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1
Lowson, Alice Adelaide Booker. "Routing-out portable antiquities : a biographical study of the contemporary lives of Tamil antiquities." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/29594.
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Developing the idea of an ‘object biography’, as defined by Kopytoff (1986), this thesis challenges a fixed, static concept of antiquities and their present meanings by focusing on the routes they travel through space and time as they circulate through the hands of unauthorised finders, dealers and collectors. The research has been carried out in India, focusing on the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As a non-Western country with a period of colonial history, India is an ideal location to explore not just the diversity and mutability of these meanings but also the tensions between authorized and divergent viewpoints regarding the value and management of the past. My methodology has drawn on theoretical models from the social sciences that approach the production of meaning in and through material culture as an organic and on-going process of human-object relations. Through a process of qualitative surveying using purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews, two distinct object case studies have been devised and investigated: the circulation of structural and household antiques from the 19th and 20th century houses of the Nagarathar Chettiars, and the excavation of coins, beads, jewellery and figurines in the riverbeds of Tamil Nadu and their subsequent sale, collection and circulation. In the course of fieldwork I have recorded over 55 hours of interactions with 107 respondents in locations across Tamil Nadu, as well as Bangalore, Mumbai, Jodhpur and London. I have supported this data with photographs, fieldnotes, and internet sources. In my analysis of this data I have argued that many people in Tamil Nadu and South India feel a sense of distance and alienation from the world of ‘heritage’ as defined and managed by the government, while at the same time people are engaged in their own processes of meaning-making through the old objects they engage with and circulate on a daily basis. The objects studied in this thesis are not seen as pertaining to the ‘sleeping’ realm of antiquities and authorized heritage, but to the ‘waking’ realm of active circulation, use and transformation. Furthermore, in the variety of ways that people engage with and transform these objects we can see the negotiation of relationships with the past and identities in the present at a time of rapid social and economic change in India.
2
Fay, Emily Victoria. "Trading in antiquities on eBay : the changing face of the illicit trade in antiquities." Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/197/.
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The sale of ancient objects on eBay is presented to buyers as legitimate and ethical. However the antiquities trade is a grey market, where both licit and illicit objects are sold (Bowman, 2008). An unknown percentage of illicit antiquities have entered the market as a consequence of archaeological looting. However, antiquities are fungible by nature, meaning that it is very difficult for buyers to differentiate the licit from the illicit. This thesis is based on the premise that the antiquities trade causes harm through the destruction of archaeological knowledge, and therefore there is a necessity to reduce the size of the market. Using Sutton’s market reduction approach, the study sets out to collect empirical data on the market from eBay. The thesis considers three main research questions: First, is the current regulatory framework for the sale of antiquities adequate? Second, what is the scale and scope of the market on eBay for antiquities? Third, what are the routine features of the operation of this market?
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BUNYARD, KATRINA LEE. "ISIL AND THE ILLEGAL ANTIQUITIES TRADE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612623.
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This thesis examines the involvement of the terrorist organization the Islamic State (ISIL) in the global illegal antiquities trade. Specifically, it focuses on its ideology and organization, as well the impact of illegal antiquities on global markets. I argue that ISIL’s professed ideology is primarily for propaganda purposes and its public and that they are regular participants in a global, fluid antiquities trade network. This allows for looted antiquities to develop a “legitimate” provenance, eventually permeate legitimate markets and accounts for the perceived lack of Syrian antiquities on the market currently.
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Lu, Di Yin. "Seizing Civilization: Antiquities in Shanghai's Custody, 1949 – 1996." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10437.
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Seizing Civilization uses the Shanghai Museum as a case study to examine an extraordinary process of art appropriation that persisted from 1949 to 1996 in the People's Republic of China (PRC). At the heart of this story is the museum's destruction of the preexisting art market, its wholesale seizure of privately-owned antiquities, and its sale of these objects on the international market. My findings show that museum employees used these events to create public art collections in the PRC. The Shanghai Museum pioneered the techniques that Chinese museums use to transform craft objects, as well as select ancient paintings, ceramics, and bronzes, into canonized cultural relics. I argue that the application of these techniques explains the erasure of provenance at Chinese Museums, and demonstrate how state cultural institutions render acquisition ledgers, private collecting records, and connoisseurship disputes invisible. I examine cultural relics' transformation into Chinese cultural heritage in five chapters. I first demonstrate how museum employees appropriated private collections during nation-building campaigns such as the nationalization of industries (1956). Second, I investigate changes to the Chinese art historical canon, placing them in the context of art market takeovers, the wholesale acquisition of ethnic minority artifacts, as well as municipal programs in salvage archaeology. Then, in two chapters, I reveal the Shanghai Museum's active participation in antiquities confiscation and divestment during the Cultural Revolution (1966 – 1976), which enriched public art collections on a previously unprecedented scale. I conclude with an examination of the mass restitution of expropriated property in the 1980s and 90s, which underpinned the museum’s dual function as both a preservationist institution, as well as a political and commercial enterprise. The antiquities and events I analyze not only explain the ascendency of a dominant narrative about Chinese civilization, but also reveal the limits, contradictions, and challenges of PRC national patrimony.<br>History
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Madden, Claire E. "Consolidation, protection and surface characterisation of marble antiquities." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366563.
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Oras, Ester. "Practices of wealth depositing in the 1st-9th century AD eastern Baltic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708240.
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Tsolakis, Kyriakos A. "Valuation and administration of lands containing antiquities in Cyprus." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23841.pdf.
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Lane, David C. Jr. "The Social Economy of the Illicit Arts and Antiquities." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd_retro/83.
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This work will offer sociological theory about deviance, positing that deviance is part of larger social processes. Specifically, it will examine the illicit arts and antiquities trade, arguing that networks of legitimate status-role positions facilitate illegitimate behaviors. This theoretical framework is developed out of the notion that deviant actions may be the result of a social economy, and not the result of individual or psychological concerns. The work will use an exploratory methodology and attempt to explain or answer several research questions. This is tested by using qualitative, open-source data describing the context and means of participation in the status-role positions. The intent is to highlight specific cases and explain how the alternative theory of deviance may be more suitable to explain this type of phenomena.
