Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Audition des témoins – Psychologie"
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Dodier, Olivier. "Les adolescents en situation de témoignage oculaire : d’observations de terrain à l’étude d’un protocole d’audition judiciaire en laboratoire". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL019/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe goal of this thesis was to provide recommendations to any practitioner involved in the justice system to interview adolescent witnesses and/or victims, a population little studied in laboratory analogue contexts. To do so, five studies were conducted. The first two studies were aimed at establishing an inventory of the young French investigators’ witness interview practices. We observed that adolescents are a specific population, in particular regarding the use of suggestive questions. This type of questions increased right after the adolescents had just developed a statement, which was not the case with younger children. This result might reveal that, during investigative interviews with children and adolescents, the investigators have different aims depending on the age of the young witness (Study 1). However, international recommendations strongly discourage the use of suggestions because of immediate and delayed memory biases that may occur. Secondly, we have shown that adolescents represent most of the under legal age witnesses and/or victims in French cases, and that investigators generally perceived them as liars and as easily ashamed (Study 2). A study conducted with military police officers who previously had training in the use of structured interview techniques (vs. untrained officers; Study 3) showed that their use of suggestive questions were related to the belief that suggestive prompts could help the young witness and/or victim retrieve and recall information, but also (and most importantly) allow the investigation to move forward. This was especially observed with untrained military police officers. To deal with these inappropriate practices, we investigated the efficiency of two modified versions of the cognitive interview (MCI). This interview protocol is based on an open (rather than closed or suggestive) questioning style, and proposes effective retrieval strategies. Relying on techniques that promote memory retrieval and recall of information, it could then enhance the adolescents’ statements’ reliability, for these to be used during the investigation. We therefore tested a mnemonic called ‘guided peripheral focus’ (Study 4), which showed its benefits. Indeed, we observed an increase in the recall of correct information (vs. structured interview; SI). However, this was accompanied by an increase in errors. A similar pattern was observed with a shortened version of the MCI (vs. SI) used for repeated events (vs. single event; Study 5). In addition, this last study showed an increase in confabulations with the MCI (compared to a SI, and irrespective of the frequency of the event), but also in confusions between the different events experienced by some of the adolescents. However, these increases in erroneous details did not lead to a drop in the accuracy rate in either study. The results of the five studies will be discussed in regards with the scientific literature, and recommendations to help justice practitioners conduct their adolescent witness and/or victim interviews as appropriately as possible will be provided
Ginet, Magali. "Etude d'une nouvelle technique d'audition destinée à améliorer les souvenirs des témoins : l'entretien cognitif". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20001.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this thesis is to study the cognitive interview, a new technique designed to improve eyewitness memory at the time of examination, or, in other words, to increase the quantity of correct information recalled by the witness without a corresponding increase in errors or confabulations. The theoretical introduction begins by a critical analysis of procedures used by police officers. The two theoretical foundations of the cognitive interview are then exposed : notions of context and script, followed by a review of litterature on the cognitive interview. An another technique of memory improvement is also studied, the cognitive encoding, wich employs several strategies of the cognitive interview applied at the time of encoding. The introduction is followed by the presentation of six experiences carried out in order to test the effectiveness of cognitive interview and cognitive encoding. The first experience, involving police officers, demonstrates the effectiveness of the cognitive interview in a field perspective. The second one confirms the effectiveness of both the cognitive interview and the cognitive encoding, and the complementarity of the two techniques. The third one demonstrates once again the effectiveness of the two techniques in more controlled methodological conditions and in presence of negative emotion. The fourth one explores the effectiveness of each mnemonic components of the cognitive interview and the cognitive encoding. The fifth one examines specifically the effectiveness of the mental context reinstatement technique as a function of the presence of negative emotion and the semantic relation between the emotion and the critical event. The sixth one examines the effectiveness of each components of the cognitive interview as a function of subjects' expertise level in consideration of the critical event. Theorical and pratical implications of results obtained in this work, wich demonstrate a significant effectiveness of the cognitive interview, are then discussed
Vazel, Marie-Annick. "Proposition d'une méthodologie d'élaboration des portraits-robot". Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20030.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis deals with an applicated research perspective, in the experimental field that refers to facial composite production. It aims at elaborating and evaluating a methodology which can lead significantly to better composites. The following experiments are dedicated first to the evaluation of computer-driven systems which rely on different procedures of faces' processing and secondly to several interviews which lead to maximise the informations collecting related to the face of the suspect. Our results will allow us to reject the computer-driven system which rely on an analytic processing of the face to confirm the superiority of computer-driven systems which rely on an holistic processing of the faces (experimentations 2 and 3). Moreover, it will be established that the superiority of that type of computer-driven systme is renforced by the cognitice interview adapted to facial composites (CIAF) (experimentations 2 and 3). Those results will lead us in experiment 4 to verify the efficacity of the CIAF with evaluating the supression of each of the five rules (experimentation 4). The rules which have been found to be benefic in experiment 4 will be evaluated once again (experimentation 5), assessing the superiority of the hypermnesia, recontextualisation and holistic treatment's rules on facial composites. Finally, the CIAF's protocol which contains those three rules will be globally evaluated (experimentation 6). The last experiment will permit to reject definity the use of a computer-driven systems which rely on an analytic processing, to consider new researchs, related to the evaluation of new computer-driven systems which rely on an holistic processing of the face (experimentation 6)
Job, Romain. "L'audition des enfants par les enquêteurs : formation et utilisation du protocole du NICHD en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILH070.
