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1
Pacukaj, Sokol. "Political and Social Conditions of Albania During the 1920s". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 7, n.º 1 (5 de novembro de 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv7n105.
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In the 1920s, Albania was one of the least developed countries of the Balkan peninsula, despite its good geomorphological conditions, geographical position, and the proximity of civilized peoples. The Albanian region extended along the eastern coast of the Adriatic, is crossed by tributary rivers of this sea and is naturally open to influences from Western Europe; discrete mountain barriers separate it instead from the East. As a result of this geographical feature, its social development should have been more in tune with the Mediterranean civilizations than with the Balkan ones. The historical events - having linked the region to the hegemony of eastern states in the last fifteen centuries - did not favor the natural anthropogeographic development of Albania based on Western and Mediterranean civilizations. The aim of this paper is to give a description of the political and social conditions of Albania during the years after the First World War, specially the 1920s. The primary source used in the paper is the military archive in Rome.
2
Gjergji, Elda, e Florika Gjevori. "The Situation of Young People’s Political Participation in Albania". Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 16, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2024): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2023-0015.
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Abstract The right to participate in political life – especially for youth – is very important for an inclusive society. Although the population under the age of 30 represents about 40% of the total population in Albania, the participation of young people in the political, social, and economic spheres remains low. Under current conditions, the youth in Albania tend to remain uninvolved in policy-making, and thus unable to influence their social and economic status. This article points analyzes the economic, social, and political situation of Albanian youth with some recommendations for policy makers related to each area. The institutional and legal structures for young people and the participation of young people in politics are not well developed in Albania. There is a need to review and strengthen the country’s institutional/legal framework at all levels, in order to make young people a more important factor in the society.
3
Mano, Laureta, e Mirela Selita. "The Albanian Social Security System and the Institutions of Social Protection in Albania". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i2.p18-25.
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The social security system in Albania consists of social assistance and social services, health services and health care insurance and social insurance schemes. In the social objectives of the constitution are declared that the State within the constitutional competencies and the probable means as well as in the fulfillment of private initiatives and responsibilities, aims to higher possible standards of health, physical and mental; social care and services of elderly, orphan and invalids; medical rehabilitation, special education and integration in the community, of disabled persons. The Constitution foreseen that everyone has the right of social insurance when retired or in case of incapacity of work under a certain system established by a law. Everyone, when is unemployed for any reasons independent on individual will and when there is no living means, has the right of need under the conditions foreseen by law. Social insurance is a scheme protecting by benefits persons in respect of temporary incapacity due to sickness, maternity, old-age, disability and loss of breadwinner, employment accidents/occupational diseases, unemployment. Social Services are benefits in kind for disabled persons or vulnerable persons. Social Assistances are cash benefits given to families in need, that means families with lower incomes comparable with minimum standard of living or families without incomes. Health services consist of public health, primary health care, hospitalization services nurse's service, dental and pharmaceutical net. The Institutions of Social Protection in Albania are Social Insurance Institute, National Social Services and Health Care Insurance Fund.
4
Dushi, Arbnora. "Approaches of the Albanian Folkloristic in Kosovo: Background, Researches, Publications". Traditiones 48, n.º 3 (27 de fevereiro de 2020): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/traditio2019480304.
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The aim of the article on disciplinary trends in Albanian folkloristic in Kosovo is to offer an overview of folkloristic orientations and impacts related to the social and political status of Albanians in the former Yugoslavia, respectively in Kosovo. The living conditions of Albanians in some Balkan countries have affected the approaches, orientations and schools through which Albanian folklore studies have evolved. In this context, Albanian folklore studies in Kosovo differed from those in Albania during the period under communism when Yugoslavia and Albania had tense or broken diplomatic relations. In this paper, the historical background of the discipline and circumstances of Albanians living in Kosovo are presented. Both had a discernible impact on the research and publications carried out by the Folklore Department at the Institute of Albanology in Prishtina, as the only institution for the scientific research of Albanian folklore. Its research methodology, paradigms, publications as well as the status of folklore studies today provide an overview of folkloristic in Kosovo.
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Metalla, Osman, Alma Golgota, Umberto LaGatta, Eduard Ndokaj e Shpëtim Pupa. "Implementation of the MLC Convention in Albania and its Role in Seafarer’s Standards". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 11, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n103.
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The Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) is an international labor standard adopted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2006 [1] . The MLC was designed to ensure that seafarers receive decent working conditions on board ships, without any difference regardless their nationality. The convention sets out minimum requirements to be met by authorities, shipping companies, for seafarer’s employment rights, working conditions, and social protection. Convention, 2006, as amended (MLC 2006) on 28 Oct [2]ober 2016, and the convention entered into force in Albania on 28 October 2017. The amendments of the Code of the Convention approved by the International Labor Conference (ILC) in 2018 entered into force in Albania on 26 December 2020. The aim of this paper is to examine the implementation of MLC requirements and its impact in Albanian maritime industry, and to identify the needed steps to be undertaken by Albanian maritime authorities to fully comply with MLC requirements.
Received: 23 February 2024 / Accepted: 18 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024
6
Kaleshi, Entela. "Effects of Migration and Human Capital Formation in Albania". European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 8, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/864jjj42q.
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Albania has one of the world’s highest emigration rates, relative to its population, at -3.3 migrants per 1,000 people, and a total migrant population of more than 1.25 million in 2014, according to UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs data. In 2010 Albania was granted with visa-free travel to the Schengen area and this also affected the crossing of the borders and the circular migration across the land border between Greece and Albania was for many years, one of the most significant irregular migratory flows across the EU’s external borders. Although during the last years it is observed an increase number of return migrants, Albanian citizens continued to migrate and it is observed an increase of the number during 2014, and the new trend now is requesting asylum in EU member states increased during 2014. According to EUROSTAT data show that 65,000 Albanians applied for asylum in 2015, 55,000 of them sought asylum in Germany and 99 percent of Albanian asylum requests have been refused from European countries, half of them belong to the age group 18 – 34 years old. Due to the poor economic and living conditions in Albania, the labor market in Albania is still vulnerable and it affects the on-going migrant flows from Albania to the most developed labor markets of other countries. These migrant flows are directly linked with labor market development especially level of unemployment and poverty. Migration in Albania has major development impact and poverty implications in several levels. It has effects for individuals and their families, for origin and destination countries, and the national economy. At the individual level it shows that migrants benefit economically from their movements, their migration leads to better employment opportunities and income; at the household level in the home country migration reduces poverty at the family level and positively contributes to human capital formation, and improving education and healthcare conditions. Migration also has effects at the national level, bringing positive changes to the national economy.
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Genesin, Monica. "The Roles of Women in the Lexicon of the Albanian “Code of Skanderbeg” (Kanuni I Skanderbegut)". Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 65, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0045.
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Abstract A lexical analysis of the so-called Kanuni i Skanderbegut, an Albanian collection of customary laws, provides an insight to understand women’s social role in traditional communities living in the northern area of Albania. In the use of specific terminology one can notice a clear separation between the two sexes which is reflected in the distribution of roles and in using a structured terminology that designates not only roles and conditions, but also other aspects of social life.
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Sota, Jani, e Lindita Lutaj. "Albania and the Education Policies of Italy from the Beginning Until the End of the 30s of the Twentieth Century in Archival Documents and in the Albanian Press in General". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, n.º 3 (10 de maio de 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0066.
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This paper is dedicated to the education policies of Italy for the expansion and consolidation of Italian schools in Albania, from the point of view of archival documents and the Albanian press at that time. The study focuses primarily on the efforts of the Italian government to organize the education system, establish schools, prepare programs and textbooks, equip schools with the necessary acts, etc., as an attempt to outline the European profile of education in Albania after 1912. As a part of the general analysis on the effects of the Italian schools on the life of Albanian society, would undoubtedly be the analysis of the "individual" type that it produced. On the one hand, the changes after the World War I generated a complex, renewed and more productive national education, but on the other hand, it was highly dependent on the Italian-Albanian education policies, and consequently, oriented towards a more open education system which promoted the cultural tendencies and aspirations of the Albanian nation. New democratic developments in Albania, gave us the opportunity to shed light on Italian-Albanian education policies within the context of the Italian-Albanian relations. Thanks to this, prominent figures left in oblivion, their work for the spread of new pedagogical ideas and the development of Western schools are given the acknowledgment that they deserve. The tendency to embrace and adapt those policies to the conditions of Albania of that time, reflect the important phenomenon of its developments and intellectual thought, so that the school could help more in the civilization and education of the Albanian society.
Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
9
Kume, Andon. "Comparative Analyze on the Legal Solution Relevant to Status of Teachers in Albania". European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2, n.º 3 (15 de julho de 2021): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.121.
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Legislative reforms in the pre-university education system in Albania have paid special attention to addressing issues related to teacher status. In law no.69 / 2012, "On the pre-university education system in the Republic of Albania", these issues are treated in accordance with the requirements of International Labor Conventions, the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania and law No. 10171, dated 22.10. 2009 "On regulated professions in the Republic of Albania" amended. The law defines the teacher as the central figure of the school. In accordance with the recommendations of the ILO and UNESCO for the status of teachers, the Albanian law guarantees contemporary standards at every stage of the process for gaining and practicing the profession, for continuous professional preparation, scientific qualification, and career. The treatment of labor relations, relations with the social partners, with the associations and the community of parents and students, the definition of their rights and duties, salaries and rewards are components of the status of a teacher.
The status of teachers reflects the social and economic conditions of the country, work culture and community traditions. The law treats teacher status as a key factor in developing the profile of a teacher capable of preparing the future citizens of an open and global society. The professional and academic freedom of the teacher is considered as an essential element of his status. Creating conditions for the exercise of civil rights related to the teaching profession, the right to participate in social and public life and to organize in trade unions are legislative achievements in line with EU standards and the requirements of international documents.
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KOÇIU, Lorenc. "The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Situation On The Risk Level Facing The Albanian SMEs (Case Study: Gjirokastra Region)". Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, n.º 14 (10 de dezembro de 2021): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.7.14.10.
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The COVID-19 pandemic situation that affected the whole globe, of course, also affected the economic, political, social and cultural life in Albania. This pandemic situation had a strong impact not only on changing the conditions of human relations, but also on changing doing business. In this context, Albanian SMEs should make continuous efforts to recognize the future risks they may face. In this paper, SMEs in the Gjirokastra region have been studied. The methodology used in this paper is based on data collection through a structured questionnaire and descriptive analysis of data collected from this questionnaire. At the end of this paper it turned out that due to the pandemic situation and its economic impact, Albanian SMEs are very attentive to changing conditions not only economic, but also social, legal, political, health. They are also carefully of the consequences that come from facing different risks due to changes in these conditions Key word: Albanian SMEs, financial risk, business risk, Covid-19, Gjirokastra
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Qejvanaj, Gentian. "International Organizations Lending Policy, are There Strings Attached? A Case Study From the Latest Wave of Reforms in the Albanian Social Security System". SAGE Open 11, n.º 3 (julho de 2021): 215824402110376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037662.
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Pension policy reform in post-communist countries received attention from most international organizations since the early 1990s. Accordingly, Albania has implemented comprehensive liberalization and privatization of the state sector since transitioning to a market economy. This study will look at the impact that the European Union (EU), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund had in guiding the Albanian state-run social security system toward principles of decentralization, liberalization and privatization. Specifically, social security reforms between 2009 to 2019 will be examined, along with a focus on the side-effect of the conditions imposed by the three organizations. A mixed-method including literature review and secondary data analysis will empirically evidence growing inequality, with senior citizens poverty rate sharply rising due to reforms in social security. Our conclusions will argue that closer ties with the EU will keep social security in its current form, as the EU does not push for a specific pension system, while the World Bank policy influence will lose ground, thus freeing Albania from periodic social security reforms.
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Daiu, Dorina. "CONGRESS OF ELBASAN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NORMAL (PEDAGOGICAL) SCHOOL". Knowledge International Journal 28, n.º 7 (10 de dezembro de 2018): 2499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072499d.
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Throughout the history, teachers have played a crucial and missionary role in the preparation of generations as citizens of the future. Gratitude on teachers is definitely a patriotic obligation to them.In Albania, due to different historical, geographical and economic factors, teachers have worked and lived in difficult conditions. This is not only in the long periods of foreign conquests and in the period of the National Renaissance but also after the victory of Independence and the creation of an independent Albanian state.Most of them, as true missionaries, regardless of the conditions, devoted themselves to that noble silence, worked without a self-propelled for the nation, which always required renaissance. With and without appropriate school facilities, with difficult general conditions, with or without texts, with a lack of teaching resources, without guaranteed livelihoods, served in an exemplary manner to teach new generations the writing of Albanian language and to cultivate to the student knowledge and how to love their country.But when does the formation of teachers in Albania have the most significant institutional beginnings or developments?Through this paper I tried to bring into attention the decisions of the Congress of Elbasan in 1909 as the first Albanian Pedagogical Congress whose primary task was the opening of a Pedagogical School. This school would served in the institutionally studied preparation of teachers whose job at that time was a national emergency for the development of the Albanian nation. This school was set up to open in the city of Elbasan.Elbasan, a city of Middle Albania, has been described as the cradle of the Normal School. Alongside the economic and social development, Elbasan was also acclaimed for his cultural and educational development, especially in the period of the National Renaissance.Of great importance in the formation of students there is the patriotic spirit of the Renaissance, which was always alive and powerful among Normale's teachers.Patriotic education of students remained as primary target in the field of general formation. Albania's Albanian language (literature, history, and geography) was developed at the highest possible level of time. Since its beginning, Normal School was not seen simply as a high school, but as an educational institution that represented the dignity of the nation, which would radiate the light of Albanian knowledge. Opening Normale School was not a matter of knowledge but also patriotism.
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Xhaferri, Manjola. "Albania's Diplomatic Relations with the Soviet Union during 1949-1960". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 9, n.º 4. S1 (30 de novembro de 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s114.
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This paper corresponds to one of the most important periods of history relating to the national and international politics of the Albanian state, specifically the isolated political and state cooperation of Albania with the Soviet Union. The Albanian-Soviet relations were very important, as they determined not only the orientation of the Albanian internal politics but also externally the behavior that Albania had to maintain in the international arena, especially in its relationship with Western and neighboring allies. This paper specifically refers to the period from 1949, when Albanian-Soviet relations took their official form and capacity, until 1960 when these relations were destroyed. To better explain the reasons and causes for the establishment of these relations, many internal and external political situations have been touched upon, which go beyond the stated time limits of our study. The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the conditions in which these relations were established, and their unusual, bilateral cooperation in the political, economic, international, and military fields. Very important are the moments of establishing Albanian-Soviet relations, in their development and ending in the most peaceful way possible. According to Albanian-Soviet relations issues in the context of international relations and national security are very difficult, but on the other hand particularly interesting. As well as in the discipline of Security Studies, no writing is considered completely closed, because the past is related to the present, which determined the future. The purpose is enough and the three historical periods (past, present, and future) are quite well connected, without division. Our paper aims to approach this relationship from a new perspective of study, as to understand its true nature, which is also important in that, the authority that the Union Soviet exercised to oriented directly in the function of its interests. geostrategic, in investigating Albanian position. How much space was devoted to Albania in the international communist movement? How important was Albania for the Union Soviet? Not only the economic growth in the years 1950-1960, was an unusual phenomenon for the poor Albanian people, who came from a backward economic tradition, but also it was influential in the social development of Albanian society, housing, employment, health, the fight against illiteracy, Both education and culture, increased confidence in the communist government in Albania, which was part of perfect implementation of the Soviet model, not only politically but also socially. All the "Sovietization" of the Albanian state and society was away in the discipline of Security studies which, at that time, was used by the BS to realize its hegemony in the international arena. In conclusion, I would close with the phrase "Stalin was the political muse for Enver Hoxha this worship, who continued his policy until the end of his life and he refused to be destabilized. This turned out to be fatal both in relations with the Soviet Union and with all other countries and ended up in the greatest isolation of Albania until the regime fell in the year 1990 ”.
Received: 19 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
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Koduzi, Gazment, Ardita Kongjonaj e Vladimir Lazarevik. "Why Do Albania Doctors Migrate?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, n.º 2 (21 de janeiro de 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i2.p60-65.
