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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Albania – Social conditions"
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Pacukaj, Sokol. "Political and Social Conditions of Albania During the 1920s". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 7, n.º 1 (5 de novembro de 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv7n105.
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In the 1920s, Albania was one of the least developed countries of the Balkan peninsula, despite its good geomorphological conditions, geographical position, and the proximity of civilized peoples. The Albanian region extended along the eastern coast of the Adriatic, is crossed by tributary rivers of this sea and is naturally open to influences from Western Europe; discrete mountain barriers separate it instead from the East. As a result of this geographical feature, its social development should have been more in tune with the Mediterranean civilizations than with the Balkan ones. The historical events - having linked the region to the hegemony of eastern states in the last fifteen centuries - did not favor the natural anthropogeographic development of Albania based on Western and Mediterranean civilizations. The aim of this paper is to give a description of the political and social conditions of Albania during the years after the First World War, specially the 1920s. The primary source used in the paper is the military archive in Rome.
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Gjergji, Elda, e Florika Gjevori. "The Situation of Young People’s Political Participation in Albania". Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 16, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2024): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2023-0015.
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Abstract The right to participate in political life – especially for youth – is very important for an inclusive society. Although the population under the age of 30 represents about 40% of the total population in Albania, the participation of young people in the political, social, and economic spheres remains low. Under current conditions, the youth in Albania tend to remain uninvolved in policy-making, and thus unable to influence their social and economic status. This article points analyzes the economic, social, and political situation of Albanian youth with some recommendations for policy makers related to each area. The institutional and legal structures for young people and the participation of young people in politics are not well developed in Albania. There is a need to review and strengthen the country’s institutional/legal framework at all levels, in order to make young people a more important factor in the society.
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Mano, Laureta, e Mirela Selita. "The Albanian Social Security System and the Institutions of Social Protection in Albania". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i2.p18-25.
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The social security system in Albania consists of social assistance and social services, health services and health care insurance and social insurance schemes. In the social objectives of the constitution are declared that the State within the constitutional competencies and the probable means as well as in the fulfillment of private initiatives and responsibilities, aims to higher possible standards of health, physical and mental; social care and services of elderly, orphan and invalids; medical rehabilitation, special education and integration in the community, of disabled persons. The Constitution foreseen that everyone has the right of social insurance when retired or in case of incapacity of work under a certain system established by a law. Everyone, when is unemployed for any reasons independent on individual will and when there is no living means, has the right of need under the conditions foreseen by law. Social insurance is a scheme protecting by benefits persons in respect of temporary incapacity due to sickness, maternity, old-age, disability and loss of breadwinner, employment accidents/occupational diseases, unemployment. Social Services are benefits in kind for disabled persons or vulnerable persons. Social Assistances are cash benefits given to families in need, that means families with lower incomes comparable with minimum standard of living or families without incomes. Health services consist of public health, primary health care, hospitalization services nurse's service, dental and pharmaceutical net. The Institutions of Social Protection in Albania are Social Insurance Institute, National Social Services and Health Care Insurance Fund.
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Dushi, Arbnora. "Approaches of the Albanian Folkloristic in Kosovo: Background, Researches, Publications". Traditiones 48, n.º 3 (27 de fevereiro de 2020): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/traditio2019480304.
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The aim of the article on disciplinary trends in Albanian folkloristic in Kosovo is to offer an overview of folkloristic orientations and impacts related to the social and political status of Albanians in the former Yugoslavia, respectively in Kosovo. The living conditions of Albanians in some Balkan countries have affected the approaches, orientations and schools through which Albanian folklore studies have evolved. In this context, Albanian folklore studies in Kosovo differed from those in Albania during the period under communism when Yugoslavia and Albania had tense or broken diplomatic relations. In this paper, the historical background of the discipline and circumstances of Albanians living in Kosovo are presented. Both had a discernible impact on the research and publications carried out by the Folklore Department at the Institute of Albanology in Prishtina, as the only institution for the scientific research of Albanian folklore. Its research methodology, paradigms, publications as well as the status of folklore studies today provide an overview of folkloristic in Kosovo.
