Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Archivio del moderno"

Nino Franchina Archive. Documents and images for a critical reconstruction of an artistic event. PhD thesis by Valentina Raimondo The purpose of the research was to reconstruct the artistic path of the Sicilian sculptor Nino Franchina considering his work from the beginning of his career during the Thirties until 1987 when he died. The author of the text have tried to consider the most relevant events that occurred in the sculptor’s life, the main artworks he have realized and, in the meantime, to show which artists have inspired his work. The fundamental instrument, used by Raimondo, to achieve the aim of the research is the consultation of the materials preserved in Nino Franchina Archive in Rome. Thanks to the numerous documents, drawings, sculptures and photos that the writer has found inside the archive it was possible to evaluate in an appropriate manner the artist’s figure and to unearth it from the oblivion of the past twenty years.

Cette recherche se concentre sur les fragments de manuscrits conservés aux Archives d'État de Modène et provenant de l'Archivio Estense. Il a été révélé qu'un nombre significatif de ces fragments proviennent des reliures des volumes qui composent le complexe d'archives de la Maison d'Este, la plus grande collection détenue aux Archives d'État de Modène. Ce fonds d'archives s'étend de 1317 à 1797 et comprend une grande variété de documents en termes de quantité et de types, mais il reste cohérent en raison de son origine dans un seul contexte institutionnel. La thèse commence par fournir une analyse détaillée de l'histoire archivistique de la collection de fragments, traçant ses origines et explorant les pistes de recherche antérieures. De plus, elle suggère une expansion idéale de la collection grâce à un recensement mené pendant la recherche, ce qui a conduit à la découverte et à l'identification d'environ 50 nouveaux fragments latins réutilisés dans les registres de l'Archivio Estense, toujours in situ. Ainsi, cette étude sera la première à révéler une part importante de l'héritage des manuscrits médiévaux qui a survécu sous une forme fragmentaire et qui est largement restée inédite. Contrairement aux recherches précédentes qui se sont concentrées sur l'analyse d'exemplaires individuels ou de groupes de fragments présentant des caractéristiques similaires (par exemple, les fragments hébreux ou ceux avec des notations musicales), cette thèse adopte une approche globale en examinant les éléments fragmentaires attribuables au même contexte de réutilisation. Le cœur de la thèse se concentre sur la méthodologie développée pour reconstruire les provenances définies comme "archéologiques", c'est-à-dire liées au contexte matériel de la découverte des fragments, en mettant particulièrement l'accent sur les témoins réutilisés dans les reliures des registres de l'Archivio Estense. De plus, la thèse inclut des fragments documentaires - généralement exclus des études sur la fragmentologie - offrant ainsi des opportunités de recherche supplémentaires et fournissant des perspectives significatives sur les aspects systématiques de la réutilisation, en particulier dans les domaines gouvernés par la famille d'Este. Cette approche interdisciplinaire met en évidence l'importance des études archivistiques et diplomatiques dans l'examen des fragments de manuscrits, qui étaient traditionnellement considérés principalement du point de vue paléographique et codicologique. Un catalogue partiel des fragments de parchemin en latin attribués aux Archives Estense est présenté, suivant le modèle de fiche descriptif établi dans la base de données Fragmentarium. L'analyse des fragments comprend l'identification du contenu, la datation, l'origine, ainsi que des aspects matériels et historico-contextuels. Dans certains cas, l'origine commune de plusieurs fragments a été reconnue, permettant ainsi la reconstruction de membra disiecta. Parallèlement à cette recherche, un projet pilote de numérisation de fragments des Archives d'État de Modène a été réalisé en collaboration avec le Centre d'études ARCE de l'Université de Bologne. Ce projet s'est concentré sur des spécimens sélectionnés pour la catalogation, avec une coordination des métadonnées réalisée par l'auteur de la thèse. Un rapport sur les activités menées dans le cadre du projet est inclus dans la thèse, ainsi que des réflexions sur les méthodologies adoptées
This research focuses on manuscript fragments preserved in the State Archives of Modena which originate from the Archivio Estense: it has been revealed that a significant number of these fragments come from the bindings of volumes that make up the archival complex of the House of Este, the largest collection held at the State Archives of Modena - this archival fund spans from 1317 to 1797 and comprises a diverse range of documents in terms of quantity and types, yet it remains coherent due to its origin from a single institutional context.The thesis begins by providing a detailed analysis of the archival history of the fragment collection, tracing its origins and exploring its previous research paths. Additionally, it suggests an ideal expansion of the collection through a census, conducted during the research, that has led to the discovery and identification of approximately 50 new Latin fragments reused in the registers of the Archivio Estense, still in situ. Hence, it will be the first study to disclose a significant portion of the medieval manuscript heritage that has survived in fragmentary form and largely remained unpublished.In contrast to previous research that focused on the analysis of individual exemplars or groups of fragments with similar characteristics (for example, the Hebrew fragments or those with musical notation), this thesis offers a comprehensive approach by examining fragmentary evidence attributable to the same context of reuse. The core of the thesis focuses on the methodology developed for reconstructing provenances defined as "archaeological", i.e. related to the material context of fragment discovery, particularly focusing on witnesses reused in the bindings of the Archivio Estense registers.Furthermore, the thesis includes documentary fragments - typically excluded from fragmentology studies - providing additional research opportunities and offering significant insights into systematic aspects of reuse, especially within the domains ruled by the Este family. This interdisciplinary approach highlights the importance of archival and diplomatic studies in examining manuscript fragments, which were traditionally considered primarily from paleographical and codicological perspectives.A partial catalog of Latin parchment fragments attributed to the Estense Archives is presented, following the descriptive sheet model established in the Fragmentarium database. The analysis of the fragments includes the identification of content, dating, location, as well as material and historical-contextual aspects. In some cases, the common origin of multiple fragments has been recognized, allowing for the reconstruction of membra disiecta.Parallel to this research, a pilot project for digitizing fragments from the State Archives of Modena was carried out in collaboration with the ARCE Studies Center at the University of Bologna. This project focused on selected specimens for cataloging, with metadata coordination undertaken by the thesis author; a report on the activities conducted within the project is included in the thesis, along with reflections on the adopted methodologies

Due to their high biodiversity and widespread distribution in the Phanerozoic oceans, brachiopods are very important tools for research in palaeontology and related fields in Earth Sciences to investigate the past and present global change. Their biominerals have been considered the best carbonate archives of proxies for extending climate and environmental records on a broad geographical scale over long periods of time. Their fidelity as archives is supported by the following: 1) they record the physical and chemical composition of the seawater in which they live without, or with very limited, vital effects; 2) they precipitate a low-Mg calcite shell, which withstands post-depositional alteration; and 3) they are low metabolic and physiologically unbuffered animals sensitive to change in the physicochemical composition of the ambient seawater. However, there is still insufficient knowledge of the microstructures of these biomineral archives and their biomineralization processes during the evolutionary history of the phylum. The aims of the present thesis, focused on solving these issues, are to: 1) examine the micro- and morpho- structural diversity of modern and fossil brachiopods, 2) assess the microstructure variation in different environmental conditions; and 3) reconstruct the evolutionary changes and fabric differentiation of the main brachiopod classes through geological time. A multidisciplinary approach was used for the microstructural analyses: 1) a comprehensive dataset was established based on detailed microstructural observations of modern and fossil brachiopods analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); 2) new measurement methods were developed based on SEM observations to quantitatively describe the morphology and size of the structural units (fibres) of the shell secondary layer, the thickness of the primary layer, and the density and size of endopunctae of modern brachiopod shells; 3) new measurement methods were developed to describe the structural units (laminae and fibres) of fossil brachiopod shells; 4) statistical analyses of the acquired data were performed, i.e. independent-sample t-tests, frequency distribution plots, principal component analysis, and symmetric and asymmetric variants analyses; 5) stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ18O) were tested from the secondary shell layer along shell ontogenetic increments in both dorsal and ventral valves of modern brachiopod shells; and 6) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) were performed in collaboration with other researchers to investigate the micro- and nanoscale features of modern brachiopod shells. Through these approaches, details of microstructural patterns were described and compared of twenty-nine specimens of six recent brachiopod species [Notosaria nigricans (Sowerby, 1846), Liothyrella neozelanica (Thomson, 1918), Liothyrella uva (Broderip, 1833), Magasella sanguinea (Leach, 1814), Gryphus vitreus (Born, 1778), Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846)] from different environmental conditions. Based on the morphology and size of the shell secondary layer fibres, the following conclusions were reached: 1) There was no significant difference in the shape and size of the fibres between ventral and dorsal valves of the same specimen; 2) An ontogenetic trend in the morphology of the fibres was found, as they become larger, wider, and flatter with increasing age. This change in size and shape indicated that the animal produced a fibrous layer with a different organic content during the ontogeny. 3) The relationship between size and shape of fibres and environmental conditions was clear when comparing two species of the same genus (L. neozelanica, L. uva) living in seawater with different carbonate saturation state and temperature, i.e. the fibres of L. uva are narrower and rounder than those of L. neozelanica. This in turn indicated a higher shell organic content in L. uva. Additional investigations were performed on the species Magellania venosa (Dixon, 1789), grown in the natural environment and in controlled culturing experiments in different pH conditions (7.35 to 8.15 ±0.05), and led to following conclusions: 1) Under low pH conditions, M. venosa produced a more organic-rich shell with larger and higher density endopunctae, and smaller secondary layer fibres, when subjected to about one year of culturing. 2) Increasingly negative δ13C and δ18O values were recorded by the shell produced during culturing and are related to the CO2–source in the culture setup. 3) Both the microstructural changes and the stable isotope results supported the value of brachiopods as robust archives of proxies for studying ocean acidification events in the geologic past. Finally, the measurements made on the size of structural units (laminae/fibres) of Cambrian to Devonian fossil brachiopod shells coupled with very detailed qualitative micro-scale observations, allowed the following conclusion: 1) The fossil organocarbonate brachiopod shells produced two main secondary layer fabrics: a laminar fabric in the Strophomenata, and a fibrous fabric in the Rhynchonellata. The Strophomenata laminar fabric shells appeared to be more variable and complex in their structural organization, but the thickness of the laminae was rather uniform and much thinner than that of the fibres. The Rhynchonellata fibrous fabric was more simple and uniform in its organization, but the size of the fibres was much more variable and comparable to the fabric of modern brachiopods. 2) Brachiopods with a fibrous secondary layer were mostly associated with biconvex shells, whereas brachiopods with a laminar secondary layer are associated with a variety of shell shapes. 3) Detailed microstructural studies were shown to be a very useful tool to construct the phylogenetic tree of the Phylum Brachiopoda. For example, the recorded gradual change in thickness of laminae from Billingselloidea to Productida could be important evidence to support the hypothesis that taxa with laminar microstructure diverged from the Billingsellida. Microstructural observation on the Chonetidina suggested that their shells had already evolved a laminar fabric during the Devonian. In summary, this new multidisciplinary and quantitative approach to describe the microstructure of brachiopod shells is a powerful tool to interpret microstructural variations of brachiopod shells in different ontogenetic stages and environmental conditions. Moreover, using the microstructure of brachiopod shells as a biomineral archive is a very promising tool for studying climate and environmental change and reconstructing the state of the oceans over the long history of geological time, and may be used to constrain the evolutionary history of the Phylum Brachiopoda.

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A presente dissertação tem como tema “A Bossa Nova, seus documentos e suas articulações: um movimento para além da música”. Trata-se, mais especificamente, de selecionar documentos relativos à Bossa Nova, entre os anos de 1958 e 1964, para a composição do corpus de pesquisa e articulá-los sob o processo metodológico de rede para observação. Assim sendo, faz-se uma retomada de como o movimento da Bossa Nova é formalmente contado, buscando pontuar sua história, bem como o contexto social e político de quando surgiu. Nesta seqüência faz-se uma exploração parcial do arquivo de documentos selecionados da Bossa Nova a partir de anúncios publicitários, materiais jornalísticos, capas de LPs, letras de canções e o som das músicas do movimento, fotografias dos personagens da Bossa Nova e os movimentos artísticos contemporâneos ao gênero, buscando pistas, traços comuns e oposições, partindo do movimento musical, também no Cinema Novo, nas Artes Plásticas, no Design, na Arquitetura e na Poesia Concreta. Já no último capí
The theme of the present work is "Bossa Nova, its documents and unfoldings: a movement beyond the music”. More specifically, it is about selecting Bossa Nova related documents from 1958 to 1964 to compose the research corpus and articulate them under a methodological network process for observation. Thus, a recollection is made on how the Bossa Nova movement is formally spoken, aiming at punctuating its history, as well as the social and political context at the time it appeared. In this sequence, a partial exploration is made on the archive of Bossa Nova documents previously selected from the point viewpoint of commercial advertising, journalistic materials, LP covers, song lyrics and the movement sounds, photographs of Bossa Nova personalities and contemporaneous artistic movements, searching for evidences, common and oppositional threads, starting from the musical movement, but also in the Cinema Novo, plastic arts, design, architecture and the concrete poetry. Yet in the last chapter, this series of docu

Questa ricerca intende affrontare l'organizzazione dell'amministrazione veneziana nel campo fiscale davanti all’incremento esponenziale documentario nel Settecento, focalizzando al modo nel quale l’amministrazione affronta le questioni fiscali dal punto di vista archivistica.Nell’epoca di diritto consuetudinario, la burocrazia veneziana ha saputo sviluppare magistrature specifiche e strumenti di lavoro burocratico efficaci. Infatti, ciò che una volta è stata ammirata dagli altri stati in maniera quasi mitica per la sua efficienza, è diventata un peso per la corrente gestione amministrativa. Nella prima metà del Settecento, circondata da stati assoluti e dopo le guerre con l’impero ottomano, Venezia ebbe difficoltà nella gestione dell'entrate. A fronte di questa crisi, la Repubblica cercò di riorganizzare i documenti attraverso rigorosi lavori di revisioni fiscali. Affidò l’incarico a numerose magistrature con la conseguente produzione esponenziale di nuove carte che impediva l'efficienza tra gli uffici. Questa ricerca traccia le fasi differenti dei tentativi di organizzare i documenti, e dei cambiamenti delle abitudini archivistiche.

La ricerca verte sulla ricognizione delle carte, in gran parte conservate presso il Centro Apice dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, di Girolamo Luigi Calvi (1791-1872), pittore dilettante ed erudito, autore della prima storia dell’arte lombarda, seppur limitata da un punto di vista cronologico (Notizie sulla vita e sulle opere dei principali architetti scultori e pittori che fiorirono in Milano durante il governo dei Visconti e degli Sforza, I-III, 1859-1869). La pubblicazione delle Notizie sancisce la conclusione di un percorso, iniziato già dalla metà del Settecento, teso a colmare il vuoto lasciato nella storiografia artistica e a superare il complesso di inferiorità che gli storici dell’arte lombardi a lungo avevano nutrito nei confronti della produzione delle altre regioni della penisola. In particolare, ci si è indirizzati sulla trascrizione e sul commento del manoscritto che avrebbe dovuto costituire il quarto volume delle Notizie dedicato ai cosiddetti leonardeschi, impresa rimasta incompiuta a causa della morte di Girolamo Luigi Calvi.

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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre a teoria e as práticas que envolvem a avaliação arquivística, a partir da análise de alguns autores influentes no tema. Apresenta um breve histórico sobre a Gestão Documental e destaca os princípios norteadores da avaliação arquivística, na visão de alguns teóricos, sobressaindo o conceito de arquivo, documento e o perfil do arquivista. Debate a questão das possibilidades de leitura/interpretação nas práticas arquivísticas, e por consequência na avaliação de documentos, destacando alguns fundamentos da Teoria do Discurso de linha francesa. Apresenta os marcos legais em relação à avaliação e a estreita relação com a constituição da memória. Busca-se observar, através da análise de entrevistas os principais fundamentos e as práticas envolvidas no processo de avaliação de documentos.