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Migration has become a very topical political and economic concern over the past few years, with particular reference to human migration from developing countries to more developed countries. Health workforce migration from the countries in Western Balkans, especially from Albania to more developed countries is increasing during the past few years according to official statement of medical associations. So, last three years 400 doctors have asked for certificate of “Good standing” in order to apply for a job abroad. Thus, the migration of healthcare personnel in Albania is becoming a phenomenon that might risk the stability of the healthcare system with its upgrading intensity. It also contributes to lowering the quality of services rendered and at the same time reduces the necessary transfer of knowledge to the younger generations. Quantitative research performed during 2014, outlines and frames the problems and causes for the migration in five basic categories: economic, professional, political, personal and social factors for migration, including questions concerning the index of satisfaction for the profession. In order to respond to the objective of the study, doctors were invited by email to fill online the questionnaire in Survey Monkey webpage. The aim of this paper is to understand the “push” factors which affect the mobility of Albanian healthcare personnel. The needs for higher income, living and working conditions are the main causes of the expansive trend of migration of healthcare workers from Albania in the past several years. Still, the reasons behind migration of health workforce are multifold, ranging from economic and professional, to political and personal factors. The lack of job satisfaction and possibilities for further education and career development, poor working conditions, political pressure, the exposure to verbal and physical violence, are also the factors that stimulate the migration.
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Koduzi, Gazment, Ardita Kongjonaj e Vladimir Lazarevik. "Why Do Albania Doctors Migrate?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, n.º 2 (21 de janeiro de 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i2.p60-65.
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Migration has become a very topical political and economic concern over the past few years, with particular reference to human migration from developing countries to more developed countries. Health workforce migration from the countries in Western Balkans, especially from Albania to more developed countries is increasing during the past few years according to official statement of medical associations. So, last three years 400 doctors have asked for certificate of “Good standing” in order to apply for a job abroad. Thus, the migration of healthcare personnel in Albania is becoming a phenomenon that might risk the stability of the healthcare system with its upgrading intensity. It also contributes to lowering the quality of services rendered and at the same time reduces the necessary transfer of knowledge to the younger generations. Quantitative research performed during 2014, outlines and frames the problems and causes for the migration in five basic categories: economic, professional, political, personal and social factors for migration, including questions concerning the index of satisfaction for the profession. In order to respond to the objective of the study, doctors were invited by email to fill online the questionnaire in Survey Monkey webpage. The aim of this paper is to understand the “push” factors which affect the mobility of Albanian healthcare personnel. The needs for higher income, living and working conditions are the main causes of the expansive trend of migration of healthcare workers from Albania in the past several years. Still, the reasons behind migration of health workforce are multifold, ranging from economic and professional, to political and personal factors. The lack of job satisfaction and possibilities for further education and career development, poor working conditions, political pressure, the exposure to verbal and physical violence, are also the factors that stimulate the migration.
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Lirëza, Linert, e Andon Kume. "The Dimensions of the Best Interest of the Child in Albania". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n104.
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The principle of the best interest of the child is a fundamental principle in international and national law, which requires that in all actions concerning children, their best interests must be a primary consideration. Albania is still a patriarchal society, and traditional cultural norms and practices sometimes conflict with children's rights and welfare. The aim of this paper is to address the challenges related to cultural and social norms and to fully implement the principle in Albanian context. In Albania, this principle is enshrined in various legal instruments, including the Constitution, the Family Code, and the Law on the Protection of Children's Rights etc. As a result, the paper analyses the principal of best interest of the child in custody and guardianship cases, adoption proceedings, divorce process and child protection cases. In this context, the paper is focused in “Balancing the elements in the best-interests assessment”. However, despite these legal and institutional frameworks, Albania still faces challenges in fully implementing the principle of the best interest of the child. One of the main challenges is the lack of resources and capacities to adequately protect and promote children's rights, particularly for marginalized and vulnerable children. The COVID-19 pandemic has also exacerbated these challenges, with increased reports of child abuse and neglect. In these conditions, the paper presents appropriate recommendations in order to have full implementation of this principle in Albania.
Received: 4 January 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
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Bollano, Sabina. "The study of “Cities of the Future” urban planning and development decision-making experience". Architectural Studies 10, n.º 1 (6 de maio de 2024): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56318/as/1.2024.47.
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Given the rapid technological and global development, “Cities of the Future” are becoming important centres of innovation, where cultural, economic, and technological influences intertwine. The research relevance of such studies is determined by the impact of innovations on the development of the urban environment, which contribute to sustainable development and improve the quality of life of residents. The study aims to analyse planning practices and urban development solutions in “Cities of the Future” in Albania, focusing on the interaction of social, economic, and environmental aspects. The following methods were used: generalisation, induction and deduction, analysis, and synthesis. The study examined data on urbanisation in Albania, the gross domestic product of the country and in the cities of Tirana, Diber, Durres, Vlora and Korca per capita, as well as the main aspects of planning and economic sustainability in general. The study of the architectural and infrastructural development of Albanian cities revealed key trends and innovations, including the implementation of modern residential complexes, interactive applications, the use of energy-efficient technologies, the restoration of historical sites and the creation of eco-parks. This demonstrates the importance of balanced development that incorporates both modern technologies and the preservation of cultural heritage. Stable economic conditions point to opportunities for sustainable development and investment in cities. The positive trend in gross domestic product creates favourable conditions for attracting new businesses, technological innovations, and the development of sustainable lifestyles. In addition, the analysis of innovations in transport, aesthetic approaches and economic sustainability of Albanian cities determines the prospects for their global competitiveness. The results of the study can be useful for the development and planning of future urban development in Albania, as well as used as a basis for decision-making in the fields of economics, technology, and urbanisation
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Kume, Andon. "A Historical Overview and Analysis on the Albanian Right to Vote 1912-1991". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 8, n.º 1 (15 de julho de 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv8n101.
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The analysis of the right to vote in Albania for the period, from the declaration of independence, 1912 until the fall of the communist dictatorship system, 1991, is the object of this paper. During this period of the history of the Albanian state, the legislation that deals with issues of voting rights has been developed as an accompanying process and conditioned by the processes of political, social, economic and cultural development of our society. The Provisional Government of Vlora, 1912 is the initiator of the treatment of the right to vote, as a political and human right in Albania. Its legislative provisions are the embryos of this right, which were used and developed by successive governments. In the period after the First World War and during the system of the Parliamentary Monarchy, the legislation dealing with the right to vote and the electoral process was characterized by developments aimed at its approximation to the standards and requirements of international legislation, but in no case managed to solve the challenges obstacles that generated economic, social and cultural factors that characterized the Albanian society in that historical period. After the Second World War, essential changes were made in the Albanian legislation on the right to vote and elections, bringing it in line with international requirements and standards. Despite this, in the conditions of the political system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, this right was exercised only formally by Albanians. During this period it completely lost her mission. Received: 7 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
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Skana, Pranvera. "How Social Media Affects Illegal Immigration in Albania?" Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 11, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2024): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n130.
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The main topic of conversation between Albania and Great Britain at the moment is illegal immigration. The impact that social media has had on the growth in the number of young Albanians traveling to the British island makes these changes even more intriguing. Apps like Tik Tok, Instagram, or Facebook—these previously underutilized mechanisms have transformed into enormous connecting and influencing tools between criminal organizations that readily recruit young people, allowing the growth of illegal commerce. Information is interactive and available in real time due to today's media. Geographically, connections to the targeted people are present everywhere. By showcasing the efforts of "organized groups" via movies, pictures, or letters, these programs build strong relationships based on trust. We are alluding to the TikTok films of Albanian refugees on boats at the Dover port's border with England, which the British press referred to as a "new form of communication". Social media in this situation helps to establish favorable conditions that encourage illegal immigration. Why this subject? Immigration-related concerns are of great importance right now in our nation and abroad. The "communicative" component now provides these innovations a new dimension. The research method is qualitative. Erl Murati, the editor-in-chief of "Gazeta Shqiptare," Bled Koka, the editor-in-chief of "Syri TV/Syri.net," and Zylyftar Bregu, a media researcher, are among the three media specialists who are interviewed. Additionally, 20 interviews with students and youth will be conducted in order to learn more about how to inform them. Quantitative and qualitative statistics will be provided for this article through the TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook accounts that were created specifically for the goal of monitoring the "blogosphere." Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 21 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024
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Bejtja, Merita. "Albanian Insurance Market Analyses and their Business Model". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2018): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0067.
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Abstract The insurance market in Albania has been started to operate in the last years of centralized socialist system. It was represented by state insurance Company INSIG. It was the first important segment of the financial market to develop faster once Albania entered into the free market economy model on the last decade of the past century. It is the largest and most advanced market in non-banking financial sector. Together with investment funds, pension funds securities markets those are under the supervision of Albanian Financial Supervision Authority, not Central Bank. The insurance market, has had a lot development and positive growth in terms of wide range of products offer and the geographically expansion all over the country and in some neighboring countries in the Balkan region where Albanian population live. This potential is based on the favorable economic conditions, improved regulatory and supervisory system, low market penetration rate, as well as, on business community and population, which are dynamic and easily adaptable. The Insurance Industry has been undergoing dramatic changes during the last ten years. This industry can help the business companies and other entities on having economic and financial support, mitigating their risks and losses as well from natural disasters or other uncertainties. This sector can give a good support on social development and financial contribution on economy by reducing the risk of future losses. There are a lot of empirical research based on financial analyses of Albanian Insurance Companies in which you can see a causal relationship between insurance sector effects in economic growth by bearing risk on business investment. The study of qualitative and quantitative information on Main Insurance Company in Albania, their business model and risk drivers shows the development stage and challenges and steps needs to be in line with EU directives. Incorporation of international best practices combined with an efficient regulatory and supervisory approach will certainly play a very big role in the non-banking financial market development and growth.
