Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "(Alan Elliott)"

The papers in this Symposium issue complement two other compilations of research on the multilateral trading system published in Evenett and Hoekman (2006) and Hoekman and Vines (2007) and are a final output of the UK Department for International Development supported Global Trade and Financial Architecture project. The genesis of this Symposium was a CEPR workshop hosted by the OECD in March 2012 with support from DG Research (grant: PEGGED Collaborative Projects under the EU's Seventh Framework Programme, Contract no. SSH-CT-2008-217559). Draft papers were presented at a conference at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, hosted by Michael Moore in April 2013. We are very grateful to Frank van Tongeren at the OECD and Mike Moore at the Elliott School for their support of the meetings, to Michelle Chester and Rebecca Martin at the World Bank for help with logistics, to the participants in both events, especially the discussants, and to Alan Winters and an anonymous referee for comments on the submitted papers.

In his introduction to Nation and Narration, Homi Bhabha reminds us of the extent to which ambivalence “haunts the idea of the nation,” fracturing efforts to imagine unity and coherence, so that narratives of nation remain partial and incomplete (1). Alan Filewod echoes and extends this idea in his claim that “Canadian theatre can as a whole be considered as a meta-performance that enacts crises of nationhood” (xvii). If those crises of nationhood may be understood to include the place of racialized and sexualized “others” in the nation and the place of the “regional” within an imagined national culture, then African-Nova Scotian theatre enacts the ambivalence, the crises of nation(hood) of which Bhabha and Filewod speak. In fact, many African-Nova Scotian plays intervene in what Bhabha terms “those justifications of modernity — progress, homogeneity, cultural organicism, the deep nation, the long past — that rationalize the authoritarian, ‘normalizing’ tendencies within cultures in the name of the national interest or the ethnic prerogative” (4). In part, this intervention is made through an abiding concern with history in the work of playwrights as diverse as George Elliott Clarke, George Boyd, Walter Borden, DavidWoods, Louise Delisle and Lucky Campbell, who cover the spectrum from professional theatre to the grassroots. But whether the play has a historical or contemporary focus, the interventions these plays make in the ways Canada is imagined are enabled by a performative structure of witnessing that forges a politically alternative community at the scene of the performance.

