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Spaulding, Jay. "The Chronology of Sudanese Arabic Genealogical Tradition". History in Africa 27 (janeiro de 2000): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172119.
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Modern nationalisms first arose during the later eighteenth century around the wide periphery of the ancient heartland of western culture and gnawed their way inward during the course of the nineteenth century to the core, culminating in World War I, Each new nationalism generated an original “imagined community” of human beings, part of whose ideological cohesion derived from a sense of shared historical experience. Since the actual historical record would not necessarily satisfy this hunger, it was often found expedient to amend the past through acts of imagination aptly termed the “invention of tradition.”One of the many new “imagined communities” of the long nineteenth century took shape in the northern Nile-valley Sudan between the final disintegration of the old kingdom of Sinnar (irredeemable after the death of the strongman Muhammad Abu Likaylik in 1775) and the publication of Harold MacMichael's A History of the Arabs in the Sudan in 1922. The new national community born of the collapse of Sinnar, strongly committed to Arabic speech and Islamic faith, was tested by fire through foreign conquest and revolution, by profound socio-economic transformation, and by the challenges attendant on participation in an extended sub-imperialism that earned it hegemony—first cultural, and ultimately political—over all the diverse peoples of the modern Sudan.One important response of the nascent community to the trials of this difficult age was the invention of a new national historical tradition, according to which its members were descended via comparatively recent immigrants to the Sudan from eminent Arabs of Islamic antiquity.
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Vagelpohl, Uwe. "Dating Medical Translations". Journal of Abbasid Studies 2, n.º 1 (8 de julho de 2015): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142371-12340015.
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The third/ninth-century translator Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq and his associates produced more than a hundred mostly medical translations from Greek into Syriac and then into Arabic. We know little about the chronology of these translations, except for a few scattered remarks in Ḥunayn’sRisāla(Epistle). This article attempts to reconstruct the chronology based on Hippocratic quotations in the Arabic translation of Galen’s works. Hippocratic writings were usually not translated independently but embedded in Galen’s commentaries, so a comparison between this “embedded” Hippocrates and quotations from the same Hippocratic text elsewhere in the Arabic Galen might reveal chronological relationships. The findings of this collation are thought-provoking, but they need to be weighed against the uncertainties surrounding translation methods and potential interference by well-meaning later scholars and scribes.
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Vanek, Norbert, e Barbara Mertins. "Defying chronology: Crosslinguistic variation in reverse order reports". Linguistics 58, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2020): 569–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0006.
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AbstractMuch of how we sequence events in speech mirrors the order of their natural occurrence. While event chains that conform to chronology may be easier to process, languages offer substantial freedom to manipulate temporal order. This article explores to what extent digressions from chronology are attributable to differences in grammatical aspect systems. We compared reverse order reports (RORs) in event descriptions elicited from native speakers of four languages, two with (Spanish, Modern Standard Arabic [MSA]) and two without grammatical aspect (German, Hungarian). In the Arabic group, all participants were highly competent MSA speakers from Palestine and Jordan. Standardized frequency counts showed significantly more RORs expressed by non-aspect groups than by aspect groups. Adherence to chronology changing as a function of contrast in grammatical aspect signal that languages without obligatory marking of ongoingness may provide more flexibility for event reordering. These findings bring novel insights about the dynamic interplay between language structure and temporal sequencing in the discourse stream.
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Glynias, Joe. "Reconstructing Middle Byzantine Arabo-Greek Astrology from Later Greek Manuscripts". Mediterranea. International Journal on the Transfer of Knowledge 7 (1 de abril de 2022): 183–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/mijtk.v7i.13669.
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This paper sheds light on one aspect of the large-scale influx of Arabic scientific knowledge into Byzantium through an analysis of three Byzantine astrological compendia that contain texts originally written in Greek as well as those translated from Arabic to Greek. While written c. 1200–1400, each manuscript contains a compilation that was assembled in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The paper first considers the dating of each of the three compilations and shows the utility in using these late Byzantine manuscripts to study Middle Byzantine astrology. Second, it analyzes the Arabic texts translated in these compilations and uses them to explain the chronology and the scale of the translation of astrological material from Arabic to Greek. Third, it considers how the Arabic and Greek material is combined within these manuscripts, and what the resulting synthesis says about Middle Byzantine astrology writ large.
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van Bladel, Kevin. "Al-Bīrūnī on Hermetic Forgery". Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies 3, n.º 1 (4 de abril de 2018): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451859x-12340048.
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AbstractIn Central Asia in the early eleventh century, the Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī recognized that the Arabic works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus were inventions of recent centuries falsely written in the name of the ancient sage of legend. He did, however, accept the existence of a historical Hermes and even attempted to establish his chronology. This article presents al-Bīrūnī’s statements about this and contextualizes his view of the Arabic Hermetica as he derived it from Arabic chronographic sources. Al-Bīrūnī’s argument is compared with the celebrated seventeenth-century European criticism of the Greek Hermetica by Isaac Casaubon. It documents a hitherto unknown but significant event in the reception history of the Hermetica and helps to illustrate al-Bīrūnī’s attitude toward the history of science.
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Fassberg, Steven E. "Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: Chronology, Geography, and Typology". Aramaic Studies 19, n.º 1 (24 de fevereiro de 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-bja10015.
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Abstract Jewish Palestinian Aramaic was the language of the Jews of Palestine and is identifiable from around the third or fourth centuries CE until the last centuries of the first millennium, by which time it was completely displaced in speech by Arabic. This article surveys its origins and subsequent stages of development, chronologically from Palestinian Targumic to Palestinian Talmudic to Late Jewish Literary Aramaic. Geonic and post-Geonic scribes were not kind to manuscripts written in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic since they did not know the language and were influenced by the more prestigious Babylonian Aramaic. As a result, they sometimes inserted Aramaic forms they knew from non-Palestinian texts. It is probably these scribes who are responsible for the ‘gemischtem Sprachtypus’ of the late targumim.
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Najem, Faraj. "Libyan tribes in diaspora". Libyan Studies 34 (2003): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900003447.
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AbstractTribal immigration into and out of Libya has been largely unexplored. This study, based on Arabic and Libyan sources, begins to rectify this. It aims to examine the causes that have led tribes to flee the country voluntarily or by force and will follow the hardship of immigrants during the Qaramanh rule (1711-1835) and their establishment in neighbouring countries.Based on the author's own fieldwork and that of others, the methodology focuses on primary Arabic sources including interviews and oral traditions to establish a chronology of tribal movements to Egypt, Tunisia and Chad. Once settled outside Libya, these ex-patriot Libyans were involved in key events in their host countries.
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Moldabek, Yesker, Omarkul Torebayev e Pirimbek Suleimenov. "Abu Nasir Al-Farabi – in Medieval Arabic historical sources". Adam alemi 93, n.º 3 (15 de setembro de 2022): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.3/1999-5849.02.
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The main purpose of the article is to study the data provided by them and obtain any valuable information, the formation of a chronology of al-Farabi’s works based on the collected data. Based on historical data, we can see how the nature of the behavior of Abu Nasir al-Farabi influenced the formation of a scientist as a person. We can admire his moral qualities, modesty and decency, giving all his energy to the pursuit of knowledge, discarding material wealth. The proof of this is a simple way of life, no matter what scientific legacy he left behind. This article is based on the works of the famous orientalist, professor A. Derbisali Kazhy, who has been conducting research of Arabic handwritten data for many years.
