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Westerdahl, Christer. "The Maritime Middle Ages—Past, Present, and Future. Some Ideas from a Scandinavian Horizon". European Journal of Archaeology 17, n.º 1 (2014): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000046.

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This paper was conceived as a keynote lecture for the Medieval Europe Research Congress (MERC) 2012 in Helsinki. The author himself has gone a long way from the more or less exclusively ship-functionalist perspective he presented at the first conference of this kind, Medieval Europe in 1992 in York. The intention here is to inspire other maritime archaeologists who may be stuck in studying ship technologies to apply their knowledge in contextual and cross-disciplinary approaches to ships, landscapes, and the human mind of the Middle Ages. A few examples of possible ways are discussed, albeit admittedly incompletely. These include a number of examples from the author's own research, which were strongly under the influence of a functionalist and techno-practical perspective in the 1990s.
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Crabtree, Pam. "The Archaeology of Medieval Europe". History Compass 7, n.º 3 (maio de 2009): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00594.x.

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Molero García, Jesús. "El castillo medieval en la Península Ibérica: ensayo de conceptualización y evolución tipológico-funcional". Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, n.º 11 (22 de junho de 2022): 141–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.06.

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La historiografía sobre fortificaciones medievales en el ámbito medieval cristiano es tan amplia como dispersa. Abundan los estudios de carácter local abordados con metodologías y desde disciplinas diversas, empezando por los clásicos trabajos de Historia del Arte e Historia de la Arquitectura, y, por supuesto, los de contenido estrictamente histórico, planteados desde el estudio de las fuentes escritas y, más recientemente, desde la Arqueología. Faltan, no obstante, estudios de conjunto y aunque se ha abordado el tema de la conceptualización y clasificación tipológica de estas fortalezas, creemos que sigue siendo una asignatura pendiente en el ámbito de la castellología. El presente trabajo pretende pues abordar la problemática sobre la definición y límites del castillo medieval, para pasar después a plantear una clasificación tipológica y funcional de los castillos cristianos peninsulares, para lo cual tendremos en cuenta no sólo la producción historiográfica reciente, sino también nuestras propias investigaciones de base fundamentalmente arqueológica. Palabras clave: Castellología, castillo feudal, tipología castral, reinos cristianos peninsulares, poliorcéticaTopónimos: Península IbéricaPeríodo: siglos VIII-XV ABSTRACTHistoriography on the subject of medieval fortifications in the medieval Christian area is as wide as it is disperse. There is an abundance of local studies undertaken employing different methodologies, starting with the History of Art, the History of Architecture and, of course, those of strictly historical content, based on the study of written sources and, more recently, on Archaeology. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies and, although the problem of the conceptualisation and typological classification of these fortresses has been addressed, I believe that this continues to be an unresolved issue in the field of castellology. This article aims to address the problem of the definition and limits of the medieval castle, and then propose a typological and functional classification of peninsular Christian castles, taking into account not only recent historiographical production but also my own archaeological research. Keywords: castellology, feudal castle, castral typology, peninsular Christian kingdoms, polyorceticPlace names: Iberian PeninsulaPeriod: 8th-15th centuries REFERENCIASAcién Almansa, M. (2002), “De nuevo sobre la fortificación del emirato” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 59-75.Almedia, C. A. F. de (1991), “Castelos e cercas medievais. Séculos X a XIII” en Portugal no Mundo. História das Fortificações Portuguesas no Mundo, Lisboa, pp. 38-54.Ayala Martínez, C. de (1995), “Fortalezas y creación de espacio político: la Orden de Santiago y el territorio conquense (siglos XII-XIII)” Meridies, 2, pp. 23-48.Ayala Martínez, C. de (2002), “Las fortalezas castellano-leonesas de las Órdenes Militares. Problemas de control