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Boisseau, Oliver, Claire Lacey, Tim Lewis, Anna Moscrop, Magnus Danbolt e Richard McLanaghan. "Encounter rates of cetaceans in the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, n.º 8 (2 de junho de 2010): 1589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000342.
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A series of visual–acoustic surveys were carried out in the Mediterranean Sea between 2003 and 2007 from RV ‘Song of the Whale’. Almost 21,000 km of trackline were surveyed between the longitudes of 14°W and 36°E with an emphasis on regions with low survey effort. Survey tracklines were designed to provide even coverage probability with random start points. Ten cetacean species were positively identified (sperm whale, fin whale, Cuvier's beaked whale, false killer whale, long-finned pilot whale, Risso's dolphin, common bottlenose dolphin, rough-toothed dolphin, striped dolphin and short-beaked common dolphin). Several of these species, plus sei whale and harbour porpoise, were also encountered in the Atlantic contiguous area (the entrance waters of the Mediterranean between the Iberian Peninsula and north-west Morocco). These surveys expand and clarify the known distributions of cetaceans within the Mediterranean basin. New species documented from Libyan waters include sperm whale, striped dolphin and rough-toothed dolphin. False killer whales and rough-toothed dolphins were documented for the first time off Cyprus. Live harbour porpoises were seen for the first time on Morocco's Atlantic seaboard. It is suggested that the status of rough-toothed dolphins in the Mediterranean be revised from visitor to regular species. Substantial new information on encounter rates is now available for the planning of a basin-wide systematic survey of cetaceans within the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic waters.
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Nye, Janet A., Alida Bundy, Nancy Shackell, Kevin D. Friedland e Jason S. Link. "Coherent trends in contiguous survey time-series of major ecological and commercial fish species in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem". ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, n.º 1 (18 de agosto de 2009): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp216.
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AbstractNye, J. A., Bundy, A., Shackell, N., Friedland, K. D., and Link, J. S. 2010. Coherent trends in contiguous survey time-series of major ecological and commercial fish species in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 26–40. Fish are often delineated into distinct population or stock units that reflect human institutional borders more than ecological factors. In the Northwest Atlantic, there are many species in the broader Gulf of Maine area (GOMA), yet the area is surveyed and managed for the most part in the south by the United States and in the north by Canada. Biomass time-series of 19 representative fish species and total biomass from 7 different surveys conducted by the United States and Canada in the GOMA are compared. All species showed coherent trends in relative biomass across at least two survey time-series, and in many species a single trend could describe all time-series trends accurately. For instance, Canadian and the US time-series of Atlantic cod, Atlantic herring, haddock, thorny skate, and goosefish had comparable trends. Conversely, species such as longhorn sculpin and spiny dogfish showed differing survey time-series trends and asynchronous event timing, suggesting that their population dynamics differ spatially. Collectively, the results demonstrate the value of comparing time-series for common species from contiguous ecosystems and elucidate the relative importance of environmental and fishing factors on each species.
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Falcão, Fábio De Carvalho, Deyna Hulda Arêas Guanaes e Adriano Paglia. "Medium and large-sized mammals of RPPN Estação Veracel, southernmost Bahia, Brazil". Check List 8, n.º 5 (1 de setembro de 2012): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.5.929.
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One of the largest private reserves in the Atlantic Forest is the RPPN Estação Veracel, which along with the contiguous forested area of the Pau-Brasil Ecological Station, is an important part of the remaining Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia. We carried out an inventory of medium and large mammals in the Reserve during a 16-month camera trap survey, as well as conducted interviews with park rangers and searched for direct/indirect records, which revealed 33 species belonging to nine different Orders. Among the species recorded, six are categorized as threatened in the national list and four in the IUCN global list. The RPPN harbors species which are crucial to the ecosystem, many of which are in decline and threatened by high hunting pressure and reduction of habitat. The results confirm the relevance of the RPPN as a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) for globally threatened species.
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Newmark, William D., Clinton N. Jenkins, Stuart L. Pimm, Phoebe B. McNeally e John M. Halley. "Targeted habitat restoration can reduce extinction rates in fragmented forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 36 (21 de agosto de 2017): 9635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705834114.
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The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and the Atlantic Forest of Brazil are two of the most fragmented biodiversity hotspots. Species–area relationships predict that their habitat fragments will experience a substantial loss of species. Most of these extinctions will occur over an extended time, and therefore, reconnecting fragments could prevent species losses and allow locally extinct species to recolonize former habitats. An empirical relaxation half-life vs. area relationship for tropical bird communities estimates the time that it takes to lose one-half of all species that will be eventually lost. We use it to estimate the increase in species persistence by regenerating a forest connection 1 km in width among the largest and closest fragments at 11 locations. In the Eastern Arc Mountains, regenerating 8,134 ha of forest would create >316,000 ha in total of restored contiguous forest. More importantly, it would increase the persistence time for species by a factor of 6.8 per location or ∼2,272 years, on average, relative to individual fragments. In the Atlantic Forest, regenerating 6,452 ha of forest would create >251,000 ha in total of restored contiguous forest and enhance species persistence by a factor of 13.0 per location or ∼5,102 years, on average, relative to individual fragments. Rapidly regenerating forest among fragments is important, because mean time to the first determined extinction across all fragments is 7 years. We estimate the cost of forest regeneration at $21–$49 million dollars. It could provide one of the highest returns on investment for biodiversity conservation worldwide.
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Oliveira-Da-Silva, Fúvio Rubens, e Anna Luiza Ilkiu-Borges. "On a new species of Radula Dumort. (Radulaceae, Machantiophyta) from mountain ranges in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil". Nova Hedwigia 110, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2020): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0580.
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Radula yamadae, a species from mountain ranges in the Atlantic forest, is described here as new to science. The new species is characterized by plants occasionally epiphyllous, densely branched, leaf lobes imbricate, ovate, apex obtuse to subacute, cell walls thin, trigones small, lobules distant to contiguous, rarely imbricate, subquadrate, 1/2–2/5 the lobe length, base rounded to obtuse, covering 1/3 to overlapping the stem, keel conspicuously convex, strongly inflated at rhizoid area and along the keel, and rhizoids numerous. A complete description and illustration of the new taxon as well as comments on morphology, taxonomy, and distribution are provided.
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CAVALCANTE, A. DE M. B., J. J. SOARES e M. A. FIGUEIREDO. "Comparative phytosociology of tree sinusiae between contiguous forests in different stages of succession". Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, n.º 4 (novembro de 2000): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000400003.
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The Baturité Mountain Range, located in the State of Ceará (BRA), displays on its highest levels a vegetation viewed as a disjunction from the Atlantic Forest in the East of Brazil. Among the various attributes associated with this vegetation, the abundance of water resources and a high biodiversity have a more outstanding relevance. However, in view of the current accelerated deforestation process, those attributes may be threatened in a near future. Therefore, the present work is a comparative study with its focus on vegetal community organization (tree sinusiae) and the floristic similarity and the phytodiversity of two areas in different successive stages, preserved and deforested 24 years ago. The aim of that intent was to obtain information that could essentially shed light on the deforestation effects on tree vegetation and which could suggest scientific support regarding urgent projects of habitat reconstruction. The methodology used folowed the model utilized for rain forest, i.e. consisting of a random distribution of 10 × 20 m plots surveying the living woody species with DBH > or = 5 cm. The results obtained suggest that a possible new physiognomy type is emerging on the Baturite Mountain Range because of deforestation. The Myrtaceae and Mimosaceae families were the ones that contributed most significantly to species richness, being the most outstanding for Areas 1 and 2, respectively. The deforestation which occurred in Area 2 eliminated 28 species and gave birth to a current densely distinct floristic composition.
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Nogueira, Aico Sipriano. "Management of natural resources in protected areas: interinstitutional dialogue, social capital, and agency in the transition to agroecological systems". Tempo Social 34, n.º 3 (28 de dezembro de 2022): 341–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2022.192812.
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This article analyses the processes of participation and integration of groups living in and around protected areas, in efforts to convert conventional methods of agricultural production into agroecologicallysustainable practices. Taking as a case study a community located in the buffer zone of a large conservation unit, and part of the main contiguous remaining areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, this work focuses on the articulation among multiple existing elements in this area: an agroecological settlement, different levels of governance, internal social differentiation and classification systems, community agency, antagonistic visions of development, and their effects on community development practices. It also examines the external connections that the community establishes, acting as an instrument of compliance and reproduction of the dominant agrifood regime, and contributing to the formation and strengthening of an alternative short circuit of production and commercialization network, integrating local family producers to the consumers in large urban centres.
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Bonaldo, Alexandre B., Antonio D. Brescovit, Pedro L. B. da Rocha e Misonete G. C. Costa. "Two new species of ant-mimicking spiders of the genus Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae) from Southern Bahia, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24, n.º 3 (2007): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752007000300032.
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Two new species of the ant mimicking spider genus Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), I. mugunza sp. nov. and I. abara sp. nov., are described based on males and females from Porto Seguro, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. All specimens were collected in pitfall traps, installed in two forested areas: Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, a well preserved Atlantic forest fragment, and a contiguous field of Eucalyptus monoculture.
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Di Salvatore, Pablo, Mariano J. Albano, Mariano J. Diez, Federico Tapella, Patricia Pérez-Barros e Gustavo A. Lovrich. "Decapods of the Southern Tip of South America and the Marine Protected Area Namuncurá–Burdwood Bank: A Nearshore–Offshore Comparison". Diversity 15, n.º 11 (15 de novembro de 2023): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15111143.