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Metalla, Osman, Alma Golgota, Umberto LaGatta, Eduard Ndokaj e Shpëtim Pupa. "Implementation of the MLC Convention in Albania and its Role in Seafarer’s Standards". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 11, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n103.
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The Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) is an international labor standard adopted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2006 [1] . The MLC was designed to ensure that seafarers receive decent working conditions on board ships, without any difference regardless their nationality. The convention sets out minimum requirements to be met by authorities, shipping companies, for seafarer’s employment rights, working conditions, and social protection. Convention, 2006, as amended (MLC 2006) on 28 Oct [2]ober 2016, and the convention entered into force in Albania on 28 October 2017. The amendments of the Code of the Convention approved by the International Labor Conference (ILC) in 2018 entered into force in Albania on 26 December 2020. The aim of this paper is to examine the implementation of MLC requirements and its impact in Albanian maritime industry, and to identify the needed steps to be undertaken by Albanian maritime authorities to fully comply with MLC requirements.
Received: 23 February 2024 / Accepted: 18 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024
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Kaleshi, Entela. "Effects of Migration and Human Capital Formation in Albania". European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 8, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/864jjj42q.
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Albania has one of the world’s highest emigration rates, relative to its population, at -3.3 migrants per 1,000 people, and a total migrant population of more than 1.25 million in 2014, according to UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs data. In 2010 Albania was granted with visa-free travel to the Schengen area and this also affected the crossing of the borders and the circular migration across the land border between Greece and Albania was for many years, one of the most significant irregular migratory flows across the EU’s external borders. Although during the last years it is observed an increase number of return migrants, Albanian citizens continued to migrate and it is observed an increase of the number during 2014, and the new trend now is requesting asylum in EU member states increased during 2014. According to EUROSTAT data show that 65,000 Albanians applied for asylum in 2015, 55,000 of them sought asylum in Germany and 99 percent of Albanian asylum requests have been refused from European countries, half of them belong to the age group 18 – 34 years old. Due to the poor economic and living conditions in Albania, the labor market in Albania is still vulnerable and it affects the on-going migrant flows from Albania to the most developed labor markets of other countries. These migrant flows are directly linked with labor market development especially level of unemployment and poverty. Migration in Albania has major development impact and poverty implications in several levels. It has effects for individuals and their families, for origin and destination countries, and the national economy. At the individual level it shows that migrants benefit economically from their movements, their migration leads to better employment opportunities and income; at the household level in the home country migration reduces poverty at the family level and positively contributes to human capital formation, and improving education and healthcare conditions. Migration also has effects at the national level, bringing positive changes to the national economy.
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Genesin, Monica. "The Roles of Women in the Lexicon of the Albanian “Code of Skanderbeg” (Kanuni I Skanderbegut)". Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 65, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0045.
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Abstract A lexical analysis of the so-called Kanuni i Skanderbegut, an Albanian collection of customary laws, provides an insight to understand women’s social role in traditional communities living in the northern area of Albania. In the use of specific terminology one can notice a clear separation between the two sexes which is reflected in the distribution of roles and in using a structured terminology that designates not only roles and conditions, but also other aspects of social life.
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Sota, Jani, e Lindita Lutaj. "Albania and the Education Policies of Italy from the Beginning Until the End of the 30s of the Twentieth Century in Archival Documents and in the Albanian Press in General". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, n.º 3 (10 de maio de 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0066.
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This paper is dedicated to the education policies of Italy for the expansion and consolidation of Italian schools in Albania, from the point of view of archival documents and the Albanian press at that time. The study focuses primarily on the efforts of the Italian government to organize the education system, establish schools, prepare programs and textbooks, equip schools with the necessary acts, etc., as an attempt to outline the European profile of education in Albania after 1912. As a part of the general analysis on the effects of the Italian schools on the life of Albanian society, would undoubtedly be the analysis of the "individual" type that it produced. On the one hand, the changes after the World War I generated a complex, renewed and more productive national education, but on the other hand, it was highly dependent on the Italian-Albanian education policies, and consequently, oriented towards a more open education system which promoted the cultural tendencies and aspirations of the Albanian nation. New democratic developments in Albania, gave us the opportunity to shed light on Italian-Albanian education policies within the context of the Italian-Albanian relations. Thanks to this, prominent figures left in oblivion, their work for the spread of new pedagogical ideas and the development of Western schools are given the acknowledgment that they deserve. The tendency to embrace and adapt those policies to the conditions of Albania of that time, reflect the important phenomenon of its developments and intellectual thought, so that the school could help more in the civilization and education of the Albanian society.
Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Kume, Andon. "Comparative Analyze on the Legal Solution Relevant to Status of Teachers in Albania". European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2, n.º 3 (15 de julho de 2021): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.121.
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Legislative reforms in the pre-university education system in Albania have paid special attention to addressing issues related to teacher status. In law no.69 / 2012, "On the pre-university education system in the Republic of Albania", these issues are treated in accordance with the requirements of International Labor Conventions, the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania and law No. 10171, dated 22.10. 2009 "On regulated professions in the Republic of Albania" amended. The law defines the teacher as the central figure of the school. In accordance with the recommendations of the ILO and UNESCO for the status of teachers, the Albanian law guarantees contemporary standards at every stage of the process for gaining and practicing the profession, for continuous professional preparation, scientific qualification, and career. The treatment of labor relations, relations with the social partners, with the associations and the community of parents and students, the definition of their rights and duties, salaries and rewards are components of the status of a teacher.
The status of teachers reflects the social and economic conditions of the country, work culture and community traditions. The law treats teacher status as a key factor in developing the profile of a teacher capable of preparing the future citizens of an open and global society. The professional and academic freedom of the teacher is considered as an essential element of his status. Creating conditions for the exercise of civil rights related to the teaching profession, the right to participate in social and public life and to organize in trade unions are legislative achievements in line with EU standards and the requirements of international documents.
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KOÇIU, Lorenc. "The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Situation On The Risk Level Facing The Albanian SMEs (Case Study: Gjirokastra Region)". Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, n.º 14 (10 de dezembro de 2021): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.7.14.10.
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The COVID-19 pandemic situation that affected the whole globe, of course, also affected the economic, political, social and cultural life in Albania. This pandemic situation had a strong impact not only on changing the conditions of human relations, but also on changing doing business. In this context, Albanian SMEs should make continuous efforts to recognize the future risks they may face. In this paper, SMEs in the Gjirokastra region have been studied. The methodology used in this paper is based on data collection through a structured questionnaire and descriptive analysis of data collected from this questionnaire. At the end of this paper it turned out that due to the pandemic situation and its economic impact, Albanian SMEs are very attentive to changing conditions not only economic, but also social, legal, political, health. They are also carefully of the consequences that come from facing different risks due to changes in these conditions Key word: Albanian SMEs, financial risk, business risk, Covid-19, Gjirokastra
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Albania – Social conditions"
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Bates, Katie. "Double or divergent? : stuntingoverweightness among children and the 'burden' of malnutrition : a study of Albania". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/998/.
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Today, researchers and policy makers alike are increasingly concerned about the “double burden of malnutrition” in low and middle income countries (LMICs). This ‘double burden’ is understood to be the coexistence of under- and overnutrition within one population. The definition of a ‘double burden’ relies upon the existence of chronic undernutrition among children (indicated by stunting – where children are shorter than expected for their age) and the existence of overnutrition in children or adults (child overweightness as indicated by a greater weight than expected for a given height and adult overweightness/obesity as indicated by a greater weight than height). However, research has failed to consider that children can be concurrently stunted and overweight – known here as ‘stuntingoverweightness’. In failing to consider stuntingoverweightness, the prevalence of stunting and overweightness among children has been overestimated at the population level. Stuntedoverweight children have been ‘double counted’ – once as stunted and once as overweight. This has severe implications for our understanding of malnutrition in LMICs today. The polarisation of malnutrition among children of under- and overnutrition has been exaggerated and a whole group of children have become hidden – the stuntedoverweight. This research addresses this issue. Recalculating stunting and overweightness prevalence accounting for stuntingoverweightness this research shows that, today in LMICs, up to 10.42% of children under-five are stuntedoverweight – yet no policies or programmes exist to understand the determinants of stuntingoverweightness, its effects or how to alleviate them. An individual level analysis of Albania shows stuntedoverweight children are a separate socioeconomic group and should thus be targeted for interventions separately from their stunted and overweight peers. Furthermore, failing to recognise stuntingoverweightness has led to overestimations of the burden of stunting by up to 88.54% (in Albania) and of overweight by up to 295.26% (in Benin) and skewing our understanding of the ‘burden of malnutrition’ in LMICs. The thesis shows that for nutritional strategies to be effective – research needs to consider the diverse burden of malnutrition observed in LMICs today.