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Rozov, V. A. "THE QURAN AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGY IN ANCIENT ARABIAN DIALECTS". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, n.º 2 (7 de maio de 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-2-183-189.
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The goal of this study is to demonstrate the significance of the Qur'an as a source of linguistic information about the morphology of the Arabian dialects in the pre-Islamic period. The paper analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to identifying the dialect layer of the Quranic vocabulary. Among the traditional approaches, we could mention an appeal to the lexicographic works of medieval Arab authors, containing information on the dialect vocabulary in the Qur'an, and the usage of epigraphic sources as comparative material. The study also demonstrates the importance of the chronology of the Quranic text compilation as a potential criterion for identifying vocabulary related to the Meccan and Medinan dialects. This, along with turning to new approaches to studying the morphology of the Arabic language, allows expanding knowledge about the sociolinguistic situation in Arabia in the time of the emergence of Islam.
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Conrad, Lawrence I. "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, n.º 2 (junho de 1987): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00049016.
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In has long been known that the chronological scheme commonly transmitted by the early Arabic sources for events of the latter half of the sixth century A.D. poses a number of major problems. These are sufficiently important to raise serious doubts about the reliability of the traditional chronological framework for the last years of the Jāhilīya in general. A key problem is that of the date for 'Ām al-fīl, the ‘Year of the Elephant’, so called after the expedition of Abraha into the Hijāz in that year. The early Arabic literary tradition does not specifically date this event: it simply maintains, first, that Muammad was born in the Year of the Elephant, and second, that he was summoned to act as God's Prophet at the age of forty. Considered together, the many reports to this effect imply―based on the prevailing view that the mab'ath is to be dated to approximately A.D. 610―that both the expedition of Abraha and the birth of Muhammad occurred in about A.D. 570.
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Leontieva, L. N. "Features and problems of teaching Russian medical lexis to Arabic-speaking medical students and their solution with the help of mnemonics". Philology and Culture, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2023): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2782-4756-2023-74-4-233-239.
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The article identifies the main problems that arise when teaching Russian to Arabic-speaking medical students. The purpose of our research is to consider typical features and errors in the perception of medical lexis by Arab medical students and identify ways of solving them using mnemonics. In the theory and methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, there is a constant search for effective methods to solve the following problems of spelling: “mirror writing” among Arab medical students, as well as errors arising from the interfering influence of English and French, the replacement of letters and the omission of certain letters in medical terms. The article also focuses on the problems of Arabic-speaking students’ perception related to their native Arabic culture, namely right-to-left writing, known in linguistics as “Semitic writing”, and the perception of the chronology of events, which is also directly related to the right-hand Semitic writing. We suggest our own special mnemonics for Arab medical students. The obtained results showed that our mnemonic techniques contribute not only to the elimination of the abovementioned spelling errors and perception problems, but also activate the mechanism of hemispheric interaction and neural connections in the brain; consequently, Arabic-speaking students actively memorize and consolidate professional medical lexis in Russian in the classes of Russian as a foreign language.
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Pskhu, R. V. "On Al-Bī rū nī ’s Translation Strategy: on the Arabic Translation of the Sanskrit Text of the Yoga-Sū tras by Patañjali". Islam in the modern world 18, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2022): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2022-18-1-105-116.
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The Khorezm encyclopedist Abū Reyhān Muhammad bin Ahmad al- Bīrūnī (973–1048) is one of the most famous thinkers and scholars in the Muslim world. But only few people still know on his Arabic translation from Sanskrit of the second part of which is published below — “Kitāb Bātanjali al- Hindī” (“The Book of the Hindu Patanjali”). Before us is an Arabic exposition or transcription of “Yoga- Sūtras” of Patañjali, along with an explanatory commentary. The text is dated to the first quarter of the XI century, starting, obviously, from the chronology of the Indian campaign of Mahmud of Ghazni, with whose army the author came to India. The Arabic text of Bīrūnī is so reader- oriented that it is practically devoid of any “Indian” or scientific specifics, which, by the way, is often an insurmountable obstacle in translations to the perception of the source text and its spiritual impact on the reader. In the few studies of this text, one can find the statement that “Kitāb Bātanjali” by al- Bīrūnī is an Arabic translation of the Sanskrit text of Patañjali, which is absolutely not true. The only thing that can be noted is the formal structural correspondence of al- Bīrūnī’s paraphrase to Patañjali text: the text contains a division into four parts, but at the same time includes an extensive prologue, which is not in original Patañjali’s text. Al- Bīrūnī uses adialogical format, while Patañjali text is aset of sūtras, aphoristic sayings that are convenient for memorizing by heart, but require a detailed commentary for their understanding.
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Giacomi, Alain, e Robert Vion. "Metadiscursive Processes in the Acquisition of a Second Language". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8, n.º 3 (outubro de 1986): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100006367.
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This study deals with the acquisition of narrative competence in French as a second language by an Arabic-speaking migrant worker in interaction with a target language speaker. In particular, it is devoted to an analysis of the role played by certain forms like voilà and il [madi] / moi je [di] in narratives. On the basis of a significant difference in the occurrence of these forms in successive encounters in the course of a longitudinal study, hypotheses are formulated about the polyfunctional uses of voilà, il [modi] / moi je [di] as a way for the learner to differentiate the narrative planes, to mark the chronology of events in the narrative, or to introduce quoted speech.
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Allegranzi, Viola. "The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries)". Eurasian Studies 13, n.º 1-2 (17 de outubro de 2015): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340003.
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Archaeological investigations in Ghazni, the ancient capital city of the Ghaznavid dynasty (late 10th-12th c.), delivered a large corpus of monumental inscriptions. Official and religious texts are executed in Arabic, though many occurrences attest to the epigraphic use of Persian. Presented in this paper are some preliminary analyses concerning Ghaznavid inscriptions in Persian, their alleged chronology and function. This overview reveals that, in all likelihood, the tradition of decorating buildings with Persian epigraphy had developed in Ghazni since the early 11th century. Persian seems to be particularly used for inscribing poetic texts, which allow us to highlight the Ghaznavid contribution to the development of an artistic tradition destined to persist in the eastern Islamic lands.
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Norris, H. T. "From Asia to Africa: the Tuḥfat al-Albāb by Abū Ḥāmid al-Gharnāṭī (473/1080–565/1169) as a source for the chronology and content of the Sīrat ՙAntar b. Shaddād". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1994): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00028214.
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The Sīrat YAntar conceals within its narrative identifiable literary sources.This is especially so in those sections which describe the adventures of the ՙAbsī hero in Byzantium, Italy, al-Andalus, ՙUmān, Egypt and Ethiopia. Its I use of such sources is without parallel in the sister siyar. Though the fact was not ignored by Bernhard Heller or by Rudi Paret, it is insufficiently appreciated elsewhere, especially in the Arab world itself. So pervasive is the literary treatment as it draws upon Arabic geographical works, and the exploring of ‘wonder books’ (kutub al-ՙajā՚ib) for source material so apparent, that it is doubtful, nay unacceptable, that this particular Sīra (others may bide our question) can be accurately described as Arabic oral and formulaic ‘coffeehouse entertainment’, or as being outside the corpus of classical Arabic literature. That part of the giant work, categorized by Maḥmūd Dhihnī as al-Marḥala al-malḥamiyya, which describes these adventures, is unquestionably post-twelfth century in date, marked as it is by Crusading proper names and by those of Mamlūk offices. That the text is not earlier than the late thirteenth century will here be shown.
