Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Asia (peru)"

This thesis is an investigation into the material prerequisite adaptations required for a transition to compact urban sedentism to occur, as outlined in Roland Fletcher’s foundational theory: The Interaction-Communication Limit Model. The model proposes that there are distinct limits that restrict the population density and the areal extent of a settlement. These limits are defined by the finite capacity for humans to process and respond to signals. These signals emanate from the settlement environment, its layout, form, features and the inhabitants of the settlement themselves. The growth of a settlement exponentially increases the stress an individual experiences as the density of the site increases. A community in a dense and compact settlement cannot grow to exceed this limit and expect to remain sustainable. Thus, the material environment must be adapted to produce more predictable social contexts; a means with which to control the signal load of a dense urban community. The adaptations must emerge prior to the settlement reaching its I-C limit to maintain sustainable growth. This study focusses on the period between the 1Ha and 100Ha transition, according to Fletcher’s model, from early sedentary villages to city-states in Southwest Asia, China, Mesoamerica, and Peru. These four centres of sedentary transitions were chosen of the six generally accepted compact urban centres to generate a geographically far-reaching dataset within the time limitations of a master’s degree: with the illustrations and definitions of Fletcher’s work as a standard for identification and cataloguing of material prerequisites. In practice, this study sought to categorise and identify the accumulation of instances of prerequisite adaptations in the material record of each region over time, in order to assess whether the emergence of these prerequisites is random, or the result of a process. These material prerequisites have been organised into three umbrella categories. Using these categories, this study graphically maps the accumulation of material prerequisites over time to test the I-C model as well as discuss the implications of such an accumulation. Ultimately, the interregional nature of this study can also allow for comparison of the material record to identify global patterns in trajectories of settlement growth.

Resumo: O presente trabalho estudou o efeito dos sulfatos de cobre e de zinco no controle da população de fungos e bactérias que causam biodeterioração em rochas traquitos e riodacitos da Catedral de San Francisco de Asis, cidade de Ayaviri, província de Melgar, Peru. Os objetivos propostos foram 1) estudar os efeitos do tratamento das rochas da Catedral por meio do uso de diferentes concentrações de sulfato de cobre e zinco, 2) estudos de isolamento, determinação e antibiograma de fungos biodegradadores. Este trabalho destina-se a contribuir com os profissionais que atuam na área da preservação de patrimônios históricos. O experimento foi conduzido em três paredes da Catedral de Ayaviri construídas em rochas magmáticas traquitos e riodacitos. Foram retiradas amostras após 24 horas e 7 dias da aplicação dos tratamentos à base de sulfato de cobre e zinco em diferentes concentrações, procedeu-se à tomada de amostras da rocha inoculadas em meio de martin líquido. Sete dias após a incubação, procedeu-se à contagem dos microrganismos utilizando a técnica do número mais provável (NMP), para verificação do efeito dos tratamentos na população de microrganismos. Não houve diferença da testemunha para as amostras em que foram aplicados os tratamentos, após 24 horas e 7 dias. Para complementação dos dados foi realizado um antibiograma que apresentou controle fungistático para microrganismos estudados e foram repicados em placas contendo meio de martin sólido. As colônias foram isoladas e repicadas em tubos de ensaio inclinados contendo o meio de cultura Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Posteriormente foram enviadas ao Laboratório de Coleção de Culturas de Fungos do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (RJ) para determinação. Os fungos oriundos da Catedral de Ayaviri foram determinadas como Aspergillus fumigatus e Aspergillus versicolor. Mesmo com diferente eficácia, todos os tratamentos apresentaram-se viáveis na avaliação visual, já que não provocaram alteração da coloração original da rocha. Os resultados do antibiograma indicaram que os tratamentos com solução de sulfato de cobre a 3%, 5% e sulfato de cobre a 5% mais sulfato de zinco a 5% apresentaram valores estatisticamente iguais e ação fungistática para a preservação das rochas da Catedral, com exceção do tratamento sulfato de cobre 0,5%.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects about 300 million people, where a significant proportion is the paediatric population. There are currently no studies in Peru where regimens seeking adherence to asthma control are related to a decrease in hospitalization. OBJECTIVES: Determine the relationship between adherence to an asthma management regimen and the incidence of hospitalization in asthmatic children aged 5 to 12 years in a private clinic in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted at all headquarters of the private clinic. 388 patients between 5 and 12 years of age were included, of them 76 abandoned the asthma management regimen voluntarily during the study period. Therefore, 312 patients with asthma diagnosis who entered the asthma management regimen were obtained as a sample between 2012 and 2013. The exposure variable was adherence to the asthma management regimen, defined as attached to the patient who at least attends a medical visit every 2 months or 6 visits per year. The result variable (hospitalization) refers to the patient belonging to the regimen and entered at least 1 day in the hospitalized area in the period 2013-2018. Other variables we analyzed were sex, parent education, housing area, treatment, BMI (z-score) and asthma classification (GINA 2016). RESULTS: A total of 312 records of asthma patients were analyzed, where, 273 (87.50%) patients were properly attached to the asthma management regimen; and only 42 (13.46%) 39 (12.50%) were hospitalized patients were not attached to the asthma management regimen; 16 (41.03%) were hospitalized. In the bivariate and multivariate analysis, an association was found between hospitalization and adherence to the asthma management regimen (RR, 0.22, CI95%, 0.12 -0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Good adherence to medical visits from the asthma management regimen would be a protective factor to prevent hospitalization in paediatric patients aged 5 to 12 years.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que afecta alrededor de 300 millones de personas, donde una proporción importante es la población pediátrica. En la actualidad no se cuenta con estudios en Perú donde los regímenes que buscan adherencia al control del asma están relacionados a una disminución de la hospitalización. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la relación entre adherencia a un régimen de manejo de asma y la incidencia de hospitalización en niños asmáticos de 5 a 12 años en una clínica privada de Lima, Perú. MÉTODOS: Estudio cohorte retrospectivo realizado en todas las sedes de la clínica privada. El régimen comprende una serie de consultas médicas en donde se les brinda educación y tratamiento de su enfermedad. Se incluyeron 388 pacientes de 5 a 12 años de edad, de ellos 76 abandonaron el régimen de manejo de asma de manera voluntaria durante el periodo del estudio. Por lo cual se obtuvo como muestra a 312 pacientes con diagnóstico de asma que ingresaron al régimen de manejo de asma entre el año 2012 al 2013. La variable de exposición fue adherencia al régimen de manejo de asma, se definió como adherido al paciente que por lo menos acude a una visita médica cada 2 meses o 6 visitas al año durante los años 2012 al 2013. La variable de resultado (hospitalización) se refiere al paciente que pertenece al régimen e ingresaba al menos 1 día al área de hospitalizados en el periodo 2013-2018. Otras variables que analizamos fueron sexo, educación de los padres, zona de vivienda, tratamiento, IMC (z-score) y la clasificación de asma (GINA 2016). RESULTADOS: Un total de 312 registros de pacientes con asma fueron analizados, en donde, 273 (87,50%) pacientes se encontraban correctamente adheridos al régimen de manejo de asma; y de ellos solo 42 (13,46%) se hospitalizaron, por otro lado, 39 (12.50%) pacientes no se encontraban adheridos al régimen de manejo de asma; y de ellos 16 (41.03%) se hospitalizaron. En el análisis bivariado y multivariado, se encontró asociación entre la hospitalización y la adherencia al régimen de manejo de asma (RR, 0,22, IC95%, 0,12 -0,43). CONCLUSIONES: Una buena adherencia a las visitas médicas del régimen de manejo de asma sería un factor protector para evitar la hospitalización en pacientes pediátricos de 5 a 12 años.
Tesis