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Rabin, Anthony. "The Adiabene narrative in the Jewish Antiquities of Josephus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ef0f2ecf-568c-44ca-af6d-81738447c85e.
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The story of the conversion to Judaism of the Royal House of Adiabene, a satellite kingdom of Parthia, is contained in Book 20, the final book of Josephus's Jewish Antiquities. It is an ostensibly strange interlude in an otherwise chronological account of events in Judaea in the first century CE leading up to the Jewish Revolt against Rome. The narrative has often been thought of by scholars as a makeweight, copied from other sources, without much authorial intervention by Josephus. The thesis shows that the Adiabene narrative is no makeweight, but is crafted by Josephus to link closely to the themes of the Jewish Antiquities as a whole and indeed forms a coda to the work. The primary links are in the messages that Judaism is attractive to distinguished non-Jews, that Jews are a respectable people who can display Greco-Roman virtues and that the Jewish God is all-powerful and protects from harm those who worship him in piety. The links to the rest of the Jewish Antiquities are reinforced by the similarity of the characterisation of the hero Izates, King of Adiabene, with Josephus's characterisation of biblical heroes, and by a continuity of style of historiography, showing a definite authorial imprint. The thesis also concludes, contrary to most scholarly opinion, that Josephus viewed the hero, Izates, as a Jew before he became circumcised. The thesis concludes that much of the narrative's historiographical style would have resonated with a non-Jewish Greco-Roman readership, Josephus's probable audience, albeit his treatment of Parthian incest and extensive focus on circumcision would have probably seemed strange. In addition, Josephus's use of a royal Parthian as hero would have been credible, notwithstanding Greco-Roman cultural prejudices.
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Tanaka, Eisuke. "Ownership and transaction of antiquities from Turkey : the moralised language of protection in the context of artefact repatriation and the international trade in antiquities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612123.
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Kersel, Morag Macdonald. "License to sell : the legal trade of antiquities in Israel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252005.
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Skates, Elizabeth Anne. "Museum and antiquities market interactions : manifestations of the museum paradox." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251720.
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Chatzidi, Sofia. "Regulating the illegal trade in antiquities : Britain and Greece compared." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54479/.
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This thesis is about policy change in regulating the illegal trade in antiquities by way of a comparative case study between the United Kingdom and Greece - the UK being a prime example of a country that hosts the market in antiquities, Greece being a prime example of a country for whose antiquities this market trades in. The study of this research was based on the examination of primary and secondary data. Elite interviews were conducted which highlighted new areas. The main research question is whether the theoretical perspective of globalization, modernization or Europeanization (or a combination of particular elements of all three) best explains policy change in regulating the illegal trade in antiquities. My basic findings are that the regulatory change in Greece, came as a response to international developments begun with the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, developments that then continued with the effect of the European Union, Greek elites having used both the Convention and EU law to legitimize policy change in the field. In contrast, developments in the UK (I will argue) had come as the result of crises such as the Sotheby's scandal and later on the Baghdad looting of antiquities in 2003, which caused irreplaceable damage to the London art market which was based on the notion of trust. It was obvious that the London art market could not continue operating under the self-regulatory system and there was a need for clear rules. Moreover the British Government wanted to appear as a responsible international player. That is why it enacted a new Act of Law and signed the UNESCO Convention of 1970. This research aims to contribute in understanding policy change in regulating the illegal trade in antiquities by examining the reasons that have led to this change and the role of the involved actors. In contributing to the understanding of how the regulation of the antiquity trade has developed, this thesis will assist future research on the effectiveness of regulation as a policy instrument as such.
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Timmins, Peter Andrew 1958. "An interpretive framework for the early Iroquoian village." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39441.
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A methodology is developed for the interpretation of complex Early Iroquoian villages based upon the analysis of site formation processes. This interpretive method is applied to a study of the Calvert site, a twelfth to thirteenth century Iroquoian village located in southwestern Ontario. Four phases in the occupational history of the village are reconstructed and changes in its economic and socio-political organization are examined through a comparative analysis of data from each construction phase. The systematic rebuilding and long-term use of the village indicate significant planning on the part of the Calvert people and suggest that at least some Early Iroquoian communities had developed higher levels of socio-political organization than have been attributed to them in the past.<br>The Calvert site is placed in its regional context and a model is proposed to explain the economic and socio-political changes observed between the Early and Middle Iroquoian periods in southwestern Ontario.
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Nikolaou, Polina. "The diaspora of Cypriot antiquities and the British Museum, 1860-1900." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14988.
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This thesis examines the invention of Cyprus’ ancient history through the diaspora of Cypriot antiquities in the latter half of nineteenth century and the role of the modern museum in it (1860-1900). It maps the movement of the objects from their excavation sites, to their circulation in metropolitan museums and, finally to their display in museum galleries. In doing so this thesis explores the emergence of archaeology as a field-based discipline in the broader colonial, imperial and geopolitical context. The research of this project was conducted mainly at the Cyprus State Archives, the Greek and Roman Departmental Archives (British Museum), Dartmouth College Archives (NH). The first part of the thesis provides the theoretical framework in which this research is situated. Chapter 1 introduces the project, its research questions, its research questions and outcomes. Chapter 2 discusses the literature providing the main concepts that formed the arguments of this thesis. Chapter 3 contextualizes the diaspora of Cypriot antiquities within the broader history of archaeology and Chapter 4 overviews the methodology followed and the archival sources that were used for this project. The second part consists of my empirical work and maps the diaspora of the antiquities. It is thematically divided in three chapters. Chapter 5, Law, looks at the colonial and legal context of the excavation and exportation of the objects. Chapter 6, Excavation, discusses the every-day conduct of Cypriot archaeology in the field. Chapter 7, Circulation, examines the practices of collecting Cypriot antiquities, their exportation and circulation in metropolitan museums, and their display in museums (particularly in the British Museum). Chapter 8 brings the thesis into a conclusion and highlights the main findings and arguments of this project. The thesis explores the production, circulation and display of scientific knowledge regarding the ancient past of Cyprus by following the antiquities in their various forms (texts, impressions, photographs, objects). By following the objects’ social lives it addresses the issues of the circulation of scientific knowledge, of the criteria for asserting its authenticity and credibility and of the local/global nature of archaeological science. It will demonstrate that the methodological tenor of writing the objects’ biographies links the different scales of science’s making and illuminates its hidden stories, such as the practicalities of collecting in the field.
