Bibliografias temáticas / Alleles

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Alleles"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021
Última modificação: 5 de março de 2023

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Alleles"

1

Tarr, Phillip I., Laura M. Schoening, Yoo-Lee Yea, Teresa R. Ward, Srdjan Jelacic e Thomas S. Whittam. "Acquisition of the rfb-gnd Cluster in Evolution of Escherichia coli O55 and O157". Journal of Bacteriology 182, n.º 21 (1 de novembro de 2000): 6183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.21.6183-6191.2000.

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ABSTRACT The rfb region specifies the structure of lipopolysaccharide side chains that comprise the diverse gram-negative bacterial somatic (O) antigens. The rfb locus is adjacent to gnd, which is a polymorphic gene encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. To determine if rfb andgnd cotransfer, we sequenced gnd in five O55 and 13 O157 strains of Escherichia coli. E. coli O157:H7 has a gnd allele (allele A) that is only 82% identical to the gnd allele (alleleD) of closely related E. coli O55:H7. In contrast, gnd alleles of E. coli O55 in distant lineages are >99.9% identical to gnd alleleD. Though gnd alleles B andC in E. coli O157 that are distantly related toE. coli O157:H7 are more similar to allele Athan to allele D, there are nucleotide differences at 4 to 6% of their sites. Alleles B and C can be found in E. coli O157 in different lineages, but we have found allele A only in E. coli O157 belonging to the DEC5 lineage. DNA 3′ to the O55 gnd allele in diverse E. coli lineages has sequences homologous totnpA of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium IS200 element, E. coli Rhs elements (including an H-rpt gene), and portions of the O111 and O157rfb regions. We conclude that rfb andgnd cotransferred into E. coli O55 and O157 in widely separated lineages and that recombination was responsible for recent antigenic shifts in the emergence of pathogenic E. coli O55 and O157.
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Manivasakam, P., Susan M. Rosenberg e P. J. Hastings. "Poorly Repaired Mismatches in Heteroduplex DNA are Hyper-Recombinagenic in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Genetics 142, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1996): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/142.2.407.

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Abstract In yeast meiotic recombination, alleles used as genetic markers fall into two classes as regards their fate when incorporated into heteroduplex DNA. Normal alleles are those that form heteroduplexes that are nearly always recognized and corrected by the mismatch repair system operating in meiosis. High PMS (postmeiotic segregation) alleles form heteroduplexes that are inefficiently mismatch repaired. We report that placing any of several high PMS alleles very close to normal alleles causes hyperrecombination between these markers. We propose that this hyperrecombination is caused by the high PMS allele blocking a mismatch repair tract initiated from the normal allele, thus preventing corepair of the two alleles, which would prevent formation of recombinants. The results of three point crosses involving two PMS alleles and a normal allele suggest that high PMS alleles placed between two alleles that are normally corepaired block that corepair.
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Suprovych, T., N. Suprovych, T. Karchevska, I. Chornyy e V. Chepurna. "АЛЕЛЬНИЙ ПОЛІМОРФІЗМ ГЕНА BOLA–DRB3.2 В ЗВ’ЯЗКУ З ТИПАМИ ВИВІДНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ВИМЕНІ ТА МАСТИТАМИ КОРІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЧОРНО–РЯБОЇ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПОРОДИ". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, n.º 3(71) (7 de outubro de 2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7127.

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The results comparing the two types of markers associated with susceptibility (by resistance) cows to mastitis presented in the article. Previous studies indicated 2 markers. There are allele gene BOLA–DRB3.2 and placer or magistral type of excretory ducts udder. The study was conducted by identifying spectrum allele's and types of excretory ducts udder of cows in 47 Ukrainian Black Pied dairy breed. Some of the animals (28 caw) have in the genotype «informative» alleles that indicate association with mastitis or resistance to the disease. Susceptible cows to the disease often have a placer type (half of the animals). Healthy cows have oftener magistral type of main excretory system (35.7%). With magistral type have genotype 9 cows «positive» alleles (32.1%); 11 animals with placer type have only «negative»alleles (39.3%). Comparing the presence of two types of markers in healthy and susceptible animals found two predominant choices:– healthy animals have the oftener magistral type of excretory system of the udder, and at least one allele associated with resistance to mastitis (9 cases);– in diseased animals have the oftener placer type of excretory system and at least one allele associated with susceptibility to mastitis (11 cases).The high incidence of these options indicates that there are natural connections between the type of excretory ducts udder, by alleles BoLA–DRB3.2 and mastitis.
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Searle, Susan, e Jenefer M. Blackwell. "Evidence for a functional repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the human NRAMP1 gene that correlates with autoimmune versus infectious disease susceptibility". Journal of Medical Genetics 36, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1999): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.36.4.295.

