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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Argentine stem weevil"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 18 de fevereiro de 2022

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1

Todd, J. H., L. A. Malone, H. S. Gatehouse, E. P. J. Burgess, J. T. Christeller, B. A. Philip e E. L. Tregidga. "Effects of two protease inhibitors on larvae of Argentine stem weevil and clover root weevil". New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (1 de agosto de 2002): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3917.

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Protease inhibitors (PIs) cause mortality in a range of insects and transgenic plants expressing PIs have been protected against pest attack The effects of feeding two purified PIs to larvae of Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) and clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) were investigated in laboratory bioassays The serine PI aprotinin and the cysteine PI E64 were administered continuously in artificial diets to neonate or oneweekold larvae Aprotinin had no effect on clover root weevil larvae but significantly inhibited growth of Argentine stem weevil larvae E64 caused significant mortality in clover root weevil larvae and significant reductions in growth of Argentine stem weevil larvae

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2

Harrop, Thomas W. R., Marissa F. Le Lec, Ruy Jauregui, Shannon E. Taylor, Sarah N. Inwood, Tracey van Stijn, Hannah Henry et al. "Genetic Diversity in Invasive Populations of Argentine Stem Weevil Associated with Adaptation to Biocontrol". Insects 11, n.º 7 (14 de julho de 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070441.

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Modified, agricultural landscapes are susceptible to damage by insect pests. Biological control of pests is typically successful once a control agent has established, but this depends on the agent’s capacity to co-evolve with the host. Theoretical studies have shown that different levels of genetic variation between the host and the control agent will lead to rapid evolution of resistance in the host. Although this has been reported in one instance, the underlying genetics have not been studied. To address this, we measured the genetic variation in New Zealand populations of the pasture pest, Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), which is controlled with declining effectiveness by a parasitoid wasp, Microctonus hyperodae. We constructed a draft reference genome of the weevil, collected samples from a geographical survey of 10 sites around New Zealand, and genotyped them using a modified genotyping-by-sequencing approach. New Zealand populations of Argentine stem weevil have high levels of heterozygosity and low population structure, consistent with a large effective population size and frequent gene flow. This implies that Argentine stem weevils were able to evolve more rapidly than their biocontrol agent, which reproduces asexually. These findings show that monitoring genetic diversity in biocontrol agents and their targets is critical for long-term success of biological control.

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3

Goldson, S. L., M. C. Barron, J. M. Kean e C. van Koten. "Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) population dynamics in Canterbury, New Zealand dryland pasture". Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, n.º 3 (21 de dezembro de 2010): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000507.

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AbstractThe Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) was an economically important pest in New Zealand pastures until the release of the parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodae. This contribution uses historical data to investigate the regulation of the pest populations prior to, and somewhat during, the establishment of this parasitoid in dryland Canterbury, New Zealand. Thus, a significant goal of this study is to provide anL. bonariensispopulation dynamics baseline for any future work that aims to analyse the full effects ofM. hyperodaeon the weevil, now that equilibrium with the weevil host has been reached.The population dynamics ofL. bonariensis, based on a life-table approach, were investigated using data collected regularly for eight years from populations in Canterbury, New Zealand. The key factor affecting end-of-seasonL. bonariensisdensity was found to be variation in second generation fourth instar prepupal and pupal mortality. This may have been caused by arrested development and ongoing mortality resulting from the onset of cooler autumnal conditions.A compensatory response was found in recruitment to the second summer weevil generation, whereby the realised fecundity of the emergent first summer generation of weevils was found to be negatively related to the density of adult weevils per ryegrass tiller. This is the first time that this has been found via long-term population analysis ofL. bonariensis, although indications of this have been found elsewhere in caging, pot and small plot experiments.In this study, the effect of the parasitoid biocontrol agentMicroctonus hyperodaeonL. bonariensispopulation dynamics was unclear, as the analysis covered a period when the parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodaewas introduced and still establishing. It does, however, raise important questions for future analysis in terms of the interaction between parasitism and unrealised fecundity.The results in this contribution also highlighted regional differences. Overwintering mortality of adult weevils in Canterbury was constant between years, whilst earlier studies in the North Island Waikato region indicated this mortality was density dependent. In addition, the availability of tillers in endophyte-free ryegrass pastures in Canterbury had no influence on egg and early-instar larval survival, which contrasts with the finding from endophytic Waikato pastures.