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Edgar, K. "Edward Daniel Clarke (1769-1822) and the collecting of classical antiquities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598748.
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This thesis describes the collecting activities of Clarke, travel writer and Professor of Mineralogy. It argues that disciplinary changes led to failure to understand Clarke's activities. By attempting to understand him his proper intellectual context rather than dismissing him as eccentric, we attain a fuller comprehension of the history of collecting and archaeology. The first chapter examines Clarke's education, challenging the usefulness of the standard biography by William Otter. Otter's text is constrained by the teleological conventions of biography into presenting Clarke's early life as prefiguring his later achievements. Despite the mathematical curriculum of late eighteenth century Cambridge, the university afforded opportunities to pursue antiquarian activity. Clarke also travelled as a private tutor; thus the Grand Tour served a generally overlooked function in enabling the educated but impoverished to travel. The second and third chapters examine Clarke's 1799-1802 travels. Clarke's collecting of antiquities was part of a wider collecting project including botanical and mineralogical material and non-physical data. Returning Clarke's collecting to its original context helps dispel the myth of collectors as "mere" treasure hunters. Clarke's attacks on Lord Elgin did not express hostility to all collecting, but invoked a supra-national ideal of collecting as rescue of valuable material for the benefit of mankind. The fourth chapter examines Clarke's Eleusinian "Ceres" and the collection of marbles displayed in the Cambridge University library. It analyses successive accounts of the acquisition of the statue, showing how facts are altered to suit rhetorical purposes; greater circumspection is needed in using travel accounts as sources for collecting. The identification of the piece has been wrongly represented as a story of smooth progress. The chapter explores and contextualises Clarke's decision not to restore the statue and reconstructs the display of the collection.
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Silver, Vernon. "Antiquities Trade : Cultural biographies of two Euphronios vases looted from Etruria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533826.
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Boccia, Paterakis A. "The formation of acetate corrosion on bronze antiquities : characterisation and conservation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318069/.
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This project reveals the proliferation in the awareness of acetate and other carbonyl corrosion on bronze artifacts in archaeological collections. Blue and blue-green carbonyl corrosion of bronze is a recent discovery in part due to its mistaken attribution over the years to bronze disease, chalconatronite, and azurite. This project examines sources of acetic acid, and evaluates the environmental conditions in which acetate corrosion develops and the influence of alloyed lead and sodium contaminants in this process. Case studies identifying corrosion by XRD on predominantly Egyptian archaeological bronzes, with a focus on Saqqara, revealed a preponderance of a sodium copper carbonate acetate and copper sodium formate acetate. These were identified on the majority of Saqqara bronzes sampled in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Ashmolean Museum, Liverpool Museum, Petrie Museum and British Museum. Unknown compounds not included in the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) catalogue were also discovered. Due to the novelty of this discovery, the conservation of bronze with carbonyl corrosion is as yet an unexplored area. This project examines passive and active means of conservation. Solubility and cleaning tests were carried out on the Saqqara bronzes. Solubility of carbonyl corrosion is discussed in terms of removability, influence on cleaning methods, and stabilization of corrosion by means of environmental control. Two coatings, the acrylate Incralac®, and the polyethylene wax emulsion Poligen® ES 91009, underwent corrosion testing on leaded and unleaded bronze with promising results as protective coatings against attack by volatile acetic acid.
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La, Paglia Silvio. "Memorabilia pompeiana (1748-1830). Antiquities from Pompeii in the European collections." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2021. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/330/1/LaPaglia_phdthesis.pdf.
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Between the 18th and 19th centuries, Naples and its kingdom were a lively hub for the antiquarian milieu both local and non-local. The Bourbon Crown made a noteworthy effort to safeguard the archaeological heritage of the State, especially following the beginning of the excavations in the Vesuvian sites: Herculaneum in 1738, Pompeii in 1748, and Stabia in 1749. In fact, these “regi scavi” were an allodial asset, meaning that they were a private property of the Bourbons.
Focusing on Pompeii, its (re)discovery in 1748 had an immediate echo in the cultural background at the time, and was widely spread throughout Europe. The extraordinary state of conservation of the artefacts recovered at Pompeii lured collectors from everywhere, who tried (successfully or not) to obtain some of these findings, despite the strict governmental regulations.
The main aim of this work is tracking down the Pompeiana exported to European collections both public and private, during the span time 1748-1830, namely from the debut of the Bourbon investigations in the ancient Campanian city to the death of King Francis I, thus playing out almost in parallel to the evolution of the legal system governing the historical-artistic heritage of the Neapolitan kingdom. Another important objective is to define the modes that allowed collectors to enter into possession of such a kind of antiquities. For each artefact taken into account, retracing its collecting itinerary is a fundamental goal; furthermore, identifying its contextual data is an intriguing challenge. A meticulous archival research, mainly in the Archivio di Stato di Napoli and the Archivio Storico del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, has been essential to carry out the whole study.
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Lowell, Julie Carol. "THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PREHISTORIC HOUSEHOLD IN THE PUEBLO SOUTHWEST: A CASE STUDY FROM TURKEY CREEK PUEBLO." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187543.
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The Pueblo household in the American Southwest is examined at Hopi and Zuni and at the prehistoric pueblo of Turkey Creek. Cultural, economic, and environmental factors that influence household organization and function crossculturally are identified and organized into a framework suitable for investigation of households in the archaeological record. Early Hopi and Zuni ethnographic material is reorganized within the research framework thus established. The arrangement of activities in space by social unit is discussed and tabulated to serve as a convenient reference for archaeologists. This research framework directs examination of household dynamics in a unique prehistoric village, Turkey Creek Pueblo. Turkey Creek Pueblo is a 335 room thirteenth century ruin of which 314 rooms were excavated. Its broad and consistently reported room attribute data provide an extraordinary opportunity for understanding the social use of space in a large prehistoric community. Analysis of 31 room variables in 301 rooms reveals that patterning of room attributes is influenced by three interacting dimensionsroom function, temporal change, and intrapueblo areal differentiation. Both the raw data and the results of the computer procedures are tabulated to serve as a reference for comparative analysis. Household dwellings were composed of three room types- storage rooms (small with no hearth), habitation rooms (large with rectangular hearth), and miscellaneous activity rooms (mid-sized with circular hearth). A typical dwelling had one habitation room, one or two miscellaneous activity rooms, and two or three storage rooms. Considerable variability existed in the size and organization of dwellings. Architectural analysis further suggests that households at Turkey Creek Pueblo formed the basal level of a four-level organizational hierarchy that included the suprahousehold, the dual division, and the village. The activities that occurred within the physical spaces associated with these social units are assessed, as are the mechanisms of population aggregation and village abandonment.