Texto completo da fonteWhen children are victims, their testimony is often central to the investigation process. In recent decades, several interview techniques have been developed and tested to ensure that the child's testimony is gathered under the best possible conditions. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) interview protocol currently appears to be one of the most recommended and validated techniques at the international level. It was included in the training programs of French gendarmes and police officers in 2016. However, since then, no study has examined the impact of this implementation on field practice. The objectives of this research are therefore to learn more about how child testimonies are gathered in France, to verify whether national and international recommendations have been followed, and whether the training courses provided have enabled the NICHD protocol to be effectively implemented. In 2021, most interviews with child victims were video-recorded and took place in a dedicated room. However, the majority of investigators interviewing children were not trained in the NICHD protocol. Moreover, child witnesses seemed to be interviewed under less optimal conditions. Investigators trained in the NICHD protocol reported adopting best practices in interviews more often than those who had not received such training. These self-reported practices, collected via an online questionnaire, were confirmed by an analysis of 92 interview reports and transcripts of pre- and post-training interviews. The pre-training interviews did not comply with the recommendations: invitations, although strongly recommended, were the questions least used; conversely, closed and suggestive questions accounted for 58% of the questions asked, although they should be avoided. In contrast, the post-training interviews were of much higher quality: they contained over 7 times more invitations, 2 times more facilitators, and 2 times fewer suggestive questions than the pre-training interviews. These results confirm the value of the French training in the NICHD protocol. However, despite the improvement in quality, there is still room for improvement in questioning: not all trained interviewers use the protocol all the time, and the time that has elapsed since training has led to a deterioration in the quality of questions. To better understand the reasons why French interviewers use or don't use the protocol, we mobilized a model of acceptance and usability of a new technology, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. We found that the more trained interviewers believe that the protocol help them to interview children better (performance expectation), and that it requires little effort to implement (effort expectation), the more they intend to use the NICHD protocol during interviews. This intention to use the NICHD protocol and the presence of sufficient material and intellectual resources (facilitating conditions) are important predictors of the actual use of the NICHD protocol in interviews. A number of recommendations have been put forward to increase the intention and effective use of the protocol in the field
Gouttenoire, Adeline. "L'enfant et les procédures judiciaires". Lyon 3, 1994. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/1994_in_gouttenoire_a.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteTrassard, Cédric. "Le corps absent du procès pénal : l’éclatement spatio-temporel de la parole et de l’image dans le procès pénal du XXIème siècle". Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100205.
Texto completo da fonteSociety is changing. So is Crime, and financial imperatives have found their way inside the realm of Law. Criminal procedure is following this trend. The spoken word still occupies a prominent place, but its spatial and temporal contexts have changed. The image of the ideal trial held in a single courtroom in the presence of the judges, the parties and the public is now undermined. In the same way, the oral character of the trial and its heuristic value have been altered. The spoken word reproduced during the judgment audience tends to become exceptional, and is usually confined to the investigations or is transmitted from a distant place. As a consequence, it becomes possible for the criminal trial to be both here and elsewhere, both present and absent: the XXIst century criminal trial is witnessing a spatiotemporal break-up of image and of the spoken word. The witness (and criminal informants) protection mechanisms inexorably lead to a spatiotemporal break-up of image and of the spoken word, and to a degradation of the usual characteristics of evidence (given orally, and with due hearing of the parties). The use of videoconference breaks up the spatial unity of criminal trial and revolutionizes not only the modality and the place of appearing in court, but also the public character of court proceedings
Rainis, Natascha. "Psychologie expérimentale et psychologie légale : de nouveaux effets de contexte afin d'améliorer la mémoire des témoins oculaires". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF20004.
Texto completo da fonteSince the beginning of the 20 th century, researches applied to eyewitness testimony allowed to show the fallibility of eyewitnesses memory. Concerning some of the factors that could reduce the quality of the recollection of a criminal event, we have chosen to study two factors which are often linked to the fact of being an eyewitness to such an event. The first factor is the negative emotions felt by the witness. The second factor is the fact to be confronted to people others than the protagonist of the criminal scene; these people can constitute an interference at the moment of the suspect identification. In this vein, our aim was to find a technique which allowed to counterbalance the deleterious influence of these two factors on the eyewitnesses memory. According to us, the technique which appeared the most efficient or the most promising was a particular context reinstatement procedure. In fact, we obtained important mnesic benefits in using, at test, a contextual scene different but semantically associated to the encoding context
Vachon, François. "Le rôle du masquage dans le phénomène du clignement attentionnel en audition". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24379/24379.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteGrenzebach, Jan [Verfasser], Alexandra [Gutachter] Bendixen, Alexandra [Akademischer Betreuer] Bendixen, Wolfgang [Gutachter] Einhäuser-Treyer e Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Einhäuser-Treyer. "Cross-modal mechanisms: perceptual multistability in audition and vision / Jan Grenzebach ; Gutachter: Alexandra Bendixen, Wolfgang Einhäuser-Treyer ; Alexandra Bendixen, Wolfgang Einhäuser-Treyer". Chemnitz : Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234147548/34.