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4

Gerard, P. J. "Ryegrass endophyte infection affects Argentine stem weevil adult behaviour and susceptibility to parasitism". New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (1 de agosto de 2000): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3654.

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Pot experiments were undertaken to investigate whether Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis adults placed on endophyteinfected or endophytefree perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) exhibited behaviour differences that may lead to differing susceptibility to attack by the endoparasitoid Microctonus hyperodae There was no difference (P>005) in the behaviour of weevils on pots of Nui ryegrass infected with either the wildtype endophyte Neotyphodium lolii or AR1 a N lolii selection high in peramine but low in other key alkaloids Although adults were offered no choice over 60 of the adults were found off endophyteinfected plants during the observation period Weevils on high endophyte plants were found to spend less time in positions highly favourable for parasitoid oviposition (eg feeding P

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5

Stewart, A. V. "Perennial ryegrass seedling resistance to Argentine stem weevil". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 28, n.º 3 (julho de 1985): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1985.10430445.

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6

Barker, G. M., e R. P. Pottinger. "Diel activity of the adult Argentine stem weevil". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13, n.º 2 (abril de 1986): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1986.10422661.

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7

Phillips, C. B., I. I. Iline, M. W. A. Slay, M. R. McNeill e R. P. Cane. "Distribution and biotypic composition of the Argentine stem weevil parasitoid in Hawkes Bay". New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (1 de agosto de 2004): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6925.

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The Argentine stem weevil parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) was first released in Hawkes Bay at two locations in 1995 In 2000 eight Hawkes Bay sites situated up to ca 55 km from the original release sites were surveyed to determine the presence of M hyperodae The parasitoid was recovered from all eight sites with the proportion of weevils parasitised at each site ranging from 1 to 44 Although parasitoids originating from east and west of the South American Andes mountains had been introduced to both Hawkes Bay release locations in 1995 genetic markers based on variation in malate dehydrogenase allozymes showed that eastern parasitoids predominated at all of the sites sampled in 2000 with western parasitoids occurring in low numbers at only three sites These results are compared with previous results from other New Zealand locations and their implications discussed

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8

Dymock, J. J., R. A. Prestidge e D. D. Rowan. "The effects of lolitrem B on Argentine stem weevil larvae". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 42 (8 de janeiro de 1989): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1989.42.10999.

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9

Prestidge, R. A., G. M. Barker e R. P. Pottinger. "Observations on Argentine stem weevil mortalities in Volcanic Plateau pastures". New Zealand Entomologist 10, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1987): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1987.9722512.

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10

Goldson, S. L., J. R. Proffitt, M. R. McNeill, C. B. Phillips, N. D. Barlow e D. B. Baird. "UnexpectedListronotus bonariensis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) mortality in the presence of parasitoids". Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, n.º 5 (outubro de 2004): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004314.

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AbstractField enclosure and laboratory cage experiments designed to measure the impact of the parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan on the Argentine stem weevil,Listronotus bonariensis(Kuschel) have shown that under high parasitoid pressure, there is significant weevil mortality without obvious parasitism. Parasitoid-exposed, but unparasitized portions of caged populations died at rates significantly higher than both the parasitized weevils from the same population and the unexposed controls. Unexpectedly, parasitized weevils had the lowest mortality rates (prior to larval parasitoid emergence). It was of ecological significance that this mortality effect was detected under field conditions using several years of empirically-collected population dynamics data. Under both field and laboratory conditions this mortality was found to occur within shorter time intervals than that required for full parasitoid larval development; thus it could not be attributed to the mortality that occurs after the emergence of prepupal parasitoids. The mechanism for this mortality remains undetermined, although it could possibly be linked to pseudoparasitism.