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Peppo, Monika. "Les mutations urbaines et la transition, résultats d'une forte influence des facteurs locaux : vers un nouveau tourisme urbain : le cas de Korça (Albanie)". Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0025.
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A travers l'exemple de Korça (Albanie), de cette ville dans un pays qui fut aussi fermé que possible, nous avons développé une problématique sur le contexte "espace-temps" dans lequel s'inscrivent les manifestations de la transition. Les mécanismes de discordance, de désajustements entre le temps des structures spatiales apparaissent en pleine évidence à certains moments de crise, dont ils sont d'ailleurs les facteurs. Au cours de son développement urbain, les contextes géographiques locaux et régionaux ont eu une influence majeure qui a été décisive dans le choix des nouveaux équipements urbains, dans la phase de transition. Quant aux comportements et attitudes façonnés par le partage d'un passé commun, par l'adhésion à des valeurs et à symboles semblables, ils sont fondamentalement, surtout dans cette région aux frontières instables, le ciment du système national, son plus puissant mais aussi son plus subtil garant d'autoreproductionBehind of the example of Korça (Albania), a city of a country, which was very isolated, we have developed the problems, based into the context of “space-time”, by which are happened the transitions' events. The mechanism of the disaccord, of the non-adjustment, between the times of the spatial structures, is evidently appeared during some of the moments of the crises, serving like the factors. During the urban development, the local and regional geographical contexts had an important influence, which was decisive to the choice of the new urban equipments, in the transition phase. About the attitudes result of a similar ancient history, of the participation in the similar symbols and values, is important to emphasize and to push, considering that this city has a instable border
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Margaris, Zoé. "L' immigration albanaise en Grèce". Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082436.
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La chute du régime communiste en Albanie a donné lieu à un flux migratoire de membres de la minorité de souche grecque à destination de la Grèce. L’afflux en question, qui se confond avec le rapatriement de « congénères » grecs, se caractérise par la dimension xénophobe du face à face avec l’ « étranger-congénère ». Les membres de la minorité, en tant que catégorie spécifique de la population albanaise et au titre de communauté migratoire en Grèce, ont été progressivement amenés à (re)composer leur identité, en fonction des injonctions de l’état grec, ainsi que des exigences et des modèles des sociétés locales d’accueil. Ainsi, par un jeu d’osmoses culturelles entre communautés locales et migratoires, tant au niveau officiel et qu’au niveau populaire informel, leur identité poste-migratoire se (re)définit, et en générant la synthèse d’objectifs collectifs et de choix individuels, elle se (re)produit ethniquement selon des codes novateurs correspondant à l’espace de référence du momentThe fall of the communist regime in Albania has lead to the influx of minority immigrants of Greek origin into Greece, transforming it from a country of origin to a recipient country of immigrants. This influx, often confused with the repatriation of emigrants, is marked by the xenophobic dimension of having to live with the “foreigners-expatriates”. The members of the minority, as a special category in the Albanian population but also as an immigrant group in the Greek community, were gradually lead to the (re)formation of their identity, according to the demands and standards of local recipient communities. Therefore, through the cultural osmosis among local and immigrant communities, in the official –state– as well as the unofficial levels, their identity has been (re)defined after the immigrational experience, and as a generative force of group goals and individual choices is (re)produced ethnically through innovative codes, corresponding to their contemporary field of reference
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Brine, Jennifer Jane. "Adult readers in the Soviet Union". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1986. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1398/.