Art History
M.A.
Queer artists have engaged archives throughout modern and contemporary American art, but art historical discourse of their work has centered the writing of Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault to theorize these spaces without considering archival scholarship. This text takes up Gabriel Martinez’s Archive series as a case study to critique archival selection theory and better understand how prejudice has affected the preservation of queer folx’s collections. Martinez’s series is situated amongst other Western artworks that center archival records and queer themes throughout the last century. This section places his artwork in dialogue with other artists for whom the archive is the subject of their artwork. The artworks detailed exemplify the multiplicity of ways that queer folx critique and interpret the histories preserved in these institutions. Following this survey of art is an analysis of how archival records are selected for preservation and the inherent subjectivity of this task. Pedagogical writing on archival selection by Frank Boles, Richard Cox, and James O’Toole are consulted to better understand how archivists working in the field are taught to handle this type of work. Most of their writing is focused on traditional archives and fails to articulate the challenges facing counterarchives, spaces formed to compensate for the erasure of queer persons in traditional institutions. This review of archival scholarship ends with a critique of how queer counterarchives have fallen short of their inclusive aims. The final section of this text is dedicated to a close study of Martinez’s Archive series. His photographs document the Harry R. Eberlin photograph collection and the John J. Wilcox, Jr. Archives in Philadelphia. The historical context of the Eberlin collection and the founding of its host repository are presented in conjunction with Archive series because Martinez’s compositions are inseparable from these histories. Philadelphia queer culture in the 1970s and 1980s is revealed through the retelling of these histories and by examining who was visualized in the images themselves. These images of bars and events simultaneously reveal the gender and racial disparity of patronage within these spaces and exemplify long-standing tensions in the city’s queer spaces. Lastly, this text posits a practice called “pseudo-processing” where artists document and preserve facsimiles of archival records to question the divisions of archival labor from that of an artist performing comparable tasks.
Temple University--Theses

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quindi quello di ricercare e archiviare tutti i dati sperimentali di correnti ioniche umane ventricolari presenti in letteratura fino ad oggi, per costruire uno strumento di facile utilizzo per chiunque abbia la necessità di sviluppare o validare modelli matematici di potenziale d’azione. Partendo da una fase iniziale di ricerca vera e propria degli articoli in letteratura, utilizzando il motore di ricerca PubMed come strumento principale, sono stati estratti e archiviati tutti i dati di interesse, divisi per tipo di corrente, memorizzando le informazioni principali in un foglio di lavoro e salvando i dati sia come immagini che come vettori, per consentirne in futuro una rapida consultazione e un facile utilizzo.