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11

Vittum, P. J., e M. R. McNeill. "Argentine stem weevil and golf being a pest in turf grasses". New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (8 de janeiro de 2011): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5988.

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Argentine stem weevil (ASW) Listronotus bonariensis is a well known pest of grass species in New Zealand pasture Less well known is its pest status in amenity turf especially golf courses in New Zealand and Australia ASW infests Poa annua and browntop which are common grasses on New Zealand golf courses Larval damage initially appears as chlorotic turf then turns strawcoloured which can be confused as dormant (dry) or diseased turf While many aspects of the biology of ASW in pasture have been elucidated little is known about the biology or behaviour of the insect on golf courses A preliminary study was carried out from mid September 2010 to early February 2011 at Pleasant Point Golf Club (South Canterbury) where ASW has caused significant damage in recent years The study looked at the relative number of ASW adults collected from the fairway and rough and their reproductive condition The study also tracked the presence and stage of development of larvae in the fairway throughout the season An insecticide efficacy trial that included treatments targeting adults or larvae of the second summer generation showed excellent (>85) control with a single application of an adulticide or larvicide in December or earlyJanuary

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12

Popay, A. J., B. A. Tapper e C. Podmore. "Endophyteinfected meadow fescue and loline alkaloids affect Argentine stem weevil larvae". New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (1 de agosto de 2009): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4801.

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In a meadow fescue plant assay a lower percentage of tillers on endophyteinfected (E) than endophytefree (E) plants on which eggs had been laid were damaged by Argentine stem weevil (ASW) larvae There were indications of endophytemediated toxicity to young larvae The percentage of damaged tillers on E and E plants without ASW eggs was similar when they were planted alongside a plant with eggs but severity of damage was less on E plants In an artificial diet experiment eggs took 23 days longer to hatch on an alkaloidfree diet than on diets containing either of two loline alkaloids produced by E meadow fescue Growth and development of larvae was reduced by up to 36 at two higher concentrations of Nformyl loline (NFL) relative to the lowest concentration and to a lesser extent by Nacetyl norloline Larval survival declined with increasing concentrations of both alkaloids with the highest mortality occurring at the two higher concentrations of NFL

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13

Prestidge, R. A., e S. G. Van Der Zijpp. "Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) survival in the central North Island". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 28, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1985): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1985.10427007.

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14

VEREIJSSEN, JESSICA, KAREN F. ARMSTRONG, BARBARA I. P. BARRATT, ALLAN M. CRAWFORD, MARK R. McNEILL e STEPHEN L. GOLDSON. "Evidence for parasitoid-induced premature mortality in the Argentine stem weevil". Physiological Entomology 36, n.º 2 (30 de janeiro de 2011): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2010.00773.x.

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15

PRESTIDGE, R. A., e R. T. GALLAGHER. "Endophyte fungus confers resistance to ryegrass: Argentine stem weevil larval studies". Ecological Entomology 13, n.º 4 (novembro de 1988): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1988.tb00375.x.

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16

Dymock, J. J., e V. A. Hunt. "Feeding and oviposition of Argentine stem weevil adults on endophyte infected ryegrass". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 40 (8 de janeiro de 1987): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1987.40.9981.

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17

Barker, G. M., e P. J. Addison. "A simplified technique for rapid estimation of adult Argentine stem weevil populations". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (8 de janeiro de 1988): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9913.

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18

Prestidge, R. A., G. M. Barker e R. P. Pottinger. "The economic cost of Argentine stem weevil in pastures in New Zealand". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44 (8 de janeiro de 1991): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1991.44.10825.

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19

Barker, G. M., e P. J. Addison. "Argentine stem weevil infestations in forage grasses under irrigation in the Waikato". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (8 de janeiro de 1994): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11102.