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This thesis is a study of ordinary adult readers and their reading preferences in the USSR in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. Chapter One provides background information on Soviet policies towards reading and on the changes in Soviet society which have influenced reading habits over the last 30 years. This is followed by a description of the reader surveys used for the research and a discussion of some methodological problems. Chapter Two is concerned with all aspects of political control over reading, as it affects the writer, the publishing process, the book trade, libraries and ultimately the reader. Chapters Three and Four consider problems of the supply of reading matter through the retail trade and through mass (public) libraries. Chapter Five is an analysis of how various sociodemographic factors affect reading, and of the effect of television on reading. Chapter Six considers the relative importance of books, newspapers and journals, and the balance between fiction and non-fiction in readers' preferences. Chapter Seven is concerned with the reading of non-fiction, whether in books, journals or newspapers, and Chapter Eight provides an analysis of readers' preferences in novels, poetry and plays. The thesis concludes that the many, often contradictory, stereotypes of reading in the USSR all have some foundation in reality.
Livros sobre o assunto "Albania – Social conditions"
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Sokol, Kondi, e United Nations Development Programme, eds. Human development report, Albania 1995. Tirana, Albania: United Nations Development Programme, 1995.
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Alderman, Harold. Social assistance in Albania: Decentralization and targeted transfers. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1998.
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Soto, Hermine G. De. Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From social exclusion to social inclusion. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.
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Maria, Donnarumma Anna, e Fallavollita Laura, eds. Albania: Le donne di Puke : una ottica di genere. Roma: Palombi, 2002.
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Rosa, Carmelo La. Togliti i sandali: Albania, il sapore dei primi passi. Milano: Gribaudi, 1999.
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Nicola, Mai, ed. Out of Albania: From crisis migration to social inclusion in Italy. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008.
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Centre for Albanian Studies (London, England), ed. Albania today: A portrait of post-communist turbulence. London: I. B. Tauris, 2005.
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Sguglio, Alfredo. Tra il Kanun e il mercato: Sviluppo e sostenibilità in Albania. Roma: Aracne, 2011.
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Tushi, Gëzim. Shoqëria moderne dhe njeriu i lakuar. Tiranë: [s.n.], 2008.
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Tushi, Gëzim. Shoqëria moderne dhe njeriu i lakuar. Tiranë: [s.n.], 2008.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Albania – Social conditions"
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Xhumari, Merita Vaso. "Older Workers and Their Relations to the Labour Market in Albania". In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 77–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_5.
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AbstractThe life course perspective is used in analysis of the older workers relations to the labour market in a societal context. Transition to the market economy of Albania has increased the vulnerability especially for two categories: the youngest, as the new entries into the labour market, and the oldest workers, who found it difficult to be adjusted to the labour market demand, after the failure of state enterprises, changes in working environments, social services, family, etc. The investigation of older workers in the labour market is focused on five dimensions: (1) the labour market structure and employment status of older workers; (2) the employment & VET policies; (3) the work-life balance with ageing; (4) health and (5) retirement.In the beginning of 1990s, the early retirement was the first policy intervention to cope with massive unemployment of older workers. Then, the parametric reforms of PAYG social insurance for increasing the retirement ages and the insurance period have had an impact on extending the working life of older workers of 10 years until 2018. However, the replacement rate was lowering from 74.2% in 1990, to 56% in 1993 when reform started, to further 41% in 2018 which impose pensioners to continue working or delaying the retirement. The increased youth unemployment, atypical and informal employment, has been new challenges for older workers to be adjusted to the labour market demand and only 10% of them can continue working after the retirement age. The development of employment services, VET, health care and social protection have been inadequate to promote social inclusion of older workers.In the framework of the EU integration, Albania has pursued a process of harmonization the legal framework with EU standards. National strategies have been enacted to guarantee human rights, gender equality, and an inclusive society. The social inclusion of older workers into the labour market is a complex issue that depended not only of the Government interventions, but also by the active engagement of other stakeholders. In the Albanian tradition family continues to be a strong supporting institution for older people and children, very likely to the Abbado’s idea in Italy.This chapter is based on an analysis of policy documents, research and statistics from INSTAT, Eurostat, World Bank, etc. The Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015, and European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2016 are used to identify age and gender patterns regarding work-life balance and social inclusion. The analysis suggests that to fully address the complexity of the inclusion of older workers in the labour market, an integrated approach should involve all relevant policy areas such as education, health, employment, and social protection, as well as engagement of all community stakeholders.