The thesis summarized here evolved from an interest in fieri – related to a relatively recent line of research on the modern age – about historic archives, understood here in the sense of documentary complexes considered no longer only as ‘containers’ of information useful for constructing histories, but viewed as objects of study in themselves, that is, as expressions of the powerful organizations that have produced, conserved and selected their written materials in order to manage (and thus pass down) the memory of the ‘group’. Specifically, as laid out in the Foreword, the present study takes its cue from an orientation in research inaugurated quite recently, one which complements the more traditional approach to the history of archives with methods adopted from disciplines aimed more directly at the study of archival strategies and practices captured from the perspective of a history of administration, scrutinizing the evolution of those bureaucratic entities known as the chanceries (and/or secretariats) of the power-wielding organizations, with the goal of contributing to the desired development of a ‘documentary history of institutions’ as affirmed in the recent literature. Having framed the problem in these terms, it is necessary to explain the context underlying the research (examined in Chapter I), namely the historiographic theme of the religious orders and their archives in the Ancien Régime. Also a focus of special attention in recent years, this phenomenon involves a multiplicity of elements, all aimed at clarifying the role played by archives in the construction of the image and in the reinterpretation of the identities of the various religious families, especially in the aftermath of the Council of Trent. The latter was of course a watershed of no little importance for the survival into the modern epoch of that large array of religious orders – that is, the earliest monastic foundations as well as the Mendicants – which needed new impetus and reforms, as well as a new and more effective contextualization. Moreover it was precisely the Council that gave the impetus to renewed forms of religious life, such as in primis the Clerics regular. For the Franciscans, the protagonists of this thesis, the so-called Counter-Reform served as a basis (although there had been premonitory signs in previous decades) upon which to once again reconsider their origins. Thus new branches emerged from the medieval ceppo of the Conventuals that would attempt to establish themselves in society. Thus were created (and/or confirmed) the Capuchins, the Reformed, the Discalced Franciscans (later called Alcantarines) and the Barbanti, without completely abandoning the important experience of the Observants, who only in 1517 had seen themselves legally recognized as fully independent from the Conventuals, constituting to all intents and purposes – for the first time since the founding of the Franciscan family – a ‘new’ First Order. The echo of these new developments is also reflected in the Seraphic Provinces of Puglia, giving voice to a rethinking and reorganization. The case of Bari, specifically, evidences a territorial fabric shared by four Franciscan branches. This circumstance has required a careful investigation (in chapter II) of the inception of these settlements, passing from the two oldest attestations within the walls (the Conventuals of S. Francesco della Scarpa and the Observants of S. Pietro delle Fosse) to the construction, between 1556 and 1617, of two convents outside the perimeter of the old city center – by then saturated with convents, churches and lay residential structures –, that is, the loca of the Capuchins and the Reformed (respectively S. Croce and S. Bernardino). Returning to a focus on the circumstances of the archives, our study gave its attention to the sources that convey information about the arrival of these families in Bari, opening in a virtual manner the doors of those archives that conserved various materials useful to the Apulian Franciscan chroniclers of the modern age. Here we refer to the historical works of the Franciscan Observant Bonaventura da Fasano (Memorabilia minoritica, Bari 1656) and of the Reformed Bonaventura da Lama (Cronica de’ minori osservanti Riformati della Provincia di S. Nicolò, Lecce 1723-1724), and the 18th-century Cronaca of the Capuchin Emanuele da Francavilla, which was published however only in the first half of the 20th century (Cronaca dei frati minori Cappuccini di Puglia, edited by Antonio da Stigliano, Bari 1941). In addition to the printed sources (or at least those conceived for printing), inevitably the result of a construction and selection of memory and documents, there are also archival sources in manuscript form (17th-19th centuries), unpublished or cited (and studied) by a number of 19th-century Franciscan writers, or mentioned only in passing, and therefore not examined in depth. The overall analysis has led to a better understanding of the relationship with the memoirs of the city of Bari, represented by the work of Antonio Beatillo (Historia di Bari, Napoli 1637) and more than two centuries later, by the literary efforts of Michele Garruba (Serie critica de’ sacri pastori baresi, Bari 1844) and Giulio Petroni (Della storia di Bari dagli antichi tempi sino all’anno 1856 libri tre, Napoli 1857-1858). Continuing with the exposition of the thesis, Chapter II also dedicates ample space to the convents themselves, furnishing a historical-documentary reconstruction of the histories of the four Franciscan sites in Bari, retracing the contexts and historical circumstances, and comparatively examining the available sources. Regarding the arrival of the Conventuals in today’s regional capital of Puglia, our study could not but start by recalling two exceptional auctoritates: Thomas of Celano and Bonaventura of Bagnoregio, who both left testimonies of a visit by Francis of Assisi to the area near Bari. This information was used by Beatillo and Garruba to transfer sic et simpliciter the presence of Francis directly into the city, and make him the founder of the locum of the Conventuals of S. Francesco della Scarpa (during a historical phase of the Order when no masonry convents had yet been built!), with the consequent collocation of his brothers among the communities of the Clerics regular of Bari. Construction of the Observant convent of S. Pietro delle Fosse was owed instead to the munificence of an emerging social group in the city, that of the merchants. It was in fact Baldovino Carrattone who sustained the costs for building the religious house (completed 1463) for this family that had been approved circa a century earlier, and which constituted a renewed and powerful lever within the religious and political configuration of the Order of Franconia. Garruba explains the title of S. Peter delle Fosse by alluding to another foundation myth that can be critically read in these coordinates: if the Conventuals had called upon the name of Francis of Assisi, celebrated as alter Christus, for the Observants their arrival was foreshadowed by the passage through Bari of the princeps apostolorum who, having celebrated Mass in a grotto (the ‘Fosse’) near the site where centuries later the Observant church would stand, is considered to have ideally prepared and ennobled the settlement there of the new religious family. Tensions among the Seraphic families serve as the implicit context for the historiographic interpretation of the inception of the Capuchin convent of S. Croce; Capuchin sources attribute a leading role to Giacomo da Molfetta, the most distinguished (and holiest) friar after the abandonment of the Observants and incardination in the Capuchin ranks. Spiritually edified by Giacomo’s cycle of sermons preached in the city, representatives of the Universitas are said to have arranged for the arrival of the confreres in 1556, giving rise to a convent and demonstrating the (presumed) growing superiority of this most recent Franciscan family, officially recognized in 1528. On the other hand, the historians of Bari in the modern age have situated the beginnings of the Capuchin settlement in conjunction with the intervention of Bishop Antonio Puteo, giving greater prominence to the date 1573, year of the rebuilding of the church. The arrival of the Reformed Franciscans in the city in 1617 complicated relationships with the secular clergy, other religious orders and with the other families of Franciscans themselves. The subject of burials seems to have been a node of discord about which the city’s chroniclers are silent. The issue emerges instead in the historical sources of the Reform community, which identify the power exercised by the Diocese in this regard as a barely tolerable condition, though its acceptance was indispensable for reasons of coexistence. For Chapter III, the main focus is once again the Franciscan archives in Bari during the period of the Ancien Régime. Here a reconstruction of the process of documentary output is undertaken, from the production of the acts in the secretariats (i.e., the Curias) of the four provincial ministers who resided in the Seraphic convents of the current regional capital of Puglia, to the modalities of the management, conservation and selection of documents. Underscoring the residency of ministers in the city enables a clarification regarding the reasons that Bari was chosen as the topic for this case study. Indeed, the choice was dictated by the a priori ascertainment of the presence of four archival nuclei – namely the Provincial Archives – on this site during the modern age, which appear homogeneous by nature. For the Franciscans (and not only them), in fact, the documentary hierarchy produces complexes structured as pyramids, each with three levels: at the top the General Archives, at the base the archives of the individual convents, while the forma mediatatis is occupied by the Provincial Archives, that is, the relations – in terms of acts produced and received – created by the Seraphic circoscrizioni territoriali (i.e., the Provinces) through an institutional dialogue between the convents and the General Curia, not forgetting, as is obvious, ad extra relations. These considerations permit a distinction to be made between the four Provincial Archives established in Bari in Ancien Régime – that is, the centralized thesaurus memoriae of the Province of the Conventuals, Observants, Cappuchins and the Reform community, which are the ‘objects of study’ of the present thesis – and the four other archives found in the city, that is, those proper to the religious communities inhabiting the convents of S. Francesco della Scarpa, S. Pietro delle Fosse, S. Croce and S. Bernardino. The study, therefore, has given particular attention to the secretariats of the provincial ministers, examining, as far as the sources allow, the professional figures who worked there, that is, the secretary and the pro-secretary. Documents reveal that these friars received an exceptional cultural training and were able to perform tasks not substantially different from those of the secretariats of the bishops, following all documentary procedures, and writing ex officio testimonials such as the regestum Provinciae, the liber typical of the Franciscan Curias. An in-depth analysis has been dedicated to the regestum Provinciae (or ‘libro magno’), since it has been possible to trace (and describe) three of them, evidence formerly kept in the Provincial Archives of the Observants and Reform community of Bari, and found today in the Provincial Historical Archives of the Friars Minor of Puglia and Molise (S. Marco in Lamis, Foggia). Another aspect of the study concerned the theme of document conservation, since the ministers’ secretariats also had the responsibility – articulated by both the dictates of the Franciscan constitution and by the concrete reasons for the practice – to see to the orderly filing of the documents and provide for their storage in rooms elsewhere than the office of the secretariat. Such care was required in primis for practical-administrative purposes, and would only later be motivated by historical considerations linked to the conservation of records, also in compliance with the well-known document of Benedict XIII issued on June 14, 1727, or the Maxima vigilantia (and the attached Instructio Italica). Observation of the strategies of documentary conservation utilized by the individual Seraphic convents (and not in the Provincial Archives) of the city of Bari has enabled the author – following historians tracks, though here focused on Franciscan libraries – to propose the concepts of the ‘formal archive’ and ‘informal archive’, that is, the presence in modern times in religious houses not only of a room used as an ‘official’ site for the conventual historical memory, but also of at least two other spaces, the sacristy and the refectory, which provided for the protection and conservation, respectively, of the necrological entries – in order to ensure the celebration of masses for the deceased brethren (in a thin line between historical memory and liturgical memorial) – and of the obituaries and circulars of the provincials. The latter were read aloud by a friar during the consumption of meals, after which the De profundis was recited corally pro anima fratrum defunctorum, and then the dispositions of the ministers for the government of the religious province were heard in silence. Returning to the Provincial Archives and the practices of documentary conservation, the study has also investigated a lesser known aspect in the modus operandi of Franciscan families in Ancien Régime. Connected with the conservation of the writings was the selection of those sheets that were not meant to remain in the Provincial Archives but which had to be sent to the General Archives of the order in Rome, so as to preserve in loco the reputations of confreres involved in special situations, especially canonical processes. Thus the General Curias could exercise a policy of ‘records control’ over the individual circumscriptions. These documents ‘in exile’ in Rome have been traced in the course of the research, and amply explain the choice (and the reasons) not to remember, circumstances that it has been possible to reconstruct by identifying four sheaves of correspondence – one for each Seraphic family of Bari – for the years 1763-1814. A reading of the contents has enabled us to grasp the production and preservation of documents in another interpretative key, as well as to associate certain elements concerning the social and economic constitution of the city of Bari in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, activating points for consideration regarding issues of a historiographical nature. The ‘silent record’ provides evidence of archival units in Bari with different consistencies, united by the attempt to remove the memory of inconvenient or difficult events, which suggests that in modern times the saeculum did not stop at the threshold of Franciscan convents. From the torture suffered by a friar in his cell among the Conventuals to the swindle carried out by an Observant religious to «defraud the Church and the sacred canonical establishments», the documentary evidence unravels to the point of exposing dynamics such as the smuggling of distillate (aquavit) or the illicit sale of Galenic preparations – and even money-lending – among the Capuchins, as well as the ‘dangerous relationships’ of a Reformed friar, who was «continuously involved in secular affairs» with two unmarried women. The final part of the thesis (Chapter IV) presents a detailed examination of the surviving evidence in the Franciscan archives in Bari in Ancien Régime. After having worked with originals and copies of original documents, and also having had recourse to no-longer extant documents (surviving as ‘recorded or remembered sources’), the investigation turned its attention to the Institutes of conservation – above all archives, but also libraries – that currently preserve the physical evidence which survived the two suppressions of the 19th century, and/or other events. Thus, the work inevitably remains, as the general coordinates suggest, a study in progress, susceptible to the appearance of further useful contributions that can broaden the overall picture, and of new documentary discoveries – not least by chance – in institutions not covered by the investigation. On the other hand, with regard to the archives (and libraries) adequately investigated and whose ‘natural links’ with the documentary production of the Franciscans of Bari are well known, the study has been structured by subdividing the institutions by geographical location, giving priority to the city of Bari and to Puglia, and then continuing the process of investigation outside the region. In turn, Bari’s seven institutions have been divided into two groups, in dependence on their appurtenance to peripheral offices of the State or to organizations within the ecclesiastical sphere. In these terms, the research was able to highlight the relations between the Bari Seraphic archives in the modern age and the documentary patrimony of the State Archives of Bari, tracing information on collections of documents such as those of the Corporazioni religiose soppresse or the Intendenza di Terra di Bari (in the two series Culto e dipendenze and Ramo finanze). The latter reveal, among other things, an abundance of Franciscan-related materials, but do not contain a large number of documents directly from the convents, or more detailed information on the archives (unlike, for instance, the libraries). Similar situations were found in the Biblioteca Nazionale “Sagarriga Visconti Volpi” and the Biblioteca Metropolitana “S. Teresa dei Maschi - De Gemmis” respectively for the D’Addosio and the De Gemmis archives, both of which testify to the research and interest in collecting of two local scholars who lived between the end of the 18th and early 20th centuries. Among their sheets with notes, simple copies, extracts from notarial protocols and acquisitions of antiques, however, were instances of more significant materials that have merited a detailed investigation. As may easily be imagined, the two main Bari archives of the secular clergy (that is, the Archives of the Metropolitan Chapter and the Historical Archives of the Diocese) play a privileged role in preserving documentation from the archives of the Bari Franciscan convents, mainly due to the dialogue established (and therefore the production of the relative correspondence) between the secular clergy and the Seraphic Curias. This also furnishes evidence of a fairly close activity of checks and controls with regard to the religious, which was quite far-reaching in the first decades after the Council of Trent and then gradually less and less stringent. The search for Franciscan documentation from the four Bari convents concluded in loco with the Provincial Archive of the Conventual Friars Minor of Puglia and the Historical Archive of the Capuchin Province of Puglia, that is, the two documentary complexes still extant in the regional capital of Puglia. If it has been demonstrated for the Conventuals that the currently available documentation does not constitute the thesaurus memoriae of the ancient Provincia Apuliae dedicated to San Nicola, for the Capuchins the opposite is the case: indeed, the collection of documents reveals itself as the most substantial in Bari in the modern age among all the Seraphic Provincial Archives, despite considerable losses attributable in particular (but not uniquely) to the two Suppressions. Before leaving Puglia, the investigation reserved a space for the aforementioned Archivio Storico Provinciale dei Frati Minori di Puglia e Molise, in order to reexamine the three ‘libri magni’ and stoeek the reasons for their conservation here. Indeed, the motivation is traceable to the fact that the Archivio Storico Provinciale is the institutional heir to the documentary legacy of the two original Provinces of the Observants and the Reform community in Bari, familiae reunited in 1897 by Leo XIII with bull Felicitate quadam as the ‘new’ Ordo Fratrum Minorum. Beyond the borders of the Puglia region, research was concentrated mainly in Rome, due to the presence there of the General Archives of the three current Franciscan Orders (Archivio Storico Generale dell’Ordine dei Frati Minori Conventuali, Archivio Storico Generale dell’Ordine dei Frati Minori, and the Archivio Generale dei Cappuccini), but also of the important Archive of the Collegio di Sant’Isidoro. The cities of Milan, Florence and Naples also contributed, if marginally, to making the study more incisive in terms of the documentary evidence. In the final part of Chapter IV the study, nearing its conclusion, examined the typologies and quantities of the documents found in the Franciscan archives in Bari, reconstructing the ideal albero logico of the four archives on the basis of the surviving materials but also utilizing the evidence of those documents which are no-longer extant and known only through other records, as discussed in the previous chapters. This meant, in short, an analysis that was conducted by moving in several investigative directions, departing from the few explicit ‘archival references’ found in Franciscan legislation of both the modern and medieval periods, underlining differences and similarities between the four Seraphic families. The proposal for a reconstruction kept in mind the administrative activity (and not only) of the secretariats of the provincial ministers and the functions carried out by the individual communities, reconsidering the relationships ad intra and ad extra and therefore the relative documentary production. On this basis, the possible series (and sub-series) in which the archives – both the centralized ones of the four Provinces and those of the convents – were structured are individuated. This type of study has also obviously availed itself of the archival evidence still available (discussed in the previous paragraph), in an attempt to deduce, on the basis of the types of documents, the physical organization of the ab antiquo sheets, including an analysis of the very few surviving call numbers and/or the secretarial annotations. It was not considered inappropriate to the procedure adopted, to introduce the study by means of a history of the four Franciscan archives of Bari, a profile that was delineated thanks also to a careful reading of the sources, citing all the testimonies and other references – at least those found to date during the course of this study – that furnish information regarding the development of the documentary complexes of the Conventuals, Observants, Capuchins and Reform community in Bari in the modern age. The thesis concludes with the conventional corpus of acronyms and abbreviations, sources, bibliography and sitography, preceded by an appendix of visual materials: a series of color plates reproducing some of the most significant documents examined during the course of the study. These illustrations also demonstrate the particular attention that the producing organizations at times dedicated to the writing and decorative apparatus of specific acts.
La presente ricerca ha mosso le fila da un interesse in fieri – da parte di un filone d’indagine sull’età moderna sviluppatosi abbastanza recentemente – maturato nei confronti degli archivi, da intendersi nell’accezione di complessi documentari presi in considerazione non più soltanto quali ‘contenitori’ di notizie utili a costruire la Storia, ma nella prospettiva di ‘oggetti di studio’ di per sé, ovvero espressioni di corpi di potere che hanno prodotto, conservato e selezionato le scritture per gestire (e dunque tramandare) la memoria del ‘gruppo’. Nello specifico, come esposto nella Premessa, la ricerca si inserisce idealmente in un nuovo orientamento inaugurato negli ultimi anni, che affianca alla più tradizionale storia degli archivi alcune discipline più mirate a comprendere le strategie e le prassi archivistiche, colte nell’ottica di una storia dell’amministrazione, vagliando il divenire di quegli organi burocratici che sono le cancellerie dei corpi di potere (e/o le segreterie), in vista dell’auspicata elaborazione di una ‘storia documentaria delle istituzioni’, come affermato da recentissimi studi. Inquadrato il problema in questi termini, è necessario esplicitare il contesto sotteso alla ricerca (preso in esame nella trattazione del cap. I), ovvero il tema storiografico degli ordini religiosi e gli archivi in Ancien Régime, altro caposaldo di peculiari attenzioni in particolar modo negli ultimi anni. Il fenomeno chiama in causa una molteplicità di elementi, tutti volti a tentare di chiarire il ruolo che gli archivi hanno giocato nella costruzione dell’immagine e nella rilettura dell’identità delle varie familiae religiose, principalmente all’indomani del Concilio di Trento, come è noto uno spartiacque di non poco conto per far approdare in età moderna soprattutto quella nutrita schiera di ordini religiosi – ovvero le realtà monastiche di antichissima fondazione, ma anche i Mendicanti – che necessitava di nuovi slanci e riforme, nonché di più efficaci ricontestualizzazioni. D’altronde sarà proprio il Concilio a dare l’impulso a rinnovate forme di vita religiosa, quali in primis i chierici regolari: per i Francescani, protagonisti del lavoro di tesi, la cosiddetta Controriforma funge da base (ma vi erano state avvisaglie già nei decenni precedenti) per riconsiderare ancora una volta le origini, proponendo dal ceppo medievale dei Conventuali nuovi virgulti che cercheranno di imporsi nella società, facendo nascere (e/o confermando) i Cappuccini, i Riformati, gli Scalzi (poi detti Alcantarini) e i Barbanti, senza lasciare completamente alle spalle l’importante esperienza degli Osservanti, che solo nel 1517 si erano vista riconosciuta la piena autonomia giuridica dai Conventuali, costituendo a tutti gli effetti – per la prima volta dalla fondazione della famiglia francescana – un ‘nuovo’ primo Ordine. L’eco di queste istanze viene riflesso anche nelle Province serafiche pugliesi, dando voce a ripensamenti e riorganizzazioni: nello specifico il caso di Bari testimonia un tessuto territoriale condiviso da quattro presenze francescane; la circostanza ha richiesto un’attenta indagine (nel cap. II) sulla nascita di questi insediamenti, passando dalle due più antiche attestazioni entro le mura (i Conventuali a S. Francesco della Scarpa e gli Osservanti a S. Pietro delle Fosse) alla costruzione, negli anni compresi tra il 1556 e il 1617, di due conventi fuori dal perimetro della Città Vecchia – ormai satura di case religiose, chiese e residenze a uso civile –, ovvero i loca dei Cappuccini e dei Riformati (rispettivamente S. Croce e S. Bernardino). Tornando a puntare la lente sulle vicende degli archivi, la ricerca ha concentrato lo sguardo sulle fonti che trasmettono notizia dell’arrivo di queste famiglie a Bari, aprendo virtualmente le porte di quegli archivi che conservavano materiali vari utili ai cronisti francescani pugliesi di età moderna. Il riferimento va alle opere storiche del francescano osservante Bonaventura da Fasano (Memorabilia minoritica, Bari 1656) e del riformato Bonaventura da Lama (Cronica de’ minori osservanti Riformati della Provincia di S. Nicolò, Lecce 1723-1724), ai quali si aggiunge la settecentesca Cronaca del cappuccino Emanuele da Francavilla, pubblicata tuttavia solo nella prima metà del XX secolo (Cronaca dei frati minori Cappuccini di Puglia, a cura di ANTONIO DA STIGLIANO, Bari 1941). Alle fonti a stampa (o almeno concepite per la stampa), frutto inevitabilmente di una costruzione e selezione della memoria e dei documenti, si affianca il rinvenimento di fonti archivistiche rimaste manoscritte (secc. XVII-XIX), inedite o già segnalate (e studiate) da alcuni francescanisti del Novecento oppure solo menzionate en passant e dunque non approfondite: l’analisi complessiva ha condotto a leggere meglio i rapporti anche con la memorialistica della città di Bari, rappresentata dall’opera di Antonio Beatillo (Historia di Bari, Napoli 1637) e, a distanza di più di due secoli, dall’impegno letterario di Michele Garruba (Serie critica de’ sacri pastori baresi, Bari 1844) e di Giulio Petroni (Della storia di Bari dagli antichi tempi sino all’anno 1856 libri tre, Napoli 1857-1858). Continuando a illustrare l’itinerario della ricerca, è ancora il cap. II a dedicare ampio spazio ai conventi, soffermandosi sulla ricostruzione storico-documentaria delle vicende relative ai quattro loca francescani baresi, ripercorrendo i contesti e le circostanze storiche, discutendo in modo comparato le fonti disponibili. Per l’arrivo dei Conventuali nell’odierno capoluogo regionale pugliese la riflessione non poteva non avviarsi senza richiamare due auctoritates d’eccezione, ovvero Tommaso da Celano e Bonaventura da Bagnoregio, i quali hanno lasciato testimonianza di una visita di Francesco d’Assisi nelle vicinanze di Bari: la notizia viene utilizzata dal Beatillo e dal Garruba per trasferire sic et simpliciter la presenza dell’Assisiate direttamente in città e renderlo artefice della posa della prima pietra del locum dei Conventuali di S. Francesco della Scarpa (in una fase storica dell’Ordine nel quale non venivano ancora edificati conventi in muratura!), con il conseguente stanziarsi dei suoi fratres tra le comunità del clero regolare barese. Alla munificenza di un gruppo sociale emergente in città, ovvero quello dei mercanti, si deve la costruzione del convento osservante di S. Pietro delle Fosse, nella persona di Baldovino Carrattone, il quale nel 1463 fece completare la casa religiosa per questa famiglia, approvata circa un secolo prima e che costituiva una rinnovata e potente leva nell’assetto religioso e politico dell’Ordine francescano. Il Garruba spiega il titolo di S. Pietro delle Fosse ricorrendo a un altro mito di fondazione, che può criticamente essere letto in queste coordinate: se per i Conventuali si era chiamato in causa il nome di Francesco d’Assisi, celebrato come alter Christus, per gli Osservanti si prefigurava la loro venuta con il passaggio a Bari del princeps apostolorum, il quale – celebrando la messa in uno speco (le ‘Fosse’) accanto al luogo antesignano della costruzione della chiesa osservante – avrebbe idealmente predisposto e nobilitato l’insediamento della nuova famiglia religiosa. Le tensioni interne alle familiae serafiche fanno da contesto non dichiarato per l’interpretazione storiografica della nascita del convento cappuccino di S. Croce; le fonti dei Cappuccini attribuiscono un ruolo di primo piano a Giacomo da Molfetta, frate più insigne (e più santo) dopo l’abbandono dell’Osservanza e l’incardinazione nelle fila cappuccine: edificati spiritualmente per il ciclo di prediche tenuto in città dal religioso, gli esponenti dell’Universitas avrebbero predisposto la venuta in loco dei confratelli nel 1556, facendo sorgere un convento e dimostrando la (presunta) superiorità in crescendo della recentissima famiglia francescana, riconosciuta ufficialmente nel 1528. Di contro, gli storici baresi d’età moderna riconducono all’intervento vescovile di Antonio Puteo l’insediamento dei Cappuccini, dando maggiore risalto alla data del 1573, anno della ricostruzione della chiesa. L’arrivo dei Riformati in città nel 1617 complica gli equilibri con il clero secolare, gli altri ordini religiosi e con gli stessi francescani delle altre famiglie: il tema delle sepolture appare uno snodo nevralgico taciuto dalla memorialistica cittadina, ma fatto emergere dalle fonti dei Riformati, che individuano nel potere esercitato dalla Diocesi in merito alla questione un difetto poco tollerabile, seppur ineludibile per le ragioni della convivenza. Con il cap. III lo sguardo principale è tornato nuovamente a focalizzarsi sugli archivi francescani a Bari in Ancien Régime, intraprendendo un percorso finalizzato a ricostruire l’iter del flusso documentario, dalla produzione degli atti nelle segreterie (ovvero le Curie) dei quattro ministri provinciali che abitavano i conventi serafici dell’attuale capoluogo regionale pugliese sino alle modalità di gestione, conservazione e selezione dei documenti. Sottolineare la residenzialità dei ministri in città consente di chiarire che la scelta di studiare il caso barese è stata dettata anche da una constatazione previa: la presenza durante l’età moderna in loco di quattro nuclei archivistici che appaiono per natura omogenei, cioè gli Archivi Provinciali. Per i Francescani (e non solo), infatti, la gerarchia documentaria produce complessi scanditi su tre livelli ‘a piramide’, il cui vertice è da identificare nell’Archivio Generale e la base negli archivi dei singoli conventi; ne consegue che in forma medietatis si distinguono gli Archivi Provinciali, cioè le relazioni – in termini di atti prodotti e ricevuti – che le ‘circoscrizioni territoriali’ serafiche (appunto le Province) hanno intessuto in un dialogo istituzionale principalmente tra i conventi e la Curia Generale, non dimenticando, come è ovvio, i rapporti ad extra. Queste considerazioni permettono di operare una distinzione tra i quattro Archivi Provinciali attestati a Bari in Ancien Régime – ovvero il thesaurus memoriae centralizzato di Provincia dei Conventuali, Osservanti, Cappuccini e Riformati, nonché ‘oggetti di studio’ privilegiati della presente ricerca – e altre quattro realtà riscontrate, ovvero gli archivi propri delle fraternità che avevano dimora nei conventi di S. Francesco della Scarpa, S. Pietro delle Fosse, S. Croce e S. Bernardino. L’indagine, dunque, ha posto particolare attenzione sulle segreterie dei ministri provinciali, studiando, per quello che le fonti consentono, le figure professionali che vi lavoravano, ovvero il segretario e il pro-segretario, frati che dal riscontro sui documenti danno prova di una non ordinaria formazione culturale, in grado di svolgere mansioni sostanzialmente non molto diverse da quelle delle segreterie vescovili, seguendo tutte le procedure documentarie e redigendo ex officio testimonianze quali ad esempio il regestum Provinciae, tipico liber delle Curie francescane. Proprio al regestum Provinciae (o ‘libro magno’) è stato dedicato un approfondimento, in quanto la ricerca ha potuto rintracciarne (e descriverne) tre, attestazioni un tempo custodite dagli Archivi Provinciali degli Osservanti e dei Riformati di Bari, oggi presso l’Archivio Storico Provinciale dei Frati Minori di Puglia e Molise (S. Marco in Lamis, Foggia). Il tema della conservazione documentaria ha riguardato un altro aspetto della ricerca, poiché alle segreterie dei ministri spettava anche il compito – scandito tra i dettami delle Costituzioni francescane e le ragioni concrete della prassi – di seguire la sedimentazione dei documenti e provvedere a riporli in ambienti diversi rispetto a quelli della cella della segreteria, tutelando in primis le finalità pratico-amministrative, che solo in un secondo momento diverranno motivazioni di ordine storico legate alla custodia della memoria, anche in osservanza del notissimo documento di Benedetto XIII emanato il 14 giugno 1727, ovvero la Maxima vigilantia (e l’annessa Instructio Italica). Uno sguardo sulle strategie di conservazione documentaria nei singoli conventi serafici (e non negli Archivi Provinciali) della città di Bari ha permesso alla ricerca – ponendosi nell’alveo di indagini condotte dagli storici in merito però alle biblioteche francescane – di proporre i concetti di ‘archivio formale’ e ‘archivio non formale’, ovvero la presenza in età moderna nelle case religiose non solo di una cella adibita a luogo ‘ufficiale’ per la memoria, ma anche di almeno altri due spazi, la sacrestia e il refettorio, che prevedevano la tutela e la conservazione, rispettivamente, delle tabelle necrologiche – al fine di garantire la celebrazione dei suffragi per i confratelli defunti (in una sottile linea di confine tra memoria e memoriale liturgico) – e dei necrologi e delle circolari dei provinciali, da far leggere a un frate a turno durante la consumazione dei pasti per, nell’ordine, recitare il De profundis coralmente pro anima fratrum defunctorum e ascoltare in silenzio quanto disposto dai ministri per il governo della Provincia religiosa. Ritornando sugli Archivi Provinciali e alle pratiche della conservazione documentaria, l’indagine ha studiato un aspetto che appare meno conosciuto nel modus operandi delle famiglie francescane in Ancien Régime: connessa alla custodia delle scritture vi è la selezione delle carte, con l’invio agli Archivi Generali romani di atti che non dovevano rimanere negli Archivi Provinciali, al fine di preservare in loco il buon nome di confratelli che erano incorsi in situazioni particolari, soprattutto processi canonici, e così esercitare da parte delle Curie Generali una politica del ‘controllo della memoria’ sulle singole circoscrizioni territoriali. Questi documenti ‘in esilio’ a Roma sono stati rintracciati e danno ampiamente conto della scelta (e delle motivazioni) di non ricordare, circostanza che si è potuta ricostruire individuando quattro carteggi – uno per ogni famiglia serafica barese – compresi negli anni 1763-1814: la lettura dei contenuti ha consentito di cogliere in un’altra chiave interpretativa la produzione e conservazione documentaria, nonché di restituire alcuni elementi riguardanti il tessuto sociale ed economico della città di Bari tra XVIII e XIX secolo, avviando spunti di riflessione su problemi di natura storiografica. La ‘memoria taciuta’ dà prova di unità archivistiche dalla consistenza diversa, accomunate dal tentativo di allontanare da Bari il ricordo di vicende dalle tematiche forti, che lasciano comprendere come il saeculum non si sia arrestato in età moderna dietro la soglia dei conventi francescani: dalle sevizie subite da un frate nella sua cella tra i Conventuali al raggiro di un religioso dell’Osservanza compiuto per «frodare la Chiesa ed i sacri canonici stabilimenti», le evidenze documentarie si snodano fino a chiamare in causa dinamiche quali il contrabbando di acquavite e la vendita illecita di preparazioni galeniche – ma anche il prestito di denaro – tra i Cappuccini, oppure le relazioni pericolose di un frate della Riforma, «sempre mescolato negl’affari secolareschi», con due donne nubili. L’ultimo tratto del percorso di ricerca (cap. IV) ha riguardato un puntuale approfondimento sulle attestazioni superstiti degli archivi dei francescani a Bari in Ancien Régime; dopo aver infatti lavorato con testimonianze in originale e in copia e aver fatto ricorso anche a documenti non più esistenti (ma pervenuti come ‘memoria della fonte’), l’indagine ha richiesto di inquadrare gli Istituti di conservazione – soprattutto archivi, ma anche biblioteche – che attualmente custodiscono le effettive evidenze sopravvissute alle due Soppressioni del XIX secolo e/o ad altri eventi. Si tratta, come le coordinate generali lasciano intendere, di una ricognizione che resta inevitabilmente in fieri, suscettibile di ulteriori apporti utili ad ampliare lo sguardo d’insieme, con auspicabili rinvenimenti documentari – non ultimi fortuiti – in Istituti non noti alla ricerca. In merito invece agli archivi (e alle biblioteche) adeguatamente investigati e di cui si conoscono bene i ‘vincoli naturali’ con la produzione francescana barese, lo studio è stato articolato suddividendo gli Istituti per luoghi geografici, dando la priorità alla città di Bari e alla Puglia, per poi proseguire l’iter d’indagine fuori Regione; a sua volta i sette Istituti baresi sono stati separati in due gruppi, a seconda dell’appartenenza a Uffici periferici dello Stato o a realtà afferenti alla sfera ecclesiastica. In questi termini la ricerca ha potuto mettere in evidenza i rapporti tra gli archivi serafici baresi in età moderna e il patrimonio documentario dell’Archivio di Stato di Bari, rintracciando notizie su fondi quali Corporazioni religiose soppresse o l’Intendenza di Terra di Bari (nelle due serie Culto e dipendenze e Ramo finanze) che danno prova, tra gli altri aspetti, di cospicui carteggi di interesse francescano, senza tuttavia restituire un numero considerevole di attestazioni documentarie provenienti per via diretta dai conventi o informazioni più dettagliate sugli archivi (diversamente ad esempio dalle biblioteche). Sorti analoghe hanno riservato la Biblioteca Nazionale “Sagarriga Visconti Volpi” e la Biblioteca Metropolitana “S. Teresa dei Maschi - De Gemmis”, con – rispettivamente – il fondo D’Addosio e il fondo De Gemmis, testimonianze delle ricerche e del gusto per il collezionismo di due studiosi locali vissuti fra la fine del XVIII e il XX secolo: tra i loro appunti, copie semplici, estratti da protocolli notarili e acquisti in antiquariato, tuttavia, qualche evidenza più significativa ha meritato indagini particolareggiate. Come facilmente intuibile i due maggiori archivi baresi del clero secolare (ovvero l’Archivio del Capitolo Metropolitano e l’Archivio Storico della Diocesi) rivestono un ruolo privilegiato nel custodire documentazione degli archivi dei conventi francescani baresi, principalmente per il ‘dialogo’ instaurato (e dunque la produzione dei relativi carteggi) tra i sacerdoti secolari e le Curie serafiche, testimonianza inoltre di un’azione di controllo sufficientemente attenta nei confronti dei religiosi, piuttosto capillare nei primi decenni successivi al Concilio di Trento e poi via via meno serrata. Le ricerche di documentazione francescana proveniente dai quattro conventi baresi si chiudono in loco con l’Archivio Provinciale dei Frati Minori Conventuali di Puglia e l’Archivio Storico della Provincia dei Cappuccini di Puglia, ovvero i due complessi documentari ancora oggi esistenti nel capoluogo regionale pugliese. Se per i Conventuali si è dimostrato che le scritture attualmente disponibili non costituiscono il thesaurus memoriae dell’antica Provincia Apuliae dedicata a san Nicola, per i Cappuccini si rileva la più nutrita consistenza documentaria a Bari in età moderna tra gli Archivi Provinciali serafici, nonostante le notevoli perdite attribuibili in particolar modo (ma non solo) alle due Soppressioni. Prima di lasciare i confini della Puglia l’indagine ha riservato uno spazio al già citato Archivio Storico Provinciale dei Frati Minori di Puglia e Molise, in modo da tornare sui tre ‘libri magni’ e chiarire i motivi della loro conservazione in quella sede, dettati dall’essere l’Istituto erede del patrimonio documentario delle due antiche Province in Terra di Bari degli Osservanti e dei Riformati, familiae nel 1897 riunite da Leone XIII con la bolla Felicitate quadam nel ‘nuovo’ Ordo Fratrum Minorum. Fuori dalla Puglia le ricerche si sono concentrate soprattutto a Roma, per la presenza degli Archivi Generali dei tre odierni Ordini francescani (Archivio Storico Generale dell’Ordine dei Frati Minori Conventuali, Archivio Storico Generale dell’Ordine dei Frati Minori, Archivio Generale dei Cappuccini), giovandosi tuttavia anche delle ricognizioni sui fondi dell’importante Archivio del Collegio di Sant’Isidoro, mentre le città di Milano, Firenze e Napoli hanno contribuito marginalmente a offrire allo studio un apporto documentario più incisivo. Nella parte finale del cap. IV la ricerca, avviandosi alla conclusione, ha preso in esame le tipologie e le consistenze dei documenti degli archivi francescani baresi, ricostruendo con le testimonianze superstiti (ma anche con quelle non più materialmente attestate – di cui si è rintracciata la sola memoria –, discusse nei capitoli precedenti) l’ideale albero logico dei quattro archivi. Si è trattato, in definitiva, di vagliare più campi d’indagine, a partire dai non numerosi ‘riferimenti archivistici’ espliciti rinvenuti nella legislazione francescana di età moderna (ma anche medievale), sottolineando differenze e analogie tra le quattro famiglie serafiche. La proposta di ricostruzione ha tenuto ben presente la vita amministrativa (e non solo) delle segreterie dei ministri provinciali e le funzioni svolte dalle singole comunità, riconsiderando i rapporti ad intra e ad extra e dunque la relativa produzione documentaria, individuando di conseguenza le possibili serie (e sottoserie) in cui apparivano strutturati gli archivi, sia quelli centralizzati delle quattro Province sia quelli delle fraternità. Questo tipo di lavoro si è avvalso, come è ovvio, anche delle evidenze archivistiche ancora disponibili (e su cui ci si è soffermati nel paragrafo precedente), tentando di dedurre dalla tipologia dei documenti l’organizzazione fisica delle carte ab antiquo, includendo l’analisi delle pochissime segnature superstiti e/o delle annotazioni di segreteria. L’iter assunto dall’indagine non ha ritenuto inopportuno far introdurre lo studio da una storia dei quattro archivi francescani baresi, profilo che è stato delineato anche grazie a una puntuale spigolatura delle fonti, richiamando tutte le testimonianze e le occorrenze – almeno quelle a oggi reperite dalla presente ricerca – che danno notizia del divenire dei complessi documentari dei Conventuali, Osservanti, Cappuccini e Riformati a Bari in età moderna. Chiude la tesi il consueto corpus finale di sigle e abbreviazioni, fonti, bibliografia e sitografia, preceduto da un’appendice iconografica: la raccolta di un gruppo di tavole, con riproduzioni a colori, vuole restituire visivamente alcuni dei documenti più significativi esaminati nel corso dello studio, dando anche prova delle particolari attenzioni che gli enti produttori hanno talvolta riservato, ad esempio, alla scrittura e all’apparato decorativo di specifici atti.