La investigación trata de explicar el comportamiento de las importaciones peruanas desde Asia, las cuales han presentado una dinámica interesante en los últimos quince años. A través del análisis econométrico en diferentes especificaciones del Modelo de Gravedad, se comprobó que el tipo de cambio real bilateral, los aranceles de Nación Más Favorecida y los costos del comercio internacional fueron los determinantes más importantes para explicar el flujo de importaciones totales desde 22 países de Asia en el periodo 2000 – 2014. A nivel desagregado, los ingresos del Perú afectaron más a la importación de bienes intermedios y de capital, el tipo de cambio real bilateral tuvo un impacto positivo y significativo para la importación de bienes de capital, y la Crisis Financiera de EE.UU. afectó más a la importación de bienes intermedios. Destaca además el impacto significativo de los costos del comercio sobre los tres tipos de importación. El vínculo importador – proveedor asiático se puede seguir reforzando con mejoras en el desempeño logístico del Perú para facilitar el comercio y mayores vínculos con proveedores asiáticos de interés económico para diversificar el intercambio comercial. Se espera fomentar la investigación en las relaciones comerciales con el continente asiático, en especial enfocar a las importaciones no como una amenaza a la economía nacional sino como una oportunidad de generar mayor dinamismo en el intercambio comercial.
Tesis

As a culturally distinctive region, Asia was chosen as the sample for this study. This empirical study investigated what the major trends of democratisation were in Asia between 1981 and 2005: why some countries became democratic while other countries failed to follow suit during that period. The main research hypothesis was: “That is it was mainly economic development that drove democratisation in Asia between 1981 and 2005”. Although some studies have studied the impact of economic development on democratisation in Asia, their findings have been inconclusive and focuses sometimes different. [To investigate the research hypothesis, 24 Asian countries were selected…measurement tools used etc…] For this research work, statistical and case study methods were applied. The data used in the analyses were collected from established data sources e.g. Freedom House (Freedom in the World, n.d.) and United Nations Statistics Division (UN Stat, n.d.). Repeated Measures in Linear Mixed Modeling (LMM) were used to analyse the quantitative data. Three case studies supplemented the findings of statistical analyses. Historical information and institutional and legal facts were also used in the case studies. This study found that increases in the level of economic development along with its equitable distribution in society and positive roles of political actors increase the level of democratisation in Asia. Some pro-democratic political and social institutions, such as tradition of parliamentarianism, and international organisations, for example Bretton wood institutions, also led to democratisation. A low extent of national political divide was found to result in a considerably high level of democratisation in a country where confrontation between major political forces is the main feature of politics. This study also found that a partial democracy with Asian values, economic legitimacy, a lack of corruption and a “systematic control” over opposition politicians can survive, and is not prone to higher level of democratisation. The Taiwan case revealed that, amongst other factors, the role of political actors and economic equity along with economic development is also vital for democratisation. The Singapore case explained how a “hybrid regime” in a rich country outsmarts democratisation. The study of Bangladesh provides an idea about other elements, e.g. lower level of political confrontation, that push for higher levels of democratisation.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se ha tomado como punto de partida un cuestionamiento perteneciente al Derecho Internacional, que continua sin respuesta hasta nuestros días: el conocido “Problema de Taiwán”, y cómo afecta esta situación problemática al comercio peruano; en otras palabras nuestro principal objetivo es determinar cuales son las consecuencias jurídicas internacionales de las relaciones contemporáneas entre Perú y Taiwán? Ante tal cuestionamiento, sostenemos que Taiwán es un Estado porque cuenta con derechos y obligaciones internacionales consecuentes de sus relaciones con el Perú, como lo demostraremos en este estudio.
In the present work of investigation it has taken as a starting point a questioning pertaining to the International Law, that continues unanswered until our days: the well-known "Problem of Taiwan", and how it affects this problematic situation to the Peruvian commerce. In other words, our main objective is to determine the international legal consequences of the contemporary relations between Peru and Taiwan. Faced with such questioning, we maintain that Taiwan is a State because it has international rights and obligations consistent with its relations with Peru, as we will demonstrate in this study.
Tesis