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Anikeeva, Tatiana A. "About Manuscripts, Lithographs and Early Printed Books of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n.º 4 (2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016226-5.
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In the course of work in the manuscript collection of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities (Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), a collection of manuscripts, lithographs and old-printed books was identified. It consists mainly of new arrivals (the so-called “Chimbay collection” at the place of origin of most of the manuscripts, from the city of Chimbay, formerly Shakhtemir, now in the Republic of Karakalpakstan). According to the information of the Institute's employees, Uzak Rakhmatullayev (born in 1920 in the territory of the modern Chimbay district of Karakalpakstan) collected more than 300 manuscripts and printed publications in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages and subsequently transferred the collection to the Institute. We started its scientific description. A preliminary list of manuscripts, lithographs, and old-printed books was compiled, and they were distributed by language, chronology and subject. Among these manuscripts are works on Muslim dogmatics, Korans, poetic works (poems by Ajiniyaz, Berdakh, Suleyman Bakyrghani, Ahmad Yasavi, various destans, etc.), treatises on the grammar of the Arabic language (“Tarkib al-Awamil”), historical works, samples of calligraphy on separate folios, etc., in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages (Chagatai, Tatar, Karakalpak). Together, they represent the area of reading of a Muslim of that era (19-first half of the 20th century) and are one of the illustrations of the close literary and cultural ties between the Aral Sea region (then the Khanate of Khiva), the Volga region, and the Ottoman Empire (where a number of manuscripts were copied).
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Peacock, Andrew C. S. "Sinop: A Frontier City in Seljuq and Mongol Anatolia". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, n.º 1-2 (2010): 103–537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560336.
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Abstract This article considers the history of Sinop in the first century of Muslim rule, from 1214 to the early fourteenth century, when the city was ruled successively by the Seljuq, Pervaneid and Candarid dynasties. During this period, the Seljuqs constantly vied with Christian Trebizond for control of the city despite both sides being nominally Mongol vassals from the mid-thirteenth century. In the first part of this article, the political history of the city is examined and some significant errors in the chronology are corrected. This is followed by an examination of three formative elements in Sinop’s history in the period: its defences, its trade and Muslim-Christian relations there. The article uses epigraphic evidence from Sinop that has not been considered by previous scholarship in addition to Arabic and Persian chronicles.
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Mukhetdinov, D. V. "Husain Faizhanov in the History of the Russian Oriental Studies". Islam in the modern world 19, n.º 4 (21 de fevereiro de 2024): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2023-19-4-27-50.
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This article summaries the results of research on the scientific activity of Husain Faizkhanov (1823–1866), especially taking into account the studies conducted during the passing year 2023. The expansion of the range of materials involved has led to the acquisition of new facts, as well as made it possible to revise some ideas about the general chronology of H. Faizkhanov’s life and rethink his direct contribution to various fields of oriental studies. The article shows that the arrival of H. Faizkhanov in Saint Petersburg, which took place at least in 1853, had already led him to close interaction with the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences and he was involved in the transcription of manuscripts in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages, consistently engaged in this work for many years. Faizkhanov was engaged by B. A. Dorn to compile the catalogue of Oriental manuscripts of the Imperial Public Library. Besides, it was with Faizkhanov that the first catalogue of Arabic manuscripts of the Asiatic Museum was started, which was only later completed by V. R. Rosen. The article also considers some circumstances of the initial period Faizkhanov’s life and, in this connection, the factors that influenced the formation of his personality.
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PETERSON, DAVID. "The Castilian Origins of the Epithet Mio Cid". Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 98, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2021): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2021.13.
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In this paper I argue that the Mio Cid epithet, most widely associated with the Castilian warrior exile Rodrigo Díaz and traditionally believed to have been bestowed upon him by Arabic speakers, is in fact an autochthonous Castilian formula closely related to equivalent hybrid formulas such as Mi Anaya and Mi Echa. Close attention to the charters of the Northern Meseta allows us to flesh out a small but significant corpus of such references and also observe such names being used in a second idiosyncratic way as generic witnesses. By framing the Mio Cid usage within this broader onomastic tradition, a more solid geography and chronology emerge and these in turn indicate a relatively widespread use of such terms in late eleventh and early twelfth-century Castile, initially in aristocratic circles, before the epithets morphed into personal names.
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Gorea, Maria. "From the Aramaic raḥmānāʾ to raḥmānān and al-raḥmān". Millennium 20, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mill-2023-0006.
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Abstract The oldest record of the notion of “mercy”, raḥmān, in Aramaic is known from a bilingual text in which the word is the translation of the Akkadian rēmēnû. The latter is used in Mesopotamian onomastics, hymns and prayers, which delivered the oldest formulae of calls for the mercy of gods, especially in a recurrent expression: “the merciful god, that is good to pray,” translated verbatim in the Aramaic text of the statue of Tell Fekheryeh. Almost a thousand years later, the same wording has been inherited unchanged in Palmyrene Aramaic. Nevertheless, the Palmyrene interest on the divine epithet raḥmān and its revival in Palmyrene epigraphy may be explained by the influence of the new Roman concept of clementia. Meanwhile, this contribution proposes to outline a chronology of the Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and Palestine, in which raḥmānāʾ is either the main substitute for the divine name, or a major divine epithet. As the Akkadian phonetic assimilates the consonant <ḥ> to the laryngeal <ʾ> but preserves the velar <ḫ>, the supposed East Semitic root was rḥm, not rḫm. On the contrary, in the Arabian Peninsula, the earliest attested root is rḫm, as evidenced by South Arabic onomastics or toponymy. A late use of rḥm in South Arabic as a verb or noun is the result of a loan from Aramaic and does not appear until the fifth century AD. The first South Arabian inscriptions naming the monotheistic god raḥmānn are preceded by the Palmyrene inscriptions by almost two centuries and are contemporary with the Jewish-Aramaic inscriptions in the Palestinian synagogues, which call the God Raḥmānāʾ. Late, the Aramaic epithet was transferred to the Arabic al-raḥmān, through South Arabian.
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Gómez Rabal, Ana, e Alberto Montaner. "Sobre el adjetivo mediolatino armelinus y su parentela románica: una posible etimología árabe". Romanistisches Jahrbuch 70, n.º 1 (18 de novembro de 2019): 318–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2019-0017.
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Abstract In Medieval Latin, the adjective armelinus, -na and the noun armelinus are attested in notarial documents and other texts from different regions of Western Europe, in a wide chronology. At first glance, both the name and the adjective are related to the classical Latin demonym Armenius, but this etymon does not explain several aspects of its form and function. The present paper reviews all the etymological hypotheses suggested so far and arrives at the proposal that armelinus could be the result of the adaptation of the Andalusian Arabic armaní ~ arminí ‘Armenian (tissue)’, after converging semantically with armini ~ ermini, derived from the Latin armenius ‘(skin of the) Mustela ermine’. The authors suggest that both terms – adjective and noun – could arise in the territories corresponding to the linguistic domain of Catalan and that they passed from there to Italy and the rest of Western Europe.