político y financiación (siglos XII-XIV)” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 549-569.Barceló, M. y Toubert, P. (eds.) (1998), «L’incastellamento». Actas de las reuniones de Girona (26-27 noviembre, 1992) y de Roma (5-7 mayo 1994). Roma.Barroca, M. J. (2001), “A Ordem do Hospital e a Arquitectura Militar Portuguesa (Séc. XII a XIV” en Arqueologia da Idade Média da Península Ibérica, Actas do 3 Congresso de Arqueologia Peninsular (Utad, Vila Real de 21 a 27 de setembro de 1999), vol. 7, Porto, pp. 187-211.Barroca, M. J. (2002), “Os castelos das Ordens Militares em Portugal (Séc.s XII a XIV)” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 535-548.Bazzana, A. y Guichard, P. (1980), “Châteaux et peuplement en Espagne médiévale, l’exemple de la région valencienne” en Châteaux et peuplement en Europe occidentale du Xe au XVIIIe siècle. (Premières journèes internationales d’Histoire 20-22 septembre 1979), Auch, pp. 191-202.Bazzana, A. Guichard, P. y Sénac, Ph. (1992), “La frontière dans l’Espagne Médiévale” en J.-M- Poisson (ed.), Castrum 4. Frontière et peuplement dans le monde méditerranéen au Myen Âge, (Actes du colloque d’Erice-Trapani (Italie) tenu du 18 au 25 septembre 1988), Roma-Madrid, pp. 35-59.Bolós i Masclans, J. (1997), “El territori i els seus limits. El poble, la parròquia i el castell a l’edat mitjana” en J. Bolòs y J. J. Busqueta (ed.), Territori i societat a l’Edat Mitjana I. Història, arqueologia, documentació, Lérida, pp. 41-82.Caballero Subiza, B. (1997), Los castillos catalanes del siglo X: circunstancias históricas y cuestiones arquitectónicas, Zaragoza.Castillo Armenteros, J. C. (2020), “Conjuntos fortificados calatravos y frontera en el Alto Guadalquivir: Las fortalezas comendatarias de Martos y Alcaudete”, en C. de Ayala Martínez y J. A. Aranda García (coords.), La Orden de Calatrava en la Edad Media: Actas del I Congreso Nacional sobre la Historia de la Orden de Calatrava, Alcaudete, 26 y 27 de octubre de 2018, pp. 417-461.Castillo Armenteros, J. C. y Castillo Armenteros, J. L. (1997), “El Castillo de Alcaudete” en Los Castillos a través de la historia. Jornadas de Patrimonio Histórico, Sevilla, pp. 142-145.Castillo Armenteros, J. C. y Castillo Armenteros, J. L. (2002), “Aportaciones arqueológicas al estudio de las fortificaciones señoriales del Alto Guadalquivir (Jaén) entre los siglos XV y XVI” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 719-732.Castillo Armenteros, J. C., Castillo Armenteros, J. L., Ruiz Calvente, M. y Pantoja Vallejo, J. L. (2013), “Sabiote y Lopera, dos fortificaciones calatravas en la frontera del Alto Guadalquivir: nuevas aportaciones desde la investigación arqueológica”, en I. C. F. Fernandes (coord.), Fortificações e território na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (séculos VI a XVI), Vol. 1, pp. 495-516.Catalán Ramos, R., Fuentes Melgar, P. y Sastre Blanco, J. C. (coord.) (2014), Fortificaciones en la tardoantigüedad, élites y articulación del territorio (siglos V-VIII d.C.). Madrid.Cobos, F. (2002), “Artillería y fortificación ibérica de transición en torno a 1500” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 677-696.Cobos, F. y Castro, J. J. de (1998), “La fortaleza de Salsas y la fortificación de transición española” Castillos de España, 110-111, pp. 19-30.Cobos, F. y Castro, J. J. de (1998), Castilla y León. Castillos y fortalezas, León.Cooper, E. (1991), Castillos señoriales en la Corona de Castilla, 4 vols. Salamanca, 1991.Cooper, E. (2002), “Desarrollo de la fortificación tardomedieval española” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 667-676.Cooper, E. 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Agustí Altisent, Tarragona, pp. 285-327.Fondevilla Aparicio, J. J. (2019), “La Banda Gallega y el castillo de Las Cumbres. Control estratégico del territorio histórico: espacio y frontera en el limes septentrional del alfoz sevillano en la Baja Edad Media”, E-Strategica, 3, pp. 145-192.Fournier, G. (1980), “Châteaux et peuplements au Moyen Âge. Essai de synthèse” en Châteaux et peuplements en Europe occidentale du Xe au XVIIIe siècle. (Premières journès internationales d’Histoire, 20-22 septembre 1979), Auch, 131-144.Gallego Valle, D. (2016), La fortificación medieval en el Campo de Montiel (ss. VIII-XVI). Análisis de su secuencia histórica y constructiva, Espacio, tiempo y forma. Serie III, Historia medieval, 29, pp. 337-376.Gallego Valle, D. (2020), Las fortificaciones del Campo de Montiel (ss. VIII al XVI), historia, arqueología y análisis constructivo. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. https://ruidera.uclm.es/xmlui/handle/10578/26922Gallego Valle, D. (2021), “Los procesos constructivos de los castillos-casa de la encomienda de las órdenes militares en Castilla (fines del siglo XIII e inicios del siglo XIV)”, Ordens militares. Identidade e mudança, Isabel Cristina F. Fernandes, vol. 2, Palmela, pp. 773-798.García Fitz, F. (1998), “Para acreçentamiento de nuestros regnos. Las funciones ofensivas de los castillos de frontera” en La fortaleza medieval. Realidad y símbolo. Actas de la XV Asamblea General de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales (Alicante, 1997), Madrid, pp. 75-89.García Fitz, F. (2001), “Una frontera caliente. La guerra en las fronteras hispano-musulmanas (siglos XI-XIII)” en Identidad y representación de la frontera en la España medieval (siglos XI-XIV), (Seminario celebrado en la Casa de Velázquez y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 14-15 de diciembre de 1998), Madrid, pp. 159-180.García Fitz, F. (2002), “Guerra y fortificaciones en contextos de frontera. Algunos casos ibéricos de la Plena Edad Media” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 519-532.García González, J. J. (1995), “Del castro al castillo. El cerro de Burgos de la Antigüedad a la Edad Media”, Cuadernos Burgaleses de Historia Medieval, 2, pp. 71-166.García-Carpintero López de Mota, J. (2021), La Orden de Santiago a través de la cultura material: los señoríos de La Mancha y Uclés a finales de la Edad Media (siglos XV y principios del XVI). Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. https://ruidera.uclm.es/xmlui/handle/10578/28684Gil Crespo, I. J. (2013), Fundamentos constructivos de las fortificaciones fronterizas entre las coronas de Castilla y Aragón de los siglos XII al XV en la actual provincia de Soria. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. https://oa.upm.es/22399/Gil Crespo, I. J. (2015), “Sistemas de fortificación fronteriza en la Soria medieval: historia y construcción”, Celtiberia, año 65, 109, pp. 263-287.Guichard, P. (1976), Al-Andalus. Estructura antropológica de una sociedad islámica en Occidente, Barcelona.Guichard, P. (1987), “Los árabes sí que invadieron España. Las estructuras sociales de la España musulmana”, en P. Guichard, Estudios sobre historia medieval, Valencia, 1987, pp. 27-71.Guitart Aparicio, C. (1986), Castillos de Aragón, Zaragoza.Gutiérrez González, J. A. (1992), “Sistemas defensivos y de repoblación en el Reino de León” en III Congreso de Arqueología Medieval Española, (Oviedo, 27 de marzo a 1 de abril de 1989), Oviedo, pp. 171-191.Gutiérrez González, J. A. (1995), Fortificaciones y feudalismo en el origen y formación del reino leonés (siglos IX-XIII), Valladolid.Gutiérrez González, J. A. (1997), “Expansión y consolidación feudal del reino de Asturias: las fortificaciones de Alfonso III en la montaña leonesa” en Homenaje a Juan Uría Riu, Tomo I, Oviedo, pp. 275-300.Gutiérrez González, J. A. (2002), “La fortificación pre-feudal en el norte peninsular: castros y recintos campesinos en la Alta Edad Media” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 19-28.Gutiérrez González, J. A. (2005), “Sobre la transición del sistema antiguo al feudal: una revisión arqueológica del Altomedievo hispano”, Territorio, sociedad y poder: revista de estudios medievales, 1, pp. 53-78.Gutiérrez González, J. A. y M. Valor Piechotta (2014), “Castles and Fortifications”, en J. A. Gutiérez González y M. Valor Pechotta (coords.), The Archaeology of Medieval Spain, 1100-1500, Sheffield, pp. 148-175.Malpica Cuello, A. (2003), Los castillos en Al-Andalus y la organización del territorio, Cáceres.Martín Viso, I. (1996), “Una comarca periférica en la Edad Media: Sayago, de la autonomía a la dependencia feudal”, Studia Historica. Historia Medieval, 14, pp. 97-155.Martín Viso, I. (2014), “Castra y elites en el suroeste de la Meseta del Duero post-romana”, en R. Catalán Ramos, P. Fuentes Melgar y J. C. Sastre Blanco (coords.), Fortificaciones en la tardoantigüedad: élites y articulación del territorio (siglos V-VIII d. C.), 2014, pp. 247-274.Martín Viso, I. (2016), Asentamientos y paisajes rurales en el Occidente medieval, Madrid.Mattoso, J. (1982), Ricos-Homens, Infanções e Cavaleiros. A nobreza medieval portuguesa nos séculos XI e XII, Lisboa.Menéndez Fueyo, J. L. (2002), “La red de torres para la defensa del litoral costero en la provincia de Alicante durante el siglo XVI: una propuesta de evolución cronotipológica”, en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 733-757.Molero García, J. M. (2005), “Del hisn al castillo: fortificaciones medievales en La Mancha toledana”, en Espacios fortificados de la provincia de Toledo (Congreso celebrado en Toledo, 2003), Toledo, pp. 331-376.