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The Marine Protected Area (MPA) Namuncurá−Burdwood Bank was created in 2013 to protect the benthic community. After five years of multidisciplinary research, it was reorganized, and a second, contiguous MPA Namuncurá−Burdwood Bank II was created. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the decapod assemblages in both the previous and current management zones and to compare them with the neighboring areas of southern South America. The decapod fauna was studied integratively by comparing captured species onboard scientific expeditions with online records. Our study showed that the original design of the MPAN−BB had the lowest decapod species richness. However, the constitution of a larger protected area, including the slope, increased the species richness, with unique records of Campylonotus arntzianus and Lithodes couesi. The MPA could be considered ecologically representative as it shares various species with the nearby areas (the Beagle Channel and the Atlantic). Furthermore, we theorize it could act as a “hub” for decapod species as marine currents provide the Burdwood Bank with new individuals from the west and disperse them northward to the Patagonian Shelf and eastward to the Scotia Arc. This result shows the great value of protecting this area, ensuring the conservation of the decapod fauna of southern South America.
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Smith, Brianne K., e James A. Smith. "The Flashiest Watersheds in the Contiguous United States". Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, n.º 6 (13 de novembro de 2015): 2365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0217.1.
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Abstract The authors identify the flashiest watersheds in the contiguous United States based on frequency of discharge peaks exceeding 1 m3 s−1 km−2. The entire digitized record of USGS instantaneous discharge data is used for all stream gauging stations with over 10 years of data. Using the 1 m3 s−1 km−2 threshold, the flashiest basins in the contiguous United States are located in urban areas along a swath of states from the south-central United States to the mid-Atlantic and in mountainous areas of the West Coast, especially the Pacific Northwest. The authors focus on small watersheds to identify the flashiest cities and states across the country and find Tulsa, Oklahoma; Baltimore, Maryland; and St. Louis, Missouri, to be the flashiest cities in the contiguous United States. Thunderstorms are major agents for peak-over-threshold flood events east of the Rocky Mountains, and tropical cyclones play a secondary role, especially in the Southeast. West Coast flood events are associated with winter storms. Flooding west of and within the Rockies is linked to steeply sloped terrain and compact watersheds. East of the Rockies, urban areas dominate flashy watersheds. The authors find that watersheds northeast (downwind) of city centers are flashier than other urban watersheds, consistent with the downwind maximum in rainfall found in many urban regions. They examine anomalous flood response in the Illinois–Missouri region; St. Louis is among the flashiest cities in the United States, while Chicago is among the least flashy. Their flashiness map is compared with other measures of flooding, including flood damage and National Weather Service flash flood reports.
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Mikhailova, Elena A., Garth R. Groshans, Christopher J. Post, Mark A. Schlautman e Gregory C. Post. "Valuation of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Contiguous United States Based on the Avoided Social Cost of Carbon Emissions". Resources 8, n.º 3 (29 de agosto de 2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8030153.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) generates several ecosystem services (ES), including a regulating service by sequestering carbon (C) as SOC. This ES can be valued based on the avoided social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) from the long-term damage resulting from emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The objective of this study was to assess the value of SOC stocks, based on the avoided SC-CO2 ($42 per metric ton of CO2 in 2007 U.S. dollars), in the contiguous United States (U.S.) by soil order, soil depth (0–20, 20–100, 100–200 cm), land resource region (LRR), state, and region using information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database. The total calculated monetary value for SOC storage in the contiguous U.S. was between $4.64T (i.e., $4.64 trillion U.S. dollars, where T = trillion = 1012) and $23.1T, with a midpoint value of $12.7T. Soil orders with the highest midpoint SOC storage values were 1): Mollisols ($4.21T), 2) Histosols ($2.31T), and 3) Alfisols ($1.48T). The midpoint values of SOC normalized by area within soil order boundaries were ranked: 1) Histosols ($21.58 m−2), 2) Vertisols ($2.26 m−2), and 3) Mollisols ($2.08 m−2). The soil depth interval with the highest midpoint values of SOC storage and content was 20–100 cm ($6.18T and $0.84 m−2, respectively), while the depth interval 100–200 cm had the lowest midpoint values of SOC storage ($2.88T) and content ($0.39 m−2). The depth trends exemplify the prominence of SOC in the upper portions of soil. The LRRs with the highest midpoint SOC storage values were: 1) M – Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region ($1.8T), 2) T – Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region ($1.26T), and 3) K – Northern Lake States Forest and Forage Region ($1.16T). The midpoint values of SOC normalized by area within LRR boundaries were ranked: 1) U – Florida Subtropical Fruit, Truck Crop, and Range Region ($6.10 m−2), 2) T – Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region ($5.44 m−2), and 3) K – Northern Lake States Forest and Forage Region ($3.88 m−2). States with the highest midpoint values of SOC storage were: 1) Texas ($1.08T), 2) Minnesota ($834B) (i.e., $834 billion U.S. dollars, where B = billion = 109), and 3) Florida ($742B). Midpoint values of SOC normalized by area within state boundaries were ranked: 1) Florida ($5.44 m−2), 2) Delaware ($4.10 m−2), and 3) Minnesota ($3.99 m−2). Regions with the highest midpoint values of SOC storage were: 1) Midwest ($3.17T), 2) Southeast ($2.44T), and 3) Northern Plains ($2.35T). Midpoint values of SOC normalized by area within region boundaries were ranked: 1) Midwest ($2.73 m−2), 2) Southeast ($2.31 m−2), and 3) East ($1.82 m−2). The reported values and trends demonstrate the need for policies with regards to SOC management, which requires incentives within administrative boundaries but informed by the geographic distribution of SOC.
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Mathieson, Arthur C. "A Comparison of Marine and Estuarine Algal Populations from Downeast Maine and Eight Contiguous Northwest Atlantic Areas". Rhodora 120, n.º 984 (18 de janeiro de 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3119/17-21.
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Morris, Corey J., John M. Green, Paul V. R. Snelgrove, Curtis J. Pennell e L. M. Neil Ollerhead. "Temporal and spatial migration of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) inside and outside a marine protected area and evidence for the role of prior experience in homing". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, n.º 11 (novembro de 2014): 1704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0036.
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Despite efforts to protect the resident Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) population in Gilbert Bay, Labrador, its abundance has decreased since the area was designated a Marine Protected Area (MPA). As part of an effort to understand the reasons for the decline, tracking of cod tagged with surgically implanted ultrasonic transmitters was conducted to determine the migratory behavior of cod in relation to MPA boundaries. Acoustic tracking used a network of data-logging receivers deployed in Gilbert Bay and contiguous marine waters, permitting year-round monitoring of fish movements over several years. Acoustic tracking indicated that 93% of mature migratory cod >55 cm total length homed to the overwintering area where they were initially tagged. During summer months some individuals moved to the mouth of the bay and marine waters outside the MPA. Collectively, the home range of the Gilbert Bay cod encompassed an area within about 40 km of their overwintering and spawning site, but included a large area (∼270 km2) outside the MPA. Eleven percent of tagged cod released outside their home range returned to the capture site within 1 year after tagging. In contrast, fish transplanted 15 or 25 km from the capture site, but still within their home range, exhibited 100% success in homing, suggesting the importance of prior experience with the migration route for successful homing. This study documents the importance of knowledge concerning the migratory and homing behavior of resident fish populations for their conservation and management.
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Sheffield, J., K. M. Andreadis, E. F. Wood e D. P. Lettenmaier. "Global and Continental Drought in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Severity–Area–Duration Analysis and Temporal Variability of Large-Scale Events". Journal of Climate 22, n.º 8 (15 de abril de 2009): 1962–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2722.1.
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Abstract Using observation-driven simulations of global terrestrial hydrology and a cluster algorithm that searches for spatially connected regions of soil moisture, the authors identified 296 large-scale drought events (greater than 500 000 km2 and longer than 3 months) globally for 1950–2000. The drought events were subjected to a severity–area–duration (SAD) analysis to identify and characterize the most severe events for each continent and globally at various durations and spatial extents. An analysis of the variation of large-scale drought with SSTs revealed connections at interannual and possibly decadal time scales. Three metrics of large-scale drought (global average soil moisture, contiguous area in drought, and number of drought events shorter than 2 years) are shown to covary with ENSO SST anomalies. At longer time scales, the number of 12-month and longer duration droughts follows the smoothed variation in northern Pacific and Atlantic SSTs. Globally, the mid-1950s showed the highest drought activity and the mid-1970s to mid-1980s the lowest activity. This physically based and probabilistic approach confirms well-known droughts, such as the 1980s in the Sahel region of Africa, but also reveals many severe droughts (e.g., at high latitudes and early in the time period) that have received relatively little attention in the scientific and popular literature.
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de Graaf, Martin, L. Gijsbert Tilstra e Piet Stammes. "Aerosol direct radiative effect over clouds from a synergy of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectances". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, n.º 9 (25 de setembro de 2019): 5119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5119-2019.