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Gjika, Jonida, e Endirë Bushati. "Balancing Legal Framework, Regulatory Mechanisms and Competition across Number Portability in Albania". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 12, n.º 6 (5 de novembro de 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0168.
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Electronic communication markets are influenced by various factors that impact the development of competition. Sector-specific policies aim to improve consumer access to affordable products and services while offering flexibility in their choices. The mobile phone market, in particular, places a significant emphasis on number portability services, attracting attention from sector-specific policies and regulatory oversight throughout their implementation and monitoring. This article seeks to scrutinize the legal framework in Albania, identify practical obstacles to number portability, and assess its impact on fostering effective market competition. Number portability, a process that significantly impacts market competition, plays an instrumental role in enabling subscribers to switch networks seamlessly. This observation finds support in outcomes from various countries. Evidence shows that this tool positively influences market competition by shifting the balance of power towards consumers, exerting pressure on service providers to improve their offerings and adhere to contract conditions. Over the last two decades, number portability has evolved into a vital instrument for diversifying choices and reducing prices, ultimately benefiting consumers and creating fair conditions for new market entrants. Number portability is essential for preserving competition and freedom of choice in the mobile service market. However, in markets with duopoly scenarios, such as the current situation in Albania, where two operators dominate the market and may engage in cooperation or secret agreements, specific challenges and impacts on number portability and market competitiveness may emerge. This situation can result in weak competition and limited choices for consumers. In these cases, number portability serves as the sole recourse for consumers to leverage the limited competition by switching to the other operator. In Albania, although the principle of number portability has been enshrined in law since 2008, the legislation has not kept pace with innovations established in EU directives. Harmonizing Albanian law with EU standards, particularly Directive 2018/1972/EU, known as the European Electronic Communications Code, is a priority through the revision of the "Law on Electronic Communications in the Republic of Albania." Despite some positive legal developments, ensuring effective competition and consumer protection in the electronic communications market continues to be a challenge in Albania.
Received: 6 September 2023 / Accepted: 24 October 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023
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Lami, Roland. "FORMAL DECENTRALIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN ALBANIA". CBU International Conference Proceedings 2 (1 de julho de 2014): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v2.466.
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This article presents an argument on the regional effects of migration on Albanian administrative-territorial reform and its consolidation. Many researchers of local politics support the thesis that an important demographic change is accompanied by a change related to the quality of service at local governance level. Compare to the Western and Eastern European countries, only in the early 1960s, Albania witnessed the introduction of the first regional and urban strategies. The strategy was used to limit the expansion of large towns and to encourage the development of small and medium-sized towns. Furthermore, there are a limited number of case studies based on migration data at regional level. This is why territorial reforms should often reflect ongoing demographic changes to minimize the effects caused by overpopulation, or significant reduction of the number of population in a local unit, with respect to quality of service offered to the citizens. We discuss the research question of “how will the demographic development, i.e. natural development of population as well as internal migration, affect different types of Albanian regions?” as well as “what is the impact of demographic movements on the quality of local governance?”Based on the interpretation of some regional units, i.e. Tirana, Durres, and Fier, it is confirmed that the demographic movements in the last twenty years in Albania have brought about some changes. In some local units, the number of inhabitants is significantly reduced, while some other local units are overpopulated. This new reality leads to implications in economic, social and cultural aspects; and most importantly, we noticed an increasing dependency of local government on the central government. We further claim that local and regional authorities must participate in accordance with the “partnership” principle. Under these conditions, it is necessary to plan a new territorial division.
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Spahija, Anelmo. "Stalinism and the Stalinist model: Comparative study on its origins and characteristics in the communist regime in Albania". Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 9, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2023): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjir-2023-0009.
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Abstract For more than 45 years, Albania was ruled by one of the harshest dictatorial regimes that Europe has experienced during the 20-th century. The communist regime in Albania had several special features, starting from its origins and establishment, and continuing further with its special characteristics, the society and the economic-social system it built. These features set it apart from other communist regimes in Eastern Europe. But what remains as the primary feature of the communist regime in Albania is its loyalty and steadfastness in following and further developing the Stalinist model, a model that was finally abandoned in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the mid-1950s, and further in China after the death of Mao Zedong (1978). This study aims to investigate the special characteristics underlying the Stalinist model and the causes that enabled its implementation, adaptation and development in the conditions of the rule of the dictatorial regime in Albania.
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Ylli, Alban. "Health and Social Conditions of Older People in Albania: Baseline Data from a National Survey". Public Health Reviews 32, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2010): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03391616.
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Luku, Esilda. "Aspects of the Feminist Movement in the Albanian Monarchy (1928-1939)". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2014): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p285-292.
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This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the Albanian feminist movement during the Monarchy and its impact on improving the social and economic status of the women. in the late 1920s, women's societies operating in different cities were suspended by the Albanian government due to the economic crises, the social and cultural backwardness and mainly because of the efforts to centralize the political power, putting under control the women's organizations, too. The monarchical government supported only the establishment of "Albanian Women" society in Tirana, under the patronage of Queen Mother and headed by Princess Sanie Zogu. It spread its activity among many Albanian cities and in diaspora and published a magazine periodically. The intention of the feminist movement in Albania was the education of girls and women, aimed at raising their cultural level, to overcome the old patriarchal mentality. The "Albanian Women" society contributed to the organization of courses against illiteracy for the emancipation of women which was closely related to the construction of a modern state. Secondly, the women's participation in the economic activity, such as old industries and handicrafts, would improve the female economic conditions and above all her position in family and society. The activity of "Albanian Women" society was helped by the governmental policies to increase the educational level of women, establishing Female Institutes, which played an important role in social progress and economic growth. Also the improvement of the legislation guaranteed women the civil rights, but unfortunately they didn't win the right to vote, as women in the developed countries. However, the Albanian feminist movement, despite the difficulties and its limitations, marked a significant effort concerning the national organization of women dedicated to their empowerment in community.
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Borici, Ardita, e Alba Kruja. "Poverty and its measurement: the case of Albania". SEER 26, n.º 2 (2023): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2023-2-161.
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This study examines poverty through the lens of a set of approaches mostly used by economists that identifies poverty in terms of a monetary indicator and which derives an ‘objective’ poverty line. All indicators of poverty, regardless of whether they are based on material deprivation or human capital, or whether they are multidimensional or unidimensional, try to gauge the welfare of the individual. The most popular method is financial poverty, which takes into account control over marketable products and services. Indicators that are simple to grasp allow for comparisons across time and geographies and are connected to a household’s current situation. This analysis for Albania is based on INSTAT data using surveys such as the Household Budget Survey and Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). The latter provides two types of data: a. cross-sectional data pertaining to a given time or a certain time period with variables on income, poverty, social exclusion and other living conditions; and b. longitudinal data pertaining to individual-level changes over time, observed periodically over a four-year period.
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Hasani, Arbenita, Elena Kokthi, Oltjana Zoto, Kaltrina Berisha e Iliriana Miftari. "Analyzing Consumer Perception on Quality and Safety of Frozen Foods in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Albania and Kosovo". Foods 11, n.º 9 (26 de abril de 2022): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091247.
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Freezing technology is one of the most well established long-term preservation techniques for producing high-quality, nutritious foods with prolonged shelf-life. Frozen foods (FFs) are a significant section of the global food market experiencing rapid growth. It also represents an alternative to small producers in developing countries to add value to their products in a competitive market. However, unfairly, FFs are often perceived as less qualitative than fresh produce, although studies have shown that some FFs have higher nutritional values than fresh products. This study’s aim is to analyze consumers’ perceptions in the two Balkan countries towards FFs. A total of 380 questionnaires were completed in both countries (182 in Kosovo and 198 in Albania). Consumers’ perceptions towards FFs were measured through eleven items using a five-point Likert scale. The items addressed issues related to the quality and safety of FFs, information on FFs, and the impact of origin on the perception of FFs. The differences between populations were tested with the t-test and correlation analysis with the bootstrapping method for sociodemographic factors. The results show that Kosovo consumers generally show a higher positive attitude toward FFs than Albanian consumers. Albanian consumers prefer fresh foods over FFs. The lack of trust in food safety institutions was expressed with concern for the conditions of the frozen chain applied both on the imported and domestic frozen products. Similarly, the findings show that Albanian consumers are willing to pay more than the baseline price to obtain fresh products instead of frozen compared with Kosovo consumers. Additional studies are needed to explore whether the lack of trust in food safety institutions inhibits the successful development of FFs in Albania and Kosovo. In both countries, responsible authorities should help consumers to have a more profound knowledge of the quality of FFs and boost these activities to increase farmers’ incomes and play an active role in reducing food loss and waste.