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20

Goldson, S. L., G. M. Barker e B. I. P. Barratt. "The establishment of an Argentine stem weevil parasitoid at its release sites". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (8 de janeiro de 1994): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11111.

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21

Popay, A. J. "Argentine stem weevil response to variable endophyte infection in Grasslands Greenstone ryegrass". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (1 de agosto de 1997): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11280.

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22

Ruppert, Katrin G., Cory Matthew, Catherine M. McKenzie e Alison J. Popay. "Impact ofEpichloëendophytes on adult Argentine stem weevil damage to perennial ryegrass seedlings". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 163, n.º 3 (junho de 2017): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12584.

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23

Popay, A. J., e D. E. Hume. "Endophytes improve ryegrass persistence by controlling insects". NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (1 de janeiro de 2011): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3196.

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Fungal endophytes reduce populations and damage by several different insect pests which alone or in combination with each other can reduce ryegrass persistence. AR1, AR37, the Standard endophytes and two endophytes in tetraploid ryegrasses, NEA2 in cv. Bealey and Endo5 in cvs. Quartet II and Banquet II, are available to the New Zealand farmer. Their effects on insects depend on the spectrum and concentration of alkaloids they produce. Argentine stem weevil is controlled by all endophytes except perhaps Bealey NEA2; black beetle is controlled by all endophytes except AR1; pasture mealybug are controlled by AR1, AR37 and Standard and likely to also be controlled by Endo5 and NEA2; porina and root aphid are controlled by AR37. Increased persistence of ryegrass infected with endophyte is reflected in increases in endophyte infection rates in pasture, higher yields and tiller densities and reduced weed invasion, particularly where climatic stress is also present. AR37, with the protection it provides against a range of insect pests, is the most effective endophyte for improving persistence. Keywords: alkaloids, Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, insect damage, Neotyphodium

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24

Patchett, B. J., R. B. Chapman, L. R. Fletcher e S. R. Gooneratne. "Endophyteinfected Festuca pratensis containing loline alkaloids deters feeding by Listronotus bonariensis". New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (1 de agosto de 2008): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6843.

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Meadow fescue Festuca pratensis infected with Neotyphodium uncinatum contains loline alkaloids that may deter attack from pasture insects In a field experiment conducted in Canterbury high leaf loline alkaloid concentration reduced damage by Argentine stem weevil (ASW; Listronotus bonariensis) adults to 12 unique endophyteinfected meadow fescue ecotypes at four assessment times (DecApr; R2adj 489 P

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25

Vereijssen, J., K. F. Armstrong, L. M. Winder e S. L. Goldson. "Detection of young Microctonus hyperodae eggs in the Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis)". New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (1 de agosto de 2010): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6577.

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The braconid endoparasitoid Microctonus hyperodae was successfully introduced into New Zealand in 1991 to control the exotic pastoral pest Argentine stem weevil (ASW) The wasp parasitises adult ASW and the weevil normally dies only when the fifthinstar parasitoid larva emerges However during biocontrol research over the last 20 years premature mortality of ASW has been observed under conditions of high parasitoid pressure in the field and laboratory It was hypothesised that this occurs because of injection of venom without an egg To conclude absence of a parasitoid egg in a prematurely dead weevil a sensitive method is needed to detect a newly oviposited parasitoid egg However this cannot be confirmed by visual observation or by dissection because fresh tissue is subsequently needed to detect venom A molecular method was therefore developed Firstly to model oviposition eggs were dissected from the ovaries of an adult parasitoid and one ovarian parasitoid egg was used to spike ASWs that had been dissected to confirm absence of parasitism Secondly multiplexPCR was successful in detecting a single ovarian egg in ASW This result greatly benefits research into the observed premature mortality of ASW after being exposed to M hyperodae

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26

Barker, G. M. "Argentine stem weevil and leafminer damage in forage grasses in Waikato hill country". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (8 de janeiro de 1994): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11114.