Background:Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is more prevalent in systemic autoimmune diseases when compared to healthy controls. This is in part due to inflammatory mechanisms, common across both conditions. Neuroinflammation and specifically problems within the basal ganglia are associated with OCD.Objectives:The primary objective of this analysis was to investigate the effects of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on OCD. Other variables investigated included psychiatric aspects, inflammatory biomarkers and structural brain abnormalities.Methods:SLE patients who met ACR or SLICC criteria were recruited. Demographic and clinical data were collected and data measuring disease activity (BILAG and SLEDAI-2K), disease damage (SLICC-DI), depression (MADRS, BDI-II, HADS), anxiety (HADS, STAI), fatigue (FSMC), quality of life (LupusQoL and EQ5D), inflammatory and endothelial activation (EA) biomarkers (IL-6, ESR, TNF-α, MCP-1, hsCRP, BLyS, VCAM-1, VEGF, EMVs) and OCD (OCI-R). MRI FLAIR structural scans were also used to examine signal hyperintensities in the brain. Participants with active disease (SLE-F) also had a 2ndvisit approx. 4 months later. Non-parametric correlations with the OCI-R were undertaken for all SLE participants and for the change over time scores for the SLE-F participants (n=11).Results:39 participants were included in the analysis and were typical for a SLE population. 6 (23%) patients had scores above the threshold for OCD. OCI-R significantly correlated with disease activity, quality of life, fatigue, depression and anxiety measures for all the SLE participants. Change in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) correlated with the OCI-R for the within SLE-F group analysis (Table 1). No significant correlations were found with the full SLE group for inflammatory or EA biomarkers or with either group for the structural brain analysis.Table 1.Significant correlations with the OCI-R for: a) all SLE participants; b) the SLE-F group only (visit 1 minus visit 2).Variablersp-valuea)All SLE participants, n=39Disease activity: BILAG global score0.4080.01Quality of life: LupusQoL – Physical-0.4950.001 – Pain-0.535<0.001 – Planning-0.586<0.001 – Intimate-0.3420.03 – Burden-0.5040.001 – Emotion-0.3970.01 – Fatigue-0.4710.002 EQ5D: VAS-0.4180.01 total-0.3590.03Fatigue measures (FSMC): Cognitive0.5210.001 Motor0.4480.004Depression measures: MADRS0.4670.003 HADS – D0.545<0.001Anxiety measure: HADS-A0.3750.02b)SLE-F group (v1-v2), n=11Inflammatory marker: MCP-10.7710.006BILAG The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group index, LupusQoL Lupus quality of life, EQ5D European quality of life, VAS visual analogue scale, FSMC Fatigue scale for motor and cognitive function, MADRS Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale, HADS Hospital anxiety and depression scale, D-depression, A-anxiety score, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1Conclusion:OCD in lupus is strongly related to other psychological co-morbidities, fatigue and quality of life. Our results also support a role for inflammatory pathways in mediating some of these changes and so obsessive-compulsive features should be assessed in SLE patients who flare. A larger study is underway to better understand the mechanisms underlying these associations.Acknowledgments:This study was partially funded by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi Genzyme and supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre.Disclosure of Interests: :Michelle Barraclough Grant/research support from: This study was partially funded by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi Genzyme., Ben Parker Grant/research support from: GSK and Sanofi Genzyme, Consultant of: GSK, AstraZenaca, UCV, Abbvie, Pfizer, BMS, Celltrion, Shane McKie: None declared, Philip Pemberton: None declared, Alan Jackson: None declared, Rebecca Elliott: None declared, Ian N. Bruce Grant/research support from: Genzyme Sanofi, GSK, and UCB, Consultant of: Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, UCB, Iltoo, and Merck Serono, Speakers bureau: UCB

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karya sastra dengan alam. Memfokuskan pada pembahasan aspek alam dan budaya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu deskriptif analitis. Subjek penelitian yaitu cerpen "Tentang Desir", "Yunus dan Sang Paus", dan "Percakapan Gagak dan Rusa" dalam kumpulan cerpen Tentang Desir karya Gladhys Elliona. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan membaca cerpen yang memiliki unsur-unsur alam dan mencatat diksi, frasa, dan klausa yang berkaitan dengan alam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tiga hubungan karya sastra dengan alam yakni: (1) hubungan karya sastra dengan upaya pelestarian alam, digambarkan oleh perilaku tokoh berupa menanam dan merawat berbagai jenis tanaman obat, melindungi hewan paus dan rusa sebagai wujud cinta lingkungan; (2) hubungan karya sastra dengan upaya pemanfaatan alam sebagai sumber kehidupan manusia, direpresentasikan oleh perilaku tokoh melalui pemanfaatan berbagai jenis tanaman obat untuk pengobatan herbal dan pemanfaatan hewan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan sehari-hari; dan (3) hubungan karya sastra dengan tradisi dan kepercayaan leluhur.