Texto completo da fonteAllione, Julien. "Construction et validation d'un protocole visant à améliorer la détection du mensonge : une démarche de psychologie expérimentale appliquée". Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20102.
Texto completo da fonteIn the last decades, research assessing the veracity of suspects statements, witnesses and alleged victims has become of great importance in eyewitness testimony scientifique literature. Indeed, statements are given a crucial role in eyewitness evidence. However, detecting a wrong statement is a difficult task, Several researches highlighted the inaccuracy for detecting false statement. Experimental studies tried to propose relevant cues to detect liar behaviour. Studies looking into verbal cues are a lot more promising than thoes interested in non-verbal cues. Two approaches analyzing principally written transcriptions of oral statements are currently subject to a lot of attention. One is the Criteria-Based Content Analysis (Steller and Köhnken, 1989) and the other is the Reality Monitoring (Johnson and Raye, 1989). Unfortunately, thoses approaches present few weakness. The first step of our research program consisted in extracting the most relevant verbal cues. In the same time, we tried to increase the criteria efficiency, using particular interviewing procedures. Then, we have submited the extracted cues to law offenders, in order to know if on the basis of transcription, those cues could allow better scoring in detecting sincere or untruthful testimonies. Finally, we tested if our approach would still be effective without having to retranscribe statements. The results show an improvment in detecting sincere to untruthfull testimonies
Dal, Cason Davide. "The thin line between bystanders and interveners: Factors explaining people reactions in case of workplace bullying". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/267195.
Texto completo da fonteDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Hamel, Nadine. "L'incidence du masquage sur le clignement attentionnel en modalité auditive". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/45001.
Texto completo da fontePouliot, Marc. "Détermination d'une fréquence naturelle de l'horloge interne par variations graduelles de tempo". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25090/25090.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteTorkghashghaei, Moghadam Esmat. "La notion de secte : une approche anthropologie psychanalytique". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070010.
Texto completo da fonteThe need for religion in our age, emerges in large segments of populations without solid distinction. Fear of the future and deterioration of economic conditions render individual adaptation to society and modernity more difficult. Anxiety, insecurity and the fear of losing one's values due to quick and profound changes in the contemporary society, push certain individuals towards sectarian groups and provide for an efficient fïeld of action for these groups. Modem society is faced with a variety of sects that do not have the same modes of functioning. They are dispersed around different ideological fields and propose elitist forms of thought based more on worrisome practices than on religion. They often impose their own norms of thought by means and techniques that are often a mixture of affection and disillusion. The destructive danger of these groups, for individuals, institutions, and for culture, is great and should not be underestimated. Since a few years ago, we are witness to a spectacular spreading of a variety of spiritual offers and to the multiplication of groups, offering new forms of religiousness. These sects manage to hide behind the protection of the 1901 law, introduced for non-benefit associations (in France), emphasizing their lack of financial interest The strength of sectarian groups comes from the fact that they replace the family for their members: the guru is a father figure, while the group takes the place of the mother. The member is the child that receives the image of an ideal family from the sect. In this way new recruits live their belonging on the same mode as a newborn, feeling secure through group membership. This adherence that takes place through transference is coherent with the discourse of the guru, and depicts a pathological manifestation of religiousness. Among these sectarian trends, two sects, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Mujahedins of People, are two examples that, over and above a discourse of religious inspiration, rely on an organization that ensures the opacity of their activities and group links. These two apocalyptic sects foretell, not only the return of prophesy, but also that of its glory for the end of the world. The psychoanalytic anthropology approach allows us to understand psychic functioning based on the totalitarian thinking that constitutes the sect, as well as the relation between the guru and the follower, and the consequences of the rupture between the sect and the social System. It will allow us to shed light on what links sectarian mechanisms, the functioning that comprises the hatred that guarantees the existence and continuity of the sect. Sectarian seduction is the prelude to the process of indoctrination. Recruiting is efficient when the seducer stages the sectarian illusion. By these mechanisms and methods, the sect changes the behavior of the individual with respect to the outside word, base on his/her needs. In turn, it will reconstruct a follower, submissive to the sect. Hatred has an important place in the doctrines of sects. Followers resort to delirium within the sect in order to continue to manage their business in an informed way. Violent acts are the direct consequence of this hatred
Torch, Sakina. "Etude quantitative du nerf musculo-cutané humain par morphométrie ultrastructurale et analyse d'image : mise au point des méthodes et application à des cas témoins et pathologiques". Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10139.
Texto completo da fonteCurtet, Florence. "Deuil compliqué et dépression, conseil en deuil, perte parentale : étude comparative d'une population de 69 patients hospitalisés en psychiatrie et d'un échantillon de 29 sujets témoins issus de la population générale". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23060.
Texto completo da fonteMourot, Marine. "Madrid en guerre dans la littérature de la transition démocratique : Juan Iturralde et Juan Eduardo Zúñiga, témoins du conflit". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOL022.