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Koenig, Charlou. "Commentary on book II of the Roman antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6162.
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Only two ancient historians have written comprehensive histories of Rome that survive in more than fragments, Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, both working in the years after Augustus came to power. Of the original twenty books of Dionysius' Roman Antiquities, which covered the history of Rome from pre-history to the beginning of the First Punic War, we have the first ten, substantial parts of the eleventh and fragments of the rest. But although Dionysius has been well received for his works of literary criticism, his historical work has been comparatively neglected. There are two recent commentaries on selected portions of the Antiquities, but only one commentary for a complete book, an unpublished dissertation commentary for Book I. A French translation with notes exists for Books 1 and 2, but the notes, though useful, are intended for the general reader, not the scholarly community. Dionysius' history, which parallels the work of his greater contemporary Livy, deserves more attention, hence this dissertation, a scholarly commentary on Book II of the Roman Antiquities covering the reigns of Romulus and Numa, the first two kings of Rome.
The purpose of this dissertation is, simply stated, to give a scholarly explanation of the text, to elucidate matters of interest to a careful reader. The method used (again, simply stated) was to carefully read the text and ask the basic question: what does this passage mean? Other questions followed. The result is primarily an explication of antiquarian, historical and historiographical matters; textual and linguistic matters were rarely considered.
The antiquarian and historical explications are useful for promoting a further understanding of early Roman history. But the examination of Dionysius' historiography shows other points of interest which include the following: Dionysius is adept at thematic development, for example of realistic narrative detail in contrast to Livy's artistic idealization of the Roman experience; in important ways he exhibits a historiography that differs from Livy's, as when he portrays early Rome as cautious, moderate and somewhat defensive in contrast to Livy's confident and aggressive city on the way to fulfilling a pre-ordained glory. The book contains numerous evidences of Augustan influence, and includes Dionysius' thoughts on the use of myth in historical writing. The most significant discovery is that the entire book is the most comprehensive description we have in antiquity of an actual, not theoretical, constitution as Dionysius understood and presented it; that Dionysius thought of the Roman constitution as the creation of Rome's first two kings, who based it upon Socratic virtues; and that he describes a working constitution as no other writer of antiquity did, integrating the virtues into an enduring system of laws and customs that goes beyond a mere rehearsal of ordinances in place at any given time. It is hoped that this commentary will prompt further research and insight into the historical and literary world in which Dionysius worked.
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Zoll, Mitchell K. "Prehistoric settlement in the upper Wabash River Valley." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864934.
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1989, the Archaeological Resources Management Service Ball State University conducted a reconnaissance level survey of 550 acres located within and adjacent to the Wabash River Valley in Huntington and Wabash Counties, Indiana. Additional survey was conducted in 1990 and 1991 on areas of expanded right-of-way within the original project area. The field reconnaissance located 188 archaeological sites. Twenty-one of the sites located by those surveys were subjected to archaeological testing.This study examines data from the survey and testing and presents a distribution of sites and human settlement across the study area. The study also develops a site typology which is used to address settlement pattern questions for the study area.<br>Department of Anthropology
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Morgenroth, Ulrich. "Southern Iberia in the early Iron Age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a6b4918f-9cd0-4246-a87c-c814274ce56a.
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During the first half of the 8th century, people from the Phoenician Levant came to southern Iberia and founded a chain of settlements along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, as well as the city of Gadir (modern Cadiz) on the Atlantic seaboard. It is generally agreed that these colonisers came to the region to exploit the rich deposits of precious metals. Oriental style objects, which indicate the exchange between the Phoenician settlers and indigenous communities, can be found in almost all indigenous early Iron Age sites in the region. Initially, the purpose of this study had been to detect the elements of Greek and Phoenician influence in the material culture of the early Iron Age (the 8th century until around 600 BC), but as work progressed it became increasingly clear that this undertaking was far more complex than it had been assumed. The Phoenicians turned out to be only one factor in a complex process of transformation from the late Bronze Age way of life to the development of the early Iberian states after 600 BC. While the examination of the interaction between the indigenous communities and the eastern Mediterranean colonisers remained an important part of the study, my investigation now attempts to generate a more general picture of the early Iron Age in modern Andalusia, including the analysis of the social and economic processes which transformed society throughout the period. The investigation is organised on the basis of three major parts: An introduction: including the geography and climate of the region, as well as the history and archaeology of the Pheonician colonisation (with a certain emphasis on Gadir, and the excellently excavated site of Castillo Doña Blanca); as well as the indigenous Bronze Age background, and a number of theoretical considerations. The central part introduces the archaeological evidence, organised in two sections: a topographical section, describing the settlement and cemetery evidence; and a second section, discussing a selection of artefacts which, in my opinion, are particularly useful for a reconstruction of the social processes. Finally, the synthesis attempts to reconstruct various aspects of the early Iron Age culture in the region: such as the economic organisation, social development, ritual practice, and significance of the Phoenician presence for the development of the local cultures, as well as to introduce a regional division of the area under discussion.
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Blockley, Kevin. "Ecclesiastical archaeology : a portfolio of work conducted between 1993 and 2011." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683090.
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Whitmore, Alice Georgina. "A landscape study of medieval Icelandic assembly places." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283941.
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MacDonald, Philip. "A reassessment of the copper alloy artefacts from the Llyn Cerri Bach, Anglesey assemblage." Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.391161.
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MacDonald, Robert I. "Late Woodland settlement trends in south-central Ontario : a study of ecological relationships and culture change." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82925.