— (2011), Fortificaciones medievales y organización del espacio en el campo de Calatrava (siglos IX-XVI). Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.— (2014), “Retener castillos, controlar la frontera. La estrategia de Castilla frente al reino nazarí de Granada al final de la Edad Media”, en P. Sanz Camañes y D. Rex Galindo (coords.), La frontera en el mundo hispánico, pp. 123-150.— (2016), “Los primeros castillos de Ordenes Militares. Actividad edilicia y funcionalidad en la frontera castellana (1150-1195)”, en R. Torres Jiménez y F. 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(1993), “Fortificaciones de transición: del castillo al fuerte abaluartado” en Actas de las II Jornadas Nacionales de Historia Militar, La Organización Militar en lo siglos XV y XVI, Málaga, pp. 399-411.Mora Figueroa, L. (1996), Glosario de arquitectura defensiva medieval, Cádiz.Mora Figueroa, L. (2002), “Transformaciones artilleras en la fortificación tardomedieval española”, en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 651-657.Navareño Mateos, A. (1988), “El castillo bajomedieval, arquitectura y táctica militar”, en Las armas en la historia (siglos X al XIV). Actas del I Simposio Nacional sobre Las armas en la historia (Cáceres, marzo 1983), Cáceres, pp. 113-152.Navareño Mateos, A. (1999), Arquitectura residencial en las dehesas de la Tierra de Cáceres. Castillos, palacios y casas de campo, Cáceres.Palacios Ontalva, S. (2006a), Fortalezas santiaguistas: la orden en la ribera del Tajo (siglos XII-XVI), Cuenca.— (2006b), “Castillos contra castillos: padrastros y fortalezas de asedio en la España medieval”, Arqueología y Territorio mededieval, 13, 2, pp. 33-55.— (2008), Fortalezas y poder político: Castillos del Reino de Toledo, Guadalajara.— (2019a), “Cómo defender la frontera. Reflexiones sobre estrategias territoriales y poliorcética en el mundo hispano medieval”, Intus-legere: historia, Año 13, 1, pp. 3-36.— (2019b), “La reconquista en su perspectiva material y arqueológica”, en C. de Ayala, I. C. F. Fernandes y J. Santiago Palacios (coords.), La Reconquista: ideología y justificación de la guerra santa peninsular, pp. 421-460.Pastor Díaz de Garayo, E. (1996), Castilla en el tránsito de la Antigüedad al feudalismo: poblamiento, poder político y estructura social, del Arlanza al Duero (siglos VII-XI), Valladolid.Peña Bocos, E. (1995), La atribución social del espacio en la Castilla altomedieval. Una nueva aproximación al feudalismo peninsular, Santander.Pérez de Tudela y Velasco, M. I. (1998), “El castillo señorial en su contexto histórico”, en La fortaleza medieval. Realidad y símbolo. Actas de la XV Asamblea General de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales (Alicante, 1997), Madrid, pp. 163-176.Pérez de Tudela, M. I. et alii (1991), Arquitectura militar castellano-leonesa: significado histórico y glosario (s. XI-XIII), Madrid.Riu Riu, M. (1998), “El castillo altomedieval” en La fortaleza medieval. Realidad y símbolo. Actas de la XV Asamblea General de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, (Alicante, 1997), Madrid, pp. 157-162.Segura, J. M. y Torró, J. (1985), Torres i castells de l’Alcoià-Comtat, Alcoi.Smail, R. C. (1951), “Crusaders castles of the twelfth century”, en The Cambridge Historical Journal, vol. X, pp. 133-149.Teixeira, R. 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(2004), “Las fortificaciones de la Baja Edad Media en la provincia de Sevilla”, Historia. Instituciones. Documentos, 31, pp. 687-700.Vázquez Álvarez, R. (1998), “Castrum, castellum, turris en la organización social del espacio en Castilla entre los siglos IX a XI”, en La fortaleza medieval. Realidad y símbolo. Actas de la XV Asamblea General de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales (Alicante, 1997), Madrid, pp. 357-365.Vigón, J. (1947), Historia de la artillería Española, Madrid, 1947.Villamariz, N. (2002), “A influência do Oriente em Portugal através da arquitectuta militar templária o paralelo entre Chastel Blanc e Castelo Branco” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 909-913.Villegas Díaz, L. R. (1991), “Las estructuras de poder de la Orden de Calatrava. Una propuesta de análisis”, en Historia, Instituciones, Documentos, 18, pp. 467-504.Villegas Díaz, L. R. 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ASTILL, G. "ARCHAEOLOGY, ECONOMICS AND EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE". Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4, n.º 2 (julho de 1985): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1985.tb00243.x.