Texto completo da fonteNovels or short stories published in Spanish over the last twenty years have revealed a keen interest in what can be considered as a subgenre of the historical novel, the novel for the memory. This subgenre stages the recent History of Spain, particularly the Civil War. Its authors were born in the 50s or 60s, and have no direct memory of the events. It is usual to consider that Luna de lobos (1985) and Beatus Ille (1986) are the novels showing early signs of this phenomenon, which only became widespread ten years later and peaked at the turning point of the 21st century, in particular after the publication of Soldados de Salamina by Javier Cercas in 2001. Nevertheless, between the end of the Francoism in 1975 which led to the disappearance of censorship in 1977 and 1985, several fictional narrative texts relating the war and the Francoism were written and published. Días de llamas by Juan Iturralde was edited in 1979 and Juan Eduardo Zúñiga published Largo noviembre de Madrid in 1980. The study of these two books will question the often expressed idea that the literature from the first years of the Transition period did not favor the theme of war. It will also focus on the narrative strategies that these authors, who were direct witnesses of the events, chose in order to fictionalize this period from the History of Spain. Indeed, their literary approach to the facts was inevitably different from that taken by the writers who accepted being restricted by censorship and that taken by the following generations who only indirectly experienced the war. The particular treatment which Juan Iturralde and Juan Eduardo Zúñiga reserved to the referent, in particular the setting of an illusion of reality, denotes them both as dissidents compared to the narratives about the conflict published during the same period, and as heirs of the realistic tradition which they exploited and surpassed in order to relate a plausible but limited version of the events taking place from 1936 to 1939, due to their subjective perspective. In spite of the intrigues being anchored within a precise historical context, the reality is not necessarily self-evident in these narratives. In the extreme circumstances of war, the reality becomes a motive for questioning rather than an object of unequivocal and irrevocable knowledge. A single element is never questioned: the horror of the civil conflict whose fictionalization is fully able to translate the problematic dimension of reality. By the theme addressed by these books and the way they distanced themselves from the will of collective amnesia which has perniciously settled in Spain, they both have become “commemorative sites”, leaning toward the claim for the importance of the “duty of remembrance”, the rehabilitation of marginal memories which has been silenced too long, and the resilience of various traumas through fictionalizing psychic disorders caused by the horror of this conflict
Blier, Mylène. "Estimation temporelle avec interruption : les effets de localisation et de durée d'interruption sont-ils sensibles à l'incertitude ?" Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21201.
Texto completo da fonteBourgeois, Marc Louis. "Les deuils pathologiques : traduction et validation de l'Inventaire de "deuil compliqué" (Inventory of complicated grief, de H.G. Prigerson et al., 1995-1996) chez 107 patients psychiatriques hospitalisés et 100 témoins de la population générale : comparaison avec l'échelle T.R.I.G. (Texas revised inventory of grief, Faschingbauer et al., 1983)". Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20947.
Texto completo da fontePart one of this thesis presents various conceptualization and interpretations of the experience as well as behavior of bereavement and grief using 20th century models of psychopathology. Recent descriptive naturalistic, longitudinal and epidemiological studies of the general population helped define the clinical aspects of "normative grief", and in particular the model of "non complicated bereavement (DSM-III, DSM-IV, CIM 10). Grief normally evolves according to four stages (shock, separation anxiety and research behaviour, working through one's grief and spontaneously resolving depression, and finally a stage of recuperation), with each stage having its own characteristics. Conversely, abnormal, psychiatric, or pathological grief has been defined, and in particular the model of "complicated grief" which is characterized by chronicity as well as by psychosocial and somatic complications. The ICG (Inventory of complicated grief, Prigerson et al. , 1995-1996) is a quantitative instrument specific to grief which allows for distinguishing separation distress and traumatic distress on the one hand, and the grief reactions of depression and anxiety on the other. Using a dimensional approach, the ICG helps identify bereaved persons at high risk for psychological and somatic disorders (cancer, heart disease, etc. . . ), and its therefore of major interest in a health psychology. As twenty percent of all bereaved subjects will present with complicated grief, this represents an important public health concern. Part 2 of this thesis reviews the controversys relative to the different qualitative and/or quantitative approaches to bereavement and grief, and in particular the quantitative grief scales such as the TRIG, CBI and ICG. The 3rd part presents an individual empirical study based on a sample of 108 psychiatric inpatients compared to 100 subjects from the general population. The results of the investigation confirme the excellent construct validity, criterion validity and convergent validity of the ICG, compared to the TRIG
Villemin, Danièle. "Réécouter, réécrire. Évolutions du discours descriptif en classe de troisième. Didactique du lexique en éducation musicale". Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040112.
Texto completo da fonteWriting a commentary after a listening exercise mobilizes several skills linked to perception and drafting. This thesis, aiming at an interdisciplinary approach, attempts to describe the influence of autonomous revision and of the piece of music heard on commentaries written by pupils in the fourth form. Its theoretical foundations are found in audition psychology and linguistics. The primary role attributed to language skills gives way to a systematic and holistic description of the compiled vocabulary. For this thesis, original content analysis tools have been designed, based on the corpus. Its contribution is thus essentially methodological. The selected indicators enable us to assess the disparities in informative density according to the piece heard and the drafting register of the commentary. Based on a synthesis of the results obtained, it is thus possible to establish a typology of written commentaries and bring to light some stylistic and formal aspects of the selected pieces of music through a reasoned analysis of lexical intensification areas
Lipschutz, Brigitte. "Etudes comportementales et d'imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle de l'attention et de l'héminégligence auditives". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211349.