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This study investigates the land-use patterns of the Iroquoian populations that occupied south-central Ontario during the Late Woodland period. Its initial objective is to understand their cultural ecology as reflected in the placement of their semi-permanent settlements over time. Its ultimate goal is to ascertain how environmental change and ecological adaptation contributed to culture change and particularly to the historical development of these populations and their long-term settlement shift from the north shore of Lake Ontario to Huronia and Petunia.<br>The theoretical guide for this study is the premise that an understanding of culture change can only be achieved by considering evolutionary sequences in all their particularistic complexity, taking into account both generalizations about human behaviour and contingent influences. The methodological guide is the concept of multidimensional constraint, the idea that human behaviour is the rational negotiation of objectives that are constrained by both internal and external parameters operating in a nested series of contexts. These principles are used to develop a methodology utilizing detailed environmental description, summary statistics, and careful evaluation and interpretation to investigate correlations between settlement locations and environmental features at the local, regional, and pan-regional scales. The overall objective is a well-grounded explanatory narrative outlining the multiple dimensions of constraint that influenced Late Woodland settlement in south-central Ontario.<br>The ensuing investigations yield numerous insights into Iroquoian cultural ecology and illustrate the complexity of the long-term settlement shift. In broad outline, it involves an initial phase of settlement, indicating continuity with the Middle Woodland period, an expansion phase, involving the occupation of analogous physiographic zones throughout south-central Ontario, and a final contraction phase, involving coalescence into the uplands of northern Simcoe County. At the local and regional scales, these phases involve slightly different adaptive strategies over time and space, influenced by constraints that included community population size, intensifying food production, temporal and spatial climatic variation, foraging logistics, changing distributions of natural resources, and geo-politics. These results demonstrate the adaptive capacity of these Iroquoian populations, confirm the efficacy of the methodological approach, and establish an ecological context for future investigations dealing with the social aspects of Late Woodland culture change in South-central Ontario.
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Grady, Gillian Leigh. "On display : a localized study of exhibitions of antiquities from the Mediterranean and Egypt." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36784.
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The museum world is constantly facing new challenges about how to utilize its collections in order to engage visitors and tap into new audiences. The antiquities of the ancient Mediterranean and Egypt have consistently been on display in various exhibitions and museums in the United States. Using the city of Philadelphia as a geographical locus, this paper will examine the success and shortcomings of various styles of exhibition. Using new museum theory from Janet Marstine and the concept of the social life of things by Arjun Appadurai, this paper examines the exhibits, the motivation behind them, and their relative success. The blockbuster-style exhibit can be financially beneficial but may compromise museum missions, while more traditional style exhibits lack the ability to interact with new and large audiences but are often the site of technological innovation. Museums must engage various styles of exhibition to remain stable and viable as cultural institutions.
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Challis, Deborah Joy. "Collecting classics : the reception of classical antiquities in public museums in England, 1830-1890." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417268.
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Fabiani, Michelle Rose Dippolito. "Strategic vs. opportunistic looting| The relationship between antiquities looting and armed conflict in Egypt." Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10248606.
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<p> Antiquities are looted from archaeological sites across the world, seemingly more often in areas of armed conflict. Previously, the relationship between antiquities looting and armed conflict has been assessed with qualitative case studies and journalistic evidence?due to a lack of data. This study considers the relationship between antiquities looting and armed conflict in Egypt from 1997 – 2014 with a newly collected time series dataset. A combination of Lag-augmented Vector Autoregression (LA-VAR) and Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models (ARDL)?is used to look at both the overall relationship between these two phenomena and their temporal ordering. Ultimately, this thesis finds that: (1) antiquities looting and armed conflict have a positive statistically significant relationship, (2) there is stronger support for antiquities looting preceding armed conflict than for the reverse temporal ordering, and (3) this relationship varies by type of conflict.</p>
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Johnson, Amy L. "Mounds State Park and the New Castle Site : a ceramic reanalysis." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941728.
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This project was a reanalysis of the prehistoric ceramic collections from two important archaeolegical sites in east central Indiana: Mounds State Park (12-M-2) and the New Castle Site (12-Hn-1). Brief summaries of the two sites and their excavation histories are provided as well as summaries of the various pottery types involved. Specific attention is given to the New Castle Incised type.Previous interpretations regarding the ceramics from the two sties are given, and research from this project has provided new interpretations and information. Specifically, a statistical analysis was conducted, and the results show that the pottery from the two sites was made by peoples of the same culture. However, subtle changes were taking place in the manufacture of the pottery, primarily in the plain sherds.Future research goals are provided and include further excavations at both sites, thermoluminescence dating of sherds and additional study of the plain sherds.<br>Department of Anthropology
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Gruszczynski, Jacek. "Comparative study of archaeological contexts of silver hoards c.800-1050 in northern and central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b7e38b8a-60e7-4f8c-b53c-3daecb250e39.
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The dissertation deals with the archaeological context of Baltic-zone silver hoards deposited in the Viking Age. Its main objective is to investigate the hoards and the context of their deposition to determine how hundreds of thousands of silver artefacts, mainly Oriental dirhams, arrived in Northern Europe, why they were put in the ground and never retrieved. The review of the published sources on hoards was undertaken in three case studies: Gotland, Pomerania and Svealand. The data on hoards, archaeological sites, geology and topography was collected in geodatabases, and analysed in detail by applying descriptive and advanced statistical methods: regression modelling and GIS-based spatial analysis. The results were presented in the historical context depicted in contemporary literary sources. Hoard deposition was most pronounced near sites which afforded conditions suitable for mercantile exchange and facilitated the flow of silver: the network of emporia, regional trade hubs, local power centres, and harbours, generally situated near major communication routes and within populated areas. However, exchange networks needn't have been strictly hierarchical, and emporium-scale sites were not indispensable for a fair share of silver influx, and trade, to occur. Chronological changes in hoard distributions, their composition and fragmentation of objects indicate how these networks operated and meshed with economic and political conditions in c. 900 and c. 980. A method, which uses the information about the presence/absence of a container, crossreferenced with the weight of silver, was devised to provide an indication as to whether particular hoards were deposited with the aim of retrieval - as savings accessed periodically, or for protection in the face of danger - or whether they were meant to be permanent ritual or symbolic offerings. Ritual behaviour took a variety of forms, but the most widespread were the depositions in recently occupied land in marginal soils, where they were aimed at forging a personal bond between the land and the owner.