The mental space in which the architect formulates, tests, and cultivates an idea is deformed by memory, so that nothing projected into this space is bereft of association. However, neither is this space constrained by physical reality, allowing the architect a certain freedom to visualize the totality of an object and the world in which it is projected, simultaneously and in suspension: a space between memory and imagination. Memories and experiences layer richness upon this inner world and form the context for its manifestation; its realization. The deliberate and conscientious curation of this inner world-- the architect as archivist of memory and experience-- is an essential practice for the development of the architect and the worlds in which they operate.
Master of Architecture

Il seguente progetto ha l'ambizioso obiettivo di creare in piccolo una sintesi efficace tra il mondo accademico e quello pubblico, tra il mondo archivistico analogico e quello digitale, tra passato e presente. L'obiettivo iniziale era quello di generare un prodotto ibrido tra storia pubblica e digital humanities. Partendo dall'analisi di uno specifico evento storico, in questo caso la cosiddetta 'Prima Guerra Civile Inglese (1642-1646)' , si è voluto creare un'esperienza di storytelling supportata da tecniche di animazione digitale e web design che potesse coinvolgere e informare un pubblico non esperto e allo stesso tempo valorizzare la documentazione inedita consultata effettuando analisi specifiche grazie agli strumenti resi disponibili dall'informatica, rendendo così il prodotto interessante anche per la componente accademica e specialistica.

The arrival of the modern matron into the NHS acute setting in 2001 was in response to increased public and political concern regarding standards of nursing care and the quality of patient care. As a politically motivated initiative, the modern matron role and its relationship with the concept of the traditional matron has been extensively debated. The aims of this study were to explore: 1. How far the modern matron represents continuity between the traditional matrons of the mid 20th century and the present day. 2. What socio-political forces led to the development and establishment of the modern matron? 3. From the perspective of health professionals, what impact has the modern matron had on the quality of patient care? Adopting a case study design underpinned by realistic evaluation, the study involved interviewing patients and a carer, a focus group and interviews with staff and national policy leads. Documentary analysis was undertaken on a set of traditional matron archives. A number of key themes emerged from the research, including: the importance of uniform and visibility, patient expectations, the impact of policy processes and the political rationale for national policy change. Conflict between ensuring nursing quality and operational demands, which acts as a barrier to the modern matron role, was also found. Long-held assumptions about the functions and the positioning of the traditional matron are explored, with continuity and divergence between the traditional and modern matron roles revealed. Using a realistic evaluation approach, the findings were framed whilst considering the structural and generative elements, which resulted in social interplay or visible phenomena and provided an explanation for the predicament of the modern matron. The key conclusions were that national policy decisions appeared to be diluted once locally implemented. Modern matrons in part did positively impact on care quality. The introduction of modern matrons and the quality agenda may have been the start of a national discussion about how to continually improve patient care in an arena where intermittent care quality challenges which give concern. The effect of previous national policies that impacted on senior nurses may have diverted them away from their core purpose – patient care. The modern matron guidance may have been limited before publication by the inference within it about limiting the authority of the new post-holders. There was limited evidence of the modern matrons’ visibility to patients and this was reflected by the traditional matron’s accounts. The expectation of modern matrons’ physical presence may have been drawn from assumptions embedded in nostalgia and media portrayal of the traditional matron. The thesis concludes with implications for strategic nurse leaders and national policy leads to consider how the organisational arrangements for secondary care can best support and secure the ultimate aim of consistent provision of good quality nursing care.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.
Thesis advisor: Matthew Ciscel. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in TESOL." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-63). Abstract available via the World Wide Web.