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Abstract. The retrieval of geophysical parameters is increasingly dependent on synergistic use of satellite instruments. More sophisticated parameters can be retrieved and the accuracy of retrievals can be increased when more information is combined. In this paper, a synergistic application of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), on the Aura platform, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), on the Aqua platform, Level 1B reflectances is described, enabling the retrieval of the aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE) over clouds using the differential aerosol absorption (DAA) technique. This technique was first developed for reflectances from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on the Environmental Satellite (Envisat), which had the unique capability of measuring contiguous radiances from the ultraviolet (UV) at 240 to 1750 nm in the shortwave-infrared (SWIR), at a moderate spectral resolution of 0.2 to 1.5 nm. However, the spatial resolution and global coverage of SCIAMACHY was limited, and Envisat stopped delivering data in 2012. In order to continue the DRE data retrieval, reflectances from OMI and MODIS, flying in formation, were combined from the UV to the SWIR. This resulted in reflectances at a limited but sufficient spectral resolution, available at the OMI pixel grid, which have a much higher spatial resolution and coverage than SCIAMACHY. The combined reflectance spectra allow the retrieval of cloud microphysical parameters in the SWIR, and the subsequent retrieval of aerosol DRE over cloud scenes using the DAA technique. For liquid cloud scenes in the south-east Atlantic region with cloud fraction (CF) >0.3, the area-averaged instantaneous aerosol DRE over clouds in June to August 2006 was 25 Wm−2 with a standard deviation of 30 Wm−2. The maximum area-averaged instantaneous DRE from OMI–MODIS in August 2006 was 75.6±13 Wm−2. The new aerosol DRE over-cloud dataset from OMI–MODIS is compared to the SCIAMACHY dataset for the period 2006 to 2009, showing a very high correlation. The OMI–MODIS DRE dataset over the Atlantic Ocean is highly correlated to above-cloud AOT measurements from OMI and MODIS. It is related to AOT measurements over Ascension Island in 2016, showing the transport of smoke all the way from its source region in Africa over the Atlantic to Ascension and beyond.
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Trivej, Panu, e Bjorn Stevens. "The Echo Size Distribution of Precipitating Shallow Cumuli". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2010): 788–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3178.1.
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Abstract S-band radar surveillance scans of precipitating shallow convection are analyzed. The scans are complied from 52 days of near-continuous measurements in the winter trades of the North Atlantic during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign. After being analyzed and filtered to exclude spurious returns, the scans are segmented to identify contiguous returns, or echoes. The echo size and reflectivity statistics are then analyzed. A new normalization method is developed to account for biases associated with the nonuniformity in the native radar grid. The echo area distribution robustly exhibits power-law scaling up until sizes of about 10 km2, with a scaling exponent of about −1.1. At larger sizes the scaling behavior breaks down and varies more markedly across subsamples of the data. Conditional sampling suggests that the scaling behavior of the larger echoes does, however, approach that of the smaller echoes as echo coverage increases, which supports the idea of a limiting distribution. Departures from this limiting distribution are argued to reflect finite size effects, modulated by the presence of a capping inversion whose height and strength varies across the samples.
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Burns, William C. G. "The agreement on the conservation of cetaceans of the black sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (Accobams): A regional response to the threats facing cetaceans". Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 1, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1998): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880299809353886.
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VIEIRA, KLEBER DA SILVA, ANA P. ZAMPIERI SILVA e CRISTINA ARZABE. "Cranial morphology and karyotypic analysis of Ceratophrys joazeirensis (Anura: Ceratophryidae, Ceratophrynae): taxonomic considerations". Zootaxa 1320, n.º 1 (21 de setembro de 2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1320.1.6.
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The frog species Ceratophrys joazeirensis Mercadal, 1986 is only known from the Caatinga (semi-arid savanna) and, until recently, from the type locality of Juazeiro, State of Bahia, Brazil. It has now also been found in the States of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, in environments of hypo-xerophylic Caatinga. Cytogenetic and comparative analysis of the cranial morphology of C. joazeirensis and C. aurita (Raddi, 1823) were undertaken. The karyotype of the species is also shown for the first time. The results show important differences in the cranial morphology between C. joazeirensis (8n) and C. aurita (8n), species whose areas of distribution (Caatinga and Northeast Atlantic forest, respectively) are contiguous. The chromosomes of C. joazeirensis show similar size and morphology to the ones of C. aurita (C. dorsata), C. ornata Bell, 1843 (8n) and C. cranwelli Barrio, 1980 (2n). Such data would be in agreement with the opinion of some authors who consider these species to constitute a monophyletic group.
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Glatthor, N., T. von Clarmann, H. Fischer, B. Funke, U. Grabowski, M. Höpfner, S. Kellmann et al. "Global peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) retrieval in the upper troposphere from limb emission spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, n.º 1 (29 de janeiro de 2007): 1391–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-1391-2007.
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Abstract. We use limb emission spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard the ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) to derive the first global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the upper troposphere. PAN is generated in tropospheric air masses polluted by fuel combustion or biomass burning and acts as a reservoir and carrier of NOx in the cold free troposphere. Since PAN exhibits continuum-like broadband structures in the mid-infrared region, we have applied a contiguous analysis window covering the wavenumber region 775–800 cm−1 for retrieval. The interfering species CCl4, HCFC-22, H2O, ClONO2, CH3CCl3 and C2H2 were fitted along with PAN, whereas pre-fitted profiles were used to model the contribution of other contaminants like ozone. Sensitivity tests consisting in retrieval without consideration of PAN have demonstrated the existence of PAN signatures in MIPAS spectra obtained from polluted air masses. The analysed dataset consists of 10 days between 4 October and 1 December 2003. This period covers the end of the biomass burning season in South America and South and East Africa, in which generally large amounts of pollutants are produced and distributed over wide areas in the southern hemispheric free troposphere. Elevated PAN amounts of 200–700 pptv were measured in a large plume extending from Brasil over the Southern Atlantic, Central and South Africa, the South Indian Ocean as far as Australia at altitudes between 8 and 16 km. Enhanced PAN values were also found in a much more restricted area between northern subtropical Africa and India. The most significant northern midlatitude PAN signal in MIPAS data is an area extending at 8 km altitude from China into the Chinese Sea. The average mid and high latitude PAN amounts found at 8 km were around 125 pptv in the northern, but only between 75 and 50 pptv in the southern hemisphere. The PAN distribution found in the southern hemispheric tropics and subtropics is highly correlated with the jointly fitted acetylene (C2H2), which is another pollutant produced by biomass burning, and agrees reasonably well with the CO plume detected during end of September 2003 at the 275 hPa level (~10 km) by the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on the Terra satellite. Similar southern hemispheric PAN amounts were also observed by previous airborne measurements performed in September/October 1992 and 1996 above the South Atlantic and the South Pacific, respectively.
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Glatthor, N., T. von Clarmann, H. Fischer, B. Funke, U. Grabowski, M. Höpfner, S. Kellmann et al. "Global peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) retrieval in the upper troposphere from limb emission spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, n.º 11 (4 de junho de 2007): 2775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2775-2007.
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Abstract. We use limb emission spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard the ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) to derive the first global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the upper troposphere. PAN is generated in tropospheric air masses polluted by fuel combustion or biomass burning and acts as a reservoir and carrier of NOx in the cold free troposphere. PAN exhibits continuum-like broadband structures in the mid-infrared region and was retrieved in a contiguous analysis window covering the wavenumber region 775–800 cm−1. The interfering species CCl4, HCFC-22, H2O, ClONO2, CH3CCl3 and C2H2 were fitted along with PAN, whereas pre-fitted profiles were used to model the contribution of other contaminants like ozone. Sensitivity tests consisting in retrieval without consideration of PAN demonstrated the existence of PAN signatures in MIPAS spectra obtained in polluted air masses. The analysed dataset consists of 10 days between 4 October and 1 December 2003. This period covers the end of the biomass burning season in South America and South and East Africa, in which generally large amounts of pollutants are produced and distributed over wide areas of the southern hemispheric free troposphere. Indeed, elevated PAN amounts of 200–700 pptv were measured in a large plume extending from Brasil over the Southern Atlantic, Central and South Africa, the South Indian Ocean as far as Australia at altitudes between 8 and 16 km. Enhanced PAN values were also found in a much more restricted area between northern subtropical Africa and India. The most significant northern midlatitude PAN signal was detected in an area at 8 km altitude extending from China into the Chinese Sea. The average mid and high latitude PAN amounts found at 8 km were around 125 pptv in the northern, but only between 50 and 75 pptv in the southern hemisphere. The PAN distribution found in the southern hemispheric tropics and subtropics is highly correlated with the jointly fitted acetylene (C2H2), which is another pollutant produced by biomass burning, and agrees reasonably well with the CO plume detected during end of September 2003 at the 275 hPa level (~10 km) by the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on the Terra satellite. Similar southern hemispheric PAN amounts were also observed by previous airborne measurements performed in September/October 1992 and 1996 above the South Atlantic and the South Pacific, respectively.
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ROCHA, Alessandro, Adrian P. A. BARNETT e Wilson R. SPIRONELLO. "Extension of the geographic distribution of Plecturocebus baptista (Pitheciidae, Primates) and a possible hybrid zone with Plecturocebus hoffmannsi: evolutionary and conservation implications". Acta Amazonica 49, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2019): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201803411.
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ABSTRACT Titi monkeys (family Pitheciidae) are Neotropical primates highly diversified in morphology, ecology and genetics, with a wide geographic distribution, including the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal and Caatinga. This diversity, together with knowledge gaps, generates uncertainties in titi monkey taxonomy and distribution. An example is Plecturocebus baptista, with only 14 occurrence records and an ill-defined distribution based on untested geographical barriers. Here, we report the occurrence of this species at a new locality outside its known range, across the Paraná-Urariá River, which was considered a distributional limit for the species. The new record implies an overlap of P. baptista with the range of P. hoffmannsi. We document the sighting of an apparent hybrid animal. Our observations suggest that i) the distribution of P. baptista needs to be reviewed, and ii) the evolutionary relationships between P. baptista and P. hoffmannsi may be more complex than previously assumed. Since both species share contiguous areas of potential hybridization, we question whether the two species arose via allopatric speciation.