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McSwain, Rebecca Anne. "Production and exchange of stone tools among Preclassic Maya communities: Evidence from Cuello, Belize." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184958.
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Analysis of lithics, particularly flake debitage, from a small Preclassic Maya community provides data bearing upon the manufacture and distribution of stone tools in the northern Belizean region during the Middle and Late Preclassic eras. These data suggest a complex relationship among contemporaneous communities with regard to raw material and tool acquisition and manufacture. There is no evidence of monopoly of raw material resources by any one group; rather, a mixed pattern is seen involving distribution both of partly processed raw material and of certain finished formal tool types. These formal types, as well as befaces in general, are seen to be increasingly important through time, possibly related to changing agricultural practices. While no conclusions can be drawn on the basis of presently available lithic data as to the nature of the Preclassic regional lithic distribution system, ethnographic and archaeological analogies are used to suggest some possible economic scenarios.
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Richey, Kristine Diane. "Life along the Kenepocomoco : archaeological resources of the upper Eel River Valley." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897523.
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An archaeological survey documenting sites along Upper Eel River within the Indiana counties of Allen, Whitley, Kosciusko and Wabash was conducted during 199192 to collect data which was analyzed to provide a clearer understanding of the region's cultural chronology and describe the area's cultural resources. A total of 765 previously unrecorded sites were documented, 493 of which were field-checked during field reconnaissance of 10% of the project universe, with 1010.82 acres surveyed. A research project completed entirely by volunteers succeeded in locating a number of potential archaeological sites from the Historic Period.Data from the present study securely defined the cultural chronology of the Upper Eel River Valley and yielded valuable information concerning settlement patterns, ecological exploitation, and avenues of migration. Cultural sequencing revealed the presence of Early Paleo-Indians along the river valley at approximately 12,000 B.P. and chronicled the continued expansion of prehistoric populations within the area into historic times.<br>Department of Anthropology
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Pipélia, Eleni. "Le rôle des "faux" objets archéologiques dans le trafic illicite en Grèce : état des lieux, enjeux et dilemmes scientifiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H018.
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L’une des fonctions attribuées par Foucault à la méthode archéologique est que son objectif « serait simplement de faire apparaître ce qui est très immédiatement présent et en même temps invisible ». La lecture archéologique des faux objets s’inscrit dans cette conception. Ils sont présents mais invisibles et constituent une catégorie à part qui n'est pas reconnue comme ayant une valeur esthétique ou historique. Pour les rendre visibles il faut tout d’abord reconnaître, accepter leur existence et rechercher en dessous, en deçà de ce qui est dit et vu aux différentes époques. Notre étude s’est articulée autour de cette problématique. En prenant en compte le contexte international sur la question du faux, on a cherché d’étudier la circulation des faux objets archéologiques en Grèce depuis la constitution de l’État en 1834 jusqu’à nos jours. Α travers des exemples choisis, tirés par les objets saisis sans provenance de fouilles connues qui s’écoulent dans le trafic illicite, on a suivi les grandes lignes de l’évolution du phénomène des faux; trois périodes bien distinctes se dégagent qui s’adaptent en même temps au besoin du marché international des antiquités et aux périodes historiques du pays. Ainsi le phénomène des faux, la « κιβδηλεία» en grec, en tant que résultante et élément constitutif du trafic illicite des antiquités a un impact direct sur les humains, les objets et l’archéologie<br>One of the functions attributed by Foucault to the archaeological method is that his objective is «simply trying to make apparent what is very immediately present and at the same time invisible». The archaeological reading of fake objects is part of this conception. They are present but invisible and constitute a category apart that is not recognized as having aesthetic or historical value. In order to make them visible we must first recognize, accept their existence and seek below of what is said and seen at different times. Our study focused on this issue. Taking into account the international context on the issue of forgery, we have studied the circulation of fake archaeological items in Greece from the constitution of the State in 1834 to the present day. Through selected examples, drawn by objects seized with no excavation provenance that flow into illicit trafficking of antiquities, we followed the main trends in the phenomenon of forgeries; three quite distinct periods have emerged which can be adapted both to the requirements of the international antiques market and to the country’s historic periods. Thus the phenomenon of fake, the «κιβδηλεία» in greek, as a resultant and constituent element of the illicit trafficking of antiquities has a direct impact on humans, objects and archaeology
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Gänger, Stefanie Maria. "The collecting and study of pre-Hispanic remains in Peru and Chile, c. 1830s-1910s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609366.
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Tsirogiannis, Christos. "Unravelling the hidden market of illicit antiquities : the Robin Symes-Christos Michaelides network and its international implications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648271.
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Meyer, Hans-Caspar. "The discovery, collection and scholarship of classical Greek and Greco-Scythian antiquities in imperial Russia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439815.
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Grove, Jennifer Ellen. "The collection and reception of sexual antiquities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15064.
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Sexually themed objects from ancient Greece and Rome have been present in debates about our relationship with the past and with sexuality since they were first brought to modern attention in large numbers in the Enlightenment period. However, modern engagement with this type of material has very often been characterised as problematic. This thesis pushes beyond the story of reactionary censorship of ancient depictions of sex to demonstrate how these images were meaningfully engaged with across intellectual life in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain and America. It makes a significant and timely contribution to our existing knowledge of a key historical period for the development of the modern understanding of sexuality and cultural representations of it, and the central role that antiquity played in negotiating this fundamental aspect of modernity. Crucially, this work demonstrates how sexual antiquities functioned as symbols of pre-Christian sexual, social and political mores, with which to think through, and to challenge, contemporary cultural constructions around sexuality, religion, gender roles and the development of culture itself. It presents evidence of the widespread and prolific acquisition of sexually themed artefacts throughout private and institutional collecting culture. This deliberate seeking out of ancient images of sex is shown to have been motivated by debates on the universal human connection between sex and religion, as part of wider constructions of notions such as ‘culture’ and ‘primitivism’, with Classical material maintaining a central position in these ideas, despite research into increasingly diverse cultures, past and present. The purposeful engagement with sexual imagery from antiquity is also revealed as having acted as a valuable new source of knowledge about ancient sexual life between men which gave new impetus to the negotiation, defence, celebration and promotion of homoerotic desire in contemporary turn of the twentieth century, Western society.