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Quirós Castillo, Juan Antonio. "Agrarian archaeology in Early Medieval Europe". Quaternary International 346 (setembro de 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.007.

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Andersen, Michael. "Archaeology and Sigillography in Northern Europe". Medieval Globe 4, n.º 1 (2018): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17302/tmg.4-1.8.

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Medieval seals, traditionally considered from the perspective of their documentary function, may also be studied as archaeological artefacts. Pilgrim badges were seal-shaped, and seal matrices and seal impressions can be found on church bells, in altars, and in burial sites. The context in which matrices are excavated provides valuable information on the practices of sealing and on the values attached to seals. This article also reveals a hitherto undescribed late medieval practice whereby papal and Scandinavian royal correspondents exchanged seal matrices.
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Phillips, William D., e J. R. S. Phillips. "The Medieval Expansion of Europe." American Historical Review 95, n.º 3 (junho de 1990): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164316.

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O'BRIEN, KEVIN J. "Chinese People's Congresses and Legislative Embeddedness". Comparative Political Studies 27, n.º 1 (abril de 1994): 80–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414094027001003.

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Evidence from medieval Europe and modern China suggests that cooperation with strong executives plays a larger role in early legislative development than is generally acknowledged: that under conditions of absolutism (or near-absolutism), acceptance and exploitation of subordination may be a means to organizational development. In this article, the author relies primarily on interview data and Chinese field research to show that early legislative development can occur without significantly increasing conflict with established authorities and without winning autonomy. The author further argues that legislative embeddedness, as measured by clarified and expanded jurisdiction and increased capacity, is a product less of conflict than of executive support and attention, and that support and attention in the early stages of organizational development can be understood in terms of a legislature's presence, its reliability and usefulness, and the political standing of its leaders. The article's conclusion offers a new approach to early legislative development that shifts attention from conventional measures of institutionalization and hinges on understanding the process of embeddedness.
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Bednarski, Steven. "The Documentary Archaeology of Late Medieval Europe (DALME)". Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures 11, n.º 1 (março de 2022): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dph.2022.0003.

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Bachrach, Bernard S., e Richard W. Kaeuper. "Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 106, n.º 4 (outubro de 2001): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693086.

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Quirós Castillo, Juan Antonio. "Archaeology of Architecture and Archaeology of houses in Early Medieval Europe". Arqueología de la Arquitectura, n.º 9 (9 de abril de 2013): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arqarqt.2012.11601.

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McNeill, T. E. "Lost infancy: Medieval archaeology in Ireland". Antiquity 76, n.º 292 (junho de 2002): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090682.

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Medieval archaeology in Ireland has been described twice in the last 30 years as ‘in its infancy’, by Delaney (1977: 46) andby Barry (1987: 1). Neither was strictly correct. Ireland played a full part in the general English interest in medieval castles and churches around 1900, with Champneys, Orpen and Westropp in particular listing and describing them and relating to their historical and European context. In Ulster the medieval period had occupied a central place in archaeological research and excavation, rcmarkable within Europe and unique within the British Isles, from 1950 (Tope 1966).
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13

Reyerson, Kathryn L., e Steven A. Epstein. "Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe." American Historical Review 98, n.º 5 (dezembro de 1993): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167103.

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Lyon, Bryce, Juliet Vale e Bernard Guenee. "States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 91, n.º 4 (outubro de 1986): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873356.

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Helden, Albert Van, e Stephen C. McCluskey. "Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 104, n.º 5 (dezembro de 1999): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649464.