Texto completo da fonteZuliani, Philippe. "Intelligibilite de la parole dans des conditions d'ecoute difficiles : etude et prevision fondee sur l'hypothese de reflexion diffuse en paroi". Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30218.
Texto completo da fonteMarchal, Cynthie. "Post-hoc prescience: retrospective reasoning and judgment among witnesses of interpersonal aggression". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209818.
Texto completo da fonteLorsque les témoins jugent une agression interpersonnelle, il est généralement attendu d’eux qu’ils considèrent rationnellement ce qu’une personne raisonnable aurait pu penser, savoir et faire dans pareille situation, et ce en se fondant uniquement sur les preuves qui leur sont fournies. Il n’en reste pas moins que leur analyse sera toutefois tronquée par des biais de jugement et des motivations personnelles. C’est pourquoi la détermination du blâme et l’influence des déformations rétrospectives et évaluatives sont au cœur de cette recherche. Ainsi, nous investiguons plus particulièrement le biais de rétrospection, à savoir l’erreur commune qui laisse à l’individu penser qu’il est en mesure de prévoir n’importe quel événement, alors qu’en réalité, il n’en est rien. Une telle erreur peut cependant avoir de graves conséquences pour la victime dès lors que les témoins sont amenés à croire qu’elle aurait « dû » prévoir ce qui allait survenir. Dans cette thèse, nous envisageons également les modérateurs de ce biais, dont le rôle du contexte communicationnel. Nous avons, dès lors, fait l’hypothèse que le contexte communicationnel pourrait affecter l’angle sous lequel les témoins considèrent l’événement et la distance perçue par rapport à celui-ci. Ce faisant, nous pensions que le biais de rétrospection et le blâme de la victime seraient réduits lorsque le contexte diminuait la distance perçue vis-à-vis de l’événement (en l’occurrence, la distance temporelle et la proximité perçue avec le sort de la victime). De même, il était attendu que l’agresseur soit davantage blâmé dans pareille condition. Les quatre premières études s’intéressaient donc au rôle des buts poursuivis lors de la communication à propos de l’agression, afin d’envisager en quoi décrire comment (vs. pourquoi) l’agression s’était produite aidait à réduire la distance perçue. Une cinquième étude nous a ensuite permis de considérer si la voix passive (versus active) avait aussi un effet similaire. Quant aux quatre dernières études, elles avaient pour objectif d’investiguer dans quelle mesure l’ordre de présentation des informations (connaître la fin avant, vs. après les antécédents) pouvait avoir également une incidence sur la prise de distance par rapport à l’événement et aux jugements. Plus précisément, nous faisions l’hypothèse que connaître l’événement en premier lieu (avant ses antécédents) facilitait la réduction de la distance perçue. Les résultats obtenus dans les cinq premières recherches semblaient confirmer nos hypothèses :Un contexte communicationnel qui réduisait la distance psychologique perçue par rapport à l’événement pouvait non seulement diminuer le biais de rétrospection et le blâme de la victime, mais augmenter aussi le blâme de l’agresseur. Toutefois, les dernières recherches ont semblé démontrer, a contrario, que connaître l’agression en premier lieu pouvait réduire le blâme de l’agresseur et augmenter celui de la victime, alors même que la distance perçue avec les événements était réduite. In fine, ce travail suggère donc que le contexte communicationnel, dans lequel le biais émerge, et la prise de distance face à l’événement négatif sont autant de pistes qu’il faudrait creuser à l’avenir pour mieux comprendre le raisonnement et les jugements rétrospectifs des témoins.
Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Simon, Danièle. "Etude des processus de memorisation et de decision dans une activite de double-tache : leurs modifications par des ambiances acoustiques diverses". Strasbourg 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13016.
Texto completo da fonteLaunay, Céline. "Conception et évaluation d'une consigne verbatim de l'entretien cognitif : la reconstitution". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20149.
Texto completo da fonteEyewitness testimony is a fundamental determinant to the resolution of criminal investigations. To conduct criminal investigations effectively, it appears essential to obtain complete and accurate testimony. For this purpose, a research team has developed a method based on the features of human memory, aiming to enhance the eliciting of eyewitness accounts: the cognitive interview (Geiselman et al., 1984). Although this method enables investigators to obtain detailed descriptions without reducing the quality of the testimony, it is still only marginally used by legal professionals. The objective of this thesis is twofold: it aims to provide interviewing instructions which take into account the psychological processes at work in the recalling of events in episodic memory, while simultaneously being acceptable from the standpoint of professional practice. The first step involved conducting an analysis of professional practices. An evaluation of training in cognitive interviewing by police investigators showed that the method is easily learnt and suggests that the lack of implementation in practice does not stem from the difficulties linked to its implementation, but rather arises as a result of a lack of acceptance among professionals. In order to further our understanding of the professional objectives of the hearing, we then conducted an analysis of practices in terms of hearing. This analysis revealed that investigators were essentially seeking out information about the actions which took place during the crime scene. Based on these findings, we designed a re-enactment-alike interviewing instruction, which activates the verbatim traces in memory and is intended to elicit the general and specific actions of a scene. This instruction was tested in an interviewing protocol and demonstrated its quantitative and qualitative effectiveness in providing a greater quantity of correct information compared with other instructions, whilst withstanding a concomitant increase in the number of errors. Re-enactment-alike instruction thus appears highly relevant for reaching the main objective of a police investigation
Demany, Laurent. "La Perception de la hauteur tonale". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376043783.