Le fonds d'archives de l'abbaye de Cluny est aujourd'hui très diminué, mais reflète encore ce qui a sans doute été un des plus beaux chartriers d'Europe. Son étude permet, en faisant appel aux actes originaux, aux copies, aux cartulaires et aux inventaires, approchés sous les angles de la paléographie, de la codicologie et de la diplomatique, d'avoir un bon aperçu des conceptions, des structures et des mises en œuvre des archives à Cluny, du Moyen Âge à la Révolution. Les archives ont accompagné les évolutions de l'institution dont elles forment une infrastructure, porteuse notamment de durée, juridique et mémorielle, essentielle à une institution entendue, au sens sociologique, comme une structure de communication destinée à la stabilisation d'un arrangement social. Au fur et à mesure, les archives deviennent au cours du Moyen Age une catogorie indépendante de l'écrit à Cluny, après une phase d'activité importante au XIe siècle sans doute, puis au XIIIe siècle. Les XVe-XVIe siècles semblent amener des problèmes nés d'une part des évolutions clunisiennes propres, d'autre part de la masse documentaire devenue difficilement maîtrisable. L'époque moderne voit l'historicisation du fonds ici considéré, les archives courantes existant bien sûr par ailleurs mais peu valorisées. Il semble d'ailleurs que parallèlement à la perte de pertinence sociale de Cluny, ses archives ne deviennent plus, idéallement, qu'un instrument destiné à la commémoration du passé, et non à la mise en œuvre concrète des idées directrices revendiquées par l'abbaye et l'ordre.

La redécouverte des écrous de la conciergerie du Palais (conservés aux archives de la préfecture de police) a conduit à l'exploitation sérielle du fonds criminel du Parlement de Paris de 1565 à 1670, champ d'enquête étendu par sondages à englober l'ensemble de la période moderne (1540-1789). Au moyen d'une saisie par le biais du crime énorme, les procès de sorcellerie retrouvent enfin leur contexte historique, débarrassés des légendes qui les entourent depuis de trois siècles, de la même manière il a été possible de retracer l'évolution de quelques éléments clés de la jurisprudence de la cour souveraine : affermissement de l'appel, devenu appel de droit bien avant l'ordonnance criminelle de 1670 ; modération de la torture dès le début du seizième siècle ; etc. Aussi sommes-nous désormais en mesure d'apprécier la mise en place d'une justice de droit commun centralisée : l'une des institutions les mieux réussies de l'Ancien Régime français
The rediscovery of the prison records of the Conciergerie du Palais (at the archives of the prefecture of police) led to the first major piece of serial research in the criminal archives of the parliament of Paris, from 1565 to 1670. The original field of study was extended by samples to include the whole of the early-modern period (1540-1789). By focusing attention on the most serious crimes it was possible to replace the notorious witchcraft trials in their historical context, stripped of the legends which have surrounded them for more than three centuries. Certain key developments in criminal jurisprudence have also become clear, for example, the establishment of a system of automatic appeal long before it appeared for the first time in royal legislation in 1670. Likewise, it can be seen that torture lost its central role in judicial procedure as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century. We are therefore able to understand the evolution of a centralized administration of criminal justice: one of the most successful institutions of Ancien Regime France

This dissertation investigates queen Elizabeth I's practices as a letterwriter. Recent developments in the fields of study concerned with the composition, circulation and reception of texts have elicited a growing interest into the forms and functions of Early Modern letters, thus equipping scholarship with a new framework in which to situate their texts and with new tools to analyse them (i.e. Daybell, 2006 and 2009; Schneider, 2005; Stewart and Wolfe, 2004). I argue that starting from the evidence of primary sources, such tools may be employed to take a fresh look at the Queen’s letters, in order to investigate in what ways the monarch's authorship can be assessed and to elucidate more details about the procedures of royal epistolary exchanges. The dissertation is structured into two parts. The first part describes the historical, physical and cultural setting in which letters by the Queen were initiated, composed, read and dispatched. In particular, chapter 2 provides an overview of the years 1590-1596 from a historical perspective and it addresses the structure and inner workings of the Elizabethan secretariat. Chapter 3 surveys the practices of letterwriting in Renaissance England focussing on letterwriting in the institutionalised court milieu. The second part deals with the evidence of letters themselves. It sets out with a survey of the Elizabethan archives and the material they preserve, to proceed then to the selection of sources and a presentation of the methodology in chapter 4. Chapter 5 analyses the documentary evidence of the selected royal missives in a material perspective and chapter 6 provides a closer examination of a number of signet, familiar and diplomatic letters by the Queen as case studies.

For many historians today, the consultation of archival documents is an indispensable aspect of the research underlying their work, yet little is still known of the relationship between the two before the emergence of the national archives as centres of scholarship during the nineteenth century. In the case of the Republic of Venice, an early modern government well known for its programme of official state historiography based around a privileged access to the records of its secret chancery, there remains a significant gap in our understanding of how the use of this collection actually shaped the narratives and writing styles of those who were permitted to access it. Drawing upon the recent ‘archival turn’ in historical studies, this thesis is a re-examination of the historian’s craft in early modern Venice from the perspective of the physical collection of diplomatic and governmental papers with which a growing number were beginning to be confronted. After establishing that the historians of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were well aware of the methodological importance of the archive as a site of authentic and authoritative historical information, this study will consider the ways in which the archive of the Venetian secret chancery was increasingly organised as a historical monument to the recent and distant affairs of the Republic, before constructing a detailed account of how its historians accessed, consulted and extracted material from this constantly evolving archival institution. Concluding with a series of case studies which illustrate that the registers, indexes and research assistants of the chancery did indeed have a significant impact upon the narratives and historical identity of the city during this period, this thesis posits the idea that early modern record-keepers had a far more influential role in contemporary historiography than has hitherto been acknowledged.

This essay is based on the work of arranging and making an inventory for an archive consisting of records from the Board of Education (Utbildningsnämnden) within the administration of the County Council in Uppsala, Sweden. This archive is kept at the County Councils Archives in Uppsala where I have done the work. I have documented the process and discussed the complex of problems relating to it. In this particular case the issue of limitation of the office of origin and the respect of the fonds, or the principle of provenance, have been of interest. This is due to the fact that the records had been rearranged and mixed with records with other origin related to the Board of Education. Records from the early existence of the board have previously been arranged and an inventory had been made. This earlier work covered the period of 1971-1978, when the board of education had a secretariat. The aim of the work was to arrange the records of the board during the period of 1979-1997. After this period the board ended being an independent body. With support from theories of respect of fonds my conclusion is that the Board of Education is a coherent office of origin for the fonds during its entire period of existence dur - ing the years 1971-1997. I decided to make the first inventory a part of the new one in order to keep a logical continuity of the records and the inventory. Creating a subordinate archive with its own inventory would make the whole seem badly arranged and complicate the finding of records. Based on the respect of fonds I used the previous inventory to a large extent. The knowledge and understanding I gained thanks to the fact that I was able see the complete fonds made me do some changes. The archive consist of files based on journals to a large ex - tent, which makes a large part of the records easy to find. The work in combination with the essay constitutes my one year master’s thesis in archival science.

This thesis challenges the notion that little light can be shed on Exeter’s ‘middling’ and ‘poorer’ sorts in the period 1550-1610, defined as ‘the chorus’ by Wallace MacCaffrey in his book Exeter 1540-1640. It selects data from mid- to late- sixteenth and early seventeenth century urban archives, defines the strengths and weaknesses of that data and captures it in a digitised database. It uses this data to test which of the methodologies of prosopography, collective and individual biography, social network analysis and occupied topography are most appropriate for analysis of the city’s social structure and individuals’ lived experiences. It subsequently selects collective and individual biography for use with the randomly incomplete data set presented by the archives. Using the database to create group and individual biographies, it then introduces elementary quantitative analyses of the city’s social structure, starting by describing broadly the distinguishing characteristics of the leading actors and the chorus. Following on from this, it describes several groups who form part of the chorus, including the more civically active, alongside those with less data against their names. It investigates family and household dynamics and reveals how these are reflected through the occupation of baker. It continues by examining the post-mortem intentions of those who bequeathed goods and explores the lives of a selection of craftsmen, merchants, tailors and widows viewed through in-depth biographies created from the comparatively rich data associated with death. It also makes explicit that the lack of a particular document type compromises the degree of success in connecting the chorus to the cityscape using occupied topography methodologies. It reveals the challenges of recreating the notion of neighbourhood in the city’s west quarter around St Nicholas Priory, then the town house of the wealthy Hurst family. It concludes that it is possible to outline a new model, that of the ‘categorised, connected citizen’, which challenges the validity of MacCaffrey’s construct of a bi-partite society, one side of which is a murky unknown quantity about whom no ‘striking assertions’ can be made. This new model acknowledges the dynamism, individuality and interactivity of Exeter’s inhabitants, and contents that it is a better one for enabling historians to treat respectfully people they cannot yet fully understand.

A través del archivo del monasterio alicantino de canónigas de San Agustín, conocidas popularmente como “Monjas de la Sangre”, y el trabajo de catalogación y análisis realizado sobre su fondo moderno, desarrollado ampliamente en el Anexo, la presente tesis doctoral permite valorar el alcance de un patrimonio documental –hasta la fecha inédito– y estudiar la historia de esta comunidad, que estará inevitablemente unida al devenir histórico de la ciudad. Ambos propósitos se amplían, gracias a la labor de búsqueda de documentación relacionada con este cenobio y sus moradoras en un amplio conjunto de archivos. A fin de confeccionar un discurso transformador e integrador, esta investigación apuesta por una renovación metodológica, una “nueva mirada”, desde la práctica microhistórica y la perspectiva de la historia de las mujeres, lo que ha permitido una revisión crítica de las fuentes tradicionalmente empleadas, una relectura del relato a través de la introducción de nuevas categorías conceptuales y la incorporación de nueva documentación que, durante mucho tiempo, había pasado desapercibida para el análisis de la religiosidad de este período. El primero de los capítulos está dedicado a descubrir los orígenes de la orden canonical mediante la propuesta de un “recorrido espiritual” (zona norte y arco mediterráneo) para conocer cómo se gestaron los primeros espacios que acogieron la experiencia de comunidades de canónigas de San Agustín, a partir de beaterios y grupos de donadas. Algunos de estos centros actuaron como garantes para impulsar otras fundaciones, siendo las propias monjas de aquellos conventos ya consolidados las encargadas de establecer otros nuevos, como así ocurrió en el caso valenciano, origen directo del monasterio de la Sangre de Alicante. Indagar sobre estos orígenes compartidos significó poder contextualizar el nacimiento del cenobio alicantino como elemento continuador, por un lado, de una larga trayectoria fundacional en la zona este peninsular y, por otro, de un tipo de experiencia representada por colectivos de mujeres con una voluntad espiritual común que se materializaría en un tipo concreto de espacio monástico. La aplicación de la práctica microhistórica en el ámbito local, a partir de una serie de interrogantes iniciales, ha sido empleada, en el segundo de los capítulos, para recuperar el relato de la fundación del monasterio de la Sangre, analizar su establecimiento, a través de la revisión de los distintos elementos –materiales y espirituales– que confluyeron en dicho proceso en los albores del Seiscientos, para explicar cuál fue el contexto religioso, social, político y económico en el que surgió el primer monasterio femenino en el núcleo urbano alicantino desde una perspectiva multifocal, con especial atención a las voces de mujeres como parte activa y central del episodio fundacional, resaltando que la experiencia histórica es sexuada, social y plural. Otra de las apuestas metodológicas planteadas ha consistido en aplicar los presupuestos de la historia de las mujeres y feminista al espacio claustral, resultando una práctica muy enriquecedora como herramienta de análisis crítico capaz de matizar tópicos y derribar estereotipos añejos que sobre las monjas se habían ido vertiendo por parte de determinadas posiciones historiográficas. Así, estudiar este lugar de espiritualidad, desde esta perspectiva, ha permitido, en el tercer capítulo, vislumbrar un microcosmos que, en algunos aspectos, era un fiel reflejo de la sociedad del momento con la que compite y comparte motivaciones o conflictos. De ahí que, de esta forma, los muros monacales se intuyen más permeables de lo que, en un principio, pudiera parecer. Porque, al igual que ocurría en el exterior, el convento se descubre como un todo que se perfila mucho más complejo y diverso y que encierra multitud de matices, caracterizado por la pluralidad de intereses y experiencias. Uno de los significados más sugerentes que ha proporcionado la perspectiva de género aplicada al entorno claustral, ha sido poder entender éste como un espacio plural donde confluyen los elementos necesarios para hablar de una “sociedad femenina” e indagar acerca de una conciencia de grupo. Por ello, estudiar la compleja experiencia colectiva de este grupo ha implicado necesariamente analizar y entender los mecanismos de subalternidad, pero también sus estrategias y tácticas de resistencia e insubordinación femenina. En este sentido, el estudio crítico de las visitas “ad Limina” que realizaban periódicamente los obispos ha resultado una herramienta muy útil que ha permitido descubrir algunas realidades que se vivían dentro y fuera de los muros conventuales alicantinos. De esta forma, se ha podido perfilar un contexto religioso y sociocultural para el Seiscientos alicantino, en el que se ha comprobado que las líneas que separaban lo ortodoxo de lo heterodoxo eran flexibles y algo imprecisas y donde los contornos entre el mundo material y espiritual se desdibujaban formando un mundo variable y vibrante, tanto fuera como dentro del claustro. Además, estos informes episcopales, junto a otras fuentes complementarias también evidencian que el colectivo que, durante la Modernidad, compartió espacio en el monasterio de la Sangre, estuvo formado por educandas, novicias y canónigas, estableciendo un conjunto amplio, diverso y plural. Esta diversidad de situaciones confirmaron que los intereses del grupo, a veces, confluirán y otras tantas, tropezarán, pero, sobre todo, han permitido descubrir experiencias históricas únicas, a través de sus resistencias, transgresiones devociones, en un contexto común y compartido con las gentes de la ciudad en la que vivieron. En este sentido, las fuentes devuelven una imagen de los muros conventuales bastante permeables ante sucesos de diversa índole. Así, a través de la comparación de fenómenos como el enseñoreo o las devociones profanas se ha podido confirmar que sus experiencias estarían condicionadas por aquello que acontecía a su alrededor, que los acontecimientos que marcaron el ritmo histórico de la ciudad, también influyeron en la vida de esta comunidad, en su experiencia colectiva y en sus particulares recuerdos, una influencia recíproca que siempre actuó en dos direcciones. También, a partir del marco epistemológico proyectado para el estudio de esta comunidad, se ha podido argumentar que las moradoras del monasterio de la Sangre, como colectivo femenino y como monjas, lucharon por mantener una determinada autonomía, pero ésta siempre estaría condicionada por su “relación con”, en un espacio limitado y regulado. De ahí la importancia que he dado a la hora de analizar ámbitos tan fundamentales como la familia, la sociedad, la economía o la moral religiosa que condicionaría sus existencias. Entendida la comunidad de canónigas como una auténtica familia, con las implicaciones que ello supone, muchas de ellas ya señaladas, resultaba un ejercicio obligado aplicar el concepto de estrategia al espacio conventual, un análisis que se aborda en el cuarto capítulo. Los distintos episodios protagonizados por las canónigas y analizados en el desarrollo de la Modernidad, comprueban una memoria colectiva y una comunidad que luchaba por sus intereses, siendo capaces de crear un espacio propio y familiar para sí mismas, desarrollando mecanismos de resistencia o estrategias de poder que les permitieran enfrentarse a quienes ponían freno a sus planes. Un desarrollo histórico que, a su vez, ha facilitado la revisión de una parte de la trayectoria de los jesuitas en Alicante, a través de nuevos interrogantes, a fin de desentrañar las condiciones de su establecimiento, así como algunas de las singularidades, hasta la fecha poco o nada tratadas, del proyecto de construcción de su colegio-residencia en la ciudad. Por otro lado, las rivalidades, luchas y fricciones que también se dieron entre las propias religiosas, evidencian la defensa de determinados intereses contrapuestos, en un contexto donde los deseos y ansias de protagonismo espiritual y prestigio, descubren un mundo de anhelos, recelos, inseguridades, vanidades, amores y odios. Las estrategias que usaron las canónigas para gestionar sus recuerdos fueron muchas y variadas a lo largo del tiempo, incluyendo una rica tradición oral que, aunque se adivina porque, entre otras cosas, continúa vigente, es difícil documentar a día de hoy. Sin embargo, sí se han podido distinguir dos espacios que sirvieron para perpetuar esa memoria femenina de la comunidad y su pasado familiar y colectivo: a través de una vinculación a mujeres con fama de santidad y con la consolidación de enérgicos linajes y redes conventuales que, a la manera de las oligarquías locales alicantinas, se fue tejiendo a través de la perpetuación de determinados apellidos, formando auténticos linajes monacales y redes familiares que perduraron durante siglos. Si bien es cierto, entonces, que siempre habrá un nuevo hueco por donde poder asomarse y atisbar nuevos retos a ese otro lado del espejo, cuestionando paradigmas, esbozando preguntas y revisando conceptos, como motor que anime a seguir avanzando por este camino ahora emprendido.