La cova d'Azokh és un jaciment de Plistocè Mitjà a Holocè situada a Nagorno Karabaj (Càucas Sud). La regió geogràfica forma un passadís que connecta Àfrica, Europa i Àsia, i ha estat un àrea important per a l'expansió dels humans i altres animals. Aquest estudi està basat en l'anàlisi detallada i sistemàtica de les matèries primeres, la tecno-tipologia, la funció i les alteracions post-deposicionals dels conjunts lítics trobats en la seqüència sedimentària superior de la cova (nivells V – I) durant les excavacions de 2002 – 2012. Les dades cronològiques indiquen una edat d'entre 293 – 100 ka per a aquests nivells. Els resultats mostren l'explotació de diferents matèries primeres locals i no locals en tots els nivells per a la producció dels artefactes lítics, encara que les matèries primeres són més variades en el Nivell II. L'obsidiana és l'única matèria primera d'origen llunyà. Els conjunts lítics estan compostos principalment per productes de talla, amb pocs nuclis i restes de talla. La cadena operativa està fragmentada en tots els nivells i per a totes les matèries primeres. Les característiques tecno-tipològiques i la cronologia de Nivell V presenten similituds amb l'Acheulo-Yabrudià i el Kudaro-Acheulià del Sud-oest d'Àsia. Es pot caracteritzar com a Acheulià tardà o pre-Musterià sense bifaços. Els conjunts lítics dels nivells IV i III són massa petits i, de moment, no se'ls pot assignar a cap algun grup tecno-tipològic en particular. El conjunt lític de Nivell II, pel el seu clar caràcter Levallois i per la seva cronologia, presenta similituds amb Tabun C, amb el Kudaro-Djruchulià, i parcialment també amb el Musterià de Zagros i Karain. És clarament Mode 3 Levallois Musterià. Algunes peces de diferents nivells tenen evidents traces d'ús, tot i que les col•leccions estan afectades en major o menor mesura per diverses alteracions postdeposicionals, principalment mecàniques i químiques. Els conjunts lítics inclouen eines mòbils, adaptades a un estil de vida mòbil que inclou ocupacions humanes curtes i temporals a la cova d'Azokh, afectades clarament per l'ús de la cova per grans carnívors.
La cueva de Azokh es un yacimiento de Pleistoceno Medio a Holoceno situada en Nagorno Karabaj (Cáucaso Sur). La región geográfica forma un pasillo conectando África, Europa y Asia, y ha sido un área importante para la expansión de los humanos y otros animales. Este estudio está basado en el análisis detallado y sistemático de las materias primas, la tecno-tipología, la función y las alteraciones post-deposicionales de los conjuntos líticos hallados en la secuencia sedimentaria superior de la cueva (niveles V – I) durante las excavaciones de 2002 – 2012. Los datos cronológicos indican una edad de entre 293 – 100 ka para estos niveles. Los resultados muestran la explotación de diferentes materias primas locales y no locales en todos los niveles para la producción de los artefactos líticos, aunque las materias primas son más variadas en el Nivel II. La obsidiana es la única materia prima de origen lejano. Los conjuntos líticos están compuestos principalmente por productos de talla, con pocos núcleos y restos de talla. La cadena operativa está fragmentada en todos los niveles y para todas las materias primas. Las características tecno-tipológicas y la cronología de Nivel V presentan similitudes con el Achelo-Yabrudiense y el Kudaro-Achelense en Suroeste de Asia. Se puede caracterizar como Achelense tardío o pre-Musteriense sin bifaces. Los conjuntos líticos de los niveles IV y III son demasiado pequeños y, de momento, no se pueden asignar a ningún grupo tecno-tipológico en particular. El conjunto lítico de Nivel II muestra un claro carácter Levallois, por su cronología tiene similitudes con Tabun C, con el Kudaro-Djruchuliense, y parcialmente también con el Musteriense de Zagros y Karain. Es claramente Modo 3 Levallois Musteriense. Algunas piezas de diferentes niveles tienen evidentes huellas de uso, aunque las colecciones están afectadas en mayor o menor medida por diversas alteraciones postdeposicionales, principalmente mecánicas y químicas. Los conjuntos líticos incluyen herramientas móviles, adaptadas a un estilo de vida móvil que incluye ocupaciones humanas cortas y temporales en la cueva de Azokh, afectadas claramente por el uso de la cueva por grandes carnívoros.
Azokh Cave is a Middle Pleistocene to Holocene site in Nagorno Karabagh (Southern Caucasus). The geographic region forms a corridor linking Africa, Europe and Asia, and was important for early hominin and other animal expansion. The study is based on detailed, systematic analyses of raw material, techno-typology, function, and post-depositional alteration of lithic assemblages recovered from the upper sedimentary sequence of the cave (Units V - I) during the 2002 – 2012 excavations. Chronological data indicates an age between 293 – 100 Kyr for these units. Results showed exploitation of different local and non-local raw materials in all units for the production of lithic artefacts, although the range of raw materials is more varied in Unit II. Obsidian is the only raw material originating from distant sources. The lithic assemblages are composed primarily of knapping products with a few cores and some knapping waste. The operative chain is fragmented in all units and for all raw materials. The techno-typological characteristics and chronology of Unit V share similarities with the Acheulo-Yabrudian and Kudaro Acheulean in Southwest Asia. It is Late Acheulean or pre-Mousterian without large-cutting tools. The lithic assemblages of Unit VI and III are too small and cannot be assigned to a particular techno-group at present. The Unit II assemblage with its clear Levallois component and chronology shares similarities with Tabun C, Kudaro-Djruchulian, partly also with the Zagros and Karain Mousterian and is clearly Mode 3 Mousterian of Levallois facies. Some artefacts from different units bear evident use-wear traces, and lithics in all units are affected by different post-depositional alterations, primarily mechanical and chemical. Lithic assemblages included mobile tool kits adapted to a mobile lifestyle indicated by short, seasonal occupations of the cave by hominins, who were nevertheless affected by large carnivore use of the cave.