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A polymorphism in the promoter of human NRAMP1 encodes a Z-DNA forming dinucleotide repeat with four alleles: (1) t(gt)5ac(gt)5ac(gt)11g; (2) t(gt)5ac(gt)5 ac(gt)10g; (3) t(gt)5ac(gt)5ac(gt)9g; and (4) t(gt)5ac(gt)9g. Alleles 1 and 4 are rare (gene frequencies ∼0.001); alleles 2 and 3 occur at gene frequencies ∼0.20−0.25 and ∼0.75− 0.80, respectively. Here, luciferase reporter gene constructs are used to show that the four alleles differ in their ability to drive gene expression. In the absence of exogenous stimuli, alleles 1, 2, and 4 are poor promoters; allele 3 drives high expression, indicating that the repeat itself has endogenous enhancer activity. All four alleles show a similar percentage enhancement of reporter gene expression in the presence of interferon-γ, consistent with the multiple interferon-γ response elements both 5′ and 3′ of the Z-DNA forming repeat. However, while the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has no effect on alleles 1 and 4, it causes significant reduction in expression driven by allele 2 and enhances expression driven by allele 3, suggesting that the juxtaposition of LPS related response elements (NFκB, AP-1, NF-IL6) may be differentially affected by the two commonly occurring alleles. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic hyperactivation of macrophages associated with allele 3 is functionally linked to autoimmune disease susceptibility, while the poor level of NRAMP1 expression promoted by allele 2 contributes to infectious disease susceptibility. Conversely, allele 3 protects against infectious disease and allele 2 against autoimmune disease. Hence, alleles that are detrimental in relation to autoimmune disease susceptibility may be maintained in the population because they improve survival to reproductive age following infectious disease challenge.
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Mortin, M. A., W. J. Kim e J. Huang. "Antagonistic interactions between alleles of the RpII215 locus in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 119, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1988): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.4.863.

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Abstract The RpII215 locus encodes the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (polII). Three of 22 RpII215 alleles cause a synergistic enhancement of the mutant phenotype elicited by mutations in the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) locus. We have recovered and analyzed three new mutations that suppress this enhancement. All three mutations map to the RpII215 locus. In addition to suppressing the Ubx enhancement of other RpII215 alleles, two of the new mutations, JH1 and WJK2, themselves enhance Ubx. RpII215 alleles can be placed into three classes based on their ability to enhance Ubx. Class I alleles, including Ubl, C4, C11, JH1, and WJK2, enhance Ubx when heterozygous with class II alleles, which include wild-type RpII215. Class III alleles, which include amorphic alleles, do not enhance Ubx. The third new mutation, WJK1, is a conditional amorphic allele, which behaves like a class III allele at 29 degrees but like a class II allele at 19 degrees. Another mutant phenotype is caused by certain RpII215 alleles, including all class I alleles. This phenotype is a synergistic enhancement of a mutant phenotype elicited by mutations at the Delta (Dl) locus. Unlike the enhancement of Ubx, the enhancement of Dl is not dependent upon antagonistic interactions between different classes of RpII215 alleles.
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Ji, Ling, Shixiu Pan, Jacqueline Marti-Jaun, Edgar Hänseler, Katharina Rentsch e Martin Hersberger. "Single-Step Assays to Analyze CYP2D6 Gene Polymorphisms in Asians: Allele Frequencies and a Novel *14B Allele in Mainland Chinese". Clinical Chemistry 48, n.º 7 (1 de julho de 2002): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.7.983.

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Abstract Background: Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase 2D6 (CYP2D6) activity can be estimated by investigating the metabolism of model drugs or by genotyping the most common CYP2D6 alleles. For Caucasians, the CYP2D6 allele frequencies are well investigated, and single-step assays are available for genotyping, whereas allele analysis in mainland Chinese is limited. Methods: Two tetra-primer assays and one allele-specific amplification assay were developed to easily genotype the CYP2D6 alleles *8, *10, and *14 previously detected in Asians. Applying these assays in combination with established single-tube assays, we analyzed 223 DNA samples from Chinese volunteers for the CYP2D6 alleles *3, *4, *5, *6, *8, *10, and *14 and for duplication of CYP2D6. Results: Six different alleles were detected in mainland Chinese. The most frequent mutant allele was the intermediate metabolizer allele, CYP2D6*10, with a prevalence of 51.3%, followed by the poor metabolizer alleles CYP2D6*5 (7.2%) and a novel variant of CYP2D6*14. This novel *14B allele (2.0%) differs from the *14 allele by the absence of the C188T substitution and by the additional G1749C substitution. Furthermore, six duplication alleles of CYP2D6 were detected, including one duplication of the *10 allele (*10X2). Conclusions: The CYP2D6 allele frequencies in mainland Chinese shows some genetic diversity compared with Chinese from other regions: a novel *14B allele, a slightly higher frequency of the *5 allele, and a slightly lower frequency of the *10 allele than in most other Chinese populations.
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Sharma, B. S., C. P. Verschoor e N. A. Karrow. "Short Communication: Associations of BoLA alleles DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 with health-related traits in Holstein bulls". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2011): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2010-040.