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Bodini, Nicola, Mike Optis, Stephanie Redfern, David Rosencrans, Alex Rybchuk, Julie K. Lundquist, Vincent Pronk et al. "The 2023 National Offshore Wind data set (NOW-23)". Earth System Science Data 16, n.º 4 (26 de abril de 2024): 1965–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1965-2024.
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Abstract. This article introduces the 2023 National Offshore Wind data set (NOW-23), which offers the latest wind resource information for offshore regions in the United States. NOW-23 supersedes, for its offshore component, the Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit, which was published a decade ago and is currently a primary resource for wind resource assessments and grid integration studies in the contiguous United States. By incorporating advancements in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, NOW-23 delivers an updated and cutting-edge product to stakeholders. In this article, we present the new data set which underwent regional tuning and performance validation against available observations and has data available from 2000 through, depending on the region, 2019–2022. We also provide a summary of the uncertainty quantification in NOW-23, along with NOW-WAKES, a 1-year post-construction data set that quantifies expected offshore wake effects in the US Mid-Atlantic lease areas. Stakeholders can access the NOW-23 data set at https://doi.org/10.25984/1821404 (Bodini et al., 2020).
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McTainsh, Grant H. "A Dust Monitoring Programme for Desertification Control in West Africa". Environmental Conservation 13, n.º 1 (1986): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035827.
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To date, the principal constraint upon the implementation of a dust monitoring programme for desertification control in West Africa, is our limited knowledge of the dust processes to be monitored. A review of the state of dust research in Africa and over the Atlantic reveals a strong imbalance in favour of the latter, and resolves some misconceptions concerning dust source-areas and the relative importance of winter and summer dust. The results of Atlantic Ocean dust research are here brought together with the recent results of Harmattan dust research in Nigeria to demonstrate, at least tentatively, that the Harmattan and winter dust comprise a contiguous aeolian process system referred to as the Harmattan aeolian system.The Harmattan aeolian system is used here as a conceptual framework for the dust monitoring programme. Three dust process-zones are identified, within which three basic aeolian processes operate: dust entrainment (primary and secondary), dust transport, and dust deposition (primary and secondary). Within each dust process-zone, standardized dust collection, measurement, and analysis techniques, are proposed for a network of monitoring sites. Entrainment and transport can be measured — directly using aerosol pump-samplers and indirectly by relating dust-aerosol concentration to solar radiation and visibility. The indirect approach has the advantage that it opens up a large body of historical data on dust and, therefore, desertification. Deposition can be measured using dust-traps. The importance of such aspects as site characteristics, measurement period, and laboratory methods, are also discussed. Finally, a minimal administrative structure is suggested, allowing for the possibility of UNEP or other major support.
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DOBROVOLOV, I. S. "Genetic divergence between the scad subspecies Trachurus Mediterraneus (Carangidae, pisces) from the Black Sea and the Mediterranean". Mediterranean Marine Science 1, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2000): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.284.
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Analysis of myogen and eleven enzymes (AAT, ADH, EST, GPI, IDHP, LDH, MDH, MEP, PGDH, PGM and SOD) were carried out by using starch gel and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis on thinlayer and ultrathin polyacrylamide ampholine and servalite gels in scad species from the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean. Data from electrophoretic investigations was used to clarify the population structure of the scad migrating in the Bulgarian aquatory of the Black Sea and consisting of two main subpopulations: a) a "Black Sea" one hibernating in this sea only, and b) a "Sea of Marmara" one hibernating in that sea and contiguous Black Sea regions around the Bosporus. Non-specific muscular esterases were used, because they were appropriate for identification of both subspecies: Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus Aleev and Tr.m.mediterraneus Steindachner. Nei's genetic distance (D=0,0113) was used as an indication of their isolation dated back to the Carangate Period. An attempt was made to check the hypothesis of the origin of "large" ("giant") scad in the Black Sea as a result of the heterozygotic interbreeding between Tr.m.ponticus Aleev and Tr.m.mediterraneus Steindachner. A new allele Est-1E as well as the previously known alleles Est-1A and Est-1-B, were found in Mediterranean scad Tr.m.mediterraneus caught off Nice (France). It's proposed that the presence of the large form of large scat in this area is also a consequence of the heterozytic efect from the interbreeding between a population marked by Est-1-A and Est-1-B and a population marked by Est-1-E, probably inhabiting the waters around Gibraltar in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Romero, R., e K. Emanuel. "Climate Change and Hurricane-Like Extratropical Cyclones: Projections for North Atlantic Polar Lows and Medicanes Based on CMIP5 Models". Journal of Climate 30, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2017): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0255.1.
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A novel statistical–deterministic method is applied to generate thousands of synthetic tracks of North Atlantic (NA) polar lows and Mediterranean hurricanes (“medicanes”); these synthetic storms are compatible with the climates simulated by 30 CMIP5 models in both historical and RCP8.5 simulations for a recent (1986–2005) and a future (2081–2100) period, respectively. Present-to-future multimodel mean changes in storm risk are analyzed, with special attention to robust patterns (in terms of consensus among individual models) and privileging in each case the subset of models exhibiting the highest agreement with the results yielded by two reanalyses. A reduction of about 10%–15% in the overall frequency of NA polar lows that would uniformly affect the full spectrum of storm intensities is expected. In addition, a very robust regional redistribution of cases is obtained, namely a tendency to shift part of the polar low activity from the south Greenland–Icelandic sector toward the Nordic seas closer to Scandinavia. In contrast, the future change in the number of medicanes is unclear (on average the total frequency of storms does not vary), but a profound reshaping of the spectrum of lifetime maximum winds is found; the results project a higher number of moderate and violent medicanes at the expense of weak storms. Spatially, the method projects an increased occurrence of medicanes in the western Mediterranean and Black Sea that is balanced by a reduction of storm tracks in contiguous areas, particularly in the central Mediterranean; however, future extreme events (winds > 60 kt; 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) become more probable in all Mediterranean subbasins.
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Bringloe, Trevor T., Heroen Verbruggen e Gary W. Saunders. "Unique biodiversity in Arctic marine forests is shaped by diverse recolonization pathways and far northern glacial refugia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 36 (25 de agosto de 2020): 22590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002753117.
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The Arctic is experiencing a rapid shift toward warmer regimes, calling for a need to understand levels of biodiversity and ecosystem responses to climate cycles. This study presents genetic data for 109 Arctic marine forest species (seaweeds), which revealed contiguous populations extending from the Bering Sea to the northwest Atlantic, with high levels of genetic diversity in the east Canadian Arctic. One-fifth of the species sampled appeared restricted to Arctic waters. Further supported by hindcasted species distributions during the Last Glacial Maximum, we hypothesize that Arctic coastal systems were recolonized from many geographically disparate refugia leading to enriched diversity levels in the east Canadian Arctic, with important contributions stemming from northerly refugia likely centered along southern Greenland. Our results suggest Arctic marine biomes persisted through cycles of glaciation, leading to unique assemblages in polar waters, rather than being entirely derived from southerly (temperate) areas following glaciation. As such, Arctic marine species are potentially born from selective pressures during Cenozoic global cooling and eventual ice conditions beginning in the Pleistocene. Arctic endemic diversity was likely additionally driven by repeated isolations into globally disparate refugia during glaciation. This study highlights the need to take stock of unique Arctic marine biodiversity. Amplification of warming and loss of perennial ice cover are set to dramatically alter available Arctic coastal habitat, with the potential loss of diversity and decline in ecosystem resilience.
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Chan, E., e R. J. Vet. "Background ozone over Canada and the United States". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, n.º 5 (7 de outubro de 2009): 21111–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-21111-2009.
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Abstract. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) ozone temporal variations were investigated on diurnal, seasonal and decadal scales in various regions across Canada and the United States for the period 1997–2006. Background ozone is difficult to quantify and define through observations. In light of the importance of its estimates for achievable policy targets, evaluation of health impacts and relationship with climate, background ozone mixing ratios were estimated. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were performed using 97 non-urban ozone sites for each season to define contiguous regions. Backward air parcel trajectories were used to systematically select the cleanest background air cluster associated with the lowest May–September 95th percentile for each site. Decadal ozone trends were estimated by season for each PCA-derived region using a~generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Background ozone mixing ratios were variable geographically and seasonally. For example, the mixing ratios annually ranged from 21 to 38, and 23 to 38 ppb for the continental Eastern Canada and Eastern US. The Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions typically had relatively low background levels ranging from 14 to 24, and 17 to 36 ppb, respectively. On the decadal scale, the direction and magnitude of trends are different in all seasons across the regions (−1.56 to +0.93 ppb/a). Trends increased in the Pacific region for all seasons. Background ozone decadal changes are shown to be masked by the much stronger regional signals in areas that have seen substantial reductions of ozone precursors since the early 2000s.
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Yu, Lejiang, Shiyuan Zhong, Xindi Bian e Warren E. Heilman. "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Wind Resources in the United States as Derived from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis". Journal of Climate 28, n.º 3 (1 de fevereiro de 2015): 1166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00322.1.