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Johnston, Mark D. "RAMON LLULL’S RETHORICA NOVA 2.7 AND PROVERBIS D’ENSENYAMENT 175-225: AN EXAMPLE OF LULLIAN COMPILATIO". Catalan Review 20, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2006): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.20.16.
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Modern scholars studying the oeuvre of Ramon Llull have labored for over a century to establish the chronology and filiation of his more than three hundred separate writings, in order to establish their discrete sequence and relationships as “sources” to one another. For some of his works, this labor has proven simply futile: Llull’s habit of recycling his own material, expressed in the idiosyncratic vocabulary of his Great Universal Art, and in several languages (Arabic, Catalan, Latin) makes it impossible to determine which versions of his material are “original.” A small, but illustrative, example of this problem are section 2.7 from his Latin Rethorica nova and items 175-225 from his Proverbis d’ensenyament. Comparison of these texts suggests that each is simply a Lullian exercise of compilatio, the recycling of material that in fact organizes his entire oeuvre, and that we should recognize this tactic of composition as pervasive and fundamental to all his writings.
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Hafidh, Nur Fiatin. "Kajian Kritis al-Ṣaifī wa al-Syitāʾī dalam ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān". NUN: Jurnal Studi Alquran dan Tafsir di Nusantara 7, n.º 2 (26 de dezembro de 2021): 349–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.32495/nun.v7i2.262.
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al-Ṣaifī and al-Syitā’ī are two unexplored topics in the discourses of the Qur’anic chronology. While being so, such categorization that is based on a seasonal division of the Arabic peninsula is confusing given the subtropical nature of the region. This study aims to identify a further classification of al-Ṣaifī and al-Syitā’ī, by analysing their characteristics as well as their congruity with the revelation time. This study reveals three findings: First, in the ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān books, the spring and the autumn are not considered important for they are only change phases into the summer and winter. Second, the further classification resulted 129 summer verses and 19 winter verses. Third, the characteristic of ṣaifī much told about one’s buffetings, while syitāī is identic with sadness. Thus, ṣaifī presents as media of faith consolidation by using causality model in His verses and syitāī is to remove the sadness through the good news in the verse content.
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Mediano, Fernando Rodríguez. "Sacred Calendars: Calculation of the Hegira as a Historiographical Problem in Early Modern Spain". Journal of Early Modern History 20, n.º 3 (24 de maio de 2016): 229–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342499.
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This paper studies how Early Modern Spanish historians confronted the problem of calculating the equivalence between the Christian Era and the Hegira. Chronological polemics concerning the Hegira were deeply embedded in a major historiographical problem, namely the role Islam and al-Andalus played in the history of Spain. Besides the technical issues, chronology is one of the most important ways by which an Islamic Iberian past was integrated in a narrative about national history. Once Islam became a historical actor for Spanish and European historians, rather than just a religion to confront, very important questions were raised: were Arabic sources necessary for the writing of Spanish history? What were these sources, and what was their value? Since al-Andalus was connected with the more general problem of the relationship of ancient Spain with the Orient (and, specifically, with the Biblical Orient), the chronological argument became a major issue in reflections on the limits and possibilities of writing the sacred history of Spain.
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Colominas Aparicio, Mònica. "Translation and Polemics in the Anti-Jewish Literature of the Muslims of Christian Iberia: The “Conversion of Kaʿb al-Aḥbār” or the “Lines of the Torah”". Medieval Encounters 26, n.º 4-5 (29 de dezembro de 2020): 443–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340082.
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Abstract Muslim anti-Christian and anti-Jewish polemics from Christian Iberia often include references and quotations from the Qurʾān, the Torah, and the Gospels. Even when they are composed in Romance, the script used in their writing is often Arabic. This article discusses the conversion narrative of “the lines of the Torah,” in which translation is halfway between the faithful rendering of the original and its interpretation by its Muslim scribe. I show in this paper that the ability to convey, or so to speak, to “unveil,” new meanings makes translation a powerful means to convert the opponent and to strengthen the faith in Islam. The analysis aims to shed light on the intellectual and social milieus of “the lines of the Torah,” and deals with translation in other anti-Jewish Muslim writings from the Christian territories: the “Jewish Confession,” or Ashamnu; the chronology in Seder Olam; and the lengthy Muslim anti-Jewish polemic of Taʾyīd al-milla (The Fortification of the Faith or Community).
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Lahiani, Raja. "The relevance of the glance of the roe of Wajra". Discourse Analysis and Translation Studies 4, n.º 1 (5 de junho de 2009): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.4.1.02lah.
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This article tests the workability of the principle of relevance at the heart of relevance theory by evaluating a corpus of eighteen English and French translations of verse 33 of the Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays. This verse embodies a conventional metaphor reflecting a stereotyped image in Arabic poetry, which communicates its ground to the source language (SL) reader by means of inference. The verse challenges the translator to render the metaphor into an equivalent trope and to reflect the ground of the comparison, either by inference or by reference. By comparing the translations in the corpus to the source text (ST) and to each other, this study draws conclusions as to the translatability of a conventional metaphor. Chronology and mode of discourse are taken into account in the evaluation process so as to categorize the translations and the shifts exercised in them. This evaluative yardstick is used to measure resemblance and relevance by taking into account both the ST and the target text (TT) contexts
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Moyer, Ann. "Renaissance Representations of Islamic Science: Bernardino Baldi and His Lives of Mathematicians". Science in Context 12, n.º 3 (1999): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003537.
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The ArgumentDuring the later European Renaissance, some scholars began to write about the history of scientific disciplines. Some of the issues and problems they faced in constructing their narratives have had long-term effects on the history of science. One of these issues was how to relate scholars from the Islamic traditions of scientific scholarship to those of antiquity and of postclassical Europe. Recent historians of science have rejected a once-common Western opinion that the contribution of these Islamic scientists had lain mainly in their preservation of ancient texts that were then handed over to Western scholars, who mastered them and then moved beyond them as part of the scientific revolution. This article examines the first effort to write a history of mathematics, the Lives of the Mathematicians by Bernardino Baldi (1553–1617), to determine how he treated this issue in his work. Baldi's efforts are especially important here because he was also an early European scholar of Arabic.An examination of the work shows that Baldi did not share the negative views held by later Europeans about these non-European scientists. However, despite his knowledge of Arabic he had no active contacts with ongoing mathematical scholarship in Arabic. As a consequence, his narrative does follow the chronology of those later Europeans who would limit consideration of these mathematicians to approximately the ninth to the fourteenth centuries. In Baldi's writings, then, we can see the later narrative shape used by Western historians of science until recent years, but not the subsidiary role accorded to non-European scholars.
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Clark, Robert L. A. "Raymond Lulle, Contes et fables. Trans. with an introduction by Patrick Gifreu. Perpignan: Editions de la Merci, 2020, 205 pp." Mediaevistik 34, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2021.01.141.