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Hasani, Arbenita, Elena Kokthi, Oltjana Zoto, Kaltrina Berisha e Iliriana Miftari. "Analyzing Consumer Perception on Quality and Safety of Frozen Foods in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Albania and Kosovo". Foods 11, n.º 9 (26 de abril de 2022): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091247.
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Freezing technology is one of the most well established long-term preservation techniques for producing high-quality, nutritious foods with prolonged shelf-life. Frozen foods (FFs) are a significant section of the global food market experiencing rapid growth. It also represents an alternative to small producers in developing countries to add value to their products in a competitive market. However, unfairly, FFs are often perceived as less qualitative than fresh produce, although studies have shown that some FFs have higher nutritional values than fresh products. This study’s aim is to analyze consumers’ perceptions in the two Balkan countries towards FFs. A total of 380 questionnaires were completed in both countries (182 in Kosovo and 198 in Albania). Consumers’ perceptions towards FFs were measured through eleven items using a five-point Likert scale. The items addressed issues related to the quality and safety of FFs, information on FFs, and the impact of origin on the perception of FFs. The differences between populations were tested with the t-test and correlation analysis with the bootstrapping method for sociodemographic factors. The results show that Kosovo consumers generally show a higher positive attitude toward FFs than Albanian consumers. Albanian consumers prefer fresh foods over FFs. The lack of trust in food safety institutions was expressed with concern for the conditions of the frozen chain applied both on the imported and domestic frozen products. Similarly, the findings show that Albanian consumers are willing to pay more than the baseline price to obtain fresh products instead of frozen compared with Kosovo consumers. Additional studies are needed to explore whether the lack of trust in food safety institutions inhibits the successful development of FFs in Albania and Kosovo. In both countries, responsible authorities should help consumers to have a more profound knowledge of the quality of FFs and boost these activities to increase farmers’ incomes and play an active role in reducing food loss and waste.
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YMERAJ, Arlinda. "What can the Albanian government do to effectively combat youth unemployment?" Economicus 19, n.º 1 (2020): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/nkfk1256.
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Youth unemployment in Albania continues to be critical, despite improvements during the last years. According to INSTAT (INSTAT, 2021) youth unemployment in December 2020 was 21.7%, 0.3 % higher than a years ago. Young graduates are the ones who suffer the highest levels of unemployment. The same report, while analyzing the unemployment rate by educational level, showed that about 14.4% of young people with secondary education and 12.3% of young people with higher education, are unemployed. The more progress advances, the more its contradictions are identified. Economic growth produces wealth, but it fails to secure jobs to everyone. By far, free market economy enhances a variety of unlimited opportunities, but it leads to hardships and inequalities, as well. The un-finished debate on “globalization” and its impact on markets, seems to hide the changes that have occurred on social relations sphere, which affect the people’s social welfare. The generation of 21st Century is challenged by a new social conflict. Whilst in the yesterday’s era, the conflict was between those below and above the threshold of income, in the present society, the conflict is “from outside to inside”, in other words, the conflict between inclusion and exclusion. In the today society, especially after Covid, youth unemployment appears a global challenge. Access to jobs can bolster self-esteem and produce benefits for societies beyond incomes. Programs that support employment for at-risk populations, including youth, can consider the ways in which jobs affect peoples’ attitudes, values, and behaviors and contribute to improved relations between groups. Arguably, in countries with high youth unemployment, like Albania, targeted training programs as well as empowerment of entrepreneurship through financial incentives, have the potential to be designed to strengthen self-esteem, which can lead to greater community involvement and reduced inequality and exclusion. The paper “ What can the Albanian government do to effectively combat youth unemployment” advances the argument of effectiveness of employment policies, which must support initiatives that originate from young people themselves. The best entrepreneurship practices from Shkodra and Vlora, two important regions of Albania are elaborated in depth to provide necessary evidence, thanks to a research, supported by OSCE mission in Albania, Extra Budgetary project “Promoting regional intermunicipal co-operation and dialogue for self-employment of women and youth”. The paper is composed of four sections in addition to introduction and conclusions. Section 1 explores in depth features of local employment policies and their impact on socio and economic performance of Shkodra and Vlora. Section 2 describes the methodology of the assessment. Section 3 analyses in depth best practices, while section 4 emphasizes key findings, which provides inputs to comparative analysis, as a basis for the identification of conclusions. Of value is the view point of entrepreneurs from Shkodra and Vlora counties, man and women, who in extremely difficult conditions work hard and producer values for themselves and the entire communities, proving that it is possible to build a future anywhere in Albania, no matter of circumstances.
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Kajsiu, Blendi. "Down with Politics!" East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, n.º 2 (22 de abril de 2010): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409354354.
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Dissatisfaction with politics and political parties has given rise to a strong antipolitics discourse in Albania. Growing numbers feel unrepresented and see politics and political parties as the source of, rather than the solution to, the country’s problems. In this article the author argues that the crisis of representation in Albania does not result simply from the inability of political parties to represent different social groups but from their inability to articulate and constitute them politically. The two major political parties have articulated “the people” against an external threat usually represented by their political opponent. Under these conditions, different social categories such as farmers, urban, rural, rich, and poor were increasingly reduced to moments within “the people” as a whole rather than the starting point from which “the people” were constituted. Therefore, the political process became both conflictual and unrepresentative of different social groups. The less representative political parties became, the more society as a whole and different groups within it defined themselves against political parties and politicians, hence the antipolitics discourse.
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Likaj, Matilda, Ramiola Kalemi e Fatma Ceyda Bas. "Happiness and Emigration as A Challenge to Albanian University Youth: A National Level Case". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, n.º 1 (13 de maio de 2024): e05806. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-147.
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Aim: The research article aims to analyse happiness as the primary indicator of the current emigration potential of university youth. The challenges of decision-making of Albanian university youth to emigrate tease out the social, political and economic factors as indicators to decrease the level of happiness in terms of personal (being happy with life in general, with life, with family life in the last four years) and in social perspective such as being happy with economic status and house/shelter, the level of satisfaction with current life (standards of living), and the level of trust (in political and governmental institutions; in people, friends and media), as the pushing factors to potential emigration of youth. Methods: To guarantee a national-level measurement of the university youth emigration potential, due to the mentioned indicators, the empirical data gained from the quantitative online survey research on the measurement of opinions of (N=1010) Albanian university youth, at the national level of (N=7) (all) public universities in Albania, in (N=13) departments on social sciences profile, analysed by the Statistical program IMB SPSS 26, in different statistical approach analysis, such as descriptive, frequency, cross-tabs and Kurtosis. Results: Many measurement indicators show that personal and social levels of happiness reflect on a ‘low level of subjective well-being, unsatisfaction subjective well-being and dissatisfaction with life and living conditions that decrease the level of trust and security for life, and proxy dimensions of emigration decision (intention and concrete plan to migrate) of university youth. Conclusion: The low satisfaction (with life and living conditions), and low trust in the state bodies and political institutions, due to the current, social, political and economic conditions, formed an elation among the variables, on the conclusion that happiness is the main push factor and a challenge for potential emigration of university youth as high skilled worker, in the next years.
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Mece, Manuela. "Youth Employment in Rural Albania: A Theoretical Approach". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 10 (29 de abril de 2016): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n10p340.
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Employment plays a central role in the social integration of young people. Young people in rural areas are the future of agriculture and other rural industries, but often lack the guidance and support necessary to fully contribute to the development of their communities, thereby fuelling the vicious cycle of rural underdevelopment and poverty. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the youth employment challenges faced in rural areas by bringing together in group discussions with stakeholders (farmers, entrepreneurs in rural areas, associations, etc.). The conclusions from this assignment will feed to a baseline analysis of youth involvement in rural labour market and skills development required and will identify areas where rural development programs can be targeted to increase their contribution to employment creation. This will also suggest formulation of policy recommendations on stimulating new sources of employment, and the conditions for success in stimulating employment in rural areas. The proposed methodology was developed through Desktop Research and direct interviews with focus groups.