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Druga, Ertila. "Against All Odds: Introducing Social Health Insurance in Albania. An Actor-Centred Approach to Causal Mechanisms". In Global Dynamics of Social Policy, 271–302. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91088-4_9.
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AbstractScholarship on international development acknowledges the World Bank as a coercive actor, constraining developing countries to accept and adopt its prescribed policies through conditional structural adjustment loans. While less research examines the non-coercive, persuasive side of the World Bank, this chapter attempts to fill this gap by investigating Social Health Insurance introduction in post-communist Albania. Focused on the interaction between the Albanian Government and the World Bank and applying an actor-centred perspective, the analysis reveals a complex causal mechanism of transnational cooperation, which occurs in a non-coercive form, that explains the process. Next, it illustrates three elementary causal mechanisms that comprise the complex one. They are the rational orientation of the Albanian Government, the normatively-embedded calculatory orientation, and the reflective orientation of the World Bank.
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Malcolm, Noel. "An Unknown Account of Ottoman Albania". In Rebels, Believers, Survivors, 38–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857297.003.0003.
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Antonio Bruni, who until recently was completely unknown to historical scholarship, was an Albanian from the city of Ulcinj (now in Montenegro); the short treatise he wrote in 1596, which was also unknown, offers the first account of Albania by a named Albanian author. This essay begins with a summary account of Bruni’s life: the son of an Albanian member of the Knights of St John (of Malta), he studied in Rome and Avignon, spent some time working in Moldavia and then became an adviser to an exiled Moldavian ruler in Austria. His treatise was probably written for the benefit of a prominent member of the Papal administration in Rome. The whole text of his treatise is given here in translation, fully annotated. Written to advise on the possibility of an Albanian revolt during the Habsburg–Ottoman war, it discusses the ethnic and religious composition of Albania and other territories in the beylerbeylik (Ottoman province) of Rumeli, the social conditions there, and the security situation, especially the strength of local Ottoman forces. This text was a major influence on one of the most popular West European books about the Ottoman Empire, Lazaro Soranzo’s L’Ottomano (1598); this essay also demonstrates the degree of Soranzo’s indebtedness.
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Malcolm, Noel. "Crypto-Christianity and Religious Amphibianism in the Ottoman Balkans". In Rebels, Believers, Survivors, 55–67. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857297.003.0004.
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Christianity—secret adherence to Christian religious practices by people who outwardly professed Islam—is known to have occurred in several parts of the Ottoman Empire; this essay concerns the crypto-Christians of Kosovo, who were very unusual in adhering to Roman Catholicism. Distinctions are made here between crypto-Christianity and a range of other practices or circumstances that have been partly confused with it in previous accounts: the fact of close social coexistence between Muslims and Christians; the existence of religious syncretism, which allowed the borrowing and sharing of some ritual practices; and the principle of ‘theological equivalentism’ (the claim, made by some Muslims, that each person could be saved in his or her own faith). These things were not the same as crypto-Christianity, but they involved different kinds of religious ‘amphibianism’, creating conditions in which crypto-Christianity could survive more easily. The story of Catholic crypto-Christianity in Kosovo and northern Albania begins with reports from Catholic priests in the seventeenth century. Contributory factors seem to have been the economic incentive for men to convert to Islam to escape the taxes on Christians, and the fact that women (who were not tax-payers) could remain Christian, as Christian wives were permitted under Islamic law. This essay then traces the history of the crypto-Catholics of Kosovo, who survived, despite the strong official disapproval of the Church, into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Byron, Reginald. "Colonists and Immigrants". In Irish America, 18–50. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233565.003.0002.