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Abstract: Patrick Gifreu is a prolific translator of the works of Raymond Llull or Raymond Lulle (1232–1315), and this selection of tales and fables, translated into French from the Catalan, is a welcome addition to the bibliography of the European moral tale. Gifreu has culled fifty-seven short texts from three romances by Llull: the Romanç d’Evast e Blaquerna (ca. 1283), the Llibre de Meravelles (1289), and the Arbre de Ciència (1295–1296). Gifreu provides a very informative introduction, placing Llull and his tales in their historical context and giving a detailed chronology of Llull’s long life. A hugely prolific author of philosophical, theological, and scientific works written in Latin, Arabic, and Catalan, Llull intended the vernacular romances to illustrate and disseminate ideas developed as part of his larger project, the Ars magna, conceived as a compendium of all knowledge and universal truth. More specifically, Llull’s goal was the propagation of the Christian faith which, in his historical and geographic context, meant the refutation of Christianity’s great rival, Islam, and the conversion of its practitioners.
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Zainab Khyioon Abdalrdha, Abbas Mohsin Al-Bakry e Alaa K. Farhan. "Analysis of social networks and filtering of Arabic crime tweets based on an intelligent dictionary using a genetic algorithm". Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 18, n.º 2 (28 de fevereiro de 2024): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.18.2.0033.
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Preserving a robust online community poses a significant difficulty due to the unrestricted flexibility members have in expressing themselves and behaving. This issue can be remedied through the implementation of user behavior monitoring and analysis, followed by the implementation of suitable actions. The objective of this research is to develop an intelligent dictionary using the genetic algorithm to identify and categorize Twitter posts related to criminal activities by collecting data from tweets. Once the data is preserved, graph analysis techniques are employed to evaluate interactions between users. Next, the user behavior is analyzed using metadata analysis, whereby the chronology associated with each user profile is obtained. Furthermore, the study analyzes the behavioral patterns of users over time. Afterward, a method based on rules is used to create a structure for aspect-based analysis of sentiment. This method assesses the subjectivity of the input text, distinguishing between factual information and personal opinions. Additionally, transformer-based sentiment analysis determines whether the tweet evokes positive or negative sentiment. Furthermore, the task involves constructing a model that can accurately categorize a tweet based on its relevance to criminal activity. Ultimately, the intelligent dictionary is utilized to identify and isolate anomalous behavior by selecting provocative profiles. A Twitter profile exhibiting significant similarity with criminal cases presents a perilous risk to society.
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Orabi, Rahaf. "Architectural Analysis of the First Mosque in Aleppo Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (Al- Shuaybiyya Mosque)". Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 10 (13 de setembro de 2020): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2020.10.20.
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Al- Shuaybiyya Mosque in the old city of Aleppo is recorded in Arabic chronicles as the first mosque built in the city by the Muslims. Its position commemorates the location of their first prayer. It is suggested that it was built on over Roman remains, then rebuilt in Zengid period during the reign of Nur al- Din al- Zengi. It underwent a renovation in the 14th century, and possibly most of the surviving structure either dates to the Ayyubid or the Mamluk period. However, to our knowledge, this mosque has not been explored in the context of an analytical architectural study to trace the remains of each period. This paper aims to examine the architectural development of the mosque using terrestrial laser scanning to identify the elements of the previous structures. The use of laser scanning offers highly accurate survey results, in addition to a better identification of architectural elements and their relation to the structure and the modern-day city. The conducted survey-study suggests the chronology of the building (phases of construction and their limits), based on the architectural analysis of the digital model and consultation of previous studies and historical text.
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Contini, Riccardo, e Mara Nicosia. "Western Neo-Aramaic as an Islamic Language? A Look at Some Lexical and Sociolinguistic Issues". Eurasian Studies 18, n.º 1 (23 de setembro de 2020): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340086.
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Abstract Western Neo-Aramaic (WNA) is spoken as a minority language by less than 10.000 people in 3 villages of the Qalamūn plateau, 60 km to the north-east of Damascus (Syria). The whole populace of Baxʕā and Ǧubbʕadīn and about one-third of the inhabitants of Maʕlūla are Muslim, while the rest of the inhabitants of the third village are Christian, as is still a minority of the people of the region, since the parallel processes of religious Islamization and linguistic Arabization have followed diverse paths and different chronology. Since WNA has no native written tradition, the usual criteria defining an Islamic language put forward by Bausani (1981), namely allography in the Arabic/Persian script and a significant quota of Islamic religious vocabulary, cannot apply in this case. This paper discusses the possibility of laying down other parameters of linguistic Islamicity for part of WNA along the lines of the relevant debate in the fields of communal variation and Jewish interlinguistics, and opts in the end for a lexical/phraseological approach. We stress, however, that the linguistic situation portrayed in this paper is the pre-2010 one.
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Kurtik, Gennadij, e Alexander Militarev. "Once more on the origin of Semetic and Greek star names: an astromonic-etymological approach updated". Culture and Cosmos 09, n.º 01 (junho de 2005): 3–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.0109.0203.
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The contribution is a new version of the paper "From Mesopotamia to Greece: to the Origin of Semitic and Greek Star Names" once written by a Sumerologist (L.Bobrova) and etymologist (A. Militarev), and recently revised, updated and corrected in most part by a historian of the Mesopotamian astronomy (G. Kurtik). The present paper analyzes Sumerian and Akkadian (Babylonian) names of 34 celestial bodies, and their equivalents in other Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Syrian Aramaic, and Ge`ez, or ancient Ethiopian) and in Greek and Latin. Its main goal is to demonstrate the importance of Sumerian and Babylonian celestial body names as a source of corresponding terms in other cultures, up to the conventional inventory of modern astronomy, and to reveal four strategies by which other cultures drew ideas for name-giving from the treasury of Mesopotamia's lexicon of celestial bodies. Whereas one of these strategies -- echoing, or full translation, of a Sumero-Akkadian term -- is axiomatic, the other three -- shift of meaning or interpretation of a Sumero-Akkadian term; lexical, or "material" borrowing; and, especially, folk etymology, or misinterpretation -- are understudied and practically unnoticed. The authors do not focus on such complicated matters as a historical background of Mesopotamian influence, direct or indirect, on Greek culture; a direction and routes of inter-borrowing between different speaking areas other than Akkadian and their contacts with the Greek world; a chronology of all kinds of cultural contacts and influences; probable connections between the early pre-Islamic Arabic and Babylonian traditions; or the problem of identification of Mesopotamian constellation and stars. However, the data presented may give a certain impulse to further investigation of these matters, while feasible etymologies and relations established between names can even throw some light upon debatable identification cases.
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Ibragimova, Z. B., e Z. A. Magomedova. "Paper of Dagestan Arabographic Manuscripts and Epistolary Documents of 19th — Early 20th Centuries: Ways of Receipt and Chronology of Use". Nauchnyi dialog 11, n.º 10 (7 de janeiro de 2023): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-10-353-369.
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The article is devoted to the paper of Dagestan Arabic manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, as an important aspect of source study. This work allows you to get an idea of the history of Russia’s cultural and economic ties with Dagestan and the countries of the East. In the course of the study, a comparative historical method was used. The authors analyzed the works of domestic and foreign experts on this issue, highlighted the main identification features of the paper of these written documents. The relevance of the ongoing research is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the writing material of the Arabographic monuments of Dagestan origin. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the paper of these historical sources for the first time became the object of study in domestic source studies. It has been established that in the Dagestan manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, the marked paper of Russian manufactories and factories is mainly represented. The article notes that for a full-fledged study of Dagestan Arabographic sources, it is necessary to use advanced digital technology and modern natural scientific developments. The study of historical sources paper is of great importance in the preservation and restoration of monuments of the written culture of the Dagestan peoples.