Este trabalho analisa a memória discursiva sobre o ensino de línguas estrangeiras em contexto escolar no arquivo jurídico e legislativo brasileiro, com ênfase na língua espanhola. Das duas partes que compõem esta tese, a primeira compreende a análise de documentos do arquivo jurídico brasileiro, produzidos entre 1757 e 1996, sobre a questão do ensino de línguas; tais documentos entram em relação com a Lei No. 11.161/2005, que prevê a oferta orbigatória do espanhol nas escolas de Ensino Médio a partir de 2010, também objeto de análise dessa Parte I. Já a segunda parte mobiliza documentos do arquivo legislativo por meio da análise de proposições e justificações de quatro Projetos de Lei (PL\'s) - de 1958, 1987, 1993 e 2000 - apresentados ao Congresso Nacional com o objetivo de incluir o espanhol como disciplina obrigatória no sistema educacional brasileiro; em tal análise, detectam-se aspectos das condições de produção desses PL\'s mediante a observação dos processos de determinação dos territórios objetos da integração que neles se enunciam e da projeção da imagem de isolamento do território nacional no contexto sul-americano.
This study, composed of two parts, analyses the discursive memory about foreign languages teaching in school context in the Brazilian juridical and legislative archive, with an emphasis on the Spanish language. The first part of the thesis comprehends the analysis of documents of the Brazilian juridical archive, produced between 1757 and 1996, about languages teaching; these documents are concerned with the Law 11.161/2005, which sets the obligatory offer of the Spanish language to high school students, and which is also an object of analysis in this first part of the study. The second part of the thesis deals with documents of the legislative archive through the analysis of the proposições and justificações of four Bills of 1958, 1987, 1993 and 2000 presented to the National Congress with the purpose of including the Spanish language as an obligatory discipline in the Brazilian Educational System; results of this analysis point to the detection of aspects of the conditions of production of these Bills by the observation of the processes of determination of the territories that were objects of the integration which is stated in them and of the projection of isolation of the national territory in the South American context.

This is a historical study of the modern standards movement starting in 1983 with the landmark report, A Nation At Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, and concluding in 1995 with the publication of the revised Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The study was done through a review of available archival papers, written documents, and oral testimony. The purpose of this study was to analyze critically the modern standards movement as a context to the development and implementation of the revised Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools. Objectives of the study were to identify key events and key characters that impacted the standards movement and identify issues that evolved. A main focus of the study was to develop a documentary history that identified themes that linked events and showed connections between past and current events. Phase one of the process involved data collection from appropriate literary sources and writing the history as portrayed in written documents. Phase two of the process was done through the collection of oral testimony from key informers, especially in the Virginia movement and weaving that testimony logically and chronologically into the appropriate documentary history. Phase three of the process concluded with the identification of main themes that linked events and implications for future studies.
Ed. D.

La tesis recoge el rescate, la ordenación y una primera catalogación del Archivo de la Junta de Protección a la Infancia (Menores) de Barcelona, institución que se crea en 1908 y que estuvo vigente hasta 1985.

Este archivo se encuentra actualmente depositado en el Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya (ANC), agrupado en los Fondos Documentales 334 y 181.
Por su componente y carácter documental y documentario primordial y con los instrumentos que facilita (una GUÍA que agrupa la información de los legajos desde diversos criterios de tipo cronólogico, técnico, etc.), hará más fácil y productivo el acceso a este archivo por parte del "corpus académico" y del público en general.
Se acompaña de estudios complementarios de enmarcamiento histórico y pedagógico que describen:

· el proceso de construcción del "espacio social infancia";

· las diferentes respuestas e instituciones, que históricamente se han sucedido en la acción social con la infancia (con especial incidencia en aquellas situadas en Barcelona);

· la situación económica, política y social que ve alumbrar la institución en nuestro país;

· y se explican las posiciones institucionales y pedagógicas en las que se inscribe la misma, relacionándolas con los factores que la hicieron posible: la aposentación del sistema de burgués basado en el proto-estado social, que se configura en el cambio de siglo del XIX al XX.
Realiza también, desde la explotación de la información y de los datos del mismo Archivo, un estudio, introductorio, del transcurso histórico de la institución, en todo su recorrido cronólogico, presentando asímismo, una explicación y descripción lógica de la institución Junta de Protección a la Infància de Barcelona en toda su función y proyección social, desde el estudio diacrónico histórico, y todo ello, relacionándolo sincrónicamente con la historia de la educación social, en particular, y de la acción social, en general.
Se complementa con 4 anexos que recogen: la información legislativa de las normas de afectación a la misma, inventarios de archivos complementarios y la reproducción facsímil de más de 20 documentos seleccionados del Archivo, que se presentan comentados y contextualizados y que sirven para ofrecer una imagen representativa bastante ajustada de la institución y de su recorrido histórico.
The PhD thesis encompasses the recuperation, the sorting and also an initial cataloguing of the Archive of the 'Junta de Protección a la Infancia (Menores) de Barcelona' (the Barcelona Childhood (Minors) Protection Board), an institution which was established in 1908 and in operation until 1985.
This Archive is currently deposited in the 'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya (ANC)' (National Archive of Catalonia), classified under the 'Fondos Documentales' 334 and 181.
Owing to its documentary components and character and, and thanks to the type of tools it offers (a criteria specific GUIDE classifying information from the various registers according to chronological, technical, etc. specifications) it should provide for an easier and more productive access to this archive both for academic bodies and for the public in general.
The PhD thesis is complemented by additional historically and pedagogically based analyses describing the following aspects:

· the process related to the construction of the "social childhood space";

· the various types of responses and institutions which historically have come about as a result of social action with regards to childhood (with a particular level of incidence of those located in Barcelona);

· the economical, political and social situation in which the institution comes to light in our country;

· an explanation of the institutional and pedagogical positions in which the institution is inscribed is also offered, relating these positions to the factors which brought about the institution: the establishment of a bourgeois type system based on the social proto-state, shaped during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century.

Drawing upon the information and the data available in the Archive, the PhD thesis also comprises an introductory study of the historical lifespan of the institution in the entirety of its chronological development. Moreover, it offers an explanation and a logical description of the 'Junta de Protección a la Infancia de Barcelona', fully covering the aspect of its social function and projection. This is carried out by means of a historical diachronic analysis, entirely interrelated synchronically with the history of social education in particular and social action in general.

The PhD thesis is further complemented by 4 appendixes which encompass: the legislative information regarding the norms, in addition to inventories of complementary archives and facsimile copies of more than 20 selected documents from the Archive, all of which are commented and contextualised, thus providing a representative and relatively balanced image of the institution and its historical background.

Cette thèse de dimension internationale, n'a pas seulement l'objectif de restituer une histoire de la famille Foix-Béarn-Navarre à partir de leurs archives. Il s'agit plutôt de mettre en évidence les liens complexes entre la famille royale de Navarre et ses archives notamment entre le XVe siècle et le XVIIe siècle, en envisageant le statut et le rôle des archives constituées dans la construction de l'histoire, l'identité et la mémoire de cette maison entre la fin du Moyen Âge et le début de la période moderne.Pour la réalisation de cette thèse, nous avons étudié, entre autre, deux volumineux inventaires réalises au XVIe siècle qui nous ont permis de connaitre l'évolution de l'histoire des archives conservés à l'époque dans le trésor du château de Pau. Concrètement ces deux inventaires marquent une époque importante d'auto-affirmation du pouvoir de la famille royale de Navarre, car le premier des ces inventaires fut d'un grand intérêt pour cette famille dans le processus de création d'un État moderne en Béarn, sous le règne d'Henri II de Navarre, et le deuxième (réalise vers 1580-1582) fut le dernier inventaire de la souveraineté, car à partir de l'arrivé d'Henri III de Navarre au trône de France, les archives du trésor de ce château se fossilisèrent.Nous avons souligner au début de cette résumé la dimension internationale du sujet de cette thèse puisqu'une partie des archives de cette maison royale, conservée actuellement dans les ADPA est en étroite relation avec documents gardés à l'heure actuelle dans l'Archivo General de Navarre, situé à Pampelune. Ce sujet a été aussi peu étudiée que l'histoire, l'identité et la mémoire de la famille royale de Navarre sous les règnes de Catherine de Foix (1483-1517) et Henri II (1517-1555).L'organisation des archives fait partie de la construction politique des rois de Navarre, d'une identité politique dans laquelle le Béarn (avec la Navarre) exerce depuis la fin du XVe siècle un rôle prépondérant en tant que territoire indépendant au marge de France. C'est la politique menée par ces rois, qui explique le processus de centralisation dans le chartrier de Pau d'archives procédant de leurs divers domaines (même si la plupart d'entre eux sont des territoires dépendants de la Couronne de France).Enfin, nous voulons citer l'étude réalisé de l'évolution des techniques ou systèmes d'archivage de la documentation du trésor de chartes de Pau dans la longue durée : En ce qui concerne tout d’abord l'évolution des modèles de conservation, classement et description archivistique entre la fin du Moyen Âge et l'époque moderne, se met en place une organisation des archives de plus en plus claire et efficace. L'inventaire de la première moitié du XVIe siècle est divisée par les divers domaines familiales mais nous montre une pauvre organisation pauvre qui ne suit aucun ordre thématique et méthodique dans la façon dont les documents avaient été répertoriés. En revanche, le registre élaboré au début de la décennie 1580 suit une organisation plus méthodique, comme le prouve la division de chaque titre par chapitres thématiques, et la subdivision de chaque chapitre en liasses numérotés. En plus, à la différence des nombreux systèmes de cotation documentaire utilisés par les archivistes dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, ceux qui ont élaboré l'inventaire du début de la décennie 1580 ont opté pour l’uniformisation d’un système de cotation numérique en chiffres romains.En ce qui concerne l'évolution des modèles de conservation, de classement et de description archivistique, cette étude nous explique aussi les systèmes successifs de cotation de la documentation du trésor de chartes de Pau en fonction des contextes dans lesquels ils ont été réalisés à l’époque moderne et plus particulièrement au XIXe siècle, à l'époque de la naissance de la dénommée comme l'archivistique moderne
This international-wide thesis(theory), has not only the objective to restore a history(story) of the family Foix-Béarn-Navarre from their archives. It is rather a question of highlighting the complex links between the royal family of Navarre and its archives in particular between XVth century and the XVIIth century, by envisaging the status and the role of archives established(constituted) in the construction of the history(story), the identity and the memory of this house between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern period.For the realization of this thesis(theory), we studied, among others, two voluminous inventories realize in the XVIth century who allowed us to know the evolution of the history(story) of archives kept(preserved) in the time(period) in the treasure of the castle of Pau. Concretely these two inventories mark an important time(period) of auto-assertion of the power of the royal family of Navarre, because the first one of these inventories was of a big interest for this family in the process of creation of a modern State with Béarn, under Henri II de Navarre's reign, and the second (realize by 1580-1582) was the last inventory of the sovereignty, because from the arrived of Henri III de Navarre in the throne of France, the archives of the treasure of this castle fossilized.We have to underline at the beginning of this summary the international dimension(size) of the subject of this thesis(theory) because a part(party) of the archives of this royal house, kept(preserved) at present in the ADPA is in narrow relation with documents kept(guarded) at the moment in Archivo General of Navarre, situated in Pamplona. This subject was little studied as well as the history(story), the identity and the memory of the royal family of Navarre under the reigns of Catherine de Foix ( 1483-1517 ) and Henri II ( 1517-1555 ).The organization of archives is a part of the political construction of kings of Navarre, of a political identity in which Béarn (with Navarre) exercises since the end of the XVth century a leading role as independent territory in margin of France. It is the politics led by these kings, that explains the process of centralization in the chartrier of Pau of archives proceeding of their diverse domains (even if most of them are territories dependent on the Crown of France).Finally, we want to quote the study realized by the evolution of techniques or archive systems of the documentation of the treasure of charters of Pau in the long lasting: as regards first of all the evolution of the models of preservation, classification(ranking) and the archival description between the end of the Middle Ages and the modern time(period), is set up an organization of the more and more clear and effective archives. The inventory of the first half of the XVIth century is divided by the diverse domains station wagons but shows us a poor poor organization which follows no thematic and methodical order in the way documents had been listed. On the other hand, the register developed at the beginning of decade 1580 follows a more methodical organization, as proves him(it) the division of every title by thematic chapters, and subdivision of every chapter in bundles numbered. Besides, unlike the numerous systems of documentary quotation used by the archivists in the first half of the XVIth century, those who developed the inventory of the beginning of decade 1580 opted for the standardization of a system of digital quotation in Roman numerals.As regards the evolution of the models of preservation, classification(ranking) and archival description, this study also explains us the successive systems of quotation of the documentation of the treasure of charters of Pau according to the contexts in which they were realized in the modern time(period) and more particularly in the XIXth century, at the time of the birth of the called(mentioned) as archival modern
Esta tesis de dimensión internacional no tiene como único objetivo restituir une historia de la familia Foix-Bearne-Navarra, a partir de sus archivos. Se trata más bien de poner en evidencia los complejos lazos entre la familia real de Navarra y sus archivos, principalmente entre los siglos XV -XVII, abordando el estatus y el papel de los archivos constituidos en la construcción de la historia, la identidad y la memoria de esta casa real entre el final de la Edad Media y el comienzo de la Edad Moderna.Para la realización de esta tesis, hemos estudiado, entre otros aspectos, dios voluminosos inventarios realizados en el siglo XVI, que nos han permitido conocer la evolución de los archivos conservados en el "trésor" del castillo de Pau. Ambos inventarios marcan una época importante de autoafirmación del poder de la familia real de Navarra, ya que el primero tuvo un gran interés para dicha familia en el proceso de creación de un Estado Moderno en Bearne, bajo el reinado de Enrique II de Navarra, y el segundo (realizado hacia 1580-1582) fue el último inventario de la soberanía, ya que a partir de la llegada de Enrique III de Navarra al trono de Francia, los archivos de Pau se fosilizaron.Hemos comentado al inicio de este resumen la dimensión internacional del sujeto de esta tesis, ya que una parte de los archivos de esta casa real, conservado actualmente en los ADPA está en estrecha relación con documentos custodiados en el Archivo General de Navarra, situado en Pamplona. Este tema ha sido tan poco estudiado como la historia, identidad y memoria de la familia real de Navarra bajo los reinados de Catalina de Foix (1483-1517) y Enrique II (1517-1555). La organización de los archivos forma parte de la construcción política de los reyes de los reyes de Navarra, de una identidad política en la que Bearne ejerce desde fines del siglo XV un papel preponderante (junto a Navarra) en tanto que territorio independiente al margen de Francia. La política desarrollada por estos reyes explica el proceso de centralización en el cartulario de Pau de archivos procedentes de sus diversos dominios (incluso si la mayor parte de los mismos son territorios dependientes de la Corona de Francia).Finalmente, queremos citar el estudio realizado de la evolución de las técnicas de archivo de la documentación del "tresor de chartes" de Pau en el tiempo : En primer lugar, en lo concerniente a la evolución de los modelos de conservación, clasificación y descripción archivística entre el fin de la Edad Media y la época moderna, se lleva a cabo una organización cada vez más clara y eficaz. El inventario de la primera mitad del siglo XVI está dividido por los diversos dominios familiares pero nos muestra una pobre organización que no sigue ningún orden temático ni metódico en la manera en la que los documentos son clasificados. Por el contrario, el registro elaborado a inicios de la década 1580 sigue una organización más metódica, como lo prueba la división de cada título en capítulos temáticos, y la subdivisión de cada capítulo en legajos numerados. Además, a diferencia de los numerosos sistemas de signaturas utilizados por los archivistas en la primera mitad del siglo XVI, quienes elaboraron el inventario de comienzos de los años 1580 optaron por la uniformización en un único sistema de signatura (utilizando las cifras romanas).En lo que concierne a la evolución de los modelos de conservación, de clasificación y de descripción archivística, este estudio nos explica también los sucesivos sistemas de signaturas de la documentación del "trésor de chartes" de Pau, en función de los contextos en los que fueron realizados en la época moderna y más particularmente en el siglo XIX, época del nacimiento de lo que conocemos como la archivística moderna

"A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Fine Art." Title from PDF of title page (Georgia Southern University, viewed on February 10, 2010). Marc Moulton, committee chair; Bruce Little, Julie McGuire, Gary Dartt, committee members. Electronic version approved: December 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-121).