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Abstract This study examines the spatial and temporal variability of wind speed at 80 m above ground (the average hub height of most modern wind turbines) in the contiguous United States using Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data from 1979 to 2011. The mean 80-m wind exhibits strong seasonality and large spatial variability, with higher (lower) wind speeds in the winter (summer), and higher (lower) speeds over much of the Midwest and U.S. Northeast (U.S. West and Southeast). Trends are also variable spatially, with more upward trends in areas of the Great Plains and Intermountain West of the United States and more downward trends elsewhere. The leading EOF mode, which accounts for 20% (summer) to 33% (winter) of the total variance and represents in-phase variations across the United States, responds mainly to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in summer and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the other seasons. The dominant variation pattern can be explained by a southerly/southwesterly (westerly) anomaly over the U.S. East (U.S. West) as a result of the anomalous mean sea level pressure (MSLP) pattern. The second EOF mode, which explains about 15% of the total variance and shows a seesaw pattern, is mainly related to the springtime Arctic Oscillation (AO), the summertime recurrent circumglobal teleconnection (CGT), the autumn Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the winter El Niño Modoki. The anomalous jet stream and MSLP patterns associated with these indices are responsible for the wind variation.
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Kunkel, Kenneth E., Thomas R. Karl, Harold Brooks, James Kossin, Jay H. Lawrimore, Derek Arndt, Lance Bosart et al. "Monitoring and Understanding Trends in Extreme Storms: State of Knowledge". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2013): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00262.1.
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The state of knowledge regarding trends and an understanding of their causes is presented for a specific subset of extreme weather and climate types. For severe convective storms (tornadoes, hailstorms, and severe thunderstorms), differences in time and space of practices of collecting reports of events make using the reporting database to detect trends extremely difficult. Overall, changes in the frequency of environments favorable for severe thunderstorms have not been statistically significant. For extreme precipitation, there is strong evidence for a nationally averaged upward trend in the frequency and intensity of events. The causes of the observed trends have not been determined with certainty, although there is evidence that increasing atmospheric water vapor may be one factor. For hurricanes and typhoons, robust detection of trends in Atlantic and western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) activity is significantly constrained by data heterogeneity and deficient quantification of internal variability. Attribution of past TC changes is further challenged by a lack of consensus on the physical link- ages between climate forcing and TC activity. As a result, attribution of trends to anthropogenic forcing remains controversial. For severe snowstorms and ice storms, the number of severe regional snowstorms that occurred since 1960 was more than twice that of the preceding 60 years. There are no significant multidecadal trends in the areal percentage of the contiguous United States impacted by extreme seasonal snowfall amounts since 1900. There is no distinguishable trend in the frequency of ice storms for the United States as a whole since 1950.
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Molina, Maria J., e John T. Allen. "On the Moisture Origins of Tornadic Thunderstorms". Journal of Climate 32, n.º 14 (21 de junho de 2019): 4321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0784.1.
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Abstract Tornadic thunderstorms rely on the availability of sufficient low-level moisture, but the source regions of that moisture have not been explicitly demarcated. Using the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory HYSPLIT model and a Lagrangian-based diagnostic, moisture attribution was conducted to identify the moisture source regions of tornadic convection. This study reveals a seasonal cycle in the origins and advection patterns of water vapor contributing to winter and spring tornado-producing storms (1981–2017). The Gulf of Mexico is shown to be the predominant source of moisture during both winter and spring, making up more than 50% of all contributions. During winter, substantial moisture contributions for tornadic convection also emanate from the western Caribbean Sea (>19%) and North Atlantic Ocean (>12%). During late spring, land areas (e.g., soil and vegetation) of the contiguous United States (CONUS) play a more influential role (>24%). Moisture attribution was also conducted for nontornadic cases and tornado outbreaks. Findings show that moisture sources of nontornadic events are more proximal to the CONUS than moisture sources of tornado outbreaks. Oceanic influences on the water vapor content of air parcels were also explored to determine if they can increase the likelihood of an air mass attaining moisture that will eventually contribute to severe thunderstorms. Warmer sea surface temperatures were generally found to enhance evaporative fluxes of overlying air parcels. The influence of atmospheric features on synoptic-scale moisture advection was also analyzed; stronger extratropical cyclones and Great Plains low-level jet occurrences lead to increased meridional moisture flux.
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Holle, Ronald L. "Diurnal Variations of NLDN-Reported Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in the United States". Monthly Weather Review 142, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2014): 1037–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00121.1.
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Abstract National maps of cloud-to-ground lightning flash density (in flashes per square kilometer per year) for one or more years have been produced since the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) was first deployed across the contiguous United States in 1989. However, no single publication includes maps of cloud-to-ground flash density across the domain and adjacent areas during the entire diurnal cycle. Cloud-to-ground lightning has strong and variable diurnal changes across the United States that should be taken into account for outdoor lightning-vulnerable activities, particularly those involving human safety. For this study, NLDN cloud-to-ground flash data were compiled in 20 km by 20 km grid squares from 2005 to 2012 for the lower 48 states. A unique feature of this study is that maps were prepared to coincide with local time, not time zones. NLDN flashes were assigned to 2-h time periods in 5° longitude bands. Composite maps of the 2-h periods with the most lightning in each grid square were also prepared. The afternoon from 1200 to 1800 local mean time provides two-thirds of the day’s lightning. However, lightning activity starts before noon over western mountains and onshore along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. These areas are where recurring lightning-vulnerable recreation and workplace activities should expect the threat at these times, rather than view them as an anomaly. An additional result of the study is the midday beginning of lightning over the higher terrain of the western states, then the maximum activity moves steadily eastward. These storms pose a threat to late-afternoon and evening recreation. In some Midwest and plains locations, lightning is most frequent after midnight.
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Humphreys, William F. "Rising from Down Under: developments in subterranean biodiversity in Australia from a groundwater fauna perspective". Invertebrate Systematics 22, n.º 2 (2008): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is07016.
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Over the last two decades, Australia has undergone a renaissance in studies of subterranean biology. This paper sets these recent developments into context from the perspective of groundwater fauna. Owing to its obligate subterranean life, typical local endemicity and the geological persistence of subterranean habitats, stygofauna is an excellent subject for biogeographic study. Groundwater containing diverse faunas range from freshwater to marine salinities in both coastal and continental locations. They occur in typical karst, alluvial, and fractured rock aquifers, but also in novel matrices formed during the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater (goethite pisolites and groundwater calcretes) in the Tertiary. This range of habitats, water quality and the diverse origins of the fauna (Gondwanan, Pangaean and Tethys) support a phylogenetically highly diverse fauna. Several taxa, notably among the Podocopida, Bathynellacea, Amphipoda, and Dytiscidae show remarkable species diversity. Typically there is fine spatial scale endemicity of species associated with local aquifers, but there are inexplicable regional differences, such as the change of fauna between the Yilgarn and Pilbara, contiguous areas on the long emergent Western Shield. The anchialine taxa representing higher taxa are highly disjunct from their congeners in the North Atlantic. The emerging species richness, the fine scale patchwork of endemicity, and the distinct regional differences, respectively, contribute to a substantial increase in α, β and γ diversity of the aquatic fauna, especially in arid Australia. This diversity is posing challenging issues for proponents and regulators of mineral development because much of this diversity has emerged in the two most mineraliferous provinces of Australia. The scientific capacity to respond is challenged by the sheer scale of the emerging issues.
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Jones, Charles, e Jimy Dudhia. "Potential Predictability during a Madden–Julian Oscillation Event". Journal of Climate 30, n.º 14 (julho de 2017): 5345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0634.1.
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The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is an important source of predictability. The boreal 2004/05 winter is used as a case study to conduct predictability experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. That winter season was characterized by an MJO event, weak El Niño, strong North Atlantic Oscillation, and extremely wet conditions over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The issues investigated are as follows: 1) growth of forecast errors in the tropics relative to the extratropics, 2) propagation of forecast errors from the tropics to the extratropics, 3) forecast error growth on spatial scales associated with MJO and non-MJO variability, and 4) the relative importance of MJO and non-MJO tropical variability on predictability of precipitation over CONUS. Root-mean-square errors in forecasts of normalized eddy kinetic energy (NEKE) (200 hPa) show that errors in initial conditions in the tropics grow faster than in the extratropics. Potential predictability extends out to about 4 days in the tropics and 9 days in the extratropics. Forecast errors in the tropics quickly propagate to the extratropics, as demonstrated by experiments in which initial conditions are only perturbed in the tropics. Forecast errors in NEKE (200 hPa) on scales related to the MJO grow slower than in non-MJO variability over localized areas in the tropics and short lead times. Potential predictability of precipitation extends to 1–5 days over most of CONUS but to longer leads (7–12 days) over regions with orographic precipitation in California. Errors in initial conditions on small scales relative to the MJO quickly grow, propagate to the extratropics, and degrade forecast skill of precipitation.
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Ramos, Alexandre M., Pedro M. Sousa, Emanuel Dutra e Ricardo M. Trigo. "Predictive skill for atmospheric rivers in the western Iberian Peninsula". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, n.º 3 (30 de março de 2020): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-877-2020.
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Abstract. A large fraction of extreme precipitation and flood events across western Europe are triggered by atmospheric rivers (ARs). The association between ARs and extreme precipitation days over the Iberian Peninsula has been well documented for western river basins. Since ARs are often associated with high impact weather, it is important to study their medium-range predictability. Here we perform such an assessment using the ECMWF ensemble forecasts up to 15 d for events where ARs made landfall in the western Iberian Peninsula during the winters spanning between 2012–2013 and 2015–2016. Vertically integrated horizontal water vapor transport (IVT) and precipitation from the 51 ensemble members of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) ensemble (ENS) were processed over a domain including western Europe and the contiguous North Atlantic Ocean. Metrics concerning AR location, intensity, and orientation were computed, in order to compare the predictive skill (for different prediction lead times) of IVT and precipitation. We considered several regional boxes over western Iberia, where the presence of ARs is detected in analysis/forecasts, enabling the construction of contingency tables and probabilistic evaluation for further objective verification of forecast accuracy. Our results indicate that the ensemble forecasts have skill in detecting upcoming AR events, which can be particularly useful to better predict potential hydrometeorological extremes. We also characterized how the ENS dispersion and confidence curves change with increasing forecast lead times for each sub-domain. The probabilistic evaluation, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, shows that for short lead times precipitation forecasts are more accurate than IVT forecasts, while for longer lead times this reverses (∼10 d). Furthermore, we show that this reversal occurs for shorter lead times in areas where the AR contribution is more relevant for winter precipitation totals (e.g., northwestern Iberia).