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Abstract Over 4 million people from Ireland settled in the United States in the nineteenth century. More than a million arrived in just seven years, from 1847 to 1854, nearly twice as many as had emigrated to the United States during the previous half-century. Their impact on American society was enormous, in some places transforming the previous social fabric in less than a decade. One of these places was Albany, New York. By 1855, a quarter of the city’s population was Irish-born, and by 1875 this former Dutch colonial outpost and British garrison town had become one of the most Irish and Catholic places in the United States. Why so many Irish immigrants settled in Albany, and how they became integrated into American society has much to do with the circumstances of the city’s historical development: what kind of social order the Irish encountered in the midnineteenth century, what economic conditions then prevailed, and how its political and religious institutions received them.
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Daly, Blánaid, Paul Batchelor, Elizabeth Treasure e Richard Watt. "Prevention of periodontal diseases". In Essential Dental Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679379.003.0019.
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During the last 20 years our understanding of periodontal disease has been dramatically changed. Findings from clinical and epidemiological research have challenged the traditional progressive disease model and questioned the extent of destructive periodontal diseases within the population (Baleum and Lopez 2003; Petersen and Ogawa 2005; Sheiham and Netuveli 2002). Although gaps in our knowledge still exist about the precise nature and full extent of the condition, it is critically important that preventive and public health approaches to periodontal disease are based upon current scientific understanding of the condition (Baleum and Lopez 2003). This chapter will present an overview of current clinical and epidemiological research findings on periodontal disease. This will be followed by a critical review of the various options for prevention of the condition, with particular emphasis on the public health strategies required. Before considering the options for the prevention of periodontal diseases it is important to highlight the main epidemiological features of the condition. Although most adults have some gingivitis and calculus deposits, epidemiological surveys indicate that only approximately 10–15% of the adult population suffer from progressive periodontitis (Albandar 2005; Papapanou 1999; Petersen and Ogawa 2005; Sheiham and Netuveli 2002). The extent and severity of periodontitis increases with age and is more common among men than women. Stark socioeconomic inequalities exist, with lower-income and less-educated groups having significantly worse periodontal health than their more affluent and educated contemporaries (Petersen and Ogawa 2005; Sheiham and Netuveli 2002). As with other chronic diseases, a consistent social gradient exists in the distribution of periodontal diseases within a defined population (Borrell et al. 2006; Lopez et al 2006; Sabbah et al. 2007). The social gradient indicates that socio-economic differences in periodontal measures do not just occur at the extremes of the social spectrum between the rich and poor in society, but across the entire social hierarchy in a graded stepwise fashion. Trend data suggest that in high- and middle-income countries, oral hygiene levels have steadily improved in all age groups and there has been a decline in the extent of gingivitis (Hugoson et al 1998; Morris et al. 2001).
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Albania – Social conditions"
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DEMI (MOSHO), Albana, e Arjana KADIU. "ALBANIA AND CULTURAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT". In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.16.
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Everyone This paper aims to present the social and cultural side in Albania, intertwined with the economic aspect, based on the analysis of the changes occurred recently in our country. Considering the happiness as a key daily factor this paper will give an overview of the public policies, including public and family costs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze if the welfare is provided only in conditions of an environment characterized by the economic, political and social stability. The research is based on the data collected by the public institutions regarding the social policies, economic growth, challenges of tourism, as well as the different cultures that exist in Albania. Keywords: public policies, economic, social policies, tourism, culture, economic growth.
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Troplini, Rovena, Ikbale Tota e Merjemë Zyko. "FinTech: Should We Accelerate Their Development?" In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.119.
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Technological development has played an integral role in the transformation and progress of the financial sector. Reductions in time, costs, efficiency, are some of the opportunities that the Fintech sector stimulates. In this paper we will examine the advantages of technology integration in finance and FinTech’s interaction with other sectors such as banking but also the risks it carries. We will analyze Fintech implementation in Albania market and the challenges faced for development. If we take into consideration how quickly the economic, social, cultural and natural conditions are changing, of course finding, applying and developing new alternatives is the right solution. FinTech is therefore seen as the future of the financial sector. In conclusion, Albania as a developing economy and unknown with new technologies, regardless of all the difficulties, is open to innovations and can be seen as a new market for the development of FinTechs.