Four variants are listed in the apparatus of the 3rd corrected edition of the Greek New Testament (UBS3) in 1 Cor 13. 3. They are:κανχήσωμαı (P A B 048 pc)κανθήσωμαı (K ψ majority text)κανθήσομαı (C D F G L pc)κανθήσεταı (1877 2492 pc)Of these variants κανθσομαı seems to be the most popular, occurring in texts such as the 2nd edition of the British and Foreign Bible Societies, Vogels, Kilpatrick's Diglot, Von Soden, Tischendorf's 9th edition and the 25th edition of Nestle-Aland. It is also favoured by Elliott, De Boor, Grosheide, Godet, Morris, Bachmann, Billerbeck, Wolff, Weiss, Robertson and Plummer, Pop, Groenewald, Lietzmann, Barrett and Kieffer. Κανθήσωμαı seems to be the second most popular reading, occurring in amongst others the Textus Receptus, Alford, The Greek New Testament according to the Majority Text, Souter and Scrivener.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah melalui pemanfatan bahan alam batu-batuan dapat meningkatkan perkembangan keaksaraan anak pada kelompok bermain di PAUD HARAPAN Desa Dusun Baru Kecamatan Ilir Talo Kabupaten Seluma. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang difokuskan pada situasi kelas, atau lazim dikenal dengan classroom action research prosedur yang digunakan berbentuk siklus (cycle). Subjek utama dalam penelitian ini adalah pada anak kober berjumlah 14 orang. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini menggunakan model Jhon Elliot dimana setiap siklus terdiri dari empat kegiatan pokok yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi yang dilakukan melalui dua siklus yaitu siklus I dan ke II tiap siklusnya terdiri dari satu kali pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif-kuantitatif dengan penekananya digunakan untuk menentukan peningkatan proses yang dinyatakan dalam sebuah predikat, sedangkan analisis data kuantitatif digunakan untuk menentukan peningkatan hasil dengan menggunakan persentase. Hasil peningkatkan perkembangan keaksaraan anak melalui pemanfaatan bahan alam bebatuan pada kelompok beramin di PAUD HARAPAN Kabupaten Seluma pada siklus I pertemuan I sebesar 69% dan pada siklus II pertemuan I didapati peningkatan sebesar 83%. Simpulan penelitian bahwa melalui pemanfaatan bahan alam bebatuan dapat meningkatkan perkembangan keaksaraan anak, terbukti pada siklus II terjadi peningkatan signifikan, hasil persentase pencapaian sebesar 83% dengan kriteria berkembang sangat baik (BSB). Keyword: Perkembangan keaksaraan, Pemanfaatan bahan alam bebatuan

Abstract Background: The interaction of sevoflurane and opioids can be described by response surface modeling using the hierarchical model. We expanded this for combined administration of sevoflurane, opioids, and 66 vol.% nitrous oxide (N2O), using historical data on the motor and hemodynamic responsiveness to incision, the minimal alveolar concentration, and minimal alveolar concentration to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli, respectively. Methods: Four potential actions of 66 vol.% N2O were postulated: (1) N2O is equivalent to A ng/ml of fentanyl (additive); (2) N2O reduces C50 of fentanyl by factor B; (3) N2O is equivalent to X vol.% of sevoflurane (additive); (4) N2O reduces C50 of sevoflurane by factor Y. These four actions, and all combinations, were fitted on the data using NONMEM (version VI, Icon Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD), assuming identical interaction parameters (A, B, X, Y) for movement and sympathetic responses. Results: Sixty-six volume percentage nitrous oxide evokes an additive effect corresponding to 0.27 ng/ml fentanyl (A) with an additive effect corresponding to 0.54 vol.% sevoflurane (X). Parameters B and Y did not improve the fit. Conclusion: The effect of nitrous oxide can be incorporated into the hierarchical interaction model with a simple extension. The model can be used to predict the probability of movement and sympathetic responses during sevoflurane anesthesia taking into account interactions with opioids and 66 vol.% N2O.