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Kacani, Artan. "Land Tactics of the Single Housing Unit in the Informal Urban Growth in Albania". Design and non-Normativity. In the Era of Paradigm Shifts, n.º 22 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/f40002209.
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Learning from the informal transitional phases is a process that focuses on the diversity and multiple forms in which land and building alike are shaped and re-shaped in the territory. Moreover, there might be various reasons as to why this perpetual condition persists in informal areas in the Albanian context. This diversity is analyzed and named according to the impact that it has on the territory, including land fragmentation and densifcation. The purpose of this research is to illustrate transitional phases, of the informal settlements, to identify the cases of the multiform and to open up an irrevocable professional debate on the matter that not all informal settlements are the same in the territory. This starts from the local Albanian practices of building informally to the actual form of territorial transition. All of the practices have one thing in common; they are half-realized utopias. Such is the urbanization process in Albania which has never co-occurred within the settlement and parceling in informal areas. It is up to urban planners and landscapers to identify these conditions even if the public and institutional apparatus do not deal with them. Passing from the informal practices and into their territorial partialities, the methodology gives a tactical description of the territorial impact as a result of the three processes of the urban informal growth in Albania: a) building, b) parceling, and c) putting in infrastructure. These processes are considered as a transitional phase and analyzed in this study. The multiform of their alternations can be described as land tactics, with a high impact on fragmentation and densification. The result illustrates and shows that not all the informal settlements are the same, although the same typology of the housing unit. Architects, landscapers, and social workers can contribute to the methodological solutions, starting from a single inhabitant and practices described and then enlarged to the regional scale of all 55 informal areas.
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MacPherson, Douglas W., Fausto Mariani, Jacqueline Weekers e Brian D. Gushulak. "Field Epidemiology Assessment for a Medical Evacuation Programme Related to the Crisis in Kosovo, 1999". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, n.º 3 (setembro de 2000): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025140.
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AbstractIn complex human emergency (CHE)-aid situations, the international community responds to provide assistance to reduce morbidity and mortality related to environmental and civil disruptions. The political and social situation in Kosovo, in combination with the military activity from 23 March to 09 June, 1999, created a crisis associated with mass movement of the population of Kosovo into neighbouring provinces and nations. This forced migration of people seeking protection increased demands for -water, food, shelter, and health care in the refugee areas. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that 771,900 ethnic Albanians, and 30,700 Serbians, Croatians, and Montenegrins had been displaced from Kosovo during this time period, and that 439,500 of these people had arrived in Albania. Given the limited health-care resources in Albania to respond to the increasing demands for health care, a field epidemiological study was conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) to assess the need for a medical evacuation program from Albania related to the crisis in Kosovo. Outcome measurements in this assessment were: 1) health-care capacity and health-care utilization rates in Albania before the crisis and by the refugees during the crisis; 2) the frequency of war-related injuries; 3) the frequency of medical evacuation; 4) nature of medical conditions of the patients being evacuated; and 5) destination for medical evacuation (internal or international) during the crisis. The results of the field assessment, which gathered health outcome data during the first eight weeks of the conflict (23 March 1999 to 25 May 1999), indicated that there was a need for a specifically designed medical evacuation programme in Albania. The study demonstrated that the implementation of a medical evacuation programme must be integrated with the national health care objectives. It also was found that the magnitude of an evacuation programme could be reduced markedly by strategic support of existing medical programmes in Albania (haemodialysis, trauma and orthopaedics, blood banking). Implementation of this strategy could permit containment of the majority of cases within Albania or to regional, health-care facilities. The results of such targeted support for specific services could result in a national programme for internal medical evacuation, with limited dependence upon the international movement of patients.
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Muharremi, Oltiana, Filloreta Madani e Erald Pelari. "Evaluating the Impact of Microfinance for Women in Albania". Journal of Business Theory and Practice 4, n.º 2 (20 de outubro de 2016): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v4n2p233.
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<p class="Default"><em>Microfinance is defined as any activity involving the offering of financial services such as loans, savings and insurance to individuals with low income.</em><em> </em><em>Creating social value includes reducing poverty and having a better impact to improve living conditions through capital for micro-enterprises; insurance and savings deposits for reducing risk and boosting consumption. Worldwide microfinance actors promote access to basic financial services by developing new tools, a variety of products and the adoption of an integrated banking access.</em></p><p class="Default"><em>Initially, microfinance was largely gender neutral: it sought to provide credit to the poor who had no assets to pledge as collateral. It quickly emerged, however, that women invested their business profits in ways that would have a longer-lasting impact on their families and communities. Consequently women became fundamental to the success of the microfinance model as a poverty alleviation tool. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of microfinance loans in improving the lives of women borrowers, as well as in strengthening their social influence and the microcredit impact in promoting savings. This study is based on an empirical investigation of 384 structured questionnaires and surveys directed at microfinance institutions and their clients in the regions of Vlore and Fier, Albania.</em></p>
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Peterson-Bidoshi, Kristin. "The Dordolec: Albanian House Dolls and the Evil Eye". Journal of American Folklore 119, n.º 473 (1 de julho de 2006): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4137641.
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Abstract This study, based on forty taped interviews, considers the social and economic conditions that led to the sudden reemergence of evil eye beliefs and practices in Albania. It explores how the recent development of a highly stratified class system and the introduction of individual property ownership helped to increase the dependence of Albanians on the dordolec (scarecrow) for protection of their newfound wealth. A discussion of the kukull, the store-bought, stuffed animal version of the dordolec, offers insight into the post-post-CommunistAlbanian trend to appropriate Western commodities into the local tradition.
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Bonerba, Elisabetta, Fatmira Shehu, Annamaria Pandiscia, Patrizio Lorusso, Alessio Manfredi, Aleksandra Huter, Giuseppina M. Tantillo, Sara Panseri, Maria Nobile e Valentina Terio. "The EU Interreg Project “ADRINET”: Assessment of Well-Known and Emerging Pollutants in Seafood and Their Potential Effects for Food Safety". Foods 13, n.º 8 (17 de abril de 2024): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13081235.
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Anthropogenic activities lead to the spread of chemicals and biological materials, including plastic waste, toxic metals, and pharmaceuticals, of which the impact on the Mediterranean Sea is of high concern. In this context, the EU Interreg Italy-Albania-Montenegro Project “ADRINET (Adriatic Network for Marine Ecosystem) _244” (2018–2020) arises. It aims to carry out biomonitoring campaigns in the main commercial interest of fish and cephalopod species, such as Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sepia spp., and Loligo spp. sampled in three different subregions of the Mediterranean Sea. The presence of the main environmental contaminants, such as cadmium, microplastics, and antibiotics was investigated in these seafood samples. Contamination by cadmium and antibiotics in the seafood investigated in our study was negligible. However, a high value of microplastics was detected in the stomach and gut of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Overall, even though the presence of microplastics needs to be investigated by further studies, the results confirmed that the environmental conditions of the three bays investigated by the ADRINET project partners (Italy, Albania, Montenegro) are positive and not affected by intensive anthropogenic activity.
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Sota, Jani. "Education and Labor Market in Albania and European Union: Achievements and Challenges". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 8, n.º 1 (15 de julho de 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv8n107.
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The education system in Albania since the post-1990 period has undergone numerous reforms, with the aim of keeping pace with developments in this field with the European Union countries. These reforms have not always proved successful and applicable to the conditions of Albania. Consequently, nowadays we face an education system that generally succeeds in preparing young generations for the labor market, but lacks a proper match of labor supply and demand. Adequate development of education in Albania for a workforce that suits the needs of the market constitutes the primary condition towards maximum productivity. Given Albania's pre-accession status in the European Union, it is important that the workforce must ensure competitiveness with the European market. On the other hand, some of the European Commission's recommendations express the need for a higher education law with quality functioning institutions, greater development of higher education curriculumn and improved access to youth inclusion in vocational education development. As well as the education system, which will be trated in this research, the labor market in the European Union is also highly diversified, with member states designing and implementing various policies to promote employment and increase the productivity of local industries over the years. Within the labor market policies, some of them can be listed that apply across EU member states: training, employment incentives, employment support and rehabilitation, direct job creation, incentives to start up ups; social care for the unemployed, early retirement, etc.
