to any of the teachings of Augustine — whether it is the doctrine of the universe, time, memory, the relationship between free will and divine predestination, and others, — one should take into account his ideas on soul. The so-called psychologism of Augustine, noted by researchers of his vast creative heritage, is also associated with them. Those texts of Augustine which seem to be the most significant for the reconstruction and study of Augustine’s psychological concept are identified. There are “Confessions”, “On Order”, “On the Immortality of the Soul”, “The Soliloquies”, “City of God”, and others. It is noted that Augustine does not devote one or another of his works only to the problem of the soul; that his views on the soul can be reconstructed from individual fragments and lines taken from many other of his texts, diverse in terms of content, genre and problematic; that the involvement of the entire corpus of Augustine’s writings will allow not only to clarify his thought, to show the course of his reasoning, but also to study his psychological teaching more carefully.

The views on the soul in the philosophical-theological thought of Au-relius Augustine (354–430 AD) hold a special place. When considering practically any of his teachings—whether it be his doctrine on the cosmos, time, memory, the relationship between free will and divine predestination, or his philosophy of history and pedagogy—we are inevitably compelled to take them into account or directly engage with them. His works are also associated with the so-called "psychologism" of Augustine, a concept high-lighted by numerous scholars delving into his truly vast creative heritage. The purpose of this paper is to explore the research devoted to the concepts of the soul (both individual and cosmic) in the works of Augustine or related to them. Additionally, it aims to identify works that address the issue of how Augustine's ideas about the soul were perceived in the early Middle Ages, using Cassiodorus [c. 487 – c. 578 AD] as an example. The studies, which encompass the aspects of Augustine’s psychological conception, are examined according to thematic principles, and divided into the following groups: (I) Studies dedicated to the exploration of Augustine’s cosmology, human existence, and soul (Among them: “Augustine’s Philosophy of Mind” by Gerard O’Daly [1987]; “Augustine: Ancient Thought Baptized” by J. Rist [1994]; “The World-Soul and Time in St. Augustine” [1983] and “Augus-tine’s Theory of Soul” [2003] by Roland Teske, and others). (II) Works demonstrating the influence of early teachings, traditions, and texts on Augustine (for example, “The Divine Sense: The Intellect in Patris-tic Theology” [2007] by Anna Williams and “Memory in Plotinus and Two Early Texts of St. Augustine” [1976] by Gerard O’Daly, among others). (III) Studies focused on the examination of individual works of Augustine with regard to their psychological aspects (Including: “An Analysis of Saint Augustine’s De immortalitate animae” [1980] and “The Fall of the Soul in Saint Augustine: A Quaestio Disputata” [1986] by Richard Penaskovic; “Augustine, Conf. IX, 10, 24” [1958] by John Taylor, and others). (IV) Papers indicating Cassiodorus’s reception and assimilation of Au-gustine’s teachings on the soul (e.g., e.g. “The Manuscripts of Cassiodorus’ De anima” [1959] by J.W. Halporn; “Cassiodoro e la grecità” [1986] by A. Garzya, “Il sottofondo culturale del De anima di Cassiodoro” [1995] by R. Masulo, etc.).

Submitted by DANILO NOBRE DOS SANTOS (danilo_nobre@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-13T21:07:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação -Danilo Nobre dos Santos.pdf: 638138 bytes, checksum: b5bc84195a88966b7126b8fe54599911 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-15T18:49:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_dn_me_mar.pdf: 638138 bytes, checksum: b5bc84195a88966b7126b8fe54599911 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T18:49:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_dn_me_mar.pdf: 638138 bytes, checksum: b5bc84195a88966b7126b8fe54599911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Santo Agostinho apresenta a posse de Deus como o porto da felicidade. Deste modo, veremos que com o diálogo De Beata Vita, o autor oferece uma resposta para tal questionamento, a partir de uma noção de felicidade que consiste no perfeito conhecimento de Deus. Assim, abordaremos a referida questão com a finalidade de tornar mais evidente a concepção agostiniana de felicidade e realização humana.<br>Saint Augustine has the possession of God as the happiness of the harbor. Thus, we seethat with the De Vita Beata dialogue, the author offers na answer to this question, from a sense of happiness consists in the perfect knowledge of God. Thus, we will address that question in order to make it clear the Augustinian conception of happiness and human fulfillment.

