Livros: "Approche à interface diffuse"

1

Mauri, Roberto. Multiphase Microfluidics: The Diffuse Interface Model. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012.

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2

Mauri, Roberto, ed. Multiphase Microfluidics: The Diffuse Interface Model. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1227-4.

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3

Mauri, Roberto. Multiphase microfluidics: The diffuse interface model. Wien: Springer Verlag, 2012.

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4

B, McFadden Geoffrey, Wheeler A. A e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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5

B, McFadden Geoffrey, Wheeler A. A e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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6

B, McFadden Geoffrey, Wheeler A. A e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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7

B, McFadden Geoffrey, Wheeler A. A e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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8

B, McFadden Geoffrey, Wheeler A. A e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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9

A, Wheeler A., e National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. On the Gibbs adsorption equation and diffuse interface models. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001.

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10

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. DIFFUSE-INTERFACE METHODS IN FLUID MECHANICS... NASA/CR-97-206424... DEC. 30, 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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11

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. DIFFUSE-INTERFACE METHODS IN FLUID MECHANICS... NASA/CR-97-206424... DEC. 30, 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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12

The Diffuse Interface Approach in Materials Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36409-9.

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13

Emmerich, Heike. Diffuse Interface Approach in Materials Science: Thermodynamic Concepts and Applications of Phase-Field Models. Springer London, Limited, 2004.

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14

Emmerich, Heike. Diffuse Interface Approach in Materials Science: Thermodynamic Concepts and Applications of Phase-Field Models. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2011.

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15

Wright, A. G. The optical interface to PMTs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0003.

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The optical interface between a light source and a detector is important. In most practical realizations the aim should be to collect the maximum light possible. Lens systems seldom do this efficiently, especially where the light source is diffuse. Underlying any attempt at concentrating or guiding light is subject to a fundamental limitation referred to as étendue (phase space cannot be squeezed). Light collection from small volume scintillators of high refractive index may approach 50 %, while collection from large-area scintillators is typically less than a few per cent. Incorporation of wavelength-shifting light guides and fibres leads to enhanced performance. Efficiency measurements by the author in terms of photoelectrons per keV are presented for selected configurations. Optical recycling derived from total internal reflection provides enhancement in effective quantum efficiency by a factor of up to 10. Concepts such as escape cones, adiabatic light guides, and trapped light are covered in detail.

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16

Emmerich, Heike. The Diffuse Interface Approach in Materials Science: Thermodynamic Concepts and Applications of Phase-Field Models (Lecture Notes in Physics Monographs). Springer, 2003.

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17

Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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18

Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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19

Mauri, Roberto. Multiphase Microfluidics: The Diffuse Interface Model. Mauri Roberto, 2014.

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20

Mauri, Roberto. Multiphase Microfluidics: The Diffuse Interface Model. Springer, 2012.

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21

Wright, A. G. The Photomultiplier Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.001.0001.

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This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.

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