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Stepka, Thiago Floriani, Samuel Mariani, Geórgia Levorse Oliveira, Murilo Rosa Frederico, Luciano Cavalcante de Jesus França, Dirceu Lúcio Carneiro de Miranda, Vagner Alex Pesck, Tiago Monteiro Condé e Gerson dos Santos Lisboa. "Allied species with Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. in a High Montane Araucaria Forest Remnant, in Southern Brazil". TreeDimensional 11, n.º 35 (1 de dezembro de 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55746/treed.2023.11.035.
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The Araucaria Forest in highlands is an environment characteristic of regions with altitudes greater than 1200 above sea level, in southern Brazil. The species that occur in this place are adapted to conditions of low temperatures and high humidity, where the presence of Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., a tree-sized pteridophyte with expressive importance value in many remnants. This research aimed to identify the associations of this species in a remnant of Araucaria Forest in the mountain region of Santa Catarina. The site was inventoried with permanent plots of fixed area of 200 m², which were systematically and contiguously distributed in 3 transects following the slope gradient of the terrain (1411 to 1940 m). The surveys evaluated the scientific name, geographic coordinates and DBH, with an inclusion limit of 5 cm for each individual. Subsequently, 14 individuals of D. sellowiana were randomly selected and used as a reference to the center of the sampling units of Prodan method, than the six closest trees were measured, identified and measured the distance from the center of the unit sampling to the sixth tree (R6) to determine its area. As the measurements of the permanent plots contain the geographic coordinates of all trees, the selection of Prodan sampling units and the collection of data (R6, N.ha-1, G.ha-1) were performed using ArcGis Software. The average basal area value was 69.5 m².ha-1 and the average density was 1628 ind.ha-1, values compatible with those obtained in the permanent plots (69.4 m².ha-1 and 1630 ind.ha-1 respectively), obtaining sample sufficiency by the collector curve. Dicksonia sellowiana showed association with 14 species, being inserted in characteristic environments with less sun exposure, slopes and presence of watercourses, generating an environment with low floristic diversity, however, with a high degree of endemism in the Atlantic Forest.
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Krebs, John W., Tara W. Strine, Jean S. Smith, Donald L. Noah, Charles E. Rupprecht e James E. Childs. "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1995". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, n.º 12 (15 de dezembro de 1996): 2031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.12.2031.
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Summary In 1995, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,877 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (7,247 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (630 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 4.2% from that of 1994 (8,230 cases). Most of the decline was the result of 17.1% fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons in areas of the Northeast, where rabies is now enzootic rather than epizootic. Exceptions to this decline were detected in states where the virus has only recently entered raccoon populations or where ongoing epizootics persist. States experiencing increasing epizootic activity associated with this variant include Maine (3 cases in 1993 to 101 cases in 1995), North Carolina (9 cases in 1990 to 466 cases in 1995), Rhode Island (1 case in 1993 to 324 cases in 1995), and Vermont (45 cases in 1993 to 179 cases in 1995). The raccoon variant of the rabies virus is now present in Alabama, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and all Atlantic Seaboard states from Florida to Maine. In Ohio, this variant, last detected in 1992 as a single case, was again detected in 1996. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants continue, with this state reporting 137 rabid foxes, 55 rabid dogs, and 80 of the 83 cases in coyotes during 1995. The number of rabid bats (787) increased by almost 25%, with cases reported by 47 of the 48 contiguous states. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in cattle (136) and cats (288) increased by 22.5 and 7.9%, respectively, whereas cases in dogs (146) decreased by 4.6%. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. The cases of rabies reported in human beings were all caused by viral variants associated with bats. Eighteen states and Puerto Rico reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1995, compared with 28 states and the District of Columbia in 1994. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1995.
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Chan, E., e R. J. Vet. "Baseline levels and trends of ground level ozone in Canada and the United States". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 18 (16 de setembro de 2010): 8629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8629-2010.
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Abstract. A statistical method was developed to extract baseline levels of ground level ozone in Canada and the US, and to quantify the temporal changes of baseline ozone levels on annual, seasonal, diurnal and decadal scales for the period 1997 to 2006 based on ground-level observations from 97 non-urban monitoring sites. Baseline ozone is defined here as ozone measured at a given site in the absence of strong local influences. The quantification of baseline levels involved using a Principal Component Analyses (PCA) to derive groups of commonly-varying sites in contiguous regions by season, followed by using backward air parcel trajectories to systematically select ozone mixing ratios associated with the baseline condition in each of the PCA-derived regions. Decadal trends were estimated by season for each of the regions using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Baseline ozone mixing ratios determined by this method were found to vary geographically and seasonally. For the 1997–2006 period, baseline mixing ratios were calculated for annual and seasonal periods in seven regions of North America based on multi-site multi-year averages of the baseline data sets. The annual average (±1 standard deviation) baseline mixing ratios for the regions are as follows: Continental Eastern Canada=30±9 ppb, Continental Eastern US=30±10 ppb, Coastal Eastern Canada=27±9 ppb, Coastal Western Canada=19±10 ppb; Coastal Western US=39±10 ppb, Continental Western Canada=28±10 ppb and Continental Western US=46±7 ppb. Trends in the baseline mixing ratios were also found to vary by season and by geographical region. On a decadal scale, increasing baseline ozone trends (temperature-adjusted) were observed in all seasons along the Pacific coasts of Canada and the US, although the trends in California were not statistically significant. In the coastal zone of Pacific Canada, positive trends were found with a rate of increase of 0.28±0.26, 0.72±0.55, and 0.93±0.41 ppb/a in spring (MAM), summer (JJA) and winter (DJF), respectively. In the Atlantic coastal region, the trends were also positive in 3 of the 4 seasons (but only significantly so in MAM). In the high ozone precursor emission areas of the Eastern United States, decadal trends in baseline ozone are, in general, negative in the spring, summer and fall and appear to be controlled by the strong within-region changes induced by decreasing ozone precursor emissions.
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Shah, Viral, Daniel J. Jacob, Ruijun Dang, Lok N. Lamsal, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, K. Folkert Boersma et al. "Nitrogen oxides in the free troposphere: implications for tropospheric oxidants and the interpretation of satellite NO2 measurements". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, n.º 2 (24 de janeiro de 2023): 1227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1227-2023.
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Abstract. Satellite-based retrievals of tropospheric NO2 columns are widely used to infer NOx (≡ NO + NO2) emissions. These retrievals rely on model information for the vertical distribution of NO2. The free tropospheric background above 2 km is particularly important because the sensitivity of the retrievals increases with altitude. Free tropospheric NOx also has a strong effect on tropospheric OH and ozone concentrations. Here we use observations from three aircraft campaigns (SEAC4RS, DC3, and ATom) and four atmospheric chemistry models (GEOS-Chem, GMI, TM5, and CAMS) to evaluate the model capabilities for simulating NOx in the free troposphere and attribute it to sources. NO2 measurements during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) and Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) campaigns over the southeastern U.S. in summer show increasing concentrations in the upper troposphere above 10 km, which are not replicated by the GEOS-Chem, although the model is consistent with the NO measurements. Using concurrent NO, NO2, and ozone observations from a DC3 flight in a thunderstorm outflow, we show that the NO2 measurements in the upper troposphere are biased high, plausibly due to interference from thermally labile NO2 reservoirs such as peroxynitric acid (HNO4) and methyl peroxy nitrate (MPN). We find that NO2 concentrations calculated from the NO measurements and NO–NO2 photochemical steady state (PSS) are more reliable to evaluate the vertical profiles of NO2 in models. GEOS-Chem reproduces the shape of the PSS-inferred NO2 profiles throughout the troposphere for SEAC4RS and DC3 but overestimates NO2 concentrations by about a factor of 2. The model underestimates MPN and alkyl nitrate concentrations, suggesting missing organic NOx chemistry. On the other hand, the standard GEOS-Chem model underestimates NO observations from the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) campaigns over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, indicating a missing NOx source over the oceans. We find that we can account for this missing source by including in the model the photolysis of particulate nitrate on sea salt aerosols at rates inferred from laboratory studies and field observations of nitrous acid (HONO) over the Atlantic. The median PSS-inferred tropospheric NO2 column density for the ATom campaign is 1.7 ± 0.44 × 1014 molec. cm−2, and the NO2 column density simulated by the four models is in the range of 1.4–2.4 × 1014 molec. cm−2, implying that the uncertainty from using modeled NO2 tropospheric columns over clean areas in the retrievals for stratosphere–troposphere separation is about 1 × 1014 molec. cm−2. We find from GEOS-Chem that lightning is the main primary NOx source in the free troposphere over the tropics and southern midlatitudes, but aircraft emissions dominate at northern midlatitudes in winter and in summer over the oceans. Particulate nitrate photolysis increases ozone concentrations by up to 5 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) in the free troposphere in the northern extratropics in the model, which would largely correct the low model bias relative to ozonesonde observations. Global tropospheric OH concentrations increase by 19 %. The contribution of the free tropospheric background to the tropospheric NO2 columns observed by satellites over the contiguous U.S. increases from 25 ± 11 % in winter to 65 ± 9 % in summer, according to the GEOS-Chem vertical profiles. This needs to be accounted for when deriving NOx emissions from satellite NO2 column measurements.