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27

Barker, G. M., e A. C. Firth. "Relative susceptibility to feeding by Argentine stem weevil among warm-season weed grasses". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (8 de janeiro de 1994): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11115.

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28

Barker, G. M., e P. J. Addison. "Sampling Argentine stem weevil,Listronotus bonariensis(Kuschel), populations in pasture: the egg stage". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 33, n.º 4 (outubro de 1990): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1990.10428469.

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29

Popay, A. J., K. Rijswijk e S. L. Goldson. "Argentine stem weevil: farmer awareness and the effectiveness of different ryegrass/endophyte associations". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (1 de janeiro de 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.570.

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Abstract Argentine stem weevil (ASW) is a highly destructive pest of ryegrass that has recently been associated with increased incidences of field damage. A survey of farmer awareness and management practices in relation to this pest was carried out. Many (47%) farmers sowed favoured plant hosts such as short-term and tetraploid ryegrasses. A field trial, undertaken near Hamilton, compared the effects on ASW larval damage of 10 different ryegrass/endophyte associations in comparison with an endophyte-free control with and without seed treatment. U2 endophyte in a diploid perennial festulolium and AR37 endophyte in a hybrid tetraploid, an Italian diploid and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass had significantly less damage (42%). NEA2 endophyte in a diploid perennial ryegrass and AR1 endophyte in short-term ryegrasses failed to protect plants from severe damage by this pest. Farmers need to be aware of the risks of ASW damage to short-term and tetraploid ryegrasses. Keywords: ploidy, short-term ryegrasses, larval damage, endophyte strains, pasture management

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30

Tomasetto, Federico, Silvio Cianciullo, Marco Reale, Fabio Attorre, Oluwashola Olaniyan e Stephen L. Goldson. "Breakdown in classical biological control of Argentine stem weevil: a matter of time". BioControl 63, n.º 4 (19 de março de 2018): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-018-9878-4.

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31

Baker, G. M. "Mycorrhizal infection influences Acremonium-induced resistance to Argentine stem weevil in ryegrass". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 40 (8 de janeiro de 1987): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1987.40.9971.

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32

Barker, G. M., H. H. Goh, S. N. Lyons e P. J. Addison. "Comparative pathogenicity to Argentine stem weevil of Beauveria bassiana from various hosts". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44 (8 de janeiro de 1991): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1991.44.10836.

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33

Addison, P. J., G. M. Barker e A. C. Firth. "Thiodocarb seed treatment for the protection of seedling ryegrass from Argentine stem weevil larvae". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (8 de janeiro de 1993): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11135.

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34

Popay, A. J., e R. T. Wyatt. "Resistance to Argentine stem weevil in perennial ryegrass infected with endophytes producing different alkaloids". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 48 (8 de janeiro de 1995): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1995.48.11487.

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35

Jensen, J. G., A. J. Popay e B. A. Tapper. "Argentine stem weevil adults are affected by meadow fescue endophyte and its loline alkaloids". New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (1 de agosto de 2009): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4800.

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Responses of adult Argentine stem weevil (ASW) to meadow fescue infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium uncinatum and to two loline alkaloids produced by the fungus were investigated Endophyte in two different meadow fescue seedlines did not affect adult ASW feeding scores but reduced oviposition compared with endophytefree controls In a nochoice experiment adult ASW were given artificial diets containing Nformyl loline (NFL) or Nacetyl norloline (NANL) at three concentrations or a control diet with no lolines Mortality was significantly higher at the highest rate of NFL than for lower rates and the control For NANL mortality was increased at both the lowest and the highest concentrations Feeding scores were higher on control than loline diets but only after 4 weeks In a choice experiment NFL appeared to have no effect on ASW feeding preference whereas there was less feeding at the highest concentration of NANL compared with the control diet

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36

Addison, P. J. "Sampling Argentine stem weevil,Listronotus bonariensis(Kuschel), populations in pasture: The soil-dwelling stages". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1989): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1989.10423482.