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Aitberov, Timirlan M., e Bagomed G. Aliev. "GENEALOGY OF THE AKUSHIN QADIS IN THE LIGHT OF NEWLY SOURCES". History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2023): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1118-38.
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The article introduces new epigraphic Arabic-language sources on the history of Akusha, revealed among the genealogical records and colophons of manuscripts. The new sources substantially supplement the information about the qadis of Akusha, and in some cases make it possible to radically revise the existing scientific ideas about the genealogical ties of the qadis of Akusha-Dargo. In the second half of the 19th century, an officer of the tsarist army A.V. Komarov was the first to suggest the existence in certain territories of Dagestan of the institution of hereditary qadis, who either had already became qadi-emirs, “spiritual princes”, or had a tendency to turn into such. He localized the presence of such an institution in the northern part of Tabasaran, which adjoined Derbent from the west, and in the Akusha union of communities. In 1986, one of the authors of this article, B.G. Aliev, compiled a list of Akushin qadis on the basis of Russian sources, A.R. Shikhsaidov’s works and field material. For several decades, this list has been of great help in the study of the political history of the region. In the light of new data, the authors raise questions regarding the chronology of the Akushin qadis in power and question the information of A.V. Komarov. The authors introduce new data on the chronology of Akushin qadis’ stay in power, on the existence of the institution of hereditary of Akushin qadis in the 17th – early 19th centuries, in the inheritance of the mentioned title within one Akushin clan, and even more so, within one family. The authors admit that by the middle of the 18th century there was a tendency among the qadis of Akusha to turn into the likeness of the qadis-princes of Northern Tabasaran, but the “Dargin” elite of the late 18th century did not approve it. The article provides general information about Akusha, a detailed historiography of the issue of Akushin qadis, a review of new sources and the conclusions of the authors. When writing this article, a comparative method was applied.
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Aitberov, Timirlan M., e Bagomed G. Aliev. "GENEALOGY OF THE AKUSHIN QADIS IN THE LIGHT OF NEWLY SOURCES". History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2023): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch19118-38.
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The article introduces new epigraphic Arabic-language sources on the history of Akusha, revealed among the genealogical records and colophons of manuscripts. The new sources substantially supplement the information about the qadis of Akusha, and in some cases make it possible to radically revise the existing scientific ideas about the genealogical ties of the qadis of Akusha-Dargo. In the second half of the 19th century, an officer of the tsarist army A.V. Komarov was the first to suggest the existence in certain territories of Dagestan of the institution of hereditary qadis, who either had already became qadi-emirs, “spiritual princes”, or had a tendency to turn into such. He localized the presence of such an institution in the northern part of Tabasaran, which adjoined Derbent from the west, and in the Akusha union of communities. In 1986, one of the authors of this article, B.G. Aliev, compiled a list of Akushin qadis on the basis of Russian sources, A.R. Shikhsaidov’s works and field material. For several decades, this list has been of great help in the study of the political history of the region. In the light of new data, the authors raise questions regarding the chronology of the Akushin qadis in power and question the information of A.V. Komarov. The authors introduce new data on the chronology of Akushin qadis’ stay in power, on the existence of the institution of hereditary of Akushin qadis in the 17th – early 19th centuries, in the inheritance of the mentioned title within one Akushin clan, and even more so, within one family. The authors admit that by the middle of the 18th century there was a tendency among the qadis of Akusha to turn into the likeness of the qadis-princes of Northern Tabasaran, but the “Dargin” elite of the late 18th century did not approve it. The article provides general information about Akusha, a detailed historiography of the issue of Akushin qadis, a review of new sources and the conclusions of the authors. When writing this article, a comparative method was applied.
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Dozan, Wely, e Qohar Al Basir. "Aplikasi Pendekatan Hermeneutika Al-Qur’an Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd terhadap QS. Al-Nisa’ (4): 3 dan Al-Nahl (16): 3-4". REVELATIA: Jurnal Ilmu al-Qur`an dan Tafsir 1, n.º 2 (6 de novembro de 2020): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/revelatia.v1i2.3802.
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Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd is a Muslim intellectual whose ideas on the Qur’an was contradicting many Egyptian Muslims. He mentioned the Qur'an as a cultural product in the development of Arabic culture because it was revealed gradually according to the situation at that time. Through five contexts, he offered interpretation of the Qur’an that does not distort the text and are based on socio-cultural (hermeneutic). This paper focuses on studying the hermeneutic approach of Abu Zayd and its implications on the interpretation of QS. 4: 3 and 40: 57. The research method is library research by browsing data from books, books, journals and other kinds of literature related to the problem. The results of the study show that hermeneutics can be an alternative methodology for bridging dialogue between text and reality in producing contextual understanding without leaving the Qur’anic chronology and history while obtaining critical understanding. Instead of permitting polygamy, QS. 4: 3, according to him, actually accentuates the context of monogamy. This is in accordance with the context to protect society. Meanwhile, the interpretation QS. 40: 57 that the creation of heavens and earth through al-haq indicates the meaning (materials of creation) instead of creation activity (process).
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Khamitova, Shaizat Amantayevna, e Almagul Sovetovna Adilova. "Language Adaptation of Turkisms in English". Engineering and Educational Technologies 8, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2307-9770.2020.08.03.02.
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One of the most important indicators of the adaptation of Turkic borrowing in English is their allocation in different dictionaries of English (explanatory, etymological, phraselogical), as well as their use in different works of fiction. Linguistic contacts manifest themselves in the interaction of linguistic, cultural and historical factors and represent an essential process in intercultural communication. Turkic lexical elements, actively used in various languages as a language mechanism, require special attention. A comparison of different languages shows that borrowing is a universal fact of language, the linguistic essence of which allows to determine the absolute or relative chronology of their entry into the system of different languages. Turkisms closely related to the lexico-semantic system of the recipient language expands the body of language units of English and other languages, indicating the paths of penetration and the degree of adaptation. This takes into account the patterns of lexical and phonetic potential of the language. Turkic borrowing includes not only Turkic words, but also lexical elements of Arabic and Mongolian, Persian, Tatar, Uzbek, Kazakh origin, which have penetrated English through many Turkic languages and have been reflected in English lexicographic sources. Turkism thus refers to words included in English from Turkic languages or through Turkic languages regardless of the source of the mutual relationship, i.e. words having a Turkic stage in their history.
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Hussin, Mohamad, e Muhammad Hakim Kamal. "Translation of al-Quran into Malay Language in the Malay World". IJISH (International Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities) 4, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/ijish.v4i1.3322.
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The spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago (henceforth Nusantara) contributed to the activity of al -Quran translation in Malay civilisation. The society started to learn about Islam and the syariah that encouraged them to be close to al-Quran and translate it into the local language. Al-Quran was translated into Malay language in many ways. This study is a study of text aimed at identifying the translated works of al-Quran in Malay language beginning from the 17th century to the 20th century and to investigate its design and chronology. This qualitative study takes a descriptive approach and inculcates the historical method involving heuristics, critique of sources, interpretation and historiography in data collection and data analysis. The research findings show that 21 al-Quran translations into Malay language have been produced since the 17th century in Nusantara. Most of the al-Quran translated works were approached by interpretive translation rather than literal translation. The design of al-Quran translation into Malay language had developed in line with the times, beginning with classical Malay language using the jawi (Arabic) script, until the modern Malay language using romanised script. The concise translation style was seen to dominate the layout of al-Quran translations into Malay language. The al-Quran translation activity was not without controversy, until it led to several works being banned from publication. The rapid translation activity shows the enthusiastic efforts by society in Nusantara in transferring religious knowledge into guidance for daily life.