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Sharma, B. S., Verschoor, C. P. and Karrow, N. A. 2011. Short communication:Associations of BoLA alleles DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 with health-related traits in Holstein bulls. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 597–600. The relationships between bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3.2 alleles and health and fertility traits were investigated. A group of 548 Canadian and American Holstein bulls was genotyped for the presence of DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 alleles using the multi-primer target polymerase chain reaction technique. The traits of interest included somatic cell score (SCS), lactation persistency, daughter fertility (DF), and herd life (HL). Higher frequencies were observed for alleles DRB3.2*16 and DRB3.2*23 in this bull population compared with previous reports. In a comparison-wise level, some significant contrasts were detected; however, no association was detected between the DRB3.2 alleles and SCS. Allele DRB3.2*16 had a favorable effect on HL compared with allele DRB3.2*23. On the other hand, these two alleles had a favorable influence on DF, additionally, individuals carrying both of these two alleles performed better than the individuals carrying either allele. Further investigation is warranted to examine the effects of these alleles on HL and reproduction performance.
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Selby, Sandra, e Phillip Posch. "TNF promoter region allele frequencies in the White population and their expression levels (34.11)". Journal of Immunology 184, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de abril de 2010): 34.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.34.11.

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Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a variety of roles in immune regulation and disease. The TNF regulatory region contains numerous SNPs some of which affect expression. We previously identified nine alleles of TNF promoter region from random samples, but allele frequencies in different populations and diversity of the gene, as well as expression levels driven by the promoter alleles are not known. The TNF promoter and gene were sequenced from 82 random healthy White individuals. Three novel promoter alleles and two novel SNPs were identified. Novel SNPs also were found in intron 1 and the 3’ UTR. Promoter allele p*001 was the most common allele (55.49%). Allele p*002 (15.85%), p*006 (14.02%) and p*003 (7.32%) also were frequent, while all other alleles were found at less than 5% frequency. Differences were noted in an initial analysis of expression levels in T cells driven by the TNF promoter alleles. Allele p*004 was significantly increased in unstimulated and PMA/ionomycin conditions when compared to allele p*001. Expression was decreased for alleles p*005, p*006, and p*008 in comparison to allele p*001 in stimulated and unstimulated conditions. Allele p*007 showed decreased expression only in unstimulated conditions, while allele p*002 showed reduced expression only under stimulated conditions. These data confirm some of the previously reported impacts of SNPs on TNF expression and suggest an impact of additional SNPs on TNF levels.
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Vässin, Harald, e Jose A. Campos-Ortega. "Genetic Analysis of Delta, a Neurogenic Gene of Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 116, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1987): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.3.433.

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ABSTRACT We report here the results of a genetic analysis of the gene Delta (Dl) of Drosophila melanogaster. Dl has been mapped to the band 92A2, on the basis of two pieces of evidence: (1) this band is the common breakpoint of several chromosomal aberrations associated with Dl mutations and (2) recombination mapping of alleles of five different lethal complementation groups that are uncovered by Df(3R)DlFX3 (breakpoints at 91F11; 92A3). Dl was found to map most distally of all five complementation groups. The analysis of a large number of Dl alleles demonstrates the considerable genetic and functional complexity of Dl. Three types of Dl alleles are distinguishable. Most alleles behave as amorphic or hypomorphic recessive embryonic lethal alleles, which in addition cause various defects in heterozygosity over the wild-type allele. The defects are due to haplo-insufficient expression of the locus and can be suppressed by a duplication of the wild-type allele. The second class is comprised of three alleles with antimorphic expression. The phenotype of these alleles can only be reduced, rather than suppressed, by a duplication of the wild-type allele. The third group is comprised of three visible, predominantly hypomorphic alleles with an antimorphic component of phenotypic expression. The pattern of interallelic complementation is complex. On the one hand, there is a group of hypomorphic, fully penetrant embryonic lethal alleles which complement each other. On the other hand, most alleles, including all amorphic alleles, are viable over the visible ones; alleles of antimorphic expression, however, are lethal over visible alleles. These results are compatible with a rather complex genetic organization of the Dl locus.
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Manga, I., e J. Dvořák. "TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for A1 and A2 alleles of the bovine CSN2 gene". Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 8 (19 de agosto de 2010): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/89/2009-cjas.