The goal of this work was to research the available database systems and propose a suitable database system for data archiving. Prepare the communication and processing of data between the database and delivered application Profisignal which processes the measured data from all sensors. Design architecture for the database, the storage of measured data and calculation reports on that data. At the end design the web user interface. The result of my work demonstrate possible ways of archiving data in ORACLE database, examples of calculation the reports and sample of web application, that presented the measured data.

Le 20 mars 2023, le GIEC publiait son rapport de synthèse du 6ème cycle d’évaluation : le point de non-retour n’a jamais été aussi proche qu’aujourd’hui. En effet, la température de la surface du globe s’est élevée d’1,1°C par rapport à la période pré-industrielle. La partie supérieure du Paléocène et l’Éocène (-56 Ma à -34 Ma) font l’objet de nombreuses études paléoclimatiques car ils sont ponctués par différentes perturbations dont certaines ont conduit à un réchauffement global de la planète de plus de 5°C sur plusieurs milliers d’années. En 100 ans, nous avons donc reproduit 1/5ème du réchauffement climatique de l’Eocène inférieur. Le Paléogène (-66 Ma à -23 Ma) représente ainsi un excellent observatoire pour appréhender le fonctionnement de la machine climatique. Pour mieux comprendre le climat de cette période, une grande majorité des études portent leur regard sur les archives sédimentaires et leurs indicateurs tels que les foraminifères. Les mesures de la composition isotopique de l’oxygène, ainsi que le rapport Mg/Ca sont aujourd’hui des outils abondamment utilisés et appliqués à ces bioindicateurs, pour retracer les températures des océans passés. Toutefois, comme tout proxy, ceux-ci sont particulièrement sensibles à la diagenèse, ainsi qu’à la chimie de l’océan. Pour contourner ces biais, il devient primordial de complémenter les proxies géochimiques classiquement utilisés par des proxies indépendants. Des données empiriques suggèrent que la porosité des tests de foraminifères planctoniques pourrait dépendre de la température des masses d’eau dans lesquelles évoluent ces micro-organismes. Dans les environnements océaniques, un des facteurs de contrôle du taux d’oxygène dissous est la température. Une plus grande porosité du test des foraminifères est susceptible de favoriser les échanges gazeux, et ainsi de faciliter les fonctions métaboliques. Cette thèse propose l’application des proxies géochimiques traditionnellement utilisés, comparés à des mesures de porosité sur deux espèces de foraminifères planctoniques, du passé et de l’actuel. L’objectif est de proposer une première calibration porosité-températures afin d’affiner la comparaison avec les modèles climatiques passés
On March 20, 2023, the IPCC released its synthesis report for the 6th assessment cycle,indicating that the point of no return is closer than ever. Indeed, the global surface temperature has risen by 1.1°C compared to the pre-industrial period. The upper part of the Paleocene and the Eocene (-56Ma to -34 Ma) has been the focus of extensive paleoclimatic studies due to various climate disruptions,some of which led to a global warming of 5°C over several thousand years. In just 100 years, we have replicated 1/5th of the Eocene's climate change. The Paleogene (-66 Myr to -23 Myr) thus, serves as an excellent observatory to understand the Earth's climate system in the context of global warming,prompting numerous paleoclimatic studies. To better understand the climate of this period, a majority of these studies turn their attention to sedimentary archives, such as foraminifera. Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition and the Mg/Ca ratio are now widely used tools applied to these bioindicators to trace past ocean temperatures. However, like all proxies, these are particularly sensitive to diagenesis as well as ocean chemistry. To overcome these biases, it becomes crucial to complement the geochemical proxies commonly used with independent proxies. Empirical data suggest, for instance,that the porosity of planktonic foraminifera tests may depend on the water temperature in which these microorganisms evolve. In oceanic environments, one of the controlling factors of dissolved oxygen levels is temperature. Greater porosity of foraminifera tests is likely to enhance gas exchange, thereby facilitating metabolic functions. This thesis proposes the application of traditionally used geochemical proxies, compared to porosity measurements on two species of planktonic foraminifera, from past and present. Ultimately, the objective is to provide a first porosity-temperature calibration to refine climate reconstructions to be compared with models across the Paleogene

This thesis is about the ways in which Thomas Middleton and William Rowley’s play The Changeling has been edited, performed, and archived in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It proposes a more integrated way of looking at the histories of performances and texts than is usually employed by the institutions of Shakespeare and early modern studies. Crucially, it suggests that documented archival remains of performance should be admitted as textual witnesses of a play’s history, and given equal status with academic, scholarly editions. I argue that—despite at least a century of arguments to the contrary—performance is still considered secondary to text, and that this relationship needs to become more balanced, particularly since the canon has begun to expand and early modern plays beyond Shakespeare have begun to see more stage time in recent years. In addition, I begin to theorise social media as archives of performance, and begin to suggest ways forward for archiving the performance of early modern drama in the digital turn. In order to support these arguments, I offer a series of twentieth- and twenty-first-century productions of The Changeling as case studies. Through these case studies, I seek to make connections between The Changeling as text, The Changeling as performance, and the various other texts and performances that it has interacted with throughout its life since 1961. In presenting analyses of these texts and performances side-by-side, within the same history, I aim to show the interdependency of these two usually separated strands of early modern studies and make a case for greater integration of the two in both editorial, historiographical, and performance practices.

Pour dépasser les limites inhérentes à la déconnexion des disciplines ou celles imposées par les sources, les périodes ou les sites, cette thèse propose une approche pluridisciplinaire et diachronique de la question de l'approvisionnement en pierre des chantiers médiévaux et modernes. Grâce à la confrontation de bâtiments d'origines et de fonctions différentes, ce travail cherche à décortiquer les processus de choix et réseaux d'approvisionnement en pierre, pour envisager le rapport des hommes à une ressource naturelle
In order to go further limits inherent to subject disjunction, or those imposed by sources, periods or sites, this thesis emphasises a multidisciplinary and diachronic approach of stone supply on medieval and modern building sites. Thanks to the confrontation of buildings with different origins and functions, this work tries to dissect process of choices and stone supply network. It finally considers connection between people and a natural ressource

In recent years a number of important studies have emerged that focus on the lives of the human agents who operated in the early-modern book trade. This marks a scholarly shift away from the technologies of book production towards the figures who operated, profited from, and helped to shape, print technologies and their related products. In this critical movement the identities of printers, publishers, and booksellers have come to matter, both in terms of our understanding of what constitutes ‘print culture,’ and in efforts to narrativise the history of the book. However, although scholars have become increasingly familiar with a critical vocabulary that links early-modern print with textual transience, and the archive with paradigms associated with absence, disputation, and authenticity, biographies related to the lives of book-trade professionals have tended to privilege the representational stability of the documentary evidence we use to reconstruct past lives. This thesis aims to address this critical vacuum by analysing the life and career of one highly controversial, although critically neglected, 17th-century printer, Henry Hills (c. 1625-1688/9). By drawing together methodologies associated with bibliography, the history of the book, and the study of literatures, the thesis seeks to self-reflexively respond to the absences, doublings, missing or fabricated texts, revisions, accretions, and amendments that seem to mark, and have come to shape, the story of Hills’ life. Theories and approaches associated with the materiality of early-modern lives, critical biography, and the archive are used to fully explore the way Hills functioned both in his own time and after as a metonymic figure who has been actively written and rewritten with different historically specific agendas in mind. Ideas of elusiveness, how his contemporaries struggled to represent Hills, and the problem of locating him in the documentary evidence, are also investigated. In the process this thesis casts new light not only on Hills but on the 17th-century printing trade and the printer as a cultural emblem, 17th-century history and culture, and the way we research lives in the early modern period. Each of the chapters of this thesis discusses archival sources that critical biography and bibliography have traditionally looked to for biographical details of Hills’ life. These include a Particular Baptist confession-cum-conversion account entitled The Prodigal Returned, said to have been composed by Hills in 1651 while he served a prison sentence in the Fleet for adultery. I also discuss three accounts of Hills’ high-profile conversion to Catholicism in the mid-1680s, which were authored between 1684 and 1733. The thesis provides a detailed analysis of a conspiracy story, first published in 1697, which posthumously cast Hills as a key player in a bibliographical scandal that is said to have taken place in 1649. I also pay close attention to Hills’ last will and testament, a document that spawned a number of very public legal contestations amongst members of the Hills family. Through a close, historicised reading of these materials, this thesis adds new discussions of the way in which Hills was read and contested by his contemporaries, later historians, and bibliographers, and throughout I retain a sense of the highly mediated nature of the evidence we use to reconstruct Hills biographically, while stressing his importance in the cultural imagination of the period.

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Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
The present work analyzes the treatment given by the press to the Modern Mathematics Movement in Brazil (MMM), especially in São Paulo State, headquarters of the MMM. We had searched on journalistic texts, of 1960-1980, answers for our main research question: which was the role of the press in the MMM? The research sources had been obtained from archives of newspapers named Folha de São Paulo and State of São Paulo. To these newspapers archives were added up newspaper clippings from APOS Osvaldo Sangiorgi s Personal Archive, donated by professor Osvaldo Sangiorgi to the Research Group of the History of Mathematics Education GHEMAT, from Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP. Firstly, this research had analyzed the academic works about MMM, verifying as these studies had used newspapers articles as research source. Secondly, we had taken as basis the studies of the historian Jacques Le Goff, which had supplied excellent elements to analyze the journalistic texts under the document/monument perspective. We considered, still, Christopher Prochasson s studies, which discuss the interest for private archives along the History of historiographical practices. We also considered the studies of the journalist Florence Aubenas and the studies of the philosopher Miguel Benasayag, because both theorized on the role of the mass media in society. We concluded that there are some factors that justify the support of newspapers in the spreading of MMM, as follows: the close relationship between MMM protagonists and government leaders; the friendship between journalists and MMM divulgers; the valuation given to Mathematics Education in order to reduce dictatorship authoritarianism; and the previous censorship to social and political texts allied to the political impartiality of Mathematics. At the same time, MMM protagonists had used to advantage this spreading to propagate MMM ideology in society
O presente trabalho analisa o tratamento dado pela imprensa ao Movimento da Matemática Moderna no Brasil (MMM), especialmente no Estado de São Paulo, sede do MMM. Buscamos nos textos jornalísticos, de 1960-1980, respostas para a nossa principal questão de pesquisa: qual o papel da imprensa no MMM? As fontes de pesquisa foram angariadas nos arquivos dos jornais Folha de São Paulo e O Estado de São Paulo. Somaram-se a estes os recortes de jornais do APOS- Arquivo Pessoal Osvaldo Sangiorgi, doado pelo professor Osvaldo Sangiorgi para o Grupo de Pesquisa em História da Educação Matemática GHEMAT, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP. Esta pesquisa, num primeiro momento, analisou os trabalhos acadêmicos produzidos sobre o MMM, verificando como esses estudos utilizaram os jornais como fonte de pesquisa. E, em seguida, baseamo-nos nos estudos do historiador Jacques Le Goff, os quais forneceram elementos relevantes para analisar os textos jornalísticos sob a perspectiva de documento/monumento. Consideramos, ainda, os estudos de Christophe Prochasson, que discute o interesse pelos arquivos privados na história das práticas historiográficas, e os estudos da jornalista Florence Aubenas e do filósofo Miguel Benasayag, que teorizam sobre o papel da mídia na sociedade. Concluímos que o estreito relacionamento dos protagonistas do MMM com autoridades do governo, a amizade entre os jornalistas e os difusores do MMM, a valorização do ensino de Matemática como justificativa para minimizar o autoritarismo da ditadura, a censura prévia aos textos políticos e sociais aliada à neutralidade política da Matemática são alguns fatores que justificam o apoio dos jornais na divulgação desse Movimento. Ao mesmo tempo, os protagonistas do Movimento aproveitaram essa divulgação para propagar o ideário do Movimento para a sociedade

This research aims to investigate the relationship between artists and patrons and the dynamics of production, circulation, use of paintings in reference to Sardinia in the late fifteenth-early sixteenth century in its relations with Catalonia. The primary objective is to search out new data on episodes and steps considered fundamental in the art, the knowledge of which is limited by the lack of documentation and the small number of surviving works; complementary objective is to try to understand what was the nature of the artist-client relationship and how the mechanisms of production of the works and their circulation were configured and according to which patterns were transposed by the users. To go back to the circumstances that led to the creation of the art work is necessary to refer to a set of data that go beyond the canonical commission contracts of works. Any news about the actions, the movements and contacts of the patrons, the artistic operators, suppliers of raw materials (and therefore of producers and merchants) was (re)read and (re)analyzed to identify new elements that could expand the limited knowledge in our possession.