Background Various pharmacodynamic response surface models have been developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between two or more drug concentrations with their combined clinical effect. We examined the interaction of remifentanil and sevoflurane on the probability of tolerance to shake and shout, tetanic stimulation, laryngeal mask airway insertion, and laryngoscopy in patients to compare the performance of five different response surface models. Methods Forty patients preoperatively received different combined concentrations of remifentanil (0-12 ng/ml) and sevoflurane (0.5-3.5 vol.%) according to a criss-cross design (160 concentration pairs, four per patient). After having reached pseudosteady state, the response to shake and shout, tetanic stimulation, laryngeal mask airway insertion, and laryngoscopy was recorded. For the analysis of the probability of tolerance, five different interaction models were tested: Greco, Reduced Greco, Minto, Scaled C50(O) Hierarchical, and Fixed C50(O) Hierarchical model. All calculations were performed with NONMEM VI (Icon Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD). Results The pharmacodynamic interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil was strongly synergistic for both the hypnotic and the analgesic components of anesthesia. The Greco model did not result in plausible parameter estimates. The Fixed C50(O) Hierarchical model performed slightly better than the Scaled C50(O) Hierarchical and Reduced Greco models, whereas the Minto model fitted less well. Conclusion We showed the importance of exploring various surface model approaches when studying drug interactions. The Fixed C50(O) Hierarchical model fits our data on sevoflurane remifentanil interaction best and appears to be an appropriate model for use in hypnotic-opioid drug interaction.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether using natural stone materials can improve children's literacy development in playgroups at HARAPAN PAUD, Dusun Baru Village, Ilir Talo District, Seluma Regency. Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is focused on classroom situations, or commonly known as classroom action research, the procedure used is in the form of a cycle. The main subjects in this study were 14 Kober children. This Classroom Action Research uses the John Elliot model where each cycle consists of four main activities, namely planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting which are carried out through two cycles, namely cycles I and II, each cycle consisting of one meeting. Data collection techniques using observation and documentation methods. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative-quantitative descriptive manner with the emphasis being used to determine process improvements expressed in a predicate, while quantitative data analysis was used to determine yield improvements using percentages. The results of increasing children's literacy development through the use of natural stone materials in the beramin group at PAUD HARAPAN Seluma Regency in the first cycle of the first meeting was 69% and in the second cycle of the first meeting there was an increase of 83%. The conclusion of the study that through the use of natural stone materials can improve children's literacy development, it is proven that in cycle II there was a significant increase, the percentage of achievement was 83% with very good development criteria (BSB).

Background Low-dose ketamine is used as analgesic for acute and chronic pain. It is metabolized in the liver to norketamine via cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. There are few human data on the involvement of CYP enzymes on the elimination of norketamine and its possible contribution to analgesic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CYP enzyme induction by rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of S-ketamine and its major metabolite, S-norketamine, in healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty healthy male subjects received 20 mg/70 kg/h (n = 10) or 40 mg/70 kg/h (n = 10) intravenous S-ketamine for 2 h after either 5 days oral rifampicin (once daily 600 mg) or placebo treatment. During and 3 h after drug infusion, arterial plasma concentrations of S-ketamine and S-norketamine were obtained at regular intervals. The data were analyzed with a compartmental pharmacokinetic model consisting of three compartments for S-ketamine, three sequential metabolism compartments, and two S-norketamine compartments using the statistical package NONMEM® 7 (ICON Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD). Results Rifampicin caused a 10% and 50% reduction in the area-under-the-curve of the plasma concentrations of S-ketamine and S-norketamine, respectively. The compartmental analysis indicated a 13% and 200% increase in S-ketamine and S-norketamine elimination from their respective central compartments by rifampicin. Conclusions : A novel observation is the large effect of rifampicin on S-norketamine concentrations and indicates that rifampicin induces the elimination of S-ketamine's metabolite, S-norketamine, probably via induction of the CYP3A4 and/or CYP2B6 enzymes.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi permasalahan masih rendahnya pemahaman siswa tentang konsep SDA di kelas IV SDN Cikalang dan tidak terbiasanya melakukan tindakan pemecahan yang realistis dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dengan kata lain, pembelajaran yang dilakukan belum mampu meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir rasional. Sekaitan dengan permasalahan tersebut maka yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut. 1) Aktivitas belajar siswa pada saat pembelajaran SDA dengan menggunakan model STM, 2) Sikap ilmiah siswa selama pembelajaran konsep SDA dengan menggunakan model STM, 3) Keterampilan berpikir rasional siswa dalam pembelajaran SDA dengan menggunakan model STM. Pemecahan masalahnya dengan menerapkan model STM dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir rasional siswa, dengan didukung aktivitas belajar dan sikap ilmiah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Elliot dan didukung metode pengamatan, diskusi serta demonstrasi. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari hasil rata-rata nilai proses aktivitas belajar siswa secara rinci yaitu: siklus I secara rinci yaitu: siklus I sebesar 2.86, siklus II sebesar 3.05, dan siklus III sebesar 3.28. Sedangkan hasil evaluasi keterampilan berpikir rasional pembelajaran IPA dengan menggunakan model STM pada setiap siklus yaitu: siklus I sebesar 66.94, siklus II sebesar 72.90, dan siklus III sebesar 79.85. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam pembelajaran IPA di SD dengan menggunakan model STM dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir rasional siswa dengan didukung aktivitas belajar dan sikap ilmiah.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether through teaching activities using natural material media can increase creativity in group B children in the CEMPAKA PAUD Ujung Padang Seluma Unit. Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is focused on classroom situations, or commonly known as classroom action research, the procedure used is in the form of a cycle. The main subjects in this study were 15 children in group B. This Classroom Action Research uses the John Elliot model where each cycle consists of four main activities, namely planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting which are carried out through two cycles, namely cycles I and II, each cycle consisting of one meeting. Data collection techniques using observation and documentation methods. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative-quantitative descriptive manner with the emphasis being used to determine process improvements expressed in a predicate, while quantitative data analysis was used to determine yield improvements using percentages. The results of increasing children's creativity through monitoring activities using natural material media in group B children in the CEMPAKA Ujung Padang Seluma PAUD Unit in the first cycle of the first meeting were 71% and in the second cycle of the first meeting there was an increase of 92%. The conclusion of the study that through teaching activities using natural material media can increase children's creativity in group B in the CEMPAKA PAUD Unit, Seluma Regency, it is proven that in cycle II there was a significant increase, the percentage of achievement was 92% with very good development criteria (BSB).