Objetivo: Determinar asociación entre la presencia de los polimorfismos V4 del gen ADAM33 y la enfermedad del asma y describir la frecuencia del polimorfismo T1 en pacientes de un hospital de la región Lambayeque. Materiales y métodos: Diseño de casos y controles. Escenario: Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo – EsSalud, nivel de complejidad III-1. Población: Pacientes entre 5-17 años atendidos por consultorio externo. Los casos fueron los pacientes diagnosticados según las directrices de Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2016. Los controles fueron pacientes sin diagnóstico de alguna enfermedad pulmonar crónica ni antecedentes familiares de asma. Resultados: En su mayoría tanto casos como controles no presentaron el polimorfismo V4, siendo positivo solo en el 46% de los casos y 31% de los controles. Cuando se evaluó la asociación entre el polimorfismo V4 y la presencia de asma, el OR fue de 1,93 (IC95%: 0,62 – 6,00), con un valor no significativo (p = 0,196) para la prueba de Xi-cuadrado de Pearson. Sin embargo, el polimorfismo T1 estuvo presente en el 87% de casos; y la proporción de tumbesinos con la mutación fue mucho más baja que la de otras regiones. Conclusiones: No se encontró asociación entre el polimorfimo V4 y la presencia de asma en pacientes de un hospital de Lambayeque. El polimorfismo T1 se presenta con elevada frecuencia (87%) en los pacientes asmáticos del hospital Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo – ESSalud.

Para finales del siglo XVI, Japón y Filipinas establecieron las primeras relaciones diplomático-comerciales, y durante la era Keichō (1596-1615) se planteó el intento de una cooperación entre Madrid y el gobierno de Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616). Esto permitió a los españoles impulsar el trato comercial con Japón favoreciendo la penetración de los misioneros. En esta tesis se detallan las distintas fases del proceso de relaciones diplomático-comerciales y misionales en el contexto de las transformaciones internas de Japón y de sus ambiciones de proyección regional asiática, al margen del sinocentrismo Ming. Se analiza asimismo el contexto de las limitaciones institucionales y legales a la expansión del archipiélago filipino y los distintos factores que condujeron al fracaso de la cooperación hispano-japonesa y a la progresiva desaparición de todo rastro de contactos formales con Japón en el marco de su general política aislacionista adoptada en la tercera década del siglo XVII.

El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el nivel de contaminación ambiental y el desarrollo de asma bronquial infantil y en la población de alumnos de 13 a 14 años de colegios ubicados en la provincia de Lima en el año 2007 Material y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico cuantitativo observacional descriptivo ecológico transversal comparativo, se entrevistaron a 787 alumnos, de 4 colegíos secundarios ,2 colegios ubicados en un área contaminada (Estación ubicada en la Corporación Nacional de Comercio “CONACO”) y otras 2 colegios ubicados en un área poco contaminada (Estación ubicada en “ Hospital María Auxiliadora”)de acuerdo a medidas realizadas por la Dirección De Salud Ambiental (DIGESA),.Además se determino la prevalencia del Asma Bronquial Infantil ” a través del cuestionario ISAAC ( Intenational study of asthma and allergies in Chilhood ) Se utilizó el software estadístico stata v10.0 inc, para los siguientes análisis: Análisis unívariado, para obtener medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión (medias, medianas, desviación estándar, intervalos de confianza) según tipo de variable estudiada. Análisis Bivariado: Se usó la prueba de chi cuadrado para hallar relación entre la variable respuesta y las diferentes variables nominales. Y se estudio la asociación con factores de riesgo previamente establecidos, para ello se efectuó una regresión logística múltiple, para determinar los odds ratio de cada variable independiente. Resultados: Se observó que la prevalencia de asma bronquial infantil en nuestro estudio fue de 22.1%, además que del total de asmáticos el 20% de estos viven en una zona de alta contaminación ,y el 24,1% en zona de baja contaminación (p= 0,192) , en el análisis multivariante nos demostró que las covariables: antecedente familiar (OR: 1.72 IC: 1.25 - 2.57), presencia de cucarachas (OR: 1.62 IC: 1.13 - 2.33) y fuente contaminante (OR: 2.03, IC: 1.40 - 2.95); fueron las que se encontraron asociadas a la presencia de asma bronquial infantil. Discusión: se encontró que la prevalencia de asma bronquial en la población escolar de 22,1% coincide con otras realizadas en el Perú y Latinoamérica. Encontramos relación entre la exposición de kerosene y asma bronquial, y asociación entre antecedentes familiares y asma bronquial corroborados por estudios en España y Boston. Otra fue la asociación de presencia de cucarachas y asma bronquial, que coinciden con muchos estudios de la literatura mundial. En el análisis multivariado se evidencio que antecedentes familiares, presencia de cucarachas y presencia de fuente contaminante.
Material and methods: A descriptive epidemiological observational crosssectional ecological quantitative comparison, 787 students were interviewed, 4 high schools, 2 schools located in a contaminated area (station located at the National Trade Corporation "CONACO") and other 2 schools located in an area slightly contaminated (station located in "Mary Help of Christians Hospital") according to measurements made by the Directorate of Environmental Health (DIGESA). In addition it was determined the prevalence of Childhood Asthma "through the ISAAC questionnaire (International study of asthma and allergies in Chilhood) used the statistical software Stata v10.0 Inc., for the following analysis: univariate analysis for measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean, median, standard deviation, confidence intervals) by type of variable studied. Bivariate Analysis: We used the chi square to find relationship between the response and nominal variables. And study the association with risk factors previously established for this was made a multiple logistic regression to determine odds ratios for each independent variable. Results: We observed that the prevalence of childhood asthma in our study was 22.1%, and that of all asthmatics 20% of these live in an area of high pollution, and 24.1% in low-pollution area ( p = 0.192) in the multivariate analysis showed that the covariates: family history (OR: 1.72 CI: 1.25 - 2.57), presence of cockroaches (OR: 1.62 CI: 1.13 - 2.33) and contaminant source (OR 2.03, CI : 1.40 - 2.95), were found to be associated with the presence of childhood asthma. Discussion: We found that the prevalence of asthma in schoolchildren was 22.1% consistent with others made in Peru and Latin America. We found an association between exposure to kerosene and bronchial asthma and association between family history and asthma corroborated by studies in Spain and Boston. Another was the association of the presence of cockroaches and asthma, which coincide with many studies of world literature. In the multivariate analysis showed that family history, presence of cockroaches and the presence of contaminant source. Conclusions: We confirmed the strong association between asthma and family history, and the use of kerosene as fuel, the presence of cockroaches in the home and source of contamination close to home. The risk is almost double of asthma in children with a family history of asthma, just as the risk is one and half times more likely to suffer asthma when there is the presence of insects in the house, and twice the risk when there and a source of pollution near the house. While being male protects schoolchildren present in 32% of childhood asthma. Keywords: childhood asthma, prevalence, environmental pollution.
Tesis