Received: 2 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
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Duka Ferri, Ambera, Migena Buka e Magdalini Vampa. "The Challenges of Inclusive Teaching in Albania and Its Issues in the Pre-School Curriculum". Journal of Educational and Social Research 13, n.º 6 (5 de novembro de 2023): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0166.
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This study aims to explore the challenges faced by teachers in pre-school inclusive classrooms in Albania. Through a qualitative methodology, the research investigates the specific difficulties encountered by educators and offers suggestions for adapting teaching practices to effectively meet the needs and abilities of all students, regardless of their conditions and circumstances. The study includes 23 teachers interviewed in 5 schools/kindergartens where they teach in the preschool program classes in the city of Durrës. While the focus group included 26 third-year bachelor students enrolled in Preschool education for the 2022-2023 academic year at the University of Durrës Aleksandër Moisiu. The findings of the study highlight several key factors that can alleviate the challenges faced by teachers in inclusive classrooms. Firstly, it emphasizes the importance of providing assistant teachers, particularly specialized educators in the field of special education, to accompany students with disabilities. These professionals can offer dedicated support, expertise, and guidance, enabling a more inclusive learning environment. Additionally, the research emphasizes the significance of reducing the student-to-teacher ratio in these classrooms. By lowering the number of students, teachers can provide more individualized attention and support to each child, catering to their unique requirements. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for enhancing teachers' knowledge and skills in adapting teaching methods to accommodate the diverse needs and abilities of students with disabilities. Professional development programs, workshops, and training sessions can empower educators with effective strategies, specialized techniques, and resources necessary for inclusive classroom practices. In conclusion, by addressing these key factors, pre-school inclusive classrooms can meet the requirements of inclusive education. It is anticipated that these efforts will contribute to the alleviation of challenges and promote an inclusive educational environment where all students can thrive.
Received: 29 July 2023 / Accepted: 30 September 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023
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Aliu, Blerta. "Legal and Practical Aspects of Bankruptcy Proceedings in Albania and Their Role in the Protection of Stakeholders". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, n.º 1 (30 de dezembro de 2014): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p229-234.
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Bankruptcy represents an effort to find the correct ratio between the need to protect economic assets left over from a subject in crisis and need to take care and realize greater extent the rights of creditors. Bankruptcy in Albania, for the first time was adjusted in the Commercial Code of Zogu, " Book six – Bankruptcy". Today in the Republic of Albania the law in 2002 "On bankruptcy" amended by law in 2008. This law is largely a continuation of adjustments made in 1995. This paper will address the news that the new law brings, regarding the procedures to be followed and the conditions to be met for a person debtor, can be downloaded from the remaining obligations. Regulated recognition of a foreign bankruptcy procedure and the opening of a secondary procedure, as well as collaboration between the higher of the two bankruptcy proceedings. Also, according to recent changes have envisaged by the law, Bankruptcy Supervision Agency" which is a public legal entity. We will treat the compatibility of our legislation with EU Regulation of 2000. The methodology used in the paper is the analysis of legislation and practical decisions. The conclusions show a positive tendency of legal norms to protect creditors, but the level of jurisdiction decisions and practice seems more embryonic. Relevance of this topic is related to social, legal but also economic aspects.
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Bardhi, Ejona. "The current situation of the tax system and administration in Albania". European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences 7, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2023): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejels-2023-0007.
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Abstract A large part of the world’s economies, but especially countries in transition, face high levels of fiscal evasion and tax avoidance. The tax administration must analyze the factors that influence the level of income declaration by taxpayers, specifically the identification of the problems of this fiscal policy in relation to VAT, Social Security and Health contributions and consolidate the infrastructure in order to improve the situation in a way to achieve a better performance in the realization of tax revenues. Tax control remains one of the most discussed issues in this case. Despite the fact that there are other important structures that affect the performance of the tax administration, tax audit has a significant impact on increasing the awareness of taxpayers. The quality of tax control has been treated as one of the basic performance indicators of the tax administration that has a direct impact on tax revenue collection. Fiscal evasion and tax evasion leads to a low level of revenue realization, which causes low levels of public investment. The object of the study will be the identification of the current problems of the fiscal policy, the identification of influencing factors in the behavior of taxpayers and the impact of tax control on tax performance. There are studies related to the structuring and management of the tax audit and the factors that make a tax audit more qualitative. These studies emphasize that an independent tax control takes on new burdens aiming to guarantee the budgets with the necessary revenues to carry out economic and social programs for the benefit of citizens. The recent global and regional economic crisis has affected fiscal administration, requiring all governments to increase tax performance in support of the minimization of informality and the fight against fiscal evasion and tax avoidance. In a country like Albania, where the informal economy is present (World Bank, 2015), taxpayers try to use all the “ways” they find to avoid paying tax obligations. The difference between the taxes that should be collected and those actually collected 1 is calculated to be somewhere between 16% and 20% for VAT and for profit tax an average of 38%, also if measures for tax controls had not been taken, the potential evasion reaches 66% (World Bank, 2015). Also, the occasional changes in tax legislation and the tax burden creates difficulties for business until finding abusive ways. Under these conditions, for the tax administration in Albania, maintaining an efficient and effective tax administration is a difficult challenge. In all countries, the tax audit plays an important role in the performance of the tax administration. The main purpose of the tax administration is to make taxpayers aware of their tax obligations. An important tool for improving efficiency and effectiveness of an administration is the implementation of an appropriate tax control system in relation to the conditions in which the country is located. This study constitutes a scientific effort to present the problems of the current fiscal policy and the influencing factors in the performance of the tax administration in Albania. Through this study it will be possible to prove the relationship that exists between the various factors that have been studied (which are thought to affect efficiency) and the efficiency of the tax administration. At the same time it will be analyzed what part of the income is realized from the tax control from the total collected income. This study is a novelty in this field, since there are no studies in Albania that have dealt with these issues before, but it will also serve the senior managers of the tax administration and policy makers to take the appropriate measures.
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Kume, Andon. "Legislative Solution to Prevent the Interference of Foreign Financing in the Electoral Campaign and their Destabilizing Effects". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, n.º 1 S1 (20 de maio de 2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s118.
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The Albanian legislation, the Electoral Code and the Law for political parties, prohibit the financing of the election campaign by foreign governments, institutions and/or public or private entities, for political parties and their candidates. Among the effects that such financing can cause, the main ones are: (i) misgovernance and the promotion of destabilizing situations in the country, (ii) the promotion and generation of destabilizing situations in the Balkan region. For well-known geostrategic reasons, the countries of the Western Balkans, including Albania, are really exposed to the interference of foreign funding in election campaigns. This situation conditions the need for further adjustments in the legislation with the following objectives: (i) preventing the interference of foreign financing in the election campaign (ii) strengthening the sanctions (ii) treating this legal violation as a serious criminal offense that must be included in SPAK jurisdiction. Among the issues that should be treated with priority are also the necessary legal regulations through which must be prevent the use of social media and portals as channels for the realization of the objectives aimed at by foreign fundings. Together with these changes, support for strengthen of the capacities of law enforcement institutions for tracking, identifying and punishing violations of the law that prohibits the financing of the election campaign of political parties and their candidates with foreign fund is necessary.
Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
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Skënderaj, Klodjan, e Naim Tota. "Guaranteeing the Right to Attend Higher Education of Vulnerable Groups and Minorities". Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, n.º 5 (5 de setembro de 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0116.
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The right to education is a fundamental right of the person, which is recognized and guaranteed in Albania by international acts and domestic legislation. The right to education is a positive right, which not only must be recognized but it obligates the State to take all measures to enable its realization. However, this right is not an absolute right, which means that the State has the obligation to guarantee the right to education up to the 9-year system, while it is at the discretion of the individual to attend or not the secondary and higher education. The right to access education in the university system can be conditioned by a series of criteria set in laws and bylaws. This paper will analyze the innovations and conditions in the criteria provided by the law “On higher education” and its bylaws regarding university admission of students belonging to vulnerable groups such as minorities by combining the theoretical analysis with the practical implementation of these criteria. Received: 14 June 2021 / Accepted: 4 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Zhezha, Vaeld, Blerim Kola e Anca Mihaela Melinceanu. "Exploring the Landscape of Digital Marketing in Albania: Insights from Local Companies". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 12, n.º 4 (5 de julho de 2023): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0120.