Penelitian ini berawal dari kecemasan peneliti terhadap kondisi obyektif peserta didik di SMP Negeri 2 Tomo yang menggunakan sepeda motor sebagai alat transportasi ke sekolah. Mereka nampak belum menyadari dampak yang ditimbulkan dari penggunaan sepeda motor terhadap berbagai aspek, baik hukum, ekonomi, sosial, keselamatan dan juga terhadap penurunan kualitas lingkungan akibat konsumsi BBM dan polusi yang dihasilkan dari sisa pembakaran BBM. Selain itu dalam pembelajaran IPS, guru belum mengaitkan materi dengan permasalahan sosial dan lingkungan yang dihadapi peserta didik dalam kehidupan nyata. Oleh karena itu, melalui materi “Kelangkaan sumber daya alam” yang disisipkan dalam Standar Kompetensi 6 “Memahami kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat” silabus IPS Kelas VII semester dua KTSP, peneliti melakukan penelitian tindakan kelas sebagai bentuk perbaikan masalah lingkungan sekolah dan peningkatan kecerdasan ekologis peserta didik dalam bertransportasi hemat BBM melalui Pembelajaran IPS Kontekstual. Desain penelitian tindakan kelas yang digunakan adalah model PTK Elliot. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan sebanyak tiga siklus dengan dua belas kali pertemuan, diperoleh peningkatan kompetensi kecerdasan ekologis peserta didik, baik aspek pengetahuan, sikap maupun aspek keterampilan. Data awal pada siklus kesatu menunjukkan nilai kompetensi kecerdasan ekologis berada pada kategori “kurang” dan mengalami peningkatan pada siklus kedua menjadi kategori “cukup”, serta menjadi kategori “baik” pada siklus ketiga. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran IPS kontekstual secara efektif meningkatkan kecerdasan ekologis peserta didik dalam bertransportasi hemat BBM di kelas VII A SMP Negeri 2 dan dapat diterapkan di sekolah menengah pertama lainnya yang mempunyai karakteristik daerah serupa. Kata Kunci: Kecerdasan Ekologis, Transportasi Hemat BBM, Pembelajaran IPS Kontekstual.