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Whittaker, Daniel Joseph. "Re-imaging antiquities in Lincoln Park| Digitized public museological interactions in a post-colonial world." Thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10007515.
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<p> The study of an architecture of autonomy consists of theoretical investigations into the realm of building types where a sole use or purpose is manifest in a structure that could, site provided, be constructed. However, provisions that conventional architecture traditionally provide are not present in these explorations. Technological advancements such as indoor plumbing, electric lights, and vertical conveyance systems in the form of elevators and escalators are excluded. Platonic geometric form-making are instead thoroughly investigated, imagined, and manipulated for the purposes of creating new spatial experiences. The desired resultant is an architecture of singularity, an architecture of fantastical projection. </p><p> Through a series of two theoretical ritual-based investigations, three-dimensional form manipulation and construction of proportioned scale models, the essence of elements that compose a spatial experience contributed to a collection of metaphorical tools by which the designer may use to build a third imagined reality: the re-imagination of the archetypal museum. A building whose purpose is not solely to house ancient objects in a near hermetically-sealed environment, free of temperature, humidity and ultra-violet light aberrations, but is a re-imagined. A structure meant to engage the presence of two seemingly divergent communities: the local patron/visitor and the extreme distant denizen. </p><p> This paper also examines key contemporary global artists’ work and their contributions to the fragmentation / demolition of architectural assemblages for the purposes of re-evaluating the familiar vernacular urban landscape while critically positioning the rôle of both the artifact and gallery in shaping contemporary audience’s museum experiences. </p><p> The power of the internet and live-camera broadcasting of images utilizing both digital image recording and full-scale screen-projections enable the exploration of “transporter-type” virtual-reality experiences: the ability to inhabit an art work’s presumed original <i>in situ </i> location, while remaining in Chicago as a visitor within a vernacular multi-tenant masonry structure: vacated, evicted, and deconstructed for the purposes of displaying art amidst a new urbane ruin. The complexities of this layered experience is meant to simultaneously displace and interrupt a typical set of so-called <i>a priori</i> gallery expectations while providing the expectant simulacrum that video cameras and screens provide, whetting a contemporary patron’s appetite.</p>
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Donnellan, V. C. "The role of collections of classical antiquities in UK regional museums : visitors, networks, social contexts." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469499/.
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This thesis explores the role of collections of classical antiquities in UK regional museums through qualitative research in six case study museums, with a focus on previously under-researched collections outside London, Oxford and Cambridge. First, an analysis of their history and intended role provides new insights into the broad picture of the development of foreign classical archaeological collections, in a range of contexts: two municipal museums; two university museums; and two galleries founded by private art collectors. The collections' contemporary role is analysed through the related concepts of outputs, benefits and meaning, situated within an exploration of the personal, physical, and socio-cultural contexts. Despite evidence of under-use, in some contexts, classical collections are shown to be made accessible in multiple ways. Focusing on casual visitors to permanent exhibitions, and drawing on interviews with museum visitors, staff members and stakeholders, I use the categories of the Generic Learning Outcomes and Generic Social Outcomes to analyse the perceived benefits of encounters with classical collections. I also discuss the wide range of meanings made from classical antiquities, presenting categories of meaning which emerged from analysis of the interview data. In the final chapter, I discuss the role of collections of classical antiquities, both within the specificity of each case study context, and also drawing general conclusions. I compare their intended role with the role they are expected to play today, and trace some effects of their history on the ways they are now perceived and used. I point, in particular, to tensions between the elite associations of classics and the socially-engaged, inclusive, post-modern museum, and between the foreign origins of classical antiquities and the local focus of many regional museums. I suggest that, within this context, interpreting the history of classical collections offers a productive means of enhancing their role in contemporary society.
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Sciandra, Elena. "The Social Organisation of the Illicit Trafficking in Antiquities: The Cases of Bulgaria and Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243016.
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Illicit trafficking in antiquities is a transnational market that shows high level of complexity due to the diversification in the actors involved, the objects smuggled and the vast geographical areas targeted. The networked organised crime type has been utilised to describe the transnational nature of the illicit antiquities trafficking, however it eludes the precise characterisation of the mechanisms of interaction between the actors.
The thesis aims at examining the dynamics of the organisation of the actors involved in the illicit trafficking at issue in Bulgaria and Italy. To achieve this goal, a model of script analysis was developed to classify the activities that shape this market, their criminal or lawful nature, their interaction, their weight and significance within the whole illicit antiquities trafficking, and the complexity, sophistication and professionalisation of the persons and groups active in this illicit trafficking. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with law enforcement officials, archaeologists and prosecutors, and open data research.
The thesis is divided in five parts. While part one introduces the topic, part two applies the social organisation of deviants’ framework to the illicit antiquities trafficking. Part three presents the research design and develops the script used to analyse the case studies described in part four: Bulgaria and Italy. They are sources of antiquities and serve as a bridge to several illegal goods that are smuggled into western European markets, including illicit antiquities. Part five concludes with a comparative discussion of the findings.
This study highlights the possibilities of script analysis as research method to investigate understudied transnational crimes. It grounds what is currently known about the transnational illicit antiquities trafficking to the reality, by providing an accurate description of the ways people interact and shape the structure of the crossborder movement of antiquities in Bulgaria and Italy.
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Sciandra, Elena. "The Social Organisation of the Illicit Trafficking in Antiquities: The Cases of Bulgaria and Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243016.
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Illicit trafficking in antiquities is a transnational market that shows high level of complexity due to the diversification in the actors involved, the objects smuggled and the vast geographical areas targeted. The networked organised crime type has been utilised to describe the transnational nature of the illicit antiquities trafficking, however it eludes the precise characterisation of the mechanisms of interaction between the actors.
The thesis aims at examining the dynamics of the organisation of the actors involved in the illicit trafficking at issue in Bulgaria and Italy. To achieve this goal, a model of script analysis was developed to classify the activities that shape this market, their criminal or lawful nature, their interaction, their weight and significance within the whole illicit antiquities trafficking, and the complexity, sophistication and professionalisation of the persons and groups active in this illicit trafficking. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with law enforcement officials, archaeologists and prosecutors, and open data research.