O presente estudo levanta questões sobre os projetos não construídos com o objetivo de contribuir com sua leitura através da utilização de ferramentas de simulação tridimensional aplicadas para a análise do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC USP), de 1975, proposta não edificada de Paulo Mendes da Rocha e Jorge Wilheim. Através do redesenho e construção virtual dos espaços, buscou-se uma melhor compreensão do projeto de modo a oferecer maior apoio ao seu estudo. As análises do MAC USP levaram a outras aproximações, como à leitura do Museu de Caracas, de Oscar Niemeyer que também foi redesenhado para oferecer suporte ao estudo do MAC. Os croquis, desenhos técnicos e possíveis maquetes físicas encontrados nas publicações originais e obtidos diretamente no escritório de Paulo Mendes da Rocha amparam o redesenho digital das peças gráficas, gerando diagramas, perspectivas e vídeos. O trabalho investiga formas de representação para incorporar na produção de novas peças gráficas, analisando a importância dos diagramas como forma de comunicação e a linguagem da fotografia de arquitetura de maneira a ser aplicada na produção de novas perspectivas do projeto. Tendo essas questões atendidas, indaga-se sobre a depuração dos conceitos expressos no partido, as referências aplicadas e a importância intelectual de cada projeto dentro da produção do próprio arquiteto e na de outros profissionais da área. Por fim, foram produzidos vídeos simulando a visita pelo MAC USP com comentários em áudio de Paulo Mendes da Rocha, resultando na extensão das possibilidades de temas referenciais do projeto, indo além das discussões já presentes nas representações originais, e passando a oferecer melhores aproximações de suas atmosferas.
This study focuses on projects that were not built, in order to contribute to their analyses, using three-dimensional simulation tools applied to the investigation of the Contemporary Art Museum of the University of São Paulo (MAC USP), 1975, architecture proposal that was not built, by Paulo Mendes da Rocha and Jorge Wilheim. Through the redesign and construction of virtual spaces, we sought a better understanding of the project in order to provide better support to their study. Analyses of MAC USP indicated other approaches, such as the reading of the Caracas Museum, Oscar Niemeyer\'s project, which was also been redesigned to support MAC study. Sketches, technical drawings and possible models found in the original publications and obtained directly from the Paulo Mendes da Rocha\'s office provided the basis to the digital redesign of graphic elements, creating diagrams, perspectives and videos. The work investigates forms of representation to incorporate the production of new graphic elements, analyzing the importance of diagrams as a way of communication and architectural photography language in order to be applied in the production of new perspectives of the project. Once these issues were resolved, it is possible to analyze the concepts that were expressed into the project, the references applied and intellectual importance of each project within the production of the architect himself and other architecture professionals. Finally, videos were produced to simulate the visit by the MAC USP with Paulo Mendes da Rocha\'s interview audio in the background. This works resulted in the extension of the possibilities of reference themes of the project, going deeply into the discussions that were already present in the original project\'s representations, and

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Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
The objective of this research was to understand how Osvaldo Sangiorgi made an appropriation of the Morris Kline´s book named O Fracasso da Matemática Moderna , after 15 years of Modern Mathematics Movement MMM in Brazil and to identify the arguments in which he was based on forward the declared failure to continue divulgating the Modern Mathematics up to the 1980s. To reach this, we studied several thesis and dissertations about MMM and analysed some document´s from Osvaldo Sangiorgi´s Personal Archive APOS. These informations was complemented by documents from Acervo Histórico do Instituto Brasileiro de Edições Pedagógicas IBEP and a recorded interview done with Sangiorgi in 1988. The theorical methodologies considerations whe sustained by the following authors: Chartier (1991) who supported us on the appropriation concept comprehension; Prochasson (1998), Gomes (1998) and Alves (2003) that assisted us with the treatment with the APOS; Geertz (1989) who supported us on culture concept; Certeau (1982) who taugh us the historian work, Chevel (1990) and Julia (2001) which we discussed the concept of pertaining to school culture and the purposes of education, and Nóvoa (1992) that helped us with the teacher´s history of life. We evidenced that the impact of the book written by Morris Kline, sure made possible some openings for discution on possible corretions for the problems detected in the education of the Modern Mathematics in Brazil. Osvaldo Sangiorgi detached some positive points emerged with the Movement, between them: the mobilization of uncountable teachers in TV and in-classe courses, promoted by Grupo de Estudos do Ensino da Matemática GEEM and the student´s motivation showed on the participation in the Olimpíadas de Matemática. Considering these factors, among others, kept on spreending the Modern Mathematics until the 1980s, inserting, in this context, the application of this mathematics notions into the computer science
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender como Osvaldo Sangiorgi apropriou-se do livro O Fracasso da Matemática Moderna , de Morris Kline, após 15 anos do Movimento da Matemática Moderna - MMM no Brasil e identificar os argumentos nos quais se baseou para diante do declarado fracasso continuar a divulgar a Matemática Moderna até a década de 80. Para tanto realizamos um estudo das teses e dissertações sobre o MMM e analisamos documentos do Arquivo Pessoal Osvaldo Sangiorgi APOS. Complementaram essas informações, documentos do Acervo Histórico do Instituto Brasileiro de Edições Pedagógicas IBEP e a gravação de uma entrevista com Osvaldo Sangiorgi realizada em 1988. As considerações teóricometodológicas foram apoiadas nos autores: Chartier (1991) que nos amparou na compreensão do conceito de apropriação; Prochasson (1998), Gomes (1998) e Alves (2003) que nos auxiliaram no tratamento com o APOS; Geertz (1989) nos amparou com o conceito de cultura; Certeau (1982) nos ensinou o trabalho do historiador; Chervel (1990) e Julia (2001) com os quais discutimos a concepção de cultura escolar e as finalidades do ensino; e Nóvoa (1992) que nos auxiliou na discussão da história da vida dos professores. Constatamos que o impacto do livro de Morris Kline, possibilitou sim uma abertura de discussões sobre possíveis correções para os problemas detectados no ensino da Matemática Moderna no Brasil. Osvaldo Sangiorgi destacou alguns pontos positivos surgidos com o Movimento, entre eles: a mobilização de inúmeros docentes nos cursos presenciais e pela TV, promovidos pelo Grupo de Estudos do Ensino da Matemática GEEM, e a motivação dos estudantes apreciada nas participações das Olimpíadas de Matemática. Por esses fatores, entre outros, continuou a divulgar a Matemática Moderna até a década de 80, inserindo, nesse contexto, uma aplicação dessa voltada a noções de informática

Thèse sc. techniques Lausanne EPFL, 2000 ; no 2305.
Thèse no 2305(2001) présentée au Département d' Architecture, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur ès sciences. Bibliogr.: p. 385-388.

With the purpose to investigate policies within long-term preservation of digital media in the modern world of Open Access institutional repository, this two year's master thesis was conducted through a qualitative study with quantitative overtures. The main objectives of this thesis centre on the criteria for long-term digital preservation, preservation in relation to institutional repositories, the issues cropping up within the field of institutional repositories, and the essential components of a preservation policy. The theoretical framework is constructed around a model based upon scholarly communication, with its aspects of dissemination, acquisition, preservation, discovery and access, and with the facet of preservation at its centre. The methodology of this study is cued to content analysis and its in-depth investigative process, which was conducted on a sample of ten preservation policies within Open Access institutional repositories that were compared to a standardised expert set of policy categorisation. The results show that a perfect preservation policy does not appear to exist in the current world, based exclusively on the selected sample. This gives a strong indication of a need for further research within the field of Open Access institutional repositories preservation policies.
I syfte att undersöka policyer inom långsiktigt bevarande av digitala medier i den moderna världen av Open Access institutionella arkiv, genomfördes denna tvååriga masteruppsats genom en kvalitativ studie med kvantitativa uvertyrer. De huvudsakliga frågeställningarna i denna uppsats är centrerade kring kriterierna för långsiktigt digitalt bevarande, bevarandet i förhållande till institutionella arkiv, problem som dyker upp inom fältet för institutionella arkiv, och de essentiella komponenterna för en långtidsbevarande policy. Det teoretiska ramverket är uppbyggt runt en modell som utgår ifrån vetenskaplig kommunikation, med dess aspekter av spridning, förvärv, bevarande, upptäckt och tillgänglighet, med bevarande aspekten i centrum. Metoden för denna studie är centrerad till innehållsanalys och dess fördjupande undersökningsprocess, och som applicerades på tio utvalda Open Access institutionella arkivs bevarande-policyer, som sedan jämfördes med enuppsättning standardiserade kategorier, utvalda av experter, för en sådan policy. Resultaten visade att en perfekt långtidsbevarande policy inte existerar i dagens verklighet, om man utgår från studiens urval. Detta ger en stark indikation på att det finns ett behov av att göra ytterligare forskning inom området för institutionella arkivs bevarande policy inom Open Access-världen

La perception de la façon dont les groupes familiaux prémodernes se régulaient, s'organisaient, s'identifiaient et se reproduisaient est modelée par les archives organisationnelles qu'ils créaient, usaient et conservaient. Partant de cette prémisse, cette étude a analysé les archives des vicomtes de Vila Nova de Cerveira et d’un ensemble de générations familiales qui ont contribué à leur création et à leur conservation entre le XIVe et le XVIIe siècle, à savoir les générations des Lima, des Brito Nogueira et des Lima Brito Nogueira. Cette analyse a cherché à comprendre comment les générations familiales se sont documentées, comment elles ont transformé leurs documents en archives et comment elles les ont utilisées pour se consolider en tant que groupe doté d'un patrimoine, d'une mémoire et d'une identité propres. En bref, nous nous sommes demandé comment les usages des archives ont contribué à la consolidation institutionnelle de la Maison des vicomtes de Cerveira jusqu'au XVIIe siècle. Dans ce but, nous avons utilisé une approche en archivistique historique, qui cherche à croiser théories et méthodologies de l'histoire, de l'archivistique, des sciences de l'information et de l'anthropologie historique dans l'analyse des archives. La recherche est partie du présent, en interrogeant le fonds Visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira et des Marques de Ponte de Lima et en cartographiant la documentation dispersée dans d'autres collections et qui, jadis, appartenant aux archives organisationnelles de ces groupes familiaux. Nous cherchons à comprendre les différentes intertextualités qui se sont accumulées au fil du temps et qui affectent l'intelligibilité du passé représenté dans ces documents. Afin de contextualiser les documents cartographiés pour les générations familiales étudiées, nous avons construit un cadre organique, selon le modèle systémique proposé par Malheiro da Silva, qui est mis à disposition, avec la description archivistique standardisée d'une partie de la documentation analysée, sur le logiciel AtoM. Nous avons également recueilli la documentation disparue entre-temps, mais mentionnée dans des inventaires produits par les familles elles-mêmes. Parallèlement, on a tenté de clarifier les différentes limites de la reconstitution réalisée, constituée par documentation existante et perdue, les options prises et les opérations effectuées sur la documentation. À la fin, une analyse qualitative du corpus reconstitué a été menée et elle a permis de conclure que les groupes étudiés se sont institutionnalisés principalement par la transmission des seigneuries et des vínculos, tout en formant une famille-institution ou Maison organisée, pour chaque génération, sous l'autorité d'un pater familias. Ces générations utilisaient leurs archives comme lieux de preuve de la possession de biens et de privilèges, comme facilitateurs de la gestion quotidienne des propriétés et de leurs revenus et, surtout à partir des générations Lima Brito Nogueira, comme support de récits sur la (les) mémoire(s) et l'(les) identité(s) du groupe. Nous avons constaté que les familles-institutions ont été des entités en constante structuration, tout comme les archives qui les ont soutenues. La consolidation institutionnelle dépendait, donc, d'un effort continu, réalisé par chaque génération, pour transmettre un patrimoine identitaire unificateur et identificateur du groupe à un représentant de la même génération ou de la génération suivante, ainsi que la documentation transformée en archive qui soutenait cette construction
The perception of how pre-modern family groups regulated, organized, identified, and reproduced themselves is shaped by the creation, use and maintenance set by the organizational archives. Based on this assumption, this study analyzes the viscounts of Vila Nova de Cerveira archive as well as a group of families' generations that played a role both in its formation and preservation from the 14th to the 17th centuries, namely the Lima, Brito Nogueira, and Lima Brito Nogueira generations. This investigation sought to examine how these generations documented themselves, how they transformed their records into an archive, and how they used them to consolidate one another as a group with a heritage, memory, and identity of their own. Ultimately, it was questioned how these uses played a role in the establishment and strengthening of the house of the viscounts of Vila Nova de Cerveira as an institution until the 17th century. In pursuit of this objective, an Historical Archivistics approach was selected with the purpose of looking for the interchange of theories and methodologies of History, Archival Science, Information Science and Historical Anthropology in the analysis of archives. The research path was presently initiated by questioning the Visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira e Marqueses de Ponte de Lima fonds and by mapping scattered fonds and collection records which belonged to the organizational archives of the abovementioned groups. With that, an understanding of several intertextualities affecting the intelligibility of the past represented in these records was deemed necessary before any interpretation of its context could be executed. To better contextualize the mapped records associated with the generations in the study, an organic framework was prepared, based on the systemic model proposed by Malheiro da Silva. This classification framework is made available, along with the standardized archival description of a section of the records that were analyzed in this study, through the AtoM software. In addition to the existing records, in the inventories produced by these generations, references to unaccounted records that belonged to their archives, were also collected. Simultaneously, efforts were made to elucidate the numerous constraints associated with the reconstitution of both existing and missing records, the choices that were made, and the operations carried out regarding the records. Finally, the qualitative analysis of the reconstructed corpus allowed us to conclude that the groups under study were institutionalized mainly through the transmission of entails and of properties and rights granted by the Crown. They formed a family-institution or House, organized by each generation under the authority of a pater familias. These generations used their archives to prove ownership of property and privileges, as well as to facilitate property management and its income. The archives also served as a foundation for narratives concerning the collective memory(ies) and identity(ies) of the group, especially for the Lima Brito Nogueira generations. The families as institutions were entities in constant configuration, as was the archive supporting them. Consequently, institutional consolidation depended on ongoing efforts made by each generation in order to transmit a cohesive cultural legacy to a representative of the same or next generation and forge a sense of group identity, as well as to convey the records turned into an archive that supported this construction
A forma como os grupos familiares da época pré-moderna se regulamentavam, organizavam, identificavam e reproduziam é percetível através dos arquivos organizacionais que criaram e conservaram, assim como através dos usos que lhes deram. Partindo deste pressuposto, no presente estudo, analisou-se o arquivo dos viscondes de Vila Nova de Cerveira e um conjunto de gerações familiares que contribuíram para a sua constituição e preservação entre o século XIV e o século XVII, nomeadamente os Limas, os Britos Nogueira e os Lima Brito Nogueira. Nesta análise, procurou-se compreender como estas gerações se documentaram, como transformaram a sua informação documentalizada em arquivo e como a usaram para se consolidarem enquanto grupo, com um património, memória e identidade próprios. Em suma, questionou-se como esses usos do arquivo contribuíram para a consolidação institucional da Casa dos Viscondes de Cerveira até ao século XVII. Para tal, recorreu-se a uma abordagem em Arquivística Histórica, que busca o cruzamento de teorias e metodologias da História, da Archival Science, da Ciência da Informação e da Antropologia Histórica na análise dos arquivos. O percurso de investigação partiu do presente, do questionamento do fundo Visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira e Marqueses de Ponte de Lima e do mapeamento de documentação que se encontra dispersa por outros fundos e coleções e que pertenceu aos arquivos organizacionais dos referidos grupos, procurando-se compreender várias intertextualidades que se acumularam ao longo do tempo e que afetam a inteligibilidade do passado representado nestes documentos. Para a contextualização da informação documentalizada reconstituída para as gerações em estudo, aplicou-se o modelo sistémico proposto por Malheiro da Silva num quadro orgânico que é disponibilizado, com a descrição arquivística normalizada de uma parte da documentação utilizada na análise, através do software AtoM. Procedeu-se, ainda, à recolha de documentação que, entretanto, desapareceu, mas que é referida em inventários elaborados pelos seus membros. Ao mesmo tempo, procurou-se esclarecer as várias limitações desta reconstituição, da documentação existente e desaparecida, as opções tomadas e as operações realizadas sobre a documentação. Por fim, foi feita uma análise qualitativa do corpus reconstituído que permitiu concluir que os grupos em estudo se institucionalizaram principalmente através da transmissão de senhorios e de vínculos, formando uma família-instituição ou Casa que se organizava, a cada geração, sob a autoridade de um pater familias. Constatou-se igualmente que estas gerações usaram os seus arquivos como lugares de prova da posse de bens e privilégios, como facilitadores da gestão corrente das propriedades e dos seus rendimentos e, sobretudo a partir das gerações dos Lima Brito Nogueira, como suporte a discursos sobre a(s) memória(s) e identidade(s) do grupo. As famílias-instituição eram entidades em constante estruturação assim como o arquivo que as sustentava. A consolidação institucional dependeu, assim, de um esforço contínuo, realizado a cada geração, para transmitir um património identitário unificador e identificador do grupo a um representante da mesma geração ou da seguinte, juntamente com a documentação transformada em arquivo que apoiava essa construção