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Alleles A1 and A2 of the Bos taurus CSN2 gene are the most frequent in a number of dairy cattle breeds. In this study, a new allelic discrimination assay using TaqMan fluorogenic probes was developed to detect single nucleotide substitution characterizing the A1/A2 alleles of the CSN2 gene. The method was validated using DNA samples of known genotypes with different concentrations and the results were compared with those for the commonly used problematic ACRS-PCR. We found the TaqMan method to be more effective, 100% reliable and hundred times more sensitive for testing the CSN2 genetic marker in cattle than the ACRS-PCR. As it enabled a rapid analysis of a large number of DNA samples in uniform format without previous DNA quality assessment and without the requirement for post-amplification manipulations, it presents an effective tool for the analysis of large-scale sample sets. The method was applied for testing on a sample of 120 Czech Holstein dairy cows. The observed relative genotype and allele frequencies were as follows: A1A1–0.20, A1A2–0.51, A2A2–0.29; A1–0.45, A2–0.55.
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Alleles"

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Vekaria, Kanta Premji. "Selective crossover as an adaptive strategy for genetic algorithms". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325478.

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Ellis, Scott Anthony. "Evolutionary and functional studies of the mouse retroviral restriction gene, Fv1". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326229.

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Wall, Eileen Elizabeth. "Introgression of favourable alleles into livestock populations". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14630.

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Williams, F. "Molecular analyses of the MHC class 1 region". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269145.

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Primomo, Valerio. "Inheritance and stability of palmitic acid alleles in soybeans". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/MQ55703.pdf.

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Singh, Tejomayee. "Functionalization of cancer-associated mutant alleles of human CDC4 (FBXW7)". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45351.

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Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. This somatic cell genetic disease is characterized by progressive accumulation of mutations in multiple genes. An important characteristic of cancer cells is an increased rate of gains and losses of chromosomes, termed Chromosomal Instability (CIN). One of the frequently mutated genes in a variety of cancers is FBXW7 (F-Box and WD repeat domain-containing 7), encoding the substrate-recognition component of a ubiquitin ligase complex. Fbxw7 targets a number of oncoproteins such as, Cyclin E, c-Myc, Notch1 and Aurora A for ubiquitin mediated degradation. Inactivation of FBXW7 has been linked to CIN in cancer cell lines. The majority of cancer-associated mutations in FBXW7 are monoallelic, missense substitutions whose phenotypic effects are difficult to predict. Interestingly, most of the mutations in FBXW7 cluster at three mutational hotspots, Arg465, Arg479 and Arg505. Located at β propeller-tip, these residues are critical for interaction with the Fbxw7 substrates. This study investigates the functional consequences of the substitutions at these residues. We individually tested the functional status of the R465C, R479Q and R505C variants of FBXW7 in three colorectal cancer cell lines in an HCT116 background. These cell lines had both, one or none of the alleles of FBXW7 inactivated by homologous recombination. Our data shows that the cell lines producing R465C, R479Q or R505C variants of FBXW7 failed to degrade Cyclin E, one of the major targets of FBXW7. These cell lines also exhibited a CIN phenotype, observed as an increase in the frequency of abnormal anaphases. These results show that mutations R465C, R479Q and R505C occurring in FBXW7 cause loss of function of the protein and act as dominant negative mutations.
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Krausa, Peter. "Defining HLA-A locus alleles from DNA using ARMS-PCR". Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338340.

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Schulte, Kathleen Q. "Mutagenized HLA DNA Constructs: Tools for Validating Molecular HLA Typing Methodologies". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500888/.

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This study describes the development and validation of mutagenized cloned DNA constructs, which correspond to the polymorphic regions of the class II region of the HLA complex. The constructs were used to verify the allelic specificity of primers and probes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based HLA typing assays such as Sequence Specific Primers (SSP) and Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probes (SSOP). The constructs consisted of the entire polymorphic region of exon 2 of class II HLA allele sequences that included primer annealing sites or probe hybridization sites. An HLA allele sequence was inserted into a plasmid, cloned, then mutagenized to match a specific HLA allele, and finally, the correct clone was verified by bidirectional sequencing of the insert. Thus, the construct created a cloned reference DNA sample for any specific allele, and can be used to validate the accuracy of various molecular methodologies.
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Minchell, Nicola E. "DNA topological stress during DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/81222/.