Texto completo da fonteBouvet, Romain. "L'effet des croyances sur la production des faux souvenirs : études des témoignages de phénomènes aérospatiaux non identifiés". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20024.
Texto completo da fonteThis doctoral dissertation focuses on the impact of beliefs on the development of false memories. Such memories have been reported to be important as far as the judicial system is concerned. The CNES (Centre National d’ Études Spatiales) has been an ideal study site for a depth understanding of the development of false memories. Indeed, the CNES has developed the GEPAN (Groupe d’Études et d’Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés), a service aiming to collect French testimonies regarding PAN (Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non identifiés). The GEIPAN receive plenty of testimonies (2 testimonies per day). This collaboration with the GEIPAN allowed to conduct both field researches and experimental studies aiming to highlight processes leading to false memories. False memories were related to beliefs about UFOs as long as a period led to a confusion between the several sources memories. In a last part of this doctoral dissertation, the adaptation of judicial interview (cognitive interview on the Internet) for these testimonies will be presented as well as its utility to for solving a part of false memories. These findings and their utility in criminal investigation will be discussed in the discussion section
Servière, Jacques. "La tonotopie du colliculus inferieur chez trois espèces de mammifères (chat, singe, cobaye) : étude anatomo-fonctionnelle par le 14c-2-désoxyglucose". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066251.
Texto completo da fonteCouture, Rachel. "Le règlement judiciaire de l'injure à Paris au XVIIIe siècle : collaboration entre la justice conciliante et les justiciables avertis". Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/832/1/M10184.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteHamel, Nadine. "L'incidence du masquage sur le clignement attentionnel en modalité auditive /". 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885679101&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Texto completo da fonteChartrand, Jean-Pierre. "Corrélats neuronaux de l'expertise auditive". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4274.
Texto completo da fonteThe human voice is the most meaningful sound category of our auditory environment. Not only is the human voice the carrier of speech, but it is also used to extract a wealth of relevant information on the speaker. Voice-sensitive areas have been identified along the superior temporal sulci of normal adult listeners. Yet little data is available on the nature and development of this selective response to voice. In the visual domain, a vast literature focuses on a similar problem regarding face perception. Several studies have identified processes and regions involved in visual expertise, demonstrating a strong resemblance to those used for faces. In the auditory domain, very few studies have compared voice expertise to expertise for other sound categories. Such comparisons could contribute to a better understanding of voice perception and hearing. This thesis aims to clarify the nature of the processes and regions involved in voice perception. Different types of experts and different experimental methods were used in three separate studies. The first study assessed the influence of musical expertise on timbre voice processing, by using using behavioral voice and musical instrument discrimination tasks. The results showed that amateur musicians performed better than non-musicians in both tasks, suggesting a generalization of auditory abilities associated with musical practice. The second study compared event related potentials evoked by birdsongs in bird experts and non-expert participants. Because a different topographical distribution was observed among bird experts in all sound categories, a definitive interpretation was difficult to make. In the third study, we asked whether the voice-sensitive areas would be recruited by different categories of sounds of expertise in guitar makers, bird experts and non-experts. The behavioral data showed an interaction between the two groups of experts and their respective category of expertise for memory and discrimination tasks. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed an interaction of the same type in the left superior temporal sulcus and the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The results show that the voice selective areas do not exclusively process voice stimuli but could also contribute to expert-level processing of other sound categories. Therefore, cortical selectivity to human voice could be due to a prolonged exposure to voice. The data presented demonstrate several behavioral and anatomo-functional similarities between cerebral voice processing and other types of auditory expertise. These common aspects can be explained by a functional and economical brain organization. Consequently, sound processing would rely on shared neural networks unless necessary. This interpretation is particularly important to suggest an integrative approach for studying voice processing specificity.
Charbonneau, Geneviève. "Intégration sensorielle chez les individus ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21761.
Texto completo da fonteParé, Samuel. "L'utilisation des sons spatialisés horizontalement en tant qu'aide à la navigation chez des aveugles précoces et tardifs". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24548.