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique used for several decades in nuclear medicine that provides precise physiological information of the human body, what is crucial in oncology, cardiology, and neuropsychiatry. Due to physical, the best spatial resolution of PET is approximately 1 mm for human brain scanners. Unfortunately, the minimum resolution of the best commercial PET scanners for humans is 4-5 mm due to technological limitations. In this thesis, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to readout the energy and the time stamp of a high-density and highly-granulated Cadmium Telluride detector for a novel PET scanner design is presented. The research presented here was realized within the framework of Voxel Imaging PET pathfinder ERC project to develop detector modules for positron emission tomography applications and reach their actual physical limits. The VIP PET scanner is based on the stacking of 2-mm thickness pixelated hybrid detectors. Every CdTe detector is pixelated into an array of 10 x 10 voxels of 1 mm x 1 mm x 2 mm size and is connected to a pixelated ASIC to readout independently the energy and the time stamp of every photon interaction. The VIP PET is based on more than 6 million voxels with independent energy and timing readout to reach the physical limits of PET. The simulated performance based on the properties of CdTe detectors shows a scatter fraction of approximately 4 % due to an excellent energy resolution of 1.6 % FWHM of the CdTe detectors. By simulation, the VIP PET is able to distinguish 1 mm size radioactive point-like source. The characterization of 2-mm thickness CdTe detectors using commercially available single-channel readout electronics is reported. Using a Sodium-22 radioactive source, the 511 keV photopeak resolution and the coincidence time resolution of back-to-back photons were measured with – 1000 V/mm detector bias voltage at -8 Celsius degree. An energy resolution of 1.6 % FWHM and a time coincidence resolution of 6 ns FWHM were obtained for photoelectric interactions. The architecture of the VIPPIX ASIC, i.e. the ASIC developed for VIP project, is based on an array of 10 x 10 independent pixel electronics controlled by a global controller and a common time to digital converter (TDC). Additional voltage and current references are generated in the ASIC’s back-end with a temperature sensor and a chip-ID cell. Every pixel electronics composes of a programmable gain preamplifier with detector’s leakage dynamic compensation, a tuneable peak-time pulse shaper connected to a peak-and-detect circuit, a 10-bit analog-to- digital converter (ADC), a pulse discriminator with adjustable offset, and a local pixel digital controller. The measured equivalent noise charge (ENC) of the pixel is 150 e- RMS and the trigger time jitter is approximately 1 ns for energy depositions larger than 200 keV. The time resolution of the integrated TDC is 600 ps FWHM. Twelve wafers of VIPPIX ASIC has been fabricated and characterized. Best quality ASICs have been mounted on 720 CdTe detectors and stacked in 18 detector modules with 40 hybrid detectors each to build the VIP PET prototype. Five modules have been characterized with a Sodium-22 radioactive source. The performance of approximately 18000 pixels shows a resolution of 2.2 % FWHM and a coincidence time resolution of 60 ns FWHM for 511 keV photopeak at -250 V/mm detector bias. Therefore, the main goal of the research has been accomplished. A new PET design based on pixelated Cadmium Telluride detectors using dedicated readout ASICs has been successfully fabricated, partly characterized, and is ready for image acquisition.

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Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os genes PER3 e CLOCK são importantes componentes do sistema molecular circadiano dos mamíferos. Vários estudos têm demonstrado existir uma associação entre polimorfismos nestes genes relógio e fenótipos circadianos nas diferentes populações. No entanto, as diferenças no padrão da freqüência alélica e a distribuição genotípica, são sistematicamente observadas nos estudos com diferentes grupos étnicos. Para investigar e comparar o padrão de distribuição em uma amostra de populações asiáticas e caucasianas que vivem no Brasil, utilizando a técnica de PCR, avaliou-se dois polimorfismos bem estudados nos genes relógio: o (VNTR) no gene PER3, um polimorfismo de número variável de repetições em tandem; e um polimorfismo com troca de um único nucleotídeo (SNP ) no gene CLOCK. O objetivo deste estudo foi, nos humanos, procurar pistas sobre os processos evolutivos relacionados aos ritmos circadianos, tendo sido selecionados 109 descendentes de asiáticos e 135 de caucasianos. As freqüências do alelo curto (4 repetições) no gene PER3 e do alelo T no gene CLOCK (respectivamente 0,86 e 0,84) entre os asiáticos foram significativamente maiores do que entre os caucasianos (respectivamente 0,69 e 0,71). Os resultados confirmaram diretamente a distribuição diferente destes polimorfismos entre os grupos étnicos caucasianos e asiáticos. Dadas as diferenças genéticas observadas entre os grupos, tornou-se evidente que, primeiro, as variações étnicas poderiam ter implicações para a interpretação dos resultados em estudos de associação do ritmo circadiano e, segundo, questiona quais foram as condições evolutivas que moldaram essas variações genéticas observadas nos genes relógio.
The Period 3 and Clock genes are important components of the mammalian molecular circadian system. Studies have shown association between polymorphisms in these clock genes and circadian phenotypes in different populations. Nevertheless, differences in the pattern of allele frequency and genotyping distribution are systematically observed in studies with different ethnic groups. To investigate and compare the pattern of distribution in a sample of Asian and Caucasian populations living in Brazil, we evaluated two well-studied polymorphisms in the clock genes: a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in PER3 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CLOCK. The aim of this investigation was to search for clues about human evolutionary processes related to circadian rhythms. We selected 109 Asian and 135 Caucasian descendants. The frequencies of the shorter allele (4 repeats) in the PER3 gene and the T allele in the CLOCK gene among Asians (0.86 and 0.84, respectively) were significantly higher than among Caucasians (0.69 and 0.71, respectively). Our results directly confirmed the different distribution of these polymorphisms between the Asian and Caucasian ethnic groups. Given the genetic differences found between groups, two points became evident: first, ethnic variations may have implications for the interpretation of results in circadian rhythm association studies, and second, the question may be raised about which evolutionary conditions shaped these genetic clock variations.
FAPESP/CEPID: 98/14303-3
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