Constata a ausência de tradução em língua portuguesa do diálogo filosófico “De Musica” (Sobre a Música) de Agostinho de Hipona (354-430), bem como sua necessidade representada especialmente pela crescente presença na pesquisa especializada brasileira, propondo a tradução completa de seu texto latino para a mesma língua. Situa a obra na vida, na época e no conjunto bibliográfico do autor, expõe os principais problemas textuais e intertextuais, elementos de recepção e conteúdo, introduz cada um dos seis livros que a compõe e termina relacionando várias de suas contribuições para a construção e transmissão dos princípios estéticos ocidentais. Percorre algumas das etapas históricas da reflexão tradutória identificando suas mais importantes correntes, especialmente representadas na dicotomia entre tradução livre e tradução literal. Apresenta a proposta de solução funcionalista percorrendo os sucessivos aportes de seus principais teóricos e destacando especialmente as preocupações pedagógicas de alguns de seus idealizadores. Discute as críticas mais importantes recebidas pelo modelo funcionalista e propõe sua aplicação ao texto em questão aliada aos postulados da Literatura Comparada. Descreve a proposta funcionalista de abordagem tradutória de Christiane Nord enfatizando sua relevância enquanto prática de aproximação textual e cultural. Aplica os métodos propostos pela autora percorrendo a obra a ser traduzida e destaca aspectos em que a teoria se mostra mais produtiva. Mostra em três quadros os resultados dos dados obtidos na análise do texto de partida, das principais decisões tradutórias e da proposta de aplicação ao texto de chegada. Partindo da Literatura Comparada e do estado atual dos Estudos de Tradução, seleciona aspectos menos produtivos do modelo funcionalista optando pela rejeição de práticas especialmente prejudiciais à visibilidade do tradutor. Apresenta como principal resultado a primeira tradução completa em língua portuguesa para a referida obra agostiniana. Conclui destacando aspectos do fenômeno linguístico, seu caráter intencional, a inevitável parcialidade das aproximações teóricas, provisoriedade do fazer tradutório e a pertinência de algumas intuições agostinianas expressas no “De Musica”.<br>Having noted the absence of a Portuguese translation of Augustine of Hippo’s (354-430) philosophical dialogue "De Musica" (About Music), as well as its need represented especially by the growing presence in Brazilian specialized research, I propose the complete translation of his Latin text into Portuguese. This translation situates the work in life and in literature at the time set by the author, sets out the main textual and intertextual issues, receiving elements and content, introduces each of the six books that comprise it and ends relating several of his contributions to construction and transmission of Western aesthetic principles. It runs through some of the historic steps of translation reflection identifying their most important currents, especially those represented in the dichotomy between literal translation and free translation. This study presents the functionalist solution proposed, traversing the successive contributions of its major theorists and especially highlighting the pedagogical concerns of some of its founders. And so, this text discusses the major criticisms received by the functionalist model and proposes its application to the text in question together with the postulates of Comparative Literature. I describe the functionalist translator approach proposed by Christiane Nord emphasizing, its importance as a practice of textual and cultural analysis. I apply here the methods proposed by the Nord covering the work to be translated and highlight the ways in which the theory proves more productive. For this purpose, I bring in three charts with the results of the data obtained from analysis of the source text, the major translation decisions taken and their application to the target text. Starting from the Comparative Literature and the current state of Translation Studies, I selected less productive functionalist models opting for rejecting practices especially harmful to the visibility of the translator aspects. The main findings result show the first complete translation into Portuguese for such Augustinian work. I conclude by highlighting aspects of the linguistic phenomenon, its intentional character, the inevitable partiality of theoretical approaches, temporariness of doing translational and relevance of some Augustinian intuitions expressed in "De Musica".