Texto completo da fonteVision is the preferred sense for interacting with our environment. This is why the visual system takes up more than a third of the cerebral cortex. When an individual loses his vision, this system misses its primary source of stimuli. It therefore undergoes a massive neuronal reorganization and becomes an intermodal space. To do so, it recruits afferents from other modalities so that they take over the functions that are normally mediated by vision. This phenomenon, known as cerebral plasticity, is stimulated by the experience of blindness as well as by the training of the functional senses. This causes the blind to develop supra-abilities in their functional modalities. Sensory substitution is a principle that exploits this phenomenon. It makes it possible to substitute a deficient modality with another modality. To help the blind, sensory substitution devices are being developed to convey visual information via touch or hearing. Although these devices attempt to provide functional vision for the blind, the main issue they try to address is the improvement of the navigational independency of the blind. However, these devices are very little appreciated by the blind since they are inaccessible and provide a complex signal that requires intense training and too high of a cognitive load. Therefore, in this project, we evaluated the potential of a new sensory substitution device that provides information strictly relevant to spatial navigation in the form of horizontally spatialized sounds. To do so, early blind , late blind and sighted blindfolded individuals were tested for their ability to detect and avoid obstacles using the device under experimental conditions. The study showed that it is possible to use this device as a navigation aid and that this system is used more effectively by the blind.
Trotier, Sylvain Karine. "Attachement, tempérament et déclaration de l’enfant victime d’agression sexuelle durant l’audition". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11962.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis explores the contributions of attachment and temperament to the amount of details reported by young victims of sexual abuse. Police investigative interviews with 25 children aged from three to seven years old were codified to assess the type of questions asked and the amount of details. Child temperament was assessed by a parent form questionnaire. Children’s representations of attachment relationships and verbal abilities were assessed with tasks performed in sub-samples. In order to answer this main research question, the TABC-r parent form temperament questionnaire was translated in French and validated with a sample of 231 parents from the general population, which consisted the secondary objective of this thesis. According to results, the French-Canadian version of the TABC-r presents appropriate psychometric properties which are similar to the original version. Results revealed that factor structure, internal consistency, inter-raters reliability, temporal stability and divergent validity are very satisfactory. Convergent validity is supported by relations to behavior problems and family relationships, but associations with cognitive abilities were not found. Results, limits of the study and avenues for future research are discussed. Results obtained concerning the associations between attachment, temperament and disclosure of sexual abuse during investigative interviews revealed that children with more secure and less deactivated attachment representations provide significantly more details on average in response to option-posing prompts. Moderate relations, though not significant, between lack of task persistence and average amount of details elicited by option-posing prompts, and between secure and deactivated attachment and average amount of information globally were also described considering the small sample size. When simultaneously considered, it seems that secure attachment and lack of task persistence both potentially contribute to explain a part of variance of the average amount of details elicited by recognition questions when age is controlled, although only attachment security is a significant predictor. Results, limits of the study, avenues for future research and implications for the conduct of investigative interviews are discussed.
Thompson, Jessica A. F. "Characterizing and comparing acoustic representations in convolutional neural networks and the human auditory system". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24665.
Texto completo da fonteAuditory processing in the human brain and in contemporary machine hearing systems consists of a cascade of representational transformations that extract and reorganize relevant information to enable task performance. This thesis is concerned with the nature of acoustic representations and the network design and learning principles that support their development. The primary scientific goals are to characterize and compare auditory representations in deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and the human auditory pathway. This work prompts several meta-scientific questions about the nature of scientific progress, which are also considered. The introduction reviews what is currently known about the mammalian auditory pathway and introduces the relevant concepts in deep learning.The first article argues that the most pressing philosophical questions at the intersection of artificial and biological intelligence are ultimately concerned with defining the phenomena to be explained and with what constitute valid explanations of such phenomena. I highlight relevant theories of scientific explanation which we hope will provide scaffolding for future discussion. Article 2 tests a popular model of auditory cortex based on frequency-specific spectrotemporal modulations. We find that a linear model trained only on BOLD responses to simple dynamic ripples (containing only one fundamental frequency, temporal modulation rate, and spectral scale) can generalize to predict responses to mixtures of two dynamic ripples. Both the third and fourth article investigate how CNN representations are affected by various aspects of training. The third article characterizes the language specificity of CNN layers and explores the effect of freeze training and random weights. We observed three distinct regions of transferability: (1) the first two layers were entirely transferable between languages, (2) layers 2--8 were also highly transferable but we found some evidence of language specificity, (3) the subsequent fully connected layers were more language specific but could be successfully finetuned to the target language. In Article 4, we use similarity analysis to find that the superior performance of freeze training achieved in Article 3 can be largely attributed to representational differences in the penultimate layer: the second fully connected layer. We also analyze the random networks from Article 3, from which we conclude that representational form is doubly constrained by architecture and the form of the input and target. To test whether acoustic CNNs learn a similar representational hierarchy as that of the human auditory system, the fifth article presents a similarity analysis to compare the activity of the freeze trained networks from Article 3 to 7T fMRI activity throughout the human auditory system. We find no evidence of a shared representational hierarchy and instead find that all of our auditory regions were most similar to the first fully connected layer. Finally, the discussion chapter reviews the merits and limitations of a deep learning approach to neuroscience in a model comparison framework. Together, these works contribute to the nascent enterprise of modeling the auditory system with neural networks and constitute a small step towards a unified science of intelligence that studies the phenomena that are exhibited in both biological and artificial intelligence.
Simard-Meilleur, Andrée-Anne. "Performance perceptive dans l’autisme : du facteur «g» au facteur «p»". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11426.