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Muca, Florian. "A GLANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER’S SATISFACTION WITH THEIR PROFESSION IN ALBANIA". In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/108.
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ABSTRACT Recognizably the teachers’ profession is important in shaping the knowledge and skills of youth. At equal importance is teachers’ satisfaction and motivation related to their professional activity for overall quality outcomes in the education process. Certainly, in the past, also in the modern time, the teachers’ role is incredibly significant and linked to the prosperity of a nation. The aim of this study was to take a glance in Physical Education (PE) Teachers’ satisfaction in relation with their professional activity. Participants in this research study were (N=88) PE teachers from various levels of professional qualification, who led classes in physical education and sports in the Albanian school system. A modified questionnaire with 22 items related to satisfaction with the teaching profession was applied. The statistical instruments for this study were: descriptive analysis, factor analysis principal component analysis. The following five factors related to the satisfaction of the profession were identified: (a) professional relations, (b) professional development and educational reforms, (c)organization working conditions, (d) social working conditions, (e) salary, and insurance. The items with the highest values were: - professional relations with colleagues, professional relations with school management, evaluation of school management at work, and opportunities to participate in the education and personal development of youth. In contrast, the items with the lowest values were the amount of payment, working conditions and facilities for educational activity, reforms in education, social and health insurance. This study found that factors related to internal educational setting and professional environment have the greatest impact on teachers’ satisfaction. On the other hand, external factors contribute to teachers’ dissatisfaction such as salary, health insurance, working conditions, facilities, and reforms in education.
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Miço, Heliona. "The Dimensions of Social Inclusion in the Right to Education". In ATEE 2022 Annual Conference. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/atee.2022.57.
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Ensuring high-quality and inclusive education contributes to the development of the talent and potential of all learners, by making the right to education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable to ever-changing society. The right to education is a universal right widely sanctioned at the international and national level. Despite legal protection, the realization encounters obstacles due to the social conditions and economic difficulties of individuals. The right to education knows no borders and nationality. Universality of the right to education is a prerequisite which require by the state, as the bearer of obligations, the construction of different bridges in legislation and policies towards inclusion in education. The paper addresses the social inclusion in education as a means to achieve and enjoy the right to education on equal bases. The research identifies different marginalised groups and the gaps that exist between their right to education and its realization. The dimension of social inclusion will be oriented based on the analyses of the key documents, legal framework, policies and strategies implemented by Albania. The paper highlights the steps needed to be taken by the state to implement inclusion in education, with the aim of enjoying the universal and unlimited right to education. Therefore, analyses of inclusive education will serve to take further steps toward universal right to education, as an embedded right in international human right law.
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Lalo, Rezarta. "The Association between Social Integration, Coping Mechanisms and Anxiety in Patients with Non-Communicable Diseases". In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/33.
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Recently, mental health issue and chronic physical condition are substantially linked and this comorbidity is likely to increase.Patient focusing in the self-care activities is an important component in the mechanism of coping with chronic disease with a significant impact on clinical and psychological outcomes. In this context, the current study is conducted to assess the impact of self-care and social integration mechanisms on anxiety levels among patients with chronic non-communicable diseases.This observational study of cross-sectional design was performed in the pathology service of Fier city hospital, in Albania during August-September 2020. To assess the level of anxiety, we used the scale of 7 items of General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) with a score of ≥10 indicating GAD. Subscales of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) were used in order to evaluate social integration and self-care mechanism. The data were entered into the statistical program SPSS, version 23. The regression analysis is performedto examine the relationship between variables. The findings revealed that 56% of participants had GAD, 47% of participants were unable to self-monitor the disease, while 89% of them didnot performe any type of physical activity. The scale of anxiety was significantly associated with variables of Self–monitoring (p=0.000<0.05; OR=0.10) and Social integration (p=0.000<0.05; OR=21.4). These findings address the need to support peoplewho struggle with chronic non-communicable diseases developing adaptive ways to deal with their chronic condition and improve their lifestyle for better overall health.