Augustine has had a large influence on the development of western theology, and nowhere is this more obvious that in Martin Luther's understanding of God, humankind and grace. Yet at the same time there are also significant differences in the two churchmen's thought. Sometimes these differences are subtle, such as their views of the state; other times they are not so subtle, such as their positions on free will or their praise of philosophy and its usefulness in sounding the depth of Christianity. In order to best explain these varying views, one must look at Augustine's and Luther's diverging opinions of man's nature where one will see that the dissimilarities are best understood in light of Luther's pessimistic view of humanity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Toler Russo.pdf: 225526 bytes, checksum: 04084e6fa9181e57459788f144dbe689 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-03<br>The main purpose of this work is to show the plausibility of the hypothesis according to which, in Augustine´s Contra Academicos, the interdependence between Truth and happiness is defended. Notwithstanding, since this interdependence is not categorically shown in Augustine´s Contra Academicos, but only in another work of his, called De Beata Vita, it was necessary, through the collection of historical data linked to Augustine and his time, to establish a connection between these two dialogues, in order to show the plausibility of the idea according to which the interdependence between Truth and happiness, exposed in Augustine´s De Beata Vita, is defended in Augustine´s Contra Academicos. In order to achieve this objective, the work was disposed in the following manner: collection of historical and psychological data, exposed in the Introduction; study of Augustine´s Contra Academicos, in three chapters (these chapters form the first book of this dissertation); study of Augustine´s De Beata Vita and Conclusion, both of them also exposed in three chapters (these chapters form the second book of this dissertation). In the Conclusion (inserted in the third chapter of Book II), we have finished the study of Augustine´s De Beata Vita and the justification of the hypothesis of our dissertation. In the Conclusion, the information collected in the Introduction is employed in order to show the plausibility of our hypothesis<br>O objetivo desta dissertação é mostrar a plausibilidade da hipótese segundo a qual, no Contra Academicos, de Agostinho, é defendida a relação de interdependência entre Verdade e felicidade. Todavia, uma vez que essa relação não se apresenta categoricamente exposta no Contra Academicos, mas sim no De Beata Vita, foi necessário, mediante o levantamento de dados históricos ligados à pessoa e à época de Agostinho, estabelecer conexão entre os dois diálogos, de maneira a tornar plausível a idéia de que no Contra Acadêmicos se defende tese exposta no De Beata Vita. Para o alcance desse objetivo, o trabalho foi dividido da seguinte maneira: levantamento histórico-psicológico, exposto na Introdução; análise do Contra Acadêmicos, dividida nos três capítulos do Livro I; análise do De Beata Vita e Conclusão, expostas nos três capítulos do Livro II. Na Conclusão (inserida no terceiro capítulo desse último livro), que a um só tempo arremata a análise do De Beata Vita e encerra a dissertação, foram utilizadas as informações colhidas na Introdução, no intuito de justificar, de maneira convincente e plausível, a hipótese inicial do trabalho

Orientador: Lidia Maria Rodrigo<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T17:49:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jordao_EduardoAntonio_M.pdf: 12296159 bytes, checksum: cc2b28f1c40c0e16c70107fd7eefacb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Mestrado<br>Historia, Filosofia e Educação<br>Mestre em Educação

Orientador: Patrícia Prata<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_LucianoC.G._D.pdf: 4178422 bytes, checksum: 235593dd702ea15aed68d8ae9ce24913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: Este trabalho analisa, numa perspectiva discursiva, os efeitos produzidos pelo ato de comentar a Bíblia levado a cabo por duas figuras-chave dos primórdios do cristianismo: Jerônimo de Estridão (347-420 d.C.) e Agostinho de Hipona (354-430 d.C.). Investiga-se o impacto dessa empresa comentarista tanto no modo como o texto bíblico foi materialmente transmitido (ortografia, léxico, fraseologia, ordem dos textos) como na história de sua recepção (tópicos e temas preferidos em detrimento de outros tantos possíveis). O propósito é demonstrar quão poderosa é a intervenção dos comentários não apenas na formação do cânone bíblico, mas também na constituição da própria noção de que o conjunto de textos reunidos sob a rubrica de Bíblia ou Sagrada Escritura forma, afinal - e apesar de uma superfície textual que apresenta disparidades e, eventualmente, grandes contradições de caráter linguístico, narrativo ou mesmo teológico -, um texto, que expressa um único e mesmo plano deliberativo autoral<br>Abstract: This study examines from a discourse-analytical perspective the effects arisen from the practice of commenting the Bible that was followed by two early Christian key figures: Jerome of Stridon (c. 370-420 AD) and Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD). The impact of these commentatorial works is investigated both with regarding to the way in which the very biblical text was materially (orthography, lexicon, phraseology, chapter order) handed down and to the history of its hermeneutical reception (the topics and themes which have been favored at the expense of all other possibilities). The purpose therefore is to demonstrate how powerful such commentatorial interventions are in the forming of the biblical canon and also in underpinning assumptions that the set of texts brought together under the rubric of Bible or Sacred Scriptures forms ultimately - in spite of a textual surface presenting disparities and sometimes great contradictions of linguistic, narrative or even theological character - a text which expresses just one and the same authorial design<br>Doutorado<br>Linguistica<br>Doutor em Linguística