The thesis is divided in five parts. While part one introduces the topic, part two applies the social organisation of deviants’ framework to the illicit antiquities trafficking. Part three presents the research design and develops the script used to analyse the case studies described in part four: Bulgaria and Italy. They are sources of antiquities and serve as a bridge to several illegal goods that are smuggled into western European markets, including illicit antiquities. Part five concludes with a comparative discussion of the findings.
This study highlights the possibilities of script analysis as research method to investigate understudied transnational crimes. It grounds what is currently known about the transnational illicit antiquities trafficking to the reality, by providing an accurate description of the ways people interact and shape the structure of the crossborder movement of antiquities in Bulgaria and Italy.
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Mohow, James August. "Paleo-Indian and early archaic settlement patterns of the Maumee River Valley in northeastern Indiana." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/544133.
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In 1987, the Archaeological Resources Management Service (AXM6) at Ball State University conducted a sampling survey of a seven mile section of the Maumee River Valley in Allen County, Indiana. In addition to the primary survey, the project conducted an experiment in resurveying previously surveyed sample units, interviewed local collectors, and analyzed and tabulated data from a local collection with site level provenience. The project also reevaluated data previously collected from an adjacent section of the river valley and tested four sites in the latter study area.This study summarizes the data from the Maumee Grant Project and presents a general chronology of prehistoric habitation in the study area based upon that data. More specifically, this study has formulated provisional settlement models for the:PaleoIndian and Early Archaic habitation of the Upper Maumee River Valley, circa-10,000 to 6,000 B.C.The data indicate that the earliest peoples to inhabit the study area were Paleo-Indian bands with a preference for floodplain habitation and a subsistence strategy that emphasized hunting. As the post-glacial climate of the region ameliorated, the Early Archaic peoples that followed adapted a more diverse subsistence strategy, thus drawing upon a wider variety of terrace and floodplain resources. In contrast to their PaleoIndian forerunners, Early Archaic groups in the Upper Maumee Valley generally exhibited a preference for terrace habitation. In addition to the general Early Archaic occupation of the valley, three specific lithic traditions, the Kirk, the Bifurcate, and the Thebes, were identified and their settlement practices compared. While the origins of the earliest PaleoIndian bands in the region remained unclear, subsequent groups seem to have extended from and/or been influenced by Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations to the north, west, southwest, south, and east. By contributing to the regional data base and formulating provisional settlement models, this report provides a foundational basis for future research in the region.<br>Department of Anthropology
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Kinney, George Lee. "Commerce and exchange networks through-out northern Mexico: The Mesoamerican-Southwest connection." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/236.
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Guo, Lixin. "Chang Jiang zhong you di qu chu qi she hui fu za hua yan jiu : 4300B.C.-2000B.C. /." Shanghai : Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/chi0701/2007350047.html.
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Spilsbury, Paul. "The image of the Jew in Josephus biblical paraphrase." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319334.
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Adamo, Mario. "Sedes et rura : landownership and the Roman peasantry in the Late Republic." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0ebb3b79-9299-467c-ae10-8b700c24b8ef.
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This thesis reconsiders the cultural and economic relevance of landownership for the Roman republican peasants. In the Introduction, I define direct agricultural producers (hereafter 'peasants') as the object of my investigation. In Chapter 1, I argue that throughout the republic peasants owned little or no land, and private landholdings had a marginal role in peasants' production strategies. The frequent land schemes did not make the distribution of property more egalitarian, because they were not designed for that purpose, and due to their poverty peasants were unable to maintain control of the allotments. In Chapter 2, I explain that in ancient literature peasants were idealized as symbols of complete independence and self-sufficiency, and in political reflection they were considered the most perfect citizens. In accordance with the widespread view that Roman power had peaked and was now declining, already by the time of Fabius Pictor early and middle republican Rome was idealized as a society of peasants, whose supposed decline was threatening the republic. I conclude that in the Gracchan period peasants' discontent may have been a consequence of growing inequality, rather than utter impoverishment. In Chapter 3, I argue that in order to understand whether the free peasantry was actually declining we should consider variations in peasants' opportunities for dependent labour on the one hand, marketing on the other. Therefore, I reconsider the available data on the demography of Roman Italy and on commercial agriculture. I conclude that, while peasants could profit from increased access to markets, there is no conclusive evidence that competition for labour grew. In Chapter 4 I explain that the late republican peasants were perfectly aware that land had an economic value, and were even able to carry out evaluations. I suggest that this was a consequence of census procedures.
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Benton, Jodie. "Burial practices of the third millennium BC in the Oman peninsula : a reconsideration." Thesis, Faculty of Arts, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16853.
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Tani, Masakazu. "Extending the methodological potential for archaeological interpretations: A small site analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185576.
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The objective of this dissertation is to develop methods to draw relevant information from previously underexploited sources for behavioral inference in archaeology. The sources of information to be discussed are ceramics and formation processes. Ceramics have been the center of archaeological inquiry since the "Time-Space Revolution" during 1910's. Numerous studies have vigorously sought ceramics as a source of information for chronological, typological, and, more recently, locational inferences. In clear contrast, information encoded in ceramics about specific activities in the past has been surprisingly underexploited. This is because most extant ceramic analyses seldom have a perspective broad enough to recognize that those sherds are only fragments of once-functional tools. In this dissertation, extending the concept of tool kits, a method is proposed to treat a set of ceramics as tools to accomplish a certain task. Formation processes are another underexploited information source for behavioral inference. Initially, formation process theory was developed in reaction to studies by "new" archaeologists, who considered the archaeological record as a direct reflection of past human behavior. Owing to this historical reason, while this theory has demonstrated that formation processes must be an integral part of inferential processes, the role of information contained in formation processes tends to remain as negative, confounding factors. This dissertation proposes that information derived from formation processes can make more positive contributions to behavioral inference. Since formation processes, by way of the structure of refuse, encode qualitatively different aspects of past human behavior, an integration of such information with information about specific activities from once-functional artifacts would bring a fruitful result. An area of study that craves the exploitation of more information is small site analysis. Behavioral inference in small sites always suffers from the paucity of remains. Hampered by this limitation, conventional methods have failed to generate sufficient information for unequivocal behavioral inference at small sites. A specific analysis of Hohokam small sites is presented to demonstrate that the proposed methods are effective in exploiting relevant information from the same limited remains.