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Boyer, Tim, Ellen Bartow-Gillies, A. Abida, Melanie Ades, Robert Adler, Susheel Adusumilli, W. Agyakwah et al. "Introduction". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 104, n.º 9 (setembro de 2023): S1—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2023bamsstateoftheclimate_intro.1.
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Abstract —J. BLUNDEN, T. BOYER, AND E. BARTOW-GILLIES Earth’s global climate system is vast, complex, and intricately interrelated. Many areas are influenced by global-scale phenomena, including the “triple dip” La Niña conditions that prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean nearly continuously from mid-2020 through all of 2022; by regional phenomena such as the positive winter and summer North Atlantic Oscillation that impacted weather in parts the Northern Hemisphere and the negative Indian Ocean dipole that impacted weather in parts of the Southern Hemisphere; and by more localized systems such as high-pressure heat domes that caused extreme heat in different areas of the world. Underlying all these natural short-term variabilities are long-term climate trends due to continuous increases since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases. In 2022, the annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 417.1±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. Global mean tropospheric methane abundance was 165% higher than its pre-industrial level, and nitrous oxide was 24% higher. All three gases set new record-high atmospheric concentration levels in 2022. Sea-surface temperature patterns in the tropical Pacific characteristic of La Niña and attendant atmospheric patterns tend to mitigate atmospheric heat gain at the global scale, but the annual global surface temperature across land and oceans was still among the six highest in records dating as far back as the mid-1800s. It was the warmest La Niña year on record. Many areas observed record or near-record heat. Europe as a whole observed its second-warmest year on record, with sixteen individual countries observing record warmth at the national scale. Records were shattered across the continent during the summer months as heatwaves plagued the region. On 18 July, 104 stations in France broke their all-time records. One day later, England recorded a temperature of 40°C for the first time ever. China experienced its second-warmest year and warmest summer on record. In the Southern Hemisphere, the average temperature across New Zealand reached a record high for the second year in a row. While Australia’s annual temperature was slightly below the 1991–2020 average, Onslow Airport in Western Australia reached 50.7°C on 13 January, equaling Australia's highest temperature on record. While fewer in number and locations than record-high temperatures, record cold was also observed during the year. Southern Africa had its coldest August on record, with minimum temperatures as much as 5°C below normal over Angola, western Zambia, and northern Namibia. Cold outbreaks in the first half of December led to many record-low daily minimum temperature records in eastern Australia. The effects of rising temperatures and extreme heat were apparent across the Northern Hemisphere, where snow-cover extent by June 2022 was the third smallest in the 56-year record, and the seasonal duration of lake ice cover was the fourth shortest since 1980. More frequent and intense heatwaves contributed to the second-greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Glaciers in the Swiss Alps lost a record 6% of their volume. In South America, the combination of drought and heat left many central Andean glaciers snow free by mid-summer in early 2022; glacial ice has a much lower albedo than snow, leading to accelerated heating of the glacier. Across the global cryosphere, permafrost temperatures continued to reach record highs at many high-latitude and mountain locations. In the high northern latitudes, the annual surface-air temperature across the Arctic was the fifth highest in the 123-year record. The seasonal Arctic minimum sea-ice extent, typically reached in September, was the 11th-smallest in the 43-year record; however, the amount of multiyear ice—ice that survives at least one summer melt season—remaining in the Arctic continued to decline. Since 2012, the Arctic has been nearly devoid of ice more than four years old. In Antarctica, an unusually large amount of snow and ice fell over the continent in 2022 due to several landfalling atmospheric rivers, which contributed to the highest annual surface mass balance, 15% to 16% above the 1991–2020 normal, since the start of two reanalyses records dating to 1980. It was the second-warmest year on record for all five of the long-term staffed weather stations on the Antarctic Peninsula. In East Antarctica, a heatwave event led to a new all-time record-high temperature of −9.4°C—44°C above the March average—on 18 March at Dome C. This was followed by the collapse of the critically unstable Conger Ice Shelf. More than 100 daily low sea-ice extent and sea-ice area records were set in 2022, including two new all-time annual record lows in net sea-ice extent and area in February. Across the world’s oceans, global mean sea level was record high for the 11th consecutive year, reaching 101.2 mm above the 1993 average when satellite altimetry measurements began, an increase of 3.3±0.7 over 2021. Globally-averaged ocean heat content was also record high in 2022, while the global sea-surface temperature was the sixth highest on record, equal with 2018. Approximately 58% of the ocean surface experienced at least one marine heatwave in 2022. In the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand’s longest continuous marine heatwave was recorded. A total of 85 named tropical storms were observed during the Northern and Southern Hemisphere storm seasons, close to the 1991–2020 average of 87. There were three Category 5 tropical cyclones across the globe—two in the western North Pacific and one in the North Atlantic. This was the fewest Category 5 storms globally since 2017. Globally, the accumulated cyclone energy was the lowest since reliable records began in 1981. Regardless, some storms caused massive damage. In the North Atlantic, Hurricane Fiona became the most intense and most destructive tropical or post-tropical cyclone in Atlantic Canada’s history, while major Hurricane Ian killed more than 100 people and became the third costliest disaster in the United States, causing damage estimated at $113 billion U.S. dollars. In the South Indian Ocean, Tropical Cyclone Batsirai dropped 2044 mm of rain at Commerson Crater in Réunion. The storm also impacted Madagascar, where 121 fatalities were reported. As is typical, some areas around the world were notably dry in 2022 and some were notably wet. In August, record high areas of land across the globe (6.2%) were experiencing extreme drought. Overall, 29% of land experienced moderate or worse categories of drought during the year. The largest drought footprint in the contiguous United States since 2012 (63%) was observed in late October. The record-breaking megadrought of central Chile continued in its 13th consecutive year, and 80-year record-low river levels in northern Argentina and Paraguay disrupted fluvial transport. In China, the Yangtze River reached record-low values. Much of equatorial eastern Africa had five consecutive below-normal rainy seasons by the end of 2022, with some areas receiving record-low precipitation totals for the year. This ongoing 2.5-year drought is the most extensive and persistent drought event in decades, and led to crop failure, millions of livestock deaths, water scarcity, and inflated prices for staple food items. In South Asia, Pakistan received around three times its normal volume of monsoon precipitation in August, with some regions receiving up to eight times their expected monthly totals. Resulting floods affected over 30 million people, caused over 1700 fatalities, led to major crop and property losses, and was recorded as one of the world’s costliest natural disasters of all time. Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Petrópolis received 530 mm in 24 hours on 15 February, about 2.5 times the monthly February average, leading to the worst disaster in the city since 1931 with over 230 fatalities. On 14–15 January, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano in the South Pacific erupted multiple times. The injection of water into the atmosphere was unprecedented in both magnitude—far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year satellite record—and altitude as it penetrated into the mesosphere. The amount of water injected into the stratosphere is estimated to be 146±5 Terragrams, or ∼10% of the total amount in the stratosphere. It may take several years for the water plume to dissipate, and it is currently unknown whether this eruption will have any long-term climate effect.
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McDill, Marc E., Stephanie A. Rebain e Janis Braze. "Harvest Scheduling with Area-Based Adjacency Constraints". Forest Science 48, n.º 4 (1 de novembro de 2002): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.4.631.
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Abstract Adjacency constraints in harvest scheduling models prevent the harvest of adjacent management units within a given time period. Two mixed integer linear programming (MILP) harvest scheduling formulations are presented that include adjacency constraints, yet allow the simultaneous harvest of groups of contiguous management units whose combined areas are less than some predefined limit. These models are termed Area Restriction Models, or ARMs, following Murray (1999). The first approach, the Path Algorithm, generates a set of constraints that prevent concurrent harvesting of groups of contiguous stands only when the combined area of a group exceeds the harvest area restriction. The second approach defines the set of Generalized Management Units (GMUs) that consist of groups of contiguous management units whose combined areas do not exceed the maximum harvest area limit. This formulation of the model can recognize direct cost savings—such as sale administration costs or harvest costs—or higher stumpage prices that may be realized by jointly managing stands. Example problems are formulated and solved using both ARM approaches and compared with models that restrict concurrent harvests on all adjacent units, regardless of area [termed Unit Restriction Models, or URMs, again following Murray (1999)]. The ARM formulations usually result in larger models and take longer to solve, but allow for higher objective function values than otherwise similar URM formulations. While the proposed ARM approaches should be applicable to more general problems, the examples are constructed so that the largest number of contiguous stands that can be harvested jointly is three. Strategies for reducing the size of the ARM formulations are discussed and tested. FOR. SCI. 48(4):631–642.
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Markowska, Anna. "Using Area Cartograms in Teaching Geography in Secondary Schools". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15 de julho de 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-240-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> An area cartogram is one of the cartographic presentation forms. It is a unique way of presenting statistical data, in which the surface of the individual spatial units is proportional to the value of the phenomenon. Due to its specificity, the area cartogram is an interesting way of graphical representation of phenomena, in particular, the demographic and economic problems of the world.</p><p>In my research, I discuss an empirical study that I have conducted among pupils of the secondary school in Poland. On the basis of the list of advantages and disadvantages of area cartograms collected by B.D. Denta (1999), I assumed that contiguous area cartograms seem to be more useful in teaching in the secondary schools than non-contiguous cartograms. I compared the three types of contiguous area cartograms (preserving the spatial continuity of the presentation, having no gaps between neighboring units &ndash; Figure 1): square cartograms, mosaic cartograms and diffusion-based cartograms (Gastner-Newman algorithm).</p>
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Hansbauer, Miriam M., Ilse Storch, Rafael G. Pimentel e Jean Paul Metzger. "Comparative range use by three Atlantic Forest understorey bird species in relation to forest fragmentation". Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, n.º 3 (maio de 2008): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005002.