Dans le contexte de la seconde évangélisation du Québec, la question de la conversion se pose avec acuité. Une lecture minutieuse, à l’aide de la méthode sémiotique, d’un extrait des Confessions d’Augustin, nous permet de découvrir le processus de la conversion et la transformation qu'une telle conversion opère chez la personne. Cette étude nous révèle que la conversion chrétienne transforme les fondements de la personne, depuis ses conceptions du monde jusqu’à ses relations aux autres. Après la conversion chrétienne, la relation au temps et à l’espace est totalement transformée. La conversion est un cheminement dont les fruits paraissent arriver soudainement, mais c'est la transformation presque imperceptible de la personne qui en prépare l’éclosion. La lecture attentive que nous faisons permet de repérer ces petits détails. Ainsi, il est possible de suivre les transformations qui amènent l’acteur à vivre la transformation profonde de son être et à se convertir.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Imaculada Azevedo Fernandes.pdf: 367387 bytes, checksum: 9dd533078709cfe62f2fc649b062da79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-30<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This work has as a purpose to research the question of Augustin interiority through the problem of the knowledge. Both interiority and knowledge represent the key-pieces of Augustin thought and they bring an enigma which we ll be busy in understanding. It refers to the apparently antagonistic form to conciliate the human activity of the knowledge through the cogito of Augustin with the theory of the divine illumination. We ll research which is the statute of knowledge in Augustin thought; what it implies to say that the interiority is, at the same time, the place of the knowledge and the way to God; and if it is possible to conceive the knowledge as a function of the human intellect and an intuition of the contents of ideas coming from God<br>Esse trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a questão da interioridade agostiniana através do problema do conhecimento. Interioridade e conhecimento representam duas peças-chave do pensamento de Agostinho e trazem um enigma com o qual nos ocuparemos em compreender. Refere-se à forma aparentemente antagônica de conciliar a atividade humana do conhecimento através do cogito agostiniano com a teoria da iluminação divina. Investigaremos qual é o estatuto do conhecimento no pensamento agostiniano; o que implica dizer que a interioridade é, ao mesmo tempo, o lugar do conhecimento e o caminho para Deus; e se é possível conceber o conhecimento como uma função do intelecto humano e uma intuição do conteúdo das idéias vindas de Deus