El incremento del comercio internacional y la firma de múltiples tratados internacionales entre países, genera una gran demanda comercial, lo que hace que se ejecute la ampliación del Canal de Panamá para tratar de calmar esta demanda. Sin embargo, el actual crecimiento de los mercados de Asia, especialmente China e India hace que el transporte de carga se incremente, creando la necesidad de construir buques más grandes, que contengan mayor cantidad de contenedores y con la necesidad de una ruta alterna para su tránsito. Es por ello, que en 2014, se inicia la construcción del Canal de Nicaragua, un canal mucho más grande y profundo que el Canal de Panamá que venía de tener una ampliación. Ante esto se realiza el siguiente cuestionamiento ¿la construcción del Canal de Nicaragua, frente al canal de Panamá sería beneficioso para el Perú? Para responder esa pregunta se desarrolló un análisis comparativo sobre el proyecto del nuevo Canal de Nicaragua, midiendo el posible beneficio económico e impacto de la cadena logística internacional del Perú. La metodología del estudio es cualitativa y cuantitativa, se hicieron entrevistas a profundidad y se analizaron datos estadísticos actualizados, de manera que se realice un cálculo al momento que entre en funcionamiento el Canal de Nicaragua. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas a representantes de navieras de Panamá, Perú y Nicaragua, donde indican básicamente los beneficios esperados del nuevo canal y de lo ambicioso del proyecto.En la parte cuantitativa, se analiza que el Canal de Nicaragua tendrá menos peajes que el canal de Panamá, ya que aunque haya sido ampliado, no se pudo paliar la demanda que cada vez es más grande, a su vez, los costos de las navieras disminuyen conforme se incrementa el tamaño de la nave, y que probablemente, al año 2025, la capacidad portuaria de nuestro país no se daría abasto para recibir la cantidad de TEU previsto, con ello se concluye que el proyecto del Canal de Nicaragua traería beneficios para el Perú, entre los cuales serían una mayor oferta comercial tanto para importadores como para exportadores, según las proyecciones que se hicieron. En consecuencia, el Perú deberá generar las condiciones para recibir buques de grandes cargas, esto quiere decir, que se tiene que mejorar la infraestructura para estar a la altura de lo que se viene.
The increase in international trade and the signing of multiple international treaties between countries leads to a high demand for trade, which leads to the expansion of the Panamá Canal to try to calm this demand. However, currently in the face of growing Asian markets, especially China and India cause freight transport to skyrocket, creating larger ships, which carry more containers so an alternate route is needed. With this in mind, the construction of the Nicaragua Canal was begun in 2014, much larger and deeper than the enlarged Panama Canal. Before this, the following question is asked: Would the construction of the Nicaragua Canal, in front of the Panama Canal, benefit or not for Peru? So we developed a comparative analysis on the project of the new Nicaragua channel, measuring the possible economic benefit and impact of the international logistics chain of Peru. The methodology of the study is qualitative and quantitative, that is, interviews were conducted in depth and updated statistical data were analyzed so that a result can be projected with the Nicaragua channel completed. The interviews were conducted with representatives of shipping companies in Panama, Peru and Nicaragua, where they basically highlight the expected benefits that would be obtained from the new channel and the ambitious project. In the quantitative part, it was possible to observe that the Nicaraguan canal would have lower tolls than the Panama Canal, its expansion could not alleviate the demand that was becoming bigger, in turn, the costs of the shipping companies decrease as the size increases of the ship, and that probably, by 2025, Peruvian port capacity would not be able to receive the amount of TEU that is planned for that date, with which it is concluded that the Nicaragua canal project would bring benefits to Peru , A greater commercial offer both for importers and for exporters, according to the projections that were made. In addition, therefore, Peru would have to generate the conditions to receive ships of great loads, that is to say, that the infrastructure has to be improved to be on par with what is coming.

Background: The turmoil caused by the new demands of globalization has forced multinational companies to rethink their traditional worldwide strategic approaches. The new strategies have resulted in reviews and questioning of the organizational structures and processes used to manage worldwide operations. A major part of this management is to develop the competences the company needs. To be able to develop the employees’ competence is important for comapnies such as IKEA's Trading Area South East Asia (TASEA). Therefore TASEA has to understand the factors that influence the employees’ expectations regarding competence development.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand the individual’s expectations on competence development in TASEA and give recommendations to improve the conditions for competence development.

Method: This study has been conducted as a case study of the TASEA organization. It is based on interviews with 29 members of the purchasing teams and 3 members of the top-mamagement. The empirical research was conducted on site in the Bangkok, Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City offices.

Result: The view of competence differs a lot between theories, management and the individual employee. A number of conflicts have been analyzed and some practical suggestions have been presented in the case of TASEA.