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Miskimin, Harry A., e Peter Spufford. "Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe." American Historical Review 95, n.º 4 (outubro de 1990): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163530.

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Brundage, James A., e Joseph H. Lynch. "Godparents and Kinship in Early Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 92, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1866645.

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Semple, Sarah, e Alexandra Sanmark. "Assembly in North West Europe: Collective Concerns for Early Societies?" European Journal of Archaeology 16, n.º 3 (2013): 518–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000035.

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The archaeological study of assembly practices in the medieval west is often met with scepticism. The reliance on late documentary records and place-names, and the difficulties inherent in defining what actually constituted an ‘assembly’, are just some of the issues that face researchers. This paper brings together some of the first collated and excavated evidence by the HERA TAP project 1, and offers a cross-European perspective, drawing attention to the great variety of systems and types of structure created for the purpose of assembly in the late prehistoric and medieval eras. Selected case studies emphasize the chronological variations in the inception and life-span of assembly places and underline the diverse relationships of designated assembly sites to pre-existing landscapes, resource patterns, and social structures. Connections between the ‘architecture’ and location of these sites, and their role in the creation, maintenance, and signalling of collective identities are suggested.
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19

Pluskowski, Aleksander. "Narwhals or Unicorns? Exotic Animals as Material Culture in Medieval Europe". European Journal of Archaeology 7, n.º 3 (2004): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957104056505.

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Animals from distant lands fired the imaginations of people living in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. This is attested by a considerable wealth of iconographic and written material which has been explored from many perspectives, providing valuable insights into medieval western conceptualizations of the fringes of the known world and the otherness of exotica. However, the physical remains of non-indigenous species – both those recovered from archaeological contexts and extant in private collections – have generally been examined in isolation and rarely incorporated into a broader framework exploring the reception and utility of exotica. This article offers a new perspective on the topic by focusing on the zoological identity of non-indigenous animal body parts as ‘material culture’.
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20

Hoffmann, Richard C. "Economic Development and Aquatic Ecosystems in Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 101, n.º 3 (junho de 1996): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169418.

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Langmuir, Gavin I., e Kenneth R. Stow. "Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe." American Historical Review 99, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1994): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166204.

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Innes, Matthew, e Elisabeth van Houts. "Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe, 900-1200". American Historical Review 106, n.º 3 (junho de 2001): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692453.

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Freed, John B., Wendy Davies e Paul Fouracre. "The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 93, n.º 4 (outubro de 1988): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1863563.

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Nicholas, David, e Michael Jones. "Gentry and Lesser Nobility in Late Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 93, n.º 4 (outubro de 1988): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1863570.

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Herlihy, David, e James A. Brundage. "Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 94, n.º 4 (outubro de 1989): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906629.

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Paxton, Frederick S., e Valerie I. J. Flint. "The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe." American Historical Review 97, n.º 3 (junho de 1992): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164798.

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McLaughlin, Mary Martin, e David Herlihy. "Opera Muliebria: Women and Work in Medieval Europe." American Historical Review 96, n.º 4 (outubro de 1991): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165062.

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Boyarin, Daniel, e Ivan G. Marcus. "Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 103, n.º 4 (outubro de 1998): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651235.

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van Houts, Elisabeth. "Hans Hummer. Visions of Kinship in Medieval Europe." American Historical Review 125, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2020): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz375.

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Klápště, Jan. "Studies of structural change in medieval settlement in Bohemia". Antiquity 65, n.º 247 (junho de 1991): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00079904.

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This contribution intends to present, very briefly, one of the facets of medieval archaeology in Bohemia, a land which to this day bears the marks of having belonged to ‘the other Europe’. I will focus on a short phase of Bohemian history and within it, I will take out just a small portion that is accessible via the archaeological evidence. In spite of all the material limitations, I want to show that in this theme Bohemian archaeology documents one of the components of the gradual emergence of Europe, a continent so varied and yet so internally coherent.
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31

Hills, Catherine. "History and archaeology: the state of play in early medieval Europe". Antiquity 81, n.º 311 (1 de março de 2007): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009493x.

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How useful is archaeology to historians? Do they use it in their work? If so how? Catherine Hills considers a number of mighty histories of early medieval Europe that have recently appeared and examines how far the extremely productive archaeology of the last two decades has affected them – or failed to.
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32

Wright, Duncan W. "Crafters of Kingship: Smiths, Elite Power, and Gender in Early Medieval Europe". Medieval Archaeology 63, n.º 2 (3 de julho de 2019): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2019.1670922.