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Digital marketing is an important form of promotion and the promotion itself is one of the 4 elements of the marketing mix, which is about communication or otherwise, the exchange of information between buyers, beneficiaries, the public in general on the one hand and sellers or providers on the other hand. Digital marketing has transformed the way companies communicate with their target audiences and advertise the products or/and services they offer. It includes a wide range of strategies and techniques aimed at effectively reaching and engaging consumers through digital channels, platforms, and technology. In the conditions of the dynamic development of technology and the continuous digitization of the market, digital presence has become a necessity for Albanian companies. Consequently, the use of digital marketing tools is a necessary condition to increase the performance of companies and to enable their operation in the digital market, in addition to the traditional one. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of application of digital marketing by Albanian companies, as well as to highlight the importance of digital marketing tools in the framework of economic growth strategies of Albanian companies. The study's findings indicate various advantages and disadvantages associated with the usage of e-marketing. The study seeks, through its findings, to stimulate the dynamic use of digital marketing by Albanian companies.
Received: 4 May 2023 / Accepted: 25 June 2023 / Published: 5 July 2023
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Çela Gusha, Kilda, Irena Shala e Remila Kalo. "Current Problems in the Mental Health Field". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, n.º 1 (10 de junho de 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i1.p136-139.
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Mental health problems are conditions that do not meet the criteria for disease but affect the normal quality and continuity of everyday life. They are the emotional and psychological difficulties of the individual, which occur as a result of circumstantial or persistent stresses or of a reflection of the emotions between the individual and the environment where he lives (WHO, 2005). Health is seen as "not just a lack of sickness or disability," but rather as "a complete physical, mental and social well-being." This definition significantly expands the concept of mental health, which should not be defined in a restrictive manner as the absence of mental disorders, but should be defined in a positive and comprehensive view (WHO, 1985). Ultimately, mental health is defined as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own potential, is able to cope with daily life concerns, is productive and fruitfully in his work, and is capable of delivering his contribution to the community where he lives (WHO, 2001). Mental health problems are usually associated with important concerns in social, professional, or other important activities. In many cases, there appears to be a continuity between mental health problems and mental disorders, making the diagnosis even more complex (CDC, 2011). Policies and Legislative Frameworks. Law on MS – 1996. Implementation of LLL remains low as a consequence of inadequate infrastructure (health, social and legal). There is no national or local body to monitor human or patient rights in the institutions of the MS.Policy on the Development of Mental Health Services in Albania - March 2003. Action Plan for the Development of Mental Health Services in Albania - May 2005. Mental and emotional problems are a concern for many elderly people. Depression often occurs as a result of the death of a spouse or close friends. Even this kind of loss and even more important and more common is the loss of respect of others. With retirement an individual does not feel more useful to his family, to society, and even more to himself.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans". European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Haxhihyseni, Shqipe, Jonida Tirana e Eva Ndrio de Carvalh. "Impact of Principals’ Leadership Styles on Teachers' Job Satisfaction and Motivation in Elementary Schools". Journal of Educational and Social Research 13, n.º 4 (5 de julho de 2023): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0101.
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This research paper intends to elucidate and ascertain prevailing leadership styles that principals of elementary education employ, along with their influence on the overall degree of motivation and teachers' job satisfaction. Quantitative method has been used in order to describe the relationship among the leadership style, motivation and job satisfaction. This study has been conducted with 700 elementary-school teachers respectively in the districts of Tirana, Durrës and Elbasan in Albania. In the findings of this study, the passive leadership style and the active leadership style dominate in the same values in the teachers’ perception as the most widely used styles of their headmasters/principals in the basic education. From the regression analysis, it turned out that the active and passive styles are statistically valid predictors of satisfaction and motivation of teachers at work. There is a positive moderate relation between the active style (transformational/ contingent reward) and job satisfaction. The findings of this paper will facilitate additional studies that must be conducted in the quest for broadening the leader's responsibilities and approaches to enhance working conditions, cultivate greater teacher motivation, and foster satisfaction within the environment they operate.
Received: 12 April 2023 / Accepted: 11 June 2023 / Published: 5 July 2023
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Macaj, Edlira, e Marisa Kerbizi. "Literature and Art Therapy, as an Applied Model Used by Restorative Justice - Case Study: Minors at Kavaja Minors Institution in Albania". Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, n.º 2 (5 de março de 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0030.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the restoration process of juveniles who are serving their sentences at Kavaja Minors Institution, through the therapy of literature and art. In order to understand the process, it is essential to answer the following questions: does art therapy have a transformative effect on the psychology of adolescents who have problems with the law? If so, how and to what extent does it affect and by what means do we measure the result? Methods that were used in order to process the data were the empirical, analytical, comparative and descriptive ones. The data were registered before and after sixteen therapeutic sessions that were essentially related to reading literature and dealing with other arts. If art therapy is utilized through a structured program to ensure informal education (ie, discovering oneself and others by creating and practicing process), it may help to improve adolescents' behaviors. Juveniles that are in re-education institutions may even ameliorate their psychological conditions if they are engaged to literature and art therapy. Art in itself deals with the personal dimension and consequently the interpersonal one, giving minors the opportunity to self-heal and later to self-regulate. The findings of this case study justify the importance of art therapeutic sessions in transforming and improving behaviors, learning and commitment to the creative process. This therapy was difficult to implement during the closure of institutions due to COVID-19. As a result, some of the therapeutic sessions were performed virtually and indirectly. Literature and art therapy improves young people emotionally, mentally and promotes their artistic skills. Their creativity and artistic performance (poetry, essays, debate, drama, role-play, dance and singing) remain an important proof of this restoration process.
Received: 8 January 2021 / Accepted: 22 February 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021
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Gabrani, Jonila, Christian Schindler e Kaspar Wyss. "Out of pocket payments and access to NCD medication in two regions in Albania". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 8 (10 de agosto de 2022): e0272221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272221.
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Objective The financial burden from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is a threat worldwide, alleviated only when good social protection schemes are in place. Albeit the Government in Albania has committed to Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC), Out-of-Pockets (OOPs) persist. Through this study, we aimed to assess the OOPs related to consultations, diagnostic tests, and medicine prescriptions as self-reported by people suffering from NCDs. Methods A household survey was conducted in two regions of Albania. The present analysis includes respondents who suffered from chronic health conditions and consulted a health care provider within the last 8 weeks (n = 898). Mixed logistic regression models with random intercepts at the level of communities were employed in order to assess the association of OOPs with age, gender, urban vs. rural residency, health insurance, marital status, barriers experienced, type of chronic condition(s) and region. Results Of those who consulted a provider, 95% also received a drug prescription. Among them, 94% were able to obtain all the drugs prescribed. Out-of-pocket payments occurred throughout the NCD treatment process; specifically, for consultation (36%), diagnostic tests (33%), and drugs purchased (88%). Drug expenditures accounted for 62% of all household expenditures. Respondents with health insurance were less likely to pay for consultation and drugs. The elderly (patients above 60 years old) were less likely to pay for consultations and tests. Those who lived in urban areas were less likely to pay for drugs and consultations. Patients encountering any form of barrier when seeking care had increased odds of OOPs for consultations (OR; 2.25 95%-CI; 1.57; 3.23) and tests (OR; 1.71 95%-CI; 1.19; 2.45). Conclusion Out-of-pocket payments by NCD patients principally made up through the purchase of prescribed drugs, remain important. Tackling the high costs of drugs will be important to accelerate the UHC agenda. Here, it is important to raise the population’s awareness on patients’ knowledge of their entitlements to health insurance, and on the current health reforms.
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Tirana, Jonida, Denaida Trungu e Loren Lee Chiesi. "Motivation Factors Influence Teachers' Job Satisfaction". Journal of Educational and Social Research 13, n.º 3 (5 de maio de 2023): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0075.
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This study aims to describe the impact of various motivation factors on the level of teachers’ job satisfaction. Researchers have used quantitative methods to describe the relationship between motivation factors and the teachers’ overall job satisfaction level. The quantitative study is a non-experimental type, correlational, and conducted with over 700 secondary school teachers from Durrës, Tirana and Elbasan municipalities in Albania. This paper used a structured questionnaire, which contains three sections. The first section includes teachers’ demographic characteristic; in the second section, there are 32 statements (indicators) included in the Job Motivation Questionnaire, which evaluates and measures the teachers’ job motivation level; the third section features 23 indicators in The Job Satisfaction Index, which measures the teachers’ overall job satisfaction level. The findings of this study demonstrate that there is a substantial positive relationship between job motivation and job satisfaction (r=.52, p<0.01). The results of this study showed that external and internal motivation explain 24% of the job pleasure variability where internal motivation turned out to have a higher impact and external motivation a relatively lower one. Results from this study will serve future studies in search of strategies to improve the working conditions in order to have more motivated teachers within the context where they work.
Received: 22 February 2023 / Accepted: 20 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023