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DNA topological stress impedes normal DNA replication. If topological stress is allowed to build up in front of the replication fork, the fork rotates to overcome the stress, leading to formation of DNA pre-catenanes. The formation of DNA pre-catenanes is therefore a marker of DNA topological stress. In this study, I have examined how transcription linked DNA topological stress impacts on fork rotation and on endogenous DNA damage. Transcription, similar to replication, affects the topology of the DNA; and collision between the two machineries is likely to lead to high levels of DNA topological stress. I found that the frequency of fork rotation during DNA replication, increases with the number of genes present on a plasmid. Interestingly, I also found that this increase in pre-catenation is dependent on the cohesin complex. Cohesin and transcription are known to be linked, as transcription leads to the translocation of cohesin along budding yeast DNA away from its loading sites. Cohesin plays a major role in establishing chromosomal structure, influencing gene expression and genetic inheritance. In this work, I have analysed the relationship between cohesin and the generation of topological stress and found that topological stress associated with cohesin can lead to DNA replication stress and DNA damage.
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Schmidt, Dennis. "Influence of MHC class II alleles on autoimmune susceptibility and resistance". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0006/MQ34993.pdf.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Alleles"

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Meksem, Khalid. The handbook of plant mutation screening: Mining of natural and induced alleles. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010.

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Logan, Angela Berti. Characterization of new alleles of PHO85, a cyclin-dependent kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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3

Currie, Krista Ann. PCR amplification of alleles at D1S80 locus: Comparative study of two Northern Ontario populations. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 2000.

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4

Walker, Elizabeth Ann. Cloning, characterization and expression in Escherichia coli of S-(self-incompatibility) alleles from Papaver rhoeas L. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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5

Comment, Bernard. Allées et venues. [Paris]: C. Bourgois, 1992.

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Kauffmann, Jean-Paul. 31, allées Damour. Paris: Berg international, 2004.

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Chaudron, Roger. Les allées du Phnom. Paris: Éditions des écrivains, 1998.

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Baudouin, Denis. Dans les allées du pouvoir. [Paris]: J.C. Lattès, 1990.

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Bellet, Maurice. Les allées du Luxembourg: Roman. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1996.

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10

Tamer, Ulkü. Alleben öyküleri. Istanbul: Can, 1991.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Alleles"

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Chung, Teresa, Yan Yan Nelly Lam e Lok Ting Lau. "Alleles". In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_925-1.

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Jaiswal, Damini. "Alleles". In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_29-1.

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Chung, Teresa, Yan Yan Nelly Lam e Lok Ting Lau. "Alleles". In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 396–400. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_925.

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Jaiswal, Damini. "Alleles". In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 176–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_29.

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Doolittle, Donald P. "Multiple Alleles". In Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences, 24–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71734-5_5.

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Sinkovics, Joseph G. "Elusive Alleles". In RNA/DNA and Cancer, 137–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22279-0_9.

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Ritvo, Ariella Riva, Fred R. Volkmar, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Trina D. Spencer, James Todd, Nurit Yirmiya, Maya Yaari et al. "Recessive Alleles". In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2529. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_101152.

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Svirezhev, Yuri M., e Vladimir P. Passekov. "Multiple Alleles". In Mathematics and Its Applications, 84–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2589-2_4.

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Hannon, Bruce, e Matthias Ruth. "Mating of Alleles". In Dynamic Modeling, 141–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0211-7_11.

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Hannon, Bruce, e Matthias Ruth. "Mating of Alleles". In Dynamic Modeling, 91–96. New York, NY: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0224-7_11.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Alleles"

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Zubanova, Yu S., V. A. Filobok, E. A. Guenkova, E. R. Davoyan, D. M. Boldakov e D. S. Mikov. "Identification of allelic combinations of the Ppd-D1, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 genes in common wheat lines obtained in the National Center of Grain named after P. P. Lukyanenko". In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-63.

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An analysis of the allelic composition of the genes determining photoperiodic sensitivity (Ppd-D1) and the need for vernalization (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1) was carried out in 286 common wheat lines obtained in the National Center of Grain named after P. P. Lukyanenko with the use of allele-specific primers. The analyzed samples were distributed over 21 haplotypes; the dominant allele of the Ppd-D1a gene prevailed in the studied material. 123 lines of common wheat carry a combination of D-RRD alleles. The lines that can be attributed to the group of alternate wheat (R-RDR, R-RRD) were identified. All studied samples carry the recessive allele of at least one VRN1 gene.
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Chan, Vivian, V. W. S. Liu, A. C. K. Wong e T. K. Chan. "DNA POLYMORPHISMS IN OR LINKED TO THE FACTOR VIII GENE IN CHINESE". In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644049.