Le mensonge constitue une réalité incontournable de l'existence humaine, qui ne laisse personne indifférent. Une réprobation générale à son endroit s'accompagne souvent de plaidoyers favorables pour des situations particulières. De fait, à y regarder de plus près, la nature précise du mensonge ne paraît pas si aisée à expliciter, ce qui jette une certaine confusion autour de toutes les questions qu'il peut susciter, notamment celle de son évaluation morale. Dans de telles conditions, il s'avère essentiel de tenter un examen visant à déchiffrer ce qu'est fondamentalement un mensonge, tant d'un point de vue « externe » - un discours consciemment feux - que d'un point de vue plus « interne » - une attitude assumée par l'être humain dans son existence concrète, avec toutes les implications que cela suppose. Par cette entreprise apparaîtra plus clairement le coeur du problème, et des éléments d'information pourront venir au jour à son sujet, pavant la voie à des questionnements ultérieurs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:13:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4835.pdf: 889257 bytes, checksum: 5569d9f292ee2ebe5456239a1116688c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10<br>Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos<br>On essaye ici d esquisser comment Thomas d Aquin propose interpréter la philosophie d Augustin pendant il présente sa théorie de la connaissance humaine dans la première partie de la Somme de théologie. La dispute de laquelle découle cette théorie thomasienne a son origine dans des diverses interprétations de la Physique et de la Métaphysique d Aristote introduites par des neufs traductions de ces textes qui ont été produites à partir du XIIème siècle chez l Europe. On se demandait alors sur la possibilité de la connaissance intellectuelle du sensible au même temps qu on poursuivait le problème de savoir s il est possible de soutenir l existence d une relation entre des choses qu existent de façons diverses, à savoir, l intellect de l homme, lequel est quelque chose d immatériel et prédisposé à la universalité, et les sensibles, lesquels sont appréhendés par les sens comme choses matérielles et singulières. Dans sa réponse, Thomas d Aquin offre la thèse selon laquelle c est possible pour l intellect de l homme, lequel, si bien que sans matière, est aussi uni avec un corps matériel et singulier, connaitre les natures (immatérielles et universelles) des choses sensibles (matérielles et singulières). Selon Thomas, la connaissance humaine a son début avec la réception des formes des choses matérielles, laquelle se déroule suivant deux étapes diverses selon lesquelles nous avons, en premier lieu, la appréhension du « sensible » et, puis, la appréhension du « intelligible ». C est la majeure ou la mineure proximité de la matière qui serait la plus important mesure de cette distinction : la connaissance sensible c est l appréhension des choses matérielles par moyen de la modification des organes du corps et travers laquelle la forme est appréhendée mélangée avec la matière. La connaissance intellectuelle, cependant, ne s utilise pas de aucun organe corporel et, par conséquence, est absolument immatérielle. Dans cette thèse on présuppose la nécessité de l existence d une relation entre la connaissance sensible et la connaissance intellectuelle pour que la connaissance intellectuelle de la chose matérielle soit devenue possible. C est ainsi que, selon Thomas, les sens produisent dans le sujet qui connait une similitude sensible qui représente la chose matérielle avant que la forme intellectuelle de la chose soit elle-même produite. Cette similitude sensible serait le point de début de la production intellectuelle d une seconde similitude, intellectuelle, décrite par Thomas comme ce par quoi la nature de la chose matérielle est connue. La première similitude, sensible, a été appelée « phantasme », l autre, intellectuelle, l « espèce intelligible », et le producteur de celle-ci, l « intellect agent ». Dans ce travail on propose déchiffrer la fonction de chacun de ces éléments qui composent cette théorie de Thomas aussi comme les relations que cette argumentation soutienne maintenir avec la philosophie d Augustin. Dans ce procès, on verra d une façon surprenante l évêque d Hippone être présenté par Thomas comme un partisan d Aristote contraire à des thèses attribuées, dans une formulation très générale, bien à Platon (auquel Avicenne est ajouté), bien aux philosophes présocratiques.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho é trazer à tona a presença de Agostinho na formulação da tese de Tomás de Aquino sobre o conhecimento intelectual humano apresentada na primeira parte de sua Suma de Teologia. O debate no qual a tese tomasiana se insere é suscitado por diferentes interpretações da física e metafisica de Aristóteles, em contraste com a tradição patrística, possibilitadas por traduções para o latim realizadas na Europa a partir do século XIII. A pergunta que se coloca é sobre a possibilidade de conhecimento intelectual daquilo que é sensível. O problema é a relação entre coisas cujo modo de existência é diverso: o intelecto humano é imaterial e se remete a algo universal, enquanto as coisas sensíveis são materiais e singulares. Tomás responde essa questão favoravelmente, apresentando a tese de que é possível ao intelecto humano imaterial, porém, unido a um corpo singular, conhecer as naturezas (imateriais e universais) das coisas sensíveis (materiais e singulares). De acordo com o autor, o conhecimento é oriundo de um processo de recepção de formas. No caso do homem, esse processo ocorre de dois modos diversos: sensível e inteligível. Esses modos de cognição se diferenciam conforme sua relação com a matéria: a cognição sensível é um modo de recepção das formas oriundas das coisas materiais que ocorre através de modificação de órgãos corporais, sendo portanto uma recepção material. A cognição inteligível é um modo de recepção que não utiliza órgão corpóreo algum, sendo portanto imaterial. A tese tomasiana afirma uma necessária relação interna entre a cognição sensível e a inteligível, que garante a possibilidade de ocorrência de conhecimento intelectual humano dos sensíveis. De acordo com Tomás os sentidos produzem no cognoscente uma semelhança sensível interna, representativa da coisa material, após a apreensão da forma da coisa. No caso do homem essa semelhança sensível serve ao intelecto para a produção de outra semelhança, em si mesmo. Essa outra semelhança, porém, é inteligível e afirmada como aquilo pelo que a natureza da coisa material é conhecida. A semelhança sensível é chamada phantasma , a semelhança inteligível é a espécie inteligível e o produtor da espécie inteligível é chamado intelecto agente . O itinerário a seguir apresentará o papel que cada um desses elementos ocupa na tese de Tomás, com o propósito de evidenciar como sua argumentação se fundamenta em interpretações sobre Agostinho. O bispo de Hipona é lido em concordância com Aristóteles e contra reconstruções de teses imputadas genericamente a Platão, de um lado (além de Avicena, associado por Tomás ao platonismo), e aos pré-socráticos, de outro.

Abstract Saint, Bishop of Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria), Doctor of the Western Church. His enormous influence on the doctrines of Western Christianity owes much to his skill and perseverance as a philosopher. In the history of philosophy itself he is a secondary figure, partly because he didn’t have the taste or leisure to acquire more than a scrappy knowledge of the 800-year tradition preceding him.