Abstract Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis and may be associated with germline mutations. α-lactalbumin (aLA) is expressed in lactating breasts but not at other times or in other tissues. Expression of aLA is found in 70% of TNBC (PMID: 27322324) so could be an immunologic target for TNBC based on the “retired protein hypothesis” (PMID: 31926646). In pre-clinical studies vaccination with aLA inhibited growth of established breast tumors and provided protection from development of autochthonous tumors in transgenic murine models of breast cancer and against 4T1 transplantable breast cancer in BALB/c mice (PMID: 20512124). Methods: To determine the safety and immunogenicity of aLA, patients with early stage TNBC are being entered in a Phase I trial of aLA with GMP-grade zymosan adjuvant in Montanide ISA 51 VG vehicle. Subjects receive 3 vaccinations given once every 2 weeks. Events of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade ≥2 are considered dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Results: CTCAE toxicity by dose level is summarized below. All DLTs were injection site reactions, with ulceration and need for incisional drainage representing the grade 3 events. ELISpot assays to determine frequencies of T-cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17 in response to recombinant aLA and ELISA assays of antibody response to aLA will be available in December 2022. Conclusion: Dose level 2 appears to be the maximum tolerated dose. Accrual to dose levels 1 and 2 will be expanded to further define toxicity and immunologic effects. Accrual of patients with BRCA1 or PALB2 mutations planning to undergo prophylactic mastectomy is beginning in order to define the toxicity and immunologic effects in this group and to determine whether inflammatory changes from occult lactational foci will be produced. Funding Source: Department of Defense (W81XWH-17-1-0592 and W81XWH-17-1-0593) Worst Toxicity by Dose Level Dose Level aLAC (mcg) dose Zymosan (mcg) dose n Patients n Grade 0 n Grade 1 n Grade 2 n Grade 3 1 10 10 3 3 2 100 10 3 3 3 500 10 3 2 1 Original 2 100 100 1 1 Citation Format: George Thomas Budd, Justin M. Johnson, Emily Rhoades, Halle Moore, Holly Levengood, Megan Kruse, Erin Roesch, Jame Abraham, Brenna Elliott, Elena Haury, Rachel Swartz, Holly Pederson, Zahraa Al Hilli, Vincent Tuohy. Phase I trial of alpha-lactalbumin vaccine in high-risk operable triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3035.

The impact of agricultural intensification on soil degradation now is occurring in tropical countries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tillage and N fertilization on soil properties and crop yields in corn-soybean rotation. This long-term study which initiated since 1987 was carried out on a Typic Fragiudult soil at Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Sumatra (105o13’45.5"-105o13’48.0"E, 05o21’19.6"-05o21’19.7"S) in 2010 and 2011. A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was tillage system namely intensive tillage (IT) and conservation tillage (CT) which consist of minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT); while the second factor was N fertilization with rates of 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 applied for corn, and 0, 25, and 50 kg N ha-1 for soybean. The results showed that bulk density and soil strength at upper layer after 24 years of cropping were similar among treatments, but the soil strength under IT at 50-60 cm depth was 28.2% higher (p<0.05) than NT. Soil moisture and temperature under CT at 0-5 cm depth were respectively 38.1% and 4.5% higher (p<0.05) than IT. High N rate decreased soil pH at 0-20 cm depth as much as 10%, but increased total soil N at 0-5 cm depth as much as 19% (p<0.05). At 0-10 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable K, while IT with medium N rate had the lowest (p<0.05). At 0-5 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable Ca, but it had the lowest (p<0.05) if combined with higher N rate. Microbial biomass C throughout the growing season for NT was consistently highest and it was 14.4% higher (p<0.05) than IT. Compared to IT, Ap horizon of CT after 24 years of cropping was deeper, with larger soil structure and more abundance macro pores. 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The ability to recognize the concept of early numbers in early childhood is very important to develop so that children are ready to take part in learning mathematics at a higher level. This study aims to determine the effect of mathematics learning approaches and self-regulation to recognize the concept of early numbers ability in kindergarten. The study used an experimental method with a treatment design by level 2x2. The sample used was 32 children. Score data, ability to recognize number concepts, analyzed and interpreted. The results showed that: (1) The Realistic Mathematics Education approach is better than the Open Ended Approach in improving the ability to recognize children's number concepts; (2) There is an interaction effect between mathematics learning approaches and Self-Regulation to recognize the concept of early numbers ability; (3) The Realistic Mathematics Education approach is more suitable for children with high self-regulation, (4) The Open Ended approach is more suitable for children with low self-regulation. Subsequent experiments are expected to find mathematics learning approaches for children whose self-regulation is low on recognizing the concept of early numbers ability. Keywords: mathematics learning approach, self-regulation, early number concept ability References: Adjie, N., Putri, S. U., & Dewi, F. (2019). Penerapan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik (PMR) dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Bilangan Cacah pada Anak Usia Dini. 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With thanks to reviewers of papers in this volume: Ted Chapman, Alan Elliott, Dusty Gedge, Suzanne Hermiston, Rebecca Hilgenhof, Ben Jones, Phil Lusby, Clare Morter, Katherine O’Donnell, Michael Pirie, David Rae, Fred Rumsey, Paul Smith, John Wood, Ella May Wulff and anonymous reviewers.