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78 unrelated X chromosomes from Southern Chinese (56 normal and 22 haemophiliac) were studied. DNA was restricted by Bel I, Bgl I or Taq I and hybridized to 3' factor VIII:C cDNA probe (5 kb, Chiron) or St 14.1 probe(3 kb, Oberle &Mandel) by standard techniques. The intragenic Bel I polymorphic site was positive in 82%, while Bgl I polymorphic site was positive in all. Thus, 29.5%(2 x×0.82 × 0.18) of Chinese females carried the Bel I polymorphism. Asto the Taq I polymorphism in the closely linked DXS52 DNA segment, the incidences for the various alleles were :System I - allele (3) 10.2%, (4) 2.6%, (5) 2.6%,(6) 17.9%, (7) 21.8% and (8) 44.9% System II - α a allele 56%, 6 allele 44%. Approximately 80% of females were heterozygous for two different alleles. Hence the Bel I and Taq I polymorphisms can be used to track the defective factor VIII gene for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. Furthermore, their frequencies in the Chinese are different from those previously reported in other ethnic groups.
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Golovatskaya, A. V., e S. Z. Guchetl. "THE CERTIFICATION OF SUNFLOWER LINES FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE DON EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF V.S. PUSTOVOIT ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF OIL CROPS BY USING DNA MARKERS". In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-39-43.

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The aim of this research was to develop molecular genetic passports of sunflower lines from the collection of the Don experimental station of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops based on polymorphic fractions of microsatellite DNA. We used 17 lines as a research material. We used 12 pairs of primers for genotyping. We found that the ORS 559 locus was monomorphic for these samples. The rest of the loci had from 2 to 4 alleles. The average number of alleles per locus was 2.75, PIC – 0.49, the effective number of alleles – 2.16. The analysis of the DNA profiles of the lines showed the individuality of the allelic composition of each of them. The analysis of the genetic relations between the lines showed that the studied lines were divided into two groups, with a genetic distance between them of 5.9.
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Tarasova, O. N. "Use of SSR- markers for detection of stability of soy to cercosporosis". In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-105.

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As part of the development of the methodology for identifying alleles of microsatellite markers Satt244 and Satt547 associated with resistance to cercosporosis in two selected soybean varieties of the selection of the FSBSI FRC ARSRIS, an allele of Satt244-154 characterizing resistance to C. sojina was identified.
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Mirskaya, Galina, N. Rushina, N. Sinyavina, A. Kochetov e Yuriy Chesnokov. "Using insensitive PPD-D1a allele for the early forms selection of bread wheat in the initial selection stages". In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.42.

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Determination the photoperiod-insensitive allele (Ppd-D1a) in wheat cultivars is necessary for use in breeding development of newly wheat cultivars. The aim of our study was to select breeding material by screening Ppd-D1 gene alleles and estimation value and the degree of heterosis in F1. Using these two methods, it is possible to select genetic material for increased breeding of new wheat lines that combine earliness and increased productivity. In this study 26 varieties of spring soft wheat were screened for the Ppd-D1 gene alleles. The Ppd-D1a allele was detected in 12 wheat varieties (ITMI 10, 29, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 89, 94, AFI-91, AFI-177, Opata 85), the recessive Ppd-D1b allele was detected in 14 wheat varieties (ITMI 7, 31, 32, 44, 80, 88, 83, 115, Zlata, Lisa, Agata, Lubava, W7984). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, parental pairs were chosen and 10 recombinants were obtained. Based on estimation value and the degree of heterosis of the main ear traits in F1, such as "ear length", "number of grains from the ear" and "weight of grains from the ear" were identified 4 crosses as initial to create wheat cultivars that combine earliness and increased productivity.
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Savichenko, D. L., e S. Z. Guchetl. "THE PROBLEM OF DETECTION OF HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPES BY MUTATION OF THE FAD 2-1 GENE OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) USING DNA MARKERS". In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-102-106.