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Abstract:In this paper, we report on range use patterns of birds in relation to tropical forest fragmentation. Between 2003 and 2005, three understorey passerine species were radio-tracked in five locations of a fragmented and in two locations of a contiguous forest landscape on the Atlantic Plateau of São Paulo in south-eastern Brazil. Standardized ten-day home ranges of 55 individuals were used to determine influences of landscape pattern, season, species, sex and age. In addition, total observed home ranges of 76 individuals were reported as minimum measures of spatial requirements of the species. Further, seasonal home ranges of recaptured individuals were compared to examine site fidelity.Chiroxiphia caudata, but notPyriglena leucopteraorSclerurus scansor, used home ranges more than twice as large in the fragmented versus contiguous forest. Home range sizes ofC. caudatadiffered in relation to sex, age, breeding status and season. Seasonal home ranges greatly overlapped in bothC. caudataand inS. scansor. Our results suggest that one response by some forest bird species to habitat fragmentation entails enlarging their home ranges to include several habitat fragments, whereas more habitat-sensitive species remain restricted to larger forest patches.
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Reddy, P. Jyoteeshkumar, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick e Jason J. Sharples. "Interactive influence of ENSO and IOD on contiguous heatwaves in Australia". Environmental Research Letters 17, n.º 1 (21 de dezembro de 2021): 014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3e9a.
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Abstract Australian heatwaves have a significant impact on society. Most previous studies focus on understanding them in terms of frequency, duration, intensity, and timing. However, understanding the spatial characteristics of heatwaves, particularly those occurring in contiguous regions at the same time (here referred to as contiguous heatwaves), is still largely unexplored. Here, we analyse changes in spatial characteristics of contiguous heatwaves in Australia during 1958–2020 using observational data. Our results show that extremely large contiguous heatwaves are covering significantly larger areas and getting significantly longer during the recent period (1989/90–2019/20) compared to the historical period (1958/59–1988/89). We also investigated the association of contiguous heatwaves in Australia with interactions of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) using a large multi-member ensemble of a physical climate model. We found that areal magnitude, total area, median duration, and maximum area of large and extremely large contiguous heatwaves in Australia are significantly higher (lower) during the strong El Niño (Es), strong El Niño co-occurring with strong IOD positive (Es-IPs), and with moderate IOD positive (Es-IPm) (co-occurring strong La Niña with the strong IOD negative (Ls-INs)) seasons relative to the neutral seasons (where both ENSO and IOD are in neutral phase). During the Es, Es-IPm, and Es-IPs seasons, the large-scale physical mechanisms are characterised by anticyclonic highs over the southeast and cyclonic lows over the northwest of Australia, favouring the occurrence and intensification of heatwaves in Australia. These results provide insights into the driving mechanisms of contiguous heatwaves in Australia.
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Jackel, Charles B. "Using ArcView to Create Contiguous and Noncontiguous Area Cartograms". Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 24, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1997): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304097782439312.
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FISCHER, ERICH, e FLAVIO A. M. DOS SANTOS. "Demography, phenology and sex of Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) trees in the Atlantic forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, n.º 6 (novembro de 2001): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001675.
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Further studies on growth and reproduction of many tree species are needed to know the regeneration patterns of tropical forests (Clark & Clark 1987, Heideman 1989). Thus, the need for studies on the c. 3% of Atlantic forest that remains in Brazil is acute, particularly in the rarely studied swamp habitats (Scarano et al. 1997). We studied the canopy tree species Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae) in flooded and unflooded habitats of a coastal lowland rain forest, in order to describe demography, sexual expression, phenology and flower and fruit production. We report the differences of such traits among three contiguous habitats found in the lowlands - unflooded forest, freshwater-flooded forest and mangrove.
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Imedashvili, Nino, e David S. Siroky. "“Tit-for-Tat:” Understanding Russia – NATO Interactions in Eastern Europe". Caucasus Survey 11, n.º 2-3 (15 de setembro de 2023): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10015.
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Abstract This article analyzes North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – Russia dynamics in Eastern Europe, focusing on the competition for influence in Georgia and Montenegro with comparisons to Moldova and Ukraine. Whereas all four countries have expressed a desire to join NATO – and Russia has consistently communicated its disapproval – Moscow has pursued divergent means to curb NATO expansion and escalated with tit-for-tat strategies. We argue that whether Russia deployed military strategies, economic levers, political tactics or covert actions has varied according to its relative power projection capacity along with the responses of NATO and the target countries. Where power projection capacity is greater due to its contiguous geography (Georgia, Ukraine), Russia staged military interventions, and where it was weaker, in non-contiguous countries (Montenegro, Moldova), it resorted to non-military means. Russia may be uniformly opposed to NATO expansion, but its strategies to keep its neighbours out of NATO and in Russia’s orbit are contingent upon its relative power.
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Stavely, J. R., e J. Steinke. "BARC-Rust Resistant −2, −3, −4, and −5 Snap Bean Germplasm". HortScience 20, n.º 4 (agosto de 1985): 779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.4.779.
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Abstract Rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger [ = U. phaseoli (Reben) Wint.], is a major disease of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) throughout most of the world (7). Severe epidemics can cause as much as 80% to 100% crop loss. This disease often occurs in severe epidemics on snap beans in the humid Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States (1, 5). Fungicides are commonly used to reduce losses. Over 150 pathogenic races of U. appendiculatus have been identified worldwide, including 55 from the contiguous United States (4).
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Wolff, J. K., e R. D. Sharman. "Climatology of Upper-Level Turbulence over the Contiguous United States". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2008): 2198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1799.1.
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Abstract Climatologies of the regional, seasonal, and temporal distributions of upper-level (18 000–60 000-ft MSL) turbulence over the contiguous United States (CONUS) are constructed using pilot reports (PIREPs) of aircraft turbulence encounters. The PIREP database used contains over two million entries, and encompasses 12 complete years of data, from January 1994 through December 2005. In spite of known variability in pilot reporting practices, it was found that PIREPs are very consistent among themselves for the null and moderate-or-greater (MOG) intensity categories. Air traffic pattern biases were accounted for by considering only statistics of MOG/total report ratios. Over the CONUS, regional maxima are evident in MOG/total ratios over mountainous regions in the west, over the south and southeast, and over the North Atlantic seaboard. Some additional investigations are presented to help to identify possible origins of the turbulence using a smaller time interval of PIREPs in comparison with archived 20-km Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) NWP model analyses, satellite and radar-based cloud-top and cloud-base analyses, and lightning flash data, as well as topography statistics.
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Shu, Evelyn G., Mariah Pope, Bradley Wilson, Mark Bauer, Mike Amodeo, Neil Freeman e Jeremy R. Porter. "Assessing Property Exposure to Cyclonic Winds under Climate Change". Climate 11, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2023): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11110217.
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Properties in the United States face increasing exposure to tropical storm-level winds due to climate change. Driving this increasing risk are severe hurricanes that are more likely to occur when hurricanes form in the future and the northward shift of Atlantic-formed hurricanes, increasing the estimated exposure of buildings and infrastructure to damaging winds. The wind model presented here combines open data and science by utilizing high-resolution topography, computer-modeled hurricane tracks, and property data to create hyper-local tropical cyclone wind exposure information for the Contiguous United States (CONUS) from current time to 2053 under RCP 4.5. This allows for a detailed evaluation of probable wind speeds by several return periods, probabilities of cyclonic thresholds being reached or surpassed, and a comparison of this cyclone-level wind exposure between the current year and 30 years into the future under climatic changes. The results of this research reveal extensive exposure along the Gulf and Southeastern Atlantic Coasts, with significant growing exposure in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the country.
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Díaz-Santana, Pablo, Antonio Fernández, Josue Díaz-Delgado, Ana Isabel Vela, Lucas Domínguez, Cristian Suárez-Santana, Raquel Puig-Lozano, Carolina Fernández-Maldonado, Eva Sierra e Manuel Arbelo. "Nocardiosis in Free-Ranging Cetaceans from the Central-Eastern Atlantic Ocean and Contiguous Mediterranean Sea". Animals 12, n.º 4 (11 de fevereiro de 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040434.
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We report the pathologic features of nocardiosis in five free-ranging delphinids from the Canary Islands and Andalusia, namely four striped dolphins (Stenella coerulealba) and one bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). All animals had a multiorgan (disseminated) pattern of infection involving suppurative to pyogranulomatous and thromboembolic lesions in two or more organs. Most affected organs were (by decreasing order) lung, pulmonary lymph nodes, liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and central nervous system. Typical intralesional and intravascular branched and filamentous bacteria were highlighted by Grocott’s methenamine silver and Gram stains. Bacterial analysis including 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified Nocardia farcinica in two striped dolphins and Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in one striped dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin. All dolphins tested (n = 4) for cetacean morbillivirus were negative; one dolphin had concurrent cutaneous herpesvirosis. These results provide the first record of N. otitidiscaviarum in cetaceans, the first account of N. farcinica in free-ranging dolphins, and confirmation of nocardiosis in central eastern Atlantic Ocean. These results expand the known geographic range of nocardiosis in cetaceans.