Texto completo da fontePerception is increasingly recognized as a fundamental aspect of the autism phenotype. Kanner’s (1947) seminal description of autism highlights a heterogeneous cognitive profile characterized by exceptional skills within specific areas of perception (e.g., music). The accumulation of clinical observation on the presence of perceptual atypicalities led to the elaboration of empirical studies designed to objectify enhanced perceptual functioning in autism. Meanwhile, cognitive studies suggest the presence of a "different intelligence" in autism. Autistic intelligence would be characterized by a dissociation of performance between intelligence tests that are strongly correlated together in typical individuals. Research suggests that using tools posing higher demands on verbal skills, such as Wechsler Intelligence scale rather than measures of fluid intelligence, such as Raven Progressive Matrices, would results in an underestimation of autistics’ intellectual potential. With the support of imaging studies, these results suggest a unique relationship between perception and intelligence in this clinical population. Given the accumulating evidence on 1) the presence of perceptual atypicalities, 2) the different role of perception cognition, and 3) the importance of "repetitive behaviours and restricted interests" in the autistic phenotype (DSM-5), the first part of this thesis is interested in the differential relationship between perceptual performance in autism and controls with typical development, beyond what is explained by intelligence. Using linear regression models, results show a profile of plurimodal covariation specific to autism. Unlike control subjects, this association persists beyond what is explained by general intelligence or the overall effectiveness of perceptual systems. This finding is interpreted as an indication of a specific plurimodal factor in autism: the "p" factor. The second part of this dissertation is interested in the prevalence of exceptional skills, the relationship between perceptual strengths and talents, and the predisposing factors related to the development of exceptional skills. Perceptual strengths were evaluated using experimental tasks sensitive for the detection of enhanced perceptual functioning: a pitch discrimination task and a modified version of Wechsler’s block design test. Talents were evaluated clinically using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Results show that 88.4% of people with autism and normal intelligence had at least one exceptional skill (perceptual strengths or talent). Talents were reported in 62.5% of cases and perceptual strengths were found in 58% of cases. The co-occurrence of perceptual strengths across modalities was relatively infrequent (24% to 27%) and the presence of a talent in one modality did not increase the chances of presenting another perceptual strength in the same modality. Greater intelligence increased the chances of presenting at least one talent. In contrast, lower intelligence, still within the normal range, was associated with a more heterogeneous cognitive profile and more frequent perceptual strengths. In sum, autistic intelligence is characterized by a greater role of perception, regardless of enhanced perceptual functioning. This cognitive characteristic is manifested by a specific autism plurimodal factor "p". Theoretically, the factor "p" reflects hardwired alterations in cortical microcircuits organization responsible for the encoding of basic perceptual dimensions. In contrast, weak association between perceptual strengths across modalities suggests that cortical changes would be essential, but not sufficient for the development of exceptional skills. By processes of plasticity, cortical changes would affect the autistic phenotype, offering more "fertile" grounds for the development of exceptional skills. Exceptional skills would develop in autistics exposed to life experiences adapted to their cognitive style. The findings of this dissertation combined with current literature on intelligence and learning lead us to reflect on assessment and intervention approaches most adapted to autistics’ specific cognitive style.
Nolden, Sophie. "Activité cérébrale reliée à la rétention des sons en mémoire à court-terme auditive". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11150.
Texto completo da fonteThe capacity to retain auditory information for a short period of time is fundamental for a variety of cognitive operations. Sounds, in particular, often do not reveal their meaning before being integrated in their temporal context; the retention of tones that are no longer present in the environment is thus necessary for understanding the significance of auditory information. Retaining tones ultimately leads to a successful interaction with the environment. The goal of this thesis was to study brain activity related to the retention of tones, thereby providing a better understanding of low-level mechanisms related to auditory short-term memory. Three empirical studies have been conducted, each of them focusing on a different aspect of the retention of tones. The first article investigated electrophysiological correlates of the retention of tones differing in timbre using the event-related potential technique. The electrophysiological results revealed a fronto-central component that varied with memory load. In the second article, the oscillatory pattern of electric brain activity was explored using electroencephalography. The results revealed that alpha band amplitudes were modulated by memory load during retention. Furthermore, a dissociation of oscillatory activity between the retention of tones and the comparison of test tones against retained tone representations was observed. This study also revealed distinct but interrelated processes taking place at the same time by showing specific amplitude modulations in the alpha and beta bands. The third article focused more on brain areas underpinning the retention of tones. Brain activity was measured with magnetoencephalography and subsequent source localisations were performed. The results suggested the implication of a network of temporal, frontal, and parietal brain areas which was more pronounced in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. The results of the empirical studies emphasized the sensory aspect of auditory short-term memory. In addition, they revealed similarities between the retention of tones differing in fundamental sound characteristics such as timbre and pitch. Considered as a whole, the studies of this thesis contributed to the identification of neural processing underlying the retention of tones by studying electromagnetic brain activity and the implication of corresponding brain areas on a fine temporal scale.
Dionne-Dostie, Emmanuelle. "Utilisation de l’électrophysiologie dans l’étude du développement des capacités d’intégration audiovisuelle du nourrisson à l’âge adulte". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20615.
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