Over the past century, the Japanese community in Peru has grown to be the second largest in South America. Their arrival and subsequent success in small businesses posed a threat to the Peruvian attempt to “whiten” their population. Because of this, racial conflicts arose between the Japanese and Peruvians, leading to the widespread “Yellow Peril” epidemic. Anti-Japanese sentiments caused immigration reduction laws and in the years leading up to WWII, tensions grew. During this time, the Japanese community remained ethnically close, maintaining transnational ties with Japan. This changed after the war, when their sojourner mentality changed to the permanence of Peru as a home. The community slowly built up to where they are today as a respected ethnic minority. They were able to do so because of the creation of a new pan-ethnic identity, Nikkei. This new identity allowed the Japanese population to adopt certain aspects of both their Japanese and Peruvian identities, both which at this point were becoming problematic to represent who they were. Identity formation of immigrants is a complicated process in which identities of the new country clash with lasting identities from their home country. The Nikkei identity allows for the Japanese to still maintain certain ties with Japan, yet not be constrained to being totally Japanese. During the process of assimilation into Peruvian society, the Japanese have come to rely on their new Nikkei identity as a way to distinguish themselves within Peruvian society, while at the same time resisting exclusion and marginalization.

The economic development and industrialization that has taken place in many parts of the world during the past century has brought about a huge increase in economic welfare. During this process, it has repeatedly been debated whether the gains from economic development are shared by everyone or just a few. In the field of economics, vast research has been conducted on this particular subject ever since the 1950’s. The most famous contribution might be said to be Simon Kuznets article, Growth and Income Inequality from 1955 and the ”inverted U”-hypothesis that was formulated on the basis of that article. The essence of the hypothesis is that a country, during its development, moves from agricultural to industrial production. At first, income inequality increases and then, at the end of the process, decreases.

The aim of this paper has been to investigate the relationship between income distribution and economic development in a particular region, namely the countries of the former Soviet Union, during 1992-2003. Also, we have tested whether Kuznets theory and the “inverted U”-hypothesis hold true for our sample. The investigations method is a survey, which uses secondary data collected from the World Bank’s database of World Development Indicators. Regression-analysis has been employed to conduct cross-sections between 20 countries over 4 periods in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The number of observations equals to 62. The variables that we use are: the Gini index, GDP per capita and the agricultural sector’s share of GDP.

The results of the regression do not indicate any resemblance to the pattern of the “inverted U”-hypothesis. The curve we get is that of a “positive U”. Countries with high GDP per capita as well as countries with low GDP per capita have high income inequality. Countries with mediate GDP per capita levels have low income inequality. Our analysis concludes that the countries in our sample might have had a very unique economic development following the fall of the Soviet Union. Only 7 countries partly follow the Kuznets theory if tested individually. Since these seven countries seem to have a reversed development with increasing agricultural sector and the remainder of the countries show increasing income inequality, we reject the “inverted U”-hypothesis and question the ability of Kuznets’ theory to explain income distribution for our sample.

La nostra epoca è caratterizzata da forti innovazioni tecnologiche, alcune delle quali rappresentano delle vere e proprie sfide a sistemi esistenti e consolidati. Degno di nota è l'avvento della tecnologia blockchain e, di conseguenza, l'introduzione del concetto di criptovaluta. Una criptovaluta è una moneta digitale che può essere scambiata come quella cartacea ma con modalità differenti, basate sulla crittografia. La crittografia serve a rendere sicure le transazioni e a controllare la creazione di nuove valute. Diversamente da tutte le monete non digitali, le criptovalute sfuggono a qualsiasi autorità, infatti a coniarle non ci pensa la Zecca dello Stato e non c'è alcuna Banca Centrale che ne controlli il valore, non esiste neppure un intermediario finanziario che ne convalidi le transazioni. La vera rivoluzione infatti non è tanto nella digitalizzazione dei pagamenti, a cui tutti ormai nell’era di Internet sono abituati, quanto al fatto che questi siano decentralizzati e non convalidati con i sistemi tradizionali. TurtleCoin è una criptovaluta che nasce da un progetto già esistente, come qualsiasi altra criptovaluta. Questa nello specifico nasce da Monero. TurtleCoin nasce una notte del 9 dicembre 2017, quando due sviluppatori che lavoravano su altri progetti, in mezzo a tanta follia e volatilità del mercato, hanno pensato di progettare una cryptovaluta divertente e ottima per effettuare transazioni veloci (si stimano 20 volte più veloci delle transazioni di Bitcoin o Bitcoin Cash). \newline Nella loro idea di cryptomoneta c’era l’intenzione di garantire la privacy, avere facilità di estrazione e facilità di utilizzo. \newline TurtleCoin si focalizza quindi sulla riservatezza, la decentralizzazione, la scalabilità e sulla fungibilità, prendendo queste caratteristiche da Monero.