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33

Miśta-Jakubowska, Ewelina, Renata Czech Błońska, Władysław Duczko, Aneta M. Gójska, Paweł Kalbarczyk, Grzegorz Żabiński e Krystian Trela. "Archaeometric studies on early medieval silver jewellery from Central and Eastern Europe". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, n.º 12 (22 de outubro de 2019): 6705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00935-z.

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Abstract Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalyses (SEM-EDX) was used for a technological study of silver jewellery from three hoards found in Poland. The assemblage consists of 26 artefacts from the period of formation of the first Polish state (900–1039 AD) and can be divided into three groups: West Slavic, post-Moravian and Scandinavian. Research results provide information concerning techniques used for granulation ornament and the provenance of raw silver. Elemental composition changes are manifested mainly by different Cu contents. A higher Cu content was found in solder. The higher Cu content in relation to the morphology of the joining region with visibly spilled granulation demonstrates that the West Slavic beads were produced with the use of metallic soldering. On the other hand, other studied jewelleries are characterised by Cu, Sn, Sb and Zn enrichments in oxidised soldering regions, which implies that they were manufactured with the use of non-metallic soldering. In addition, studies on the provenance of the raw material were made based on the analysis of lead isotopic ratios. For this purpose, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used, and the obtained lead isotopic ratios were processed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The isotope study demonstrates that all examined artefacts were made using re-melted metal from multiple sources. The most probable sources of silver were ores from Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Freiberg (Germany).
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Theuws, F. C. W. J. "Book Review: Markets in Early Medieval Europe. Trading and 'Productive' Sites, 650-850". European Journal of Archaeology 7, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2004): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146195710400700210.

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35

Ritoók, Ágnes. "Fluorite – A marketable mineral commodity from the central region of medieval Hungary". Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2020): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2020.00006.

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AbstractSeveral types of mineral beads can be found among the 11th–12th-century grave assemblages of the Carpathian Basin. This paper examines the distribution of fluorite beads representing one type in Central and Eastern Europe. The distribution patterns have enabled the identification of the source of the raw material and they also outline the period’s main trade routes
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36

Berglund, Birgitta, Katarina Briksson, Ingunn Holm, Håkan Karlsson, Jenny Karlsson, Susanne Pettersson, Anna Sundberg, Bo Ulfhielm e Stig Welinder. "The Historical Archaeology of the Medieval Crisis in Scandinavia". Current Swedish Archaeology 17, n.º 1 (10 de junho de 2021): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2009.06.

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In the wake of the Black Death in i 1350 Europe saw demographic disaster, economic decline, and social and political breakdown. Thousands of farms were deserted. This is the Medieval Agrarian Crisis. The latest decadesof outland archaeology, primarily within the frames of rescue archaeology, have made it possible to outline the course of the crisis in the forested parts of middle Scandinavia. The 14th and 15th centuries were a time of economic change rather than economic decline. However, various areas changed in different ways. When taking outland production into account the medieval crisis has to be conceptualised in another way; it was not solely an agrarian crisis. It was also early industrial expansion and change towards extensive farming.
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37

Brownlee, Emma. "Connectivity and funerary change in early medieval Europe". Antiquity 95, n.º 379 (21 de janeiro de 2021): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.153.

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Pluskowski, Aleks. "The zooarchaeology of medieval ‘Christendom’: ideology, the treatment of animals and the making of medieval Europe". World Archaeology 42, n.º 2 (junho de 2010): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438241003672815.

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39

Pydyn, Andrzej, e Mateusz Popek. "A third medieval bridge on Lake Lednica, Greater Poland". Archeologické rozhledy 72, n.º 3 (17 de dezembro de 2020): 450–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2020.16.

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Lake Lednica, Greater Poland, is one of Poland’s most important and longest-studied underwater archaeological sites. The residential centre established on an island was one of the central points in the state of the first Piasts. Previous research located two bridges to the island and discovered the largest collection of early medieval military objects in Central Europe in the lake. In the 2017 season, a third bridge was discovered on Lake Lednica leading to the small island called Ledniczka on which the layers of an early medieval settlement and clear remnants of a motte-type medieval structure are found. Three seasons of research on relics of the crossing suggest that it may have functioned in two periods: in the tenth century and at the turn of the fourteenth century. During the research, a number of military items, pottery, objects made of organic materials and fishing tools were found.
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40

Bonde, Sheila. "The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales. John M. SteaneTwenty-Five Years of Medieval Archaeology. David A. HintonArchaeological Approaches to Medieval Europe. Kathleen Biddick". Speculum 62, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1987): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2852613.