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37

McNeill, Mark R., Ralph E. Scott e Nicola K. Richards. "A novel association between the grass pest Argentine stem weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and peas". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 48, n.º 3 (21 de maio de 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2020.1763408.

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38

Mcneill, M. R., D. E. Hume, R. Ashby, M. Ashby, P. Brandon, P. Guscott, B. Tosswill e R. Barton. "Ryegrass production in Wairarapa, New Zealand: is biological control of Argentine stem weevil important?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (1 de janeiro de 2007): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3148.

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To investigate the interaction between Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), its parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae, fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and its grass host, four endophyte-ryegrass (Lolium perenne) treatments were established on four farms in Wairarapa in autumn 2003. A diploid ryegrass contained either wild-type or AR1 endophyte or was endophytefree, while a tetraploid ryegrass contained AR1 endophyte. Wild-type, AR1 and endophyte-free ryegrasses average 52%, 91% and 2% endophyte-infected tillers for the 3 years of measurement. Moderate increases over time in the proportion of wild-type infected tillers indicated selection pressures favoured endophyte-infected tillers. Endophyte-free tiller populations were 11% lower than AR1 or wild-type but not significantly so. L. bonariensis populations were highest in endophyte-free and wild-type pastures and 80% lower in AR1 pastures. Mean rates of parasitism in L. bonariensis were lower in spring (9%) than autumn (35%), tended to be higher in wild-type than in AR1 diploid ryegrass, and only had a weak relationship with percent endophyte-infection. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, dry matter yields, plant persistence, Listronotus bonariensis, Microctonus hyperodae

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39

Zydenbos, S. M., B. I. P. Barratt, N. L. Bell, C. M. Ferguson, P. J. Gerard, M. R. Mcneill, C. B. Phillips, R. J. Townsend e T. A. Jackson. "The impact of invertebrate pests on pasture persistence and their interrelationship with biotic and abiotic factors". NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (1 de janeiro de 2011): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3203.

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New Zealand pastures are host to a range of native and exotic invertebrates. Many of these are pests that feed on the sown plant species, often causing plant death and deterioration in the productivity and persistence of the sward. While most research has focused on pest biology and control, studies of plant productivity show dramatic acute (short-medium term) and chronic (longterm) effects. For example, grass grub has been reported to cause 50% losses to ryegrass swards and Argentine stem weevil can cause a 20% loss of productivity, but the long term effects through loss of the sown species and changes in composition can be even more severe. Insect damage can be exacerbated by other biotic (e.g. weed invasion, grazing animals, plant pathogens) or abiotic factors (e.g. climate, soil fertility) to further reduce plant persistence. Some biotic and abiotic factors may interact with insect pests to have positive effects on pasture persistence, e.g. biocontrol agents that reduce pest density or addition of fertiliser to enable plants to recover from insect damage. For many pasture pests, knowledge of their ecology is based on research from over 20 years ago that, while still valid, needs to be updated to account for modern intensive pasture management practices, such as intensive grazing with a lack of reseeding, and new cultivars. To improve pasture persistence, integrated research programmes are needed that examine the relative importance of all factors contributing to plant survival and develop strategies to mitigate their effects. Keywords: Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, clover root weevil, drought, grass grub, grazing pressure, manuka beetle, nematodes, pasture persistence, pasture quality, pasture yield, porina, soil fertility, striped chafer.

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40

Gerard, P. J., M. Vasse e D. J. Wilson. "Abundance and parasitism of clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) and Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) in pastures". New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (8 de janeiro de 2012): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5391.