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Musin, Aleksandr, e Błażej Michał Stanisławski. "Ladoga and Wolin as Nodal Centers of Trans-Baltic Contacts between Polish Lands and North-West of Eastern Europe in the 10th Century". Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, n.º 5 (outubro de 2022): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp225361382.
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The article deals with the Baltic-Oriental exchange system between early Piasts State and north-western Early Rus’ in the 9th—10th century as an element of a great communication artery. Ladoga and Wolin played a leading role of nodal centers in this communication. The inflow of Arabic dirhams to the Western Slavic lands was the main material determinant of contacts. Another direction of these relations is demonstrated by ceramic vessels specific to pottery of the North-Western Slavic territory detected in north-western Early Rus’. The small group of Tornow type vessels is registered in Gorodok on the Lovat’ River in the mid-10th century. Its chronology corresponds to the times of liquidation of strongholds in the Tornow-Klenica zone. It is interpreted as an archaeological evidence of slave trade between the Piasts and Baltic-Oriental trade diasporas. The material and religious culture and wooden building of the two settlements is characterized by a number of similarities. Post-and-plank constructions erected at the end of the 9th and the mid of the 10th century were attested there. The material culture registered inside and around these wooden structures indicates that they could have been the seats of “trade diasporas”. The article is intended to open a broad discussion about the cultural ties between the communities of Polish lands and Early Rus’ as well as the role of the Baltic-Oriental exchange system in the formation of early states.
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Utomo, Yuana Tri, Syafiq Mahmadah Hanafi, Juliana Juliana e Anggrismono Anggrismono. "Financial System Stabilization in Islamic Economics Perspective". Jurnal Kajian Peradaban Islam 6, n.º 1 (4 de junho de 2023): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47076/jkpis.v6i1.176.
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The purpose of this study is to find a picture of a stable financial system from the perspective of the Islamic economy. This type of research is literature research with qualitative methods using normative, historical, and phenomenological approaches. The normative approach is used to explain the concepts of Islamic economics. The historical approach is used to explain the chronology of the use of the current financial system. The phenomenological approach explains contemporary events related to the research topic. The data is taken from a wide variety of literature, such as the Qur'an, al-Hadith, and many articles from national and international reputational journals related to this research topic. Researchers used more than 50 articles from Scopus quartile indexed journals 1 to 4 in the last five years. The collected data are analyzed by a deductive method, that is, the process of data analysis of the general opinion of Islamic teachings that have been agreed upon by the majority of people and then narrowed down to a specific idea of the stability of the financial system in Islam. The results of this study were found due to the instability of the current financial system because it uses the concept of usury (in Arabic, usury). In contrast, usury in Islamic economics is legally haram. Therefore, the way to stabilize the financial system from an Islamic economic perspective is to use gold and silver currency standards, abolish the practice of usury, and supervise the turnover of money in society by the hisbah. This research can add to the academic discourse of Islamic economics.
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Маммаев, М. М. "DECORATIVELY FINISHED GRAVE STELAE OF FEMALE BURIALS OF THE 14th — 16th CENTURY FROM KUBACHI". Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, n.º 15 (31 de outubro de 2023): 944–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/3288.2023.36.45.039.
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Статья вводит в научный оборот новые образцы камнерезного искусства, арабской эпиграфики и каллиграфии — 10 надмогильных стел женских погребений XIV—XVI вв., выявленных автором в конце XX — начале XXI в. на средневековых мусульманских кладбищах «Бидахъ хуппе» (кубач. «Могилы на той стороне»), «Цицила 2» и «Цицила 3». Кладбища находятся в 1,5—2 км к югу от старой части Кубачи, в нижней половине горного склона Цицила. Некоторые резные надгробия XIV—XVI вв. изучены автором и другими исследователями. Другие художественно отделанные образцы, в т. ч. стелы на женских могилах, пока остаются неизученными. Стелы представляют собой вертикально установленные у изголовий погребённых каменные плиты вытянуто-четырёхугольной или трапециевидной формы; отдельные из них, относящиеся к XVI в. и последующим столетиям, имеют стрельчатый верх с фигурными краями. Средневековые надмогильные памятники женских погребений сопоставляются с опубликованными автором декорированными памятниками мужских и детских погребений. Точно датированные стелы женских погребений отсутствуют. Хронология их устанавливается с учётом палеографических особенностей арабских надписей и стиля растительного орнамента. Мусульманские декоративные стелы весьма значимы для выяснения некоторых вопросов, касающихся места и роли женщины в общественной жизни средневекового Зирихгерана-Кубачи. Ten decorated female grave stelae of the 14th — 16th century from Kubachi are published and discussed here as a newly recovered sample of stone carving, Arabic epigraphy and calligraphy. Stelae were identified by the author in the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s at the medieval Muslim cemeteries “Bidah khuppe” (which means “Graves on the Other Side” in Kubachi language), “Tsitsila 2” and “Tsitsila 3”. These cemeteries are located 1.5—2 km south of the old part of Kubachi, in the lower half of the mountain slope of Tsitsila. Some carved gravestones of the 14th — 16thcenturies have already been studied by the author and other researchers, while many artistically decorated monuments, including stelae placed on the female burials, still remain unexplored. Stelae are vertically mounted stone slabs of elongated quadrangular or trapezoid shape; some stelae, which date back to the 16th century and later on, have had lancet-like tops with figured edges. Medieval female tombstones are considered in comparative terms along with decorated stelae of male and children's graves published elsewhere by the author. Their chronology is based on the paleographic features of Arabic inscriptions and the style of floral decoration images. Decorated female grave stelae may shed a new light on some issues of the place and role of a woman in medieval Muslim society of Zirikhgeran-Kubachi.
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Boullata, Issa J. "Geert Jan Van Gelder, trans. Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York and London: New York University Press, 2013. xxviii + 468 pages, notes, chronology, glossary of names and terms, bibliography, appendices. Paper US$25.00 ISBN 978-0-8147-3826-9." Review of Middle East Studies 48, n.º 1-2 (2014): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100057177.
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Lomakin, Dmitriy A. "Aziz Gazi-Mansur in Bakhchisarai". Islamovedenie 12, n.º 3 (31 de outubro de 2021): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2021-12-3-71-88.