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Vollono, Giulia. "Exploring Approaches to Italian Early Medieval Archaeology in Post-communist Europe". Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 1 (31 de dezembro de 2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v1i0.400.

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The fall of the Berlin Wall and, subsequently, of communism in Europe had profound consequences for the social and political environment of many European countries, including Italy. In this paper I discuss the impact that these, now historical, events and the new socio-political arena that emerged in their aftermath had upon Italian Early Medieval Archaeology from two interconnected perspectives. On the one hand I consider the history of a discipline that, although strongly characterised by a Marxist approach at its birth, appears not to have been subject to significant changes in its theoretical outlook as a consequence. On the other, through a consideration of the changing character of major exhibitions on the Lombard period, I explore the role that archaeology has played in the construction of a trans-national European narrative in a post-communist Europe while maintaining a central role in the negotiation of local identities. The ultimate aim of this paper is to re-evaluate the latest developments in Italian archaeology from a fresh perspective, considering the impact that major contemporary events can have on our perception, interpretation and narration of the past.
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HAMEROW, HELENA. "Review article: The archaeology of rural settlement in early medieval Europe". Early Medieval Europe 3, n.º 2 (15 de março de 2007): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0254.1994.tb00060.x.

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Levin, E. "CHRISTIAN RAFFENSPERGER. Reimagining Europe: Kievan Rus' in the Medieval World." American Historical Review 118, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2013): 566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.2.566a.

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Salisbury, Joyce E., e Valerie R. Hotchkiss. "Clothes Make the Man: Female Cross Dressing in Medieval Europe". American Historical Review 103, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650598.

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45

Gleeson, Patrick. "Archaeology and Myth in Early Medieval Europe: Making the Gods of Early Ireland". Medieval Archaeology 64, n.º 1 (2 de janeiro de 2020): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2020.1754646.

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46

Pugsley, Paola. "The Origins of Medieval Vessel Turning". Antiquaries Journal 85 (setembro de 2005): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358150008851x.

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Wooden vessels were in widespread use in British households after the tenth century. Most were turned, both inside and out, and bear witness to highly developed lathe techniques. This paper considers the preceding period with a view to finding links with woodworking techniques developed either in antiquity or in the early medieval period. The quest is hampered by the limited quantity of material, as wood does not normally survive in the archaeological record. On the other hand, by taking the largest possible sample (in this case from the whole of western Europe), a scenario for the origin of medieval vessel turning can be proposed.
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47

Brownlee, Emma Claire. "The Dead and their Possessions: The Declining Agency of the Cadaver in Early Medieval Europe". European Journal of Archaeology 23, n.º 3 (6 de fevereiro de 2020): 406–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2020.3.

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Between the sixth and eighth centuries ad, the practice of furnished burial was widely abandoned in favour of a much more standardized, unfurnished rite. This article examines that transition by considering the personhood and agency of the corpse, the different ways bonds of possession can form between people and objects, and what happens to those bonds at death. By analysing changing grave good use across western Europe, combined with an in-depth analysis of the Alamannic cemetery of Pleidelsheim, and historical evidence for perceptions of the corpse, the author argues that the change in grave good use marks a fundamental change in the perception of corpses.
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48

Müller, Hanns-Hermann. "Archaeozoological research on vertebrates in Central Europe with special reference to the medieval period". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1992): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390020407.

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Pankiewicz, Aleksandra, e Sylwia Siemianowska. "Early medieval large glass beads from Poland: utilitarian and social functions". Archeologické rozhledy 72, n.º 4 (15 de março de 2021): 573–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2020.20.

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The study focuses on the early medieval large glass beads from the area of Poland, i.e. specimens whose diameter equals at least 1.5 cm but usually ca. 2 cm or more. The main aim of this study is to define their function, considering precise context of discovery of particular specimens, metric data and microscopic analyses. Another important task of the study is to determine whether large beads were local products or imports, and from which region and in what social circumstances they reached the studied area. Alongside macroscopic and stylistic features, chemical composition of glass that was used for production of the beads can be conclusive in this situation. In our opinion, it is a special category of finds that appeared in this part of Europe during the time of cultural and political transformation in the 11th–13th centuries.
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Blumenthal, Uta-Renate, Karl Leyser e Timothy Reuter. "Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottoman Centuries." American Historical Review 101, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1996): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169253.

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