Bu çalışma Danimarka ve İsveç için işsizlik histerisi hipotezinin geçerliliğini sınamaktadır. Ampirik analiz için gerekli işsizlik oranı verileri OECD veri tabanından sağlanmıştır. Analiz dönemi (OECD veri tabanındaki veri mevcudiyetine bağlı olarak) Danimarka için 1969–2022 dönemini, İsveç için ise 1960–2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada yıllık frekanslı veriler kullanılmıştır. Yıllık frekanslı verilerin seçilme nedeni mevsimsel etkilerden kaçınmaktır. İşsizlik oranı verileri ham haliyle kullanılmamıştır. Analizde lojistik dönüşümlü işsizlik oranları dikkate alınmıştır. Çalışmada lojistik dönüşümlü işsizlik oranı serilerinin durağan olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Danimarka verileri için Kapetanios vd. (2003) tarafından önerilen doğrusal olmayan birim kök testi ve Hepsag (2021) tarafından önerilen doğrusal olmayan birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Hepsag (2021) tarafından önerilen testin Kapetanios vd. (2003) çalışmasında önerilen testten genel olarak daha güçlü olması nedeniyle Hepsag (2021) tarafından önerilen birim kök testinin sonucu dikkate alınmıştır. İsveç için ise hem bazı geleneksel testler [ADF birim kök testi, Elliott vd. (1996) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi, Kwiatkowski vd. (1992) tarafından önerilen durağanlık testi, Phillips ve Perron (1988) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi] hem de Carrion-i-Silvestre ve Sansó (2007) tarafından önerilen ve yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan durağanlık testi uygulanmıştır. Bunlar arasından Carrion-i-Silvestre ve Sansó (2007) tarafından önerilen testin sonucu dikkate alınmıştır. Ampirik analiz neticesinde Danimarka ve İsveç için işsizlik histerisi hipotezinin geçerli olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada politika yapıcılar için önemli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

The American Heart Association is grateful to members of the Committee on Scientific Sessions Program for their dedication and leadership throughout the year in planning the program. Elliott Antman, MD, FAHA; Chair Robert A. Harrington, MD, FACC, FAHA; Vice-Chair Representatives Eric R Bates, MD, FAHA, FACC Clinical Cardiology Lance B. Becker, MD FAHA Resuscitation Science Symposium Eliot A. Brinton, MD, FAHA Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism David A. Calhoun, MD, FAHA High Blood Pressure Research Mercedes R. Carnethon, PhD, FAHA Member-at-Large William M. Chilian, PhD, FAHA Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Mario Delmar MD PhD Member-at-Large Adrian F. Hernandez, MD, MHS Member-at-Large Alan T. Hirsch, MD Peripheral Vascular Disease Vincent B. Ho, MD, MBA, FAHA Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Carlos S. Ince, MD Member-at-Large Julie A. Johnson, Pharm.D