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On the basis of various groups of sources, the author considers the origins and functioning of a spiritual cult complex formed in the medieval period around the Gazi-Mansur Medini Aziz in the southeastern suburb of Bakhchisarai. The phenomenon of a wide spread of azizes in the territory of the Crimean Peninsula connected, primarily, with a high popularity of various Sufi teachings with the population of the region, is analyzed. The author traces the etymology of the term aziz, in all probability derived from the Arabic word عزیز, aziyzun translated as “friend”, “neighbor”, “om-nipotent”, “precious”. Given the lack of reliable historical facts about Gazi-Mansur, a large number of legends and folk traditions have been studied in order to find information about this semi-legendary personality. The author admits that, a native of Medina, he might have been a companion to the Prophet (Sakhab). It was established that his grave could be only one of the places of appear-ance of the saint (maqam), where one could enter into a spiritual connection with him. If this as-sumption is correct, it is possible that such saints’ maqams may exist anywhere in the Muslim world where he could be popular. On the basis of the late 19th century photographic sources, the architec-tural appearance of the complex, whose centre was a tekieh presumably built in the 15th century, was recreated. The author has reconstructed the chronology of functioning of the spiritual centre that had been almost completely destroyed by the mid 20th century. The current state of the landmark, which is still in a state of neglect, is considered. Emphasis is put on the need for a comprehensive scholarl study of the complex based on fundamental archaeological research.
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Seregin, N. N., S. S. Radovsky e L. I. Chegodaeva. "An Early Medieval Mirror with an “Inscription” from the Blizhnie Elbany Complex (Forest-Steppe Altai)". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, n.º 5 (16 de maio de 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-89-98.
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Purpose. Important evidence of external contacts of the Altai population in the early Middle Ages is the “imported” items found during excavations of archaeological sites. Most of these products show a different kind of relationship with China. Much more fragmentary is the material evidence of contacts of nomads in other directions. Therefore, it is quite clear that any new information in this regard requires separate consideration and detailed interpretation. This article presents the characteristics of a little-known metal mirror from the collection of the Biysk Museum of Local Lore after V. V. Bianki. Results. The study of the museum documentation made it possible to establish that the mirror was discovered as a result of excavations or collections carried out by M. D. Kopytov in 1924 near the Ust-Bolshaya Rechka village (Blizniye Elbany complex) in the Forest-Steppe Altai. According to the available data, this find, as well as a number of other items, may come from a destroyed burial. The key characteristic of the mirror ornamentation is small circular circles with a dot in the center. The range of analogies to the subject under consideration, which is not characteristic of the material culture of the Altai population, indicates its “western” or Central Asian origin. A kind of “inscription” applied to an object over a circular ornament, probably, is an imitation of an Arabic benevolent inscription. Conclusion. Analysis of the mirror, as well as other objects, presumably originating from the destroyed burial, allows attributing this object to the Srostki archaeological culture and dating within the framework of the end of the 1 st – the beginning of the 2 nd millennium AD with a possible narrowing of the designated chronology by the boundaries of the 10th century AD. A set of items (mirror, two-piece fastener, button, beads, etc.) demonstrates a female burial, built for a representative of the elite of the early medieval society of the Forest-Steppe Altai.
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Karolyi, Paul. "Chronology". Journal of Palestine Studies 47, n.º 1 (2017): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.47.1.s3.
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This is part 135 of a chronology begun by the Journal of Palestine Studies in Spring 1984, and covers events from 16 May to 15 August 2017 on the ground in the occupied Palestinian territories and in the diplomatic sphere, regionally and internationally. U.S. pres. Donald Trump continued work on a largely undefined peace initiative without much progress. Violence in the Old City of Jerusalem interrupted U.S. efforts, and the Israeli government imposed new security restrictions at Haram al-Sharif, sparking a wave of unrest across the occupied Palestinian territories and a Muslim boycott of the sanctuary that put the nascent U.S. initiative to the test. Palestinian Authority president Mahmoud Abbas increased pressure on Hamas to relinquish control of Gaza to the PA. The 1,500-plus Palestinian prisoners who declared a mass hunger strike last quarter secured key concessions from the Israeli authorities and brought their “Dignity Strike” to a close. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates enacted a diplomatic and economic boycott of Qatar.
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Hudz, Svitlana O. "ASSIMILATION OF COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC BORROWINGS OF TURKIC ORIGIN IN ENGLISH: ETYMOLOGY AND SEMANTIC EVOLUTION". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, n.º 26 (29 de dezembro de 2023): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2023.26.03.
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Linguistic interactions arise from the intricate interplay of linguistic, cultural, and historical factors, constituting a pivotal facet of intercultural communication. Of particular intrigue are the Turkic lexical components, actively woven into the linguistic fabric of diverse languages. This research article undertakes the comprehensive examination of trade and economic vocabulary within the English language, encompassing elements either stemming from Turkic origins or acquired via the conduit of Turkic languages. The article delves into the nuanced exploration of the catalysts, pathways, and timelines governing the infiltration of Turkicisms into the domain of trade and economic terminology. It intricately dissects the trajectories of morphological and word-formation assimilation, elucidating their pivotal role in lexicon augmentation and the evolution of language.
A paramount emphasis is accorded to etymological inquiries and the meticulous tracing of lexical lineages. An integral facet of this scholarly investigation revolves around the discernment of the influence exerted by Turkic-origin trade and economic lexicon on the molding of English language vocabulary. The article conducts a rigorous examination of the etymological underpinnings and semantic metamorphosis inherent to words such as ‘kiosk’, ‘magazine’, and ‘bazaar’ within the purview of the English language, alongside an exploration of their counterparts’ functionality within the Turkish language.
Through a comparative analysis of diverse languages, it becomes evident that the phenomenon of lexical borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon. It stands as a defining element imbued with linguistic significance, determining the absolute or relative chronology of their integration into various linguistic systems. Turkicisms, assimilated into the lexical-semantic framework of the recipient language, augment the corpus of lexical units within the English language and other linguistic contexts. They illuminate the mechanisms governing their assimilation and the degree of adaptation, all while considering the unique lexical and phonetic potential inherent to each language.
It is noteworthy that Turkic borrowings encompass not only words of direct Turkic origin but also lexical elements introduced into English via other intermediary languages, including Arabic and Persian. These have left their imprint on English lexicographic sources. Hence, the term ‘Turkism’ encompasses words integrated into the English language, whether through direct Turkic influences or indirect channels via Turkic languages, with all sharing a common Turkic phase within their historical trajectory.
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Cooper, John P., e Chiara Zazzaro. "The Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia: towards a chronology of settlement". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25, n.º 2 (28 de outubro de 2014): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aae.12046.
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al-Theeb, Solaiman, e Abdulrahman al-Suhaibani. "New Dadanite Inscription from al-ʼUla: Saudi Arabia". Abgadiyat 16, n.º 1 (19 de outubro de 2022): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-01601013.
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This article deals with a Liḥyānat inscription found in the province of al-’Ula (the capital of the Kingdoms of Dadan and Liḥyān ancient time). The importance of the inscription is that it is the first written inscription with the Dadanite script that mentions a Nabataean King (ʿObodat); which is extremely important in our understanding of the chronology of the Kingdoms that were established in this region, mainly the second part of the first millennium BCE. Therefore, this inscription adds a new dimension to our understanding of the end of the Kingdom of Liḥyān.
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Swerida, Jennifer, Eli N. Dollarhide e Reilly Jensen. "Settlement and Chronology in the early Bronze Age of Southeastern Arabia". Paléorient, n.º 47-2 (1 de novembro de 2021): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/paleorient.1135.
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Le Renard, Amélie. "Chronologie des événements en Arabie Saoudite en 2006". Chroniques yéménites, n.º 14 (1 de julho de 2007): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cy.1506.
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