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The development of marker-associated breeding requires the development of DNA marker systems that meet the needs of the breeding process. We are looking for the opportunities to improve the efficiency of breeding for high oleic acid content in sunflower oil. One of the directions is the improvement of the existing marker system for detection the heterozygous status of the alleles of the FAD 2-1 gene. We carried out the search for information published in databases on this DNA locus. We studied the structure of the nucleotide sequences of the mutant allele and the wild-type allele. We proposed the way of improving the existing marker system.
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Kondic Špika, Ankica, Dragana Trkulja, Sanja Mikic e Ljiljana Brbaklic. "COMPARISON OF AGRONOMICAL PERFORMANCE OF SERBIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS AND NILs WITH DIFFERENT PPD ALLELES". In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. Agronomski fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.025ks.

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Photoperiod response (Ppd) genes are very important for adaptation of wheat to different agro-climatic conditions, but also have influence on crop yield. The aim of this study was to compare agronomic traits of 10 Serbian wheat cultivars and 54 NILs of cv. Paragon with single, double and triple doses of Ppd-1 alleles. The results showed that the NILs with introgressed single early Ppd-1 alleles (Set 2), as well as the NILs with introgressed Ppd-1 null alleles, knock-outs and late alleles (Set 4) had significantly longer stems and spikes then Serbian cultivars (Set 1). The lines with introgressed double early Ppd-1 alleles (Set 3) were very similar to the Serbian cultivars. Some promising lines with good potential for breeding programs were identified
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Wang, Zhibo, Zachary Shea, Maria L. Russo, Chao Shen, Jianyong Li, Patrick Bewick, Bingyu Zhao e Bo Zhang. "crispr/cas9-targeted Mutagenesis of KTI1 and KTI3 to Reduce Trypsin Inhibitors in Soybean Seeds". In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qvrf9783.

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Trypsin inhibitor (TI) in soybean seeds, restrains the function of trypsin, causing low protein digestibility when raw soybeans are fed to animals. Heat treatment has been widely used to deactivate TI, but it is energy-intensive and costly, and degrades protein quality. Despite a few soybean accessions harboring natural low TI content have been identified, multiple TI genes and lacking of gene-based markers still hinder the breeding success of low TI soybean cultivars. The objectives of this study were to concisely edit the major genes contributing to the TI content and activity specifically in the soybean seeds using CRISPR/Cas9 system, and develop allele-specific molecular markers based on the generated mutant alleles. With the aid of TI gene expression data and real-time PCR results, KTI1 (Glyma01g095000) and KTI3 (Glyma08g341500), were selected as the target genes. Then, we developed a productive CRISPR/Cas9 construct for the transformation on Glycine max cv. Williams 82. (WM82). The results showed that in the seeds at T0 generation, the gene editing has been all complete for KTI1 while it has been partly finished for KTI3. Consistent with genotyping results, the TI content and activity in gene edited seeds declined 70% and 10% with knock-out of KTI1 alone and 90% and 30% with knock-out of both KTI1 and KTI3, which were also both lower than that in the seeds of PI 547656, the natural low TI soybean accession. Furthermore, in T1 seeds, we collected one transgene free line #5-26 with double homozygous mutations. Based on the mutant alleles in #5-26, we developed molecular markers to effectively screen the mutant alleles of KTI1 and KTI3 for the perspective breeding of low TI soybean varieties. The soybean line and selection markers acquired from this study will assist in accelerating the introduction of low TI trait to elite soybean cultivars with added-value.
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A.V., Vorobieva, Golovinov I.V., Alimova A.Sh, Gaidamachenko V.N. e Nebesikhina N.A. "ASSESSMENT OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE RUSSIAN STURGEON BROOD STOCK OF THE DONSKOY STURGEON PLANT BY MICROSATELLITE NUCLEAR MARKERS". In II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AQUACULTURE" ("AQUACULTURE 2022" CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/aquaculture.2022.41-43.

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The article presents a study of the genetic diversity of the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) of the brood stock (RMS) of the Donskoy sturgeon hatchery (DOZ) using the analysis of microsatellite nuclear markers. In the course of the study, a general decrease in the heterozygosity of the population for four of the five loci studied was established, and in the study of the RMS population over the past two years, rare groups of alleles were identified that were not found in the sample for 2014. The data obtained can be used by the plant when drawing up crossbreeding schemes to preserve the overall allelic (genetic) diversity of the population.
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Savichenko, V. G., e S. A. Ramazanova. "THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES OF THE BREEDING OF V.S. PUSTOVOIT ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF OIL CROPS BY MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS". In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-97-101.