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The period from 2006 to 2010 in the North Island encompasses the widespread establishment of Irish Microctonus aethiopoides for the biocontrol of clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) and a severe drought in 2008 that greatly reduced host availability This parasitoid occupies the same pasture habitat as Microctonus hyperodae a parasitoid with a similar life cycle introduced to control Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) A retrospective study was carried out on L bonariensis data and stored samples collected during S lepidus studies It was found that at all four initial M aethiopoides release sites L bonariensis populations were lowest in 2007 and 2008 while S lepidus populations were lowest in 2008 and 2009 Microctonus hyperodae parasitism levels were lowest in 2009 with overall regional means ranging from 5 in Manawatu to 11 in Waikato whereas corresponding Irish M aethiopoides parasitism levels were 43 and 72 respectively

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Goldson, S. L., F. Tomasetto e A. J. Popay. "Effect of Epichlo endophyte strains in Lolium spp cultivars on Argentine stem weevil parasitism by Microctonus hyperodae". New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (8 de janeiro de 2015): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5807.

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This paper reports on an extensive field investigation conducted at Lincoln during the 20142015 summer/early autumn This aimed to assess the effects of a range of novel Epichlo endophytes when present in different cultivars of Lolium spp on parasitism rates by the biological control agent Microctonus hyperodae in Listronotus bonariensis (ie the Argentine stem weevil) Results for the entire summer and including all treatment combinations did not find any significant differences in parasitism in L bonariensis populations However in the early autumn independent of the endophytes present significantly higher levels of parasitism were found in a tetraploid Lolium multiflorum cultivar and a tetraploid L perenne selection compared to the L perenne cultivars Whether this finding has any bearing on a possible mechanism of weevil resistance is discussed

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42

Prestidge, R. A., D. Badan e S. Van_der_Zijpp. "The effect of Argentine stem weevil on cocksfoot and tall fescue when sown with ryegrass". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (8 de janeiro de 1986): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9388.

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43

Barker, G. M. "Effect of temperature on development and survival of Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) immature stages". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15, n.º 3 (julho de 1988): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1988.10422964.

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Malone, L. A., e P. J. Wigley. "A practical method for rearing Argentine stem weevil,Listronotus bonariensis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the laboratory". New Zealand Entomologist 13, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1990.9722599.

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45

Rowan, D. D., e D. L. Gaynor. "Isolation of feeding deterrents against argentine stem weevil from ryegrass infected with the endophyteAcremonium loliae". Journal of Chemical Ecology 12, n.º 3 (março de 1986): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01012099.

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Barker, G. M., R. P. Pottinger e P. J. Addison. "Population dynamics of the argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) in pastures of Waikato, New Zealand". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 26, n.º 2 (julho de 1989): 79–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(89)90021-2.

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Hardwick, S., C. M. Ferguson, D. J. Wilson e J. Sik. "Can pest management and biosecurity benefit from the surveillance and security industries". New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (8 de janeiro de 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5736.

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Selfreporting cameras have the potential to revolutionise the trapping networks utilised in pest management and biosecurity A study was carried out to determine whether commercially available selfreporting camera systems that use WiFi and GSM to transmit images to secure websites could be incorporated into trapping networks Of 45 systems initially examined one the RedEye security camera was laboratory tested Tests showed that the standard optics package was incapable of distinguishing between clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) and Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) An upgrade of the cameras optics enabled it be used to successfully monitor porina (Wiseana spp) flight activity While this result was encouraging more research is needed before the technology can be incorporated into trapping networks In particular further thought is needed as to the level of image resolution that is required to ensure that the system is relevant to all pest management and biosecurity practitioners

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48

Prestidge, R. A., M. E. di Menna, S. Van_der_Zijpp e D. Badan. "Ryegrass content, Acremonium endophyte and Argentine stem weevil in pastures in the volcanic plateau". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (8 de janeiro de 1985): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9468.

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Prestidge, R. A., e S. G. Van_der_Zjipp. "Survey of Argentine stem weevil and hessian fly in prairie grass in the northern north Island". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (8 de janeiro de 1988): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9909.

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Goldson, S. L., M. R. McNeill, M. W. Stufkens, J. R. Proffitt, R. P. Pottinger e J. A. Farrell. "Importation and quarantine of microctonus hyperodae a South American parasitoid of Argentine stem weevil". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 43 (8 de janeiro de 1990): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1990.43.10904.

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