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que a atividade coordenada das células epiteliais com o estroma é fundamental no crescimento e diferenciação em situações fisiológicas e patológicas, inclusive no câncer. Vários relatos acentuam a importância do compartimento estromal nos tumores malignos e indicam fortemente que interações contínuas entre o carcinoma e as células estromais (resultando em regulamento e modulação recíproca) são condições prévias para desenvolvimento e progressão de carcinomas. Comparativamente, pouca informação está disponível sobre as características e o papel do estroma durante o processo carcinogênico e a maioria dos dados são baseados em estudos isolados. Nos animais tratados com o carcinógeno Dimetilhidrazina foi identificado na mucosa colônica o aparececimento de “Focos de Estroma Ativado” (FEA) que diferem do foco inflamatório esporádico encontrado na mucosa normal dos animais controles devido à imuno-expressão aumentada de células CD34, CD68, α-actina de músculo liso (ASMA), COX-2 positivas e densidade microvascular. Além disso, o FEA cercou um número aumentado de criptas colônicas em fissão que freqüentemente apresentavam células epiteliais com núcleos hipercromáticos. Este último achado pode sugerir correlação entre as alterações estromais e epiteliais dentro dos FEA. Embora esses achados sejam novos, são consistentes com observações prévias que o estroma tem um papel significante na carcinogênese. Juntamente com dados da literatura, este trabalho sugere que, no cólon, a “field cancerization” epitelial pode ser acompanhada através de alterações estromais e isto pode apontar novos marcadores de transformação neoplásica.
There has been considerable that the activity of epithelial cells with their stroma is fundamental in controlling growth and differentiation in normal and pathological situations, including cancer. A number of reports stress the importance of the stromal compartment in malignant tumors and strongly indicate that continuous interactions between the carcinoma and stromal cells (resulting in their reciprocal regulation and modulation) are prerequisites for carcinoma development and progression. Comparatively, less information is available about the features and role of the stroma for the carcinogenic process. In animals treated with the carcinogen Dimethyl-hydrazine we identified the appearing of mucosal “Activated Stromal Foci” (ASF) that differ from the sporadic inflammatory foci found in the normal mucosa of the control animals because of the presence of increased immune-expression of CD34, CD68, α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), COX-2 positive cells and microvessel density. Furthermore, the ASF surrounded a increased number of colonic crypts in fission when compared to areas of normal stroma. This last finding suggests that stromal activation and epithelial changes may be correlated. These findings are novel but expected and consistent with previous observations that the stroma has a significant role in carcinogenesis. Taken together with literature data, our findings suggest that in the colon, the epithelial field cancerization may be accompanied by stromal changes and this may point to the finding of new markers of neoplastic transformation.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
A divided response—between acceptance and rejection—currently exists among the Australian population toward people arriving in Australia from South Asia, particularly those seeking asylum. This rift has an analogue in the settler response to cameleers and other workers who arrived in Australia from across the Indian Ocean in the peri-Federation years (1890–1915). This research therefore examines the peri-Federation diaspora of South Asia to Australia to address the apparent persistence of a dissension for a period of more than one hundred years. I work across two genres—a fictional novella and a non-fiction essay series—motivated by how the respective mechanisms and conventions of these two genres might differently illuminate this issue. The writing in both genres develops an immersive praxis informed by Nancy Tuana’s interactionist ontology, which pays attention to non-human agency in analysing human-to-human dissension. Concurrently, the work also seeks to acknowledge the layered entanglement of ontologies that comprise contemporary Australia, by connecting this research topic to the process of colonisation, including the overwriting of Indigenous knowledge systems, and attempting, to some extent, a decolonisation. Taking this two-genre, expansive approach has debunked the formulation of a polarised acceptance/rejection phenomenon, and gives voice to multiple unexpected events, objects and observations that fall outside this paradigm. Ultimately, the thesis is a demonstration of method – an immersive writing praxis – that engages with two writing genres, and responds to the materiality of the research topic and environments to create a shifting prism that challenges preconceptions and negates a totalising conclusion.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
102
This study assesses the export of fresh grape from Peru to its ten major importers in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in the Asian region during 2003-2012, using a gravity model. The situation of the fresh grape industry in Peru and the world is revised taking in account different variables relevant in the gravity equation; such as, GDP of Peru and APEC countries, distance between countries, tariffs, free trade agreements (FTAs) and plantations in the APEC countries. The econometric methodology used in this study controls for zero trades among countries; specifically for the cases of China, South-Korea and Taiwan and heteroskedasticity by using PPML estimator at a 6 level Harmonized System (HS) 6-digit data 080610 fresh grapes. Results suggest that increases of the GDP of Peru by 1% increases exports by 2.3%; on the other hand, tariffs imposed to Peru by 1% to reduce its exports by 10.9%.

Netflix is a media subscription services provider and production corporation headquartered in Los Gatos, California. North America remains its largest and most highly penetrated market to date, whilst the international markets accounted for roughly 90% of the company’s overall growth since the beginning of 2017. As the streaming video on demand industry is ushering in a new era of intensifying competition in 2020, the streaming provider invests significantly into its exclusive content, licensed and produced. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of Netflix and an estimation of the company’s enterprise value as of December 2020.

This study analysed the effects of international trade on human development in two developing regions, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The choice of comparing SADC and ASEAN is motivated by the many similarities between both regions half a century ago, and the stark divergence of their respective development pathways which has led to different development outcomes half a century later. Annual data from 2000 to 2018 and dynamic panel data econometric techniques were used in this study, controlling for individual country characteristics, endogeneity, serial correlation, heterocedasticity and interdependencies between the countries in each region. Two estimations were done in this study; sample wide estimations and country specific estimations. In the sample wide estimations the Generalised Method of Moments of Arellano and Bover (1995) with forward orthogonal deviations, and Feasible Generalised Least Squares of Parks (1967) and Kmenta (1986) were used, whilst Swamy’s Random Coefficients were used in the country specific estimations. Trade is measured using the current account balance as a percentage of GDP, whilst human development is captured by the United Nations’ Human Development Index (HDI). In the sample wide estimations, the study found that trade openness enhances human development for both SADC and ASEAN as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). Gross fixed capital formation, economic growth and technological progress all had positive effects on human development in both regions. Unemployment had a counter intuitive positive effect on human development. This raises issues on the nature and quality of employment, including concerns on cheap production labour and vulnerable employment. The ASEAN region had a higher mean level of economic growth, a trade surplus and higher level of technological progress than SADC. This is consistent with the manufacturing focus of ASEAN, compared to the primary commodity exporting nature of SADC which had a trade deficit. However, in each region there were country specific differences in terms of what drives human development. The country specific disparities in drivers of human development have implications for the regional trade and development nexus. In particular, these disparities must be considered in the conceptualization and implementation of the SADC Industrialisation and Strategy Roadmap, and the most recent African Continental Free Trade Area. The policy implication is that such regional trade agreements should accommodate countries’ specific heterogeneity as the policy pathways will differ between countries.
Business Management
D. Phil. (Management Studies)