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The identification of breeding material and certification of varieties is of great importance for the protection of the copyright of breeders. Microsatellite DNA loci are effectively used for these purposes. The aim of the research was to identify the soybean varieties of the breeding of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops using the previously tested 12 microsatellite markers. As a result of research, we obtained the unique sets of alleles for eight varieties; two varieties had identical alleles. We divided all soybean genotypes into two large clusters. We observed the closest genetic relation between the varieties Duar and Kora (the Armavir experimental station of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The resulting sets of alleles can be used to develop molecular genetic passports.
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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Alleles"

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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin e Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, fevereiro de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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Gothilf, Yoav, Roger Cone, Berta Levavi-Sivan e Sheenan Harpaz. Genetic manipulations of MC4R for increased growth and feed efficiency in fish. United States Department of Agriculture, janeiro de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600043.bard.

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The hypothalamic melanocortin system plays a central role in the regulation of food consumption and energy homeostasis in mammals. Accordingly, our working hypothesis in this project was that genetic editing of the mc4r gene, encoding Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4R), will enhance food consumption, feed efficiency and growth in fish. To test this hypothesis and to assess the utility of mc4r editing for the enhancement of feed efficiency and growth in fish, the following objectives were set: Test the effect of the mc4r-null allele on feeding behavior, growth, metabolism and survival in zebrafish. Generate mc4r-null alleles in tilapia and examine the consequences for growth and survival, feed efficiency and body composition. Generate and examine the effect of naturally-occurring mc4r alleles found in swordfish on feeding behavior, growth and survival in zebrafish. Define the MC4R-mediated and MC4R-independent effects of AgRP by crossing mc4r- null strains with fish lacking AgRP neurons or the agrpgene. Our results in zebrafish did not support our hypothesis. While knockout of the agrpgene or genetic ablation of hypothalamic AgRP neurons led to reduced food intake in zebrafish larvae, knockout (KO) of the mc4r gene not only did not increase the rate of food intake but even reduced it. Since Melanocortin Receptor 3 (MC3R) has also been proposed to be involved in hypothalamic control of food intake, we also tested the effectofmc3r gene KO. Again, contrary to our hypothesis, the rate of food intake decreased. The next step was to generate a double mutant lucking both functional MC3R and MC4R. Again, the double KO exhibited reduced food intake. Thus, the only manipulation within the melanocortin system that affected food intake in consistent with the expected role of the system was seen in zebrafish larvae upon agrpKO. Interestingly, despite the apparent reduced food intake in the larval stage, these fish grow to be of the same size as wildtype fish at the adult stage. Altogether, it seems that there is a compensatory mechanism that overrides the effect of genetic manipulations of the melanocortin system in zebrafish. Under Aim 3, we introduced the Xna1, XnB1l, and XnB2A mutations from the Xiphophorus MC4R alleles into the zebrafish MC4R gene. We hypothesized that these MC4R mutations would act as dominant negative alleles to increase growth by suppressing endogenous MC4R activity. When we examined the activity of the three mutant alleles, we were unable to document any inhibition of a co-transfected wild type MC4R allele, hence we did not introduce these alleles into zebrafish. Since teleost fish possess two agrpgenes we also tested the effect of KO of the agrp2 gene and ablation of the AgRP2 cells. We found that the AgRP2 system does not affect food consumption but may rather be involved in modulating the stress response. To try to apply genetic editing in farmed fish species we turned to tilapia. Injection of exogenous AgRP in adult tilapia induced significant changes in the expression of pituitary hormones. Genetic editing in tilapia is far more complicated than in zebrafish. Nevertheless, we managed to generate one mutant fish carrying a mutation in mc4r. That individual died before reaching sexual maturity. Thus, our attempt to generate an mc4r-mutant tilapia line was almost successful and indicate out non-obvious capability to generate mutant tilapia.
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Ming, Ray, Chifumi Nagai e Qingyi Yu. Pyramiding genes and alleles for improving energy cane biomass yield- Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), março de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1429089.

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Zacksenhaus, Eldad. Dominant-Active Alleles of Rb as Universal Tumor Suppressors of Mammary Carcinoma. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, outubro de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382540.

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Rahman, Nazneen. Identification, Characterisation and Clinical Development of the New Generation of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532318.

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Rahman, Nazneen. Identification, Characterization and Clinical Development of the New Generation of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada535916.

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Rahman, Nazneen. Identification, Characterization and Clinical Development of the New Generation of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada544966.

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Rahman, Nazneen. Identification, Characterization and Clinical Development of the New Generation of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada470866.

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Erdem, Sinem Ozturk, Neriman Beyhan e Leila Demirsoy. Identification of Self-incompatibility (S) Alleles of Some Local Sweet Cherry Genotypes from Turkey. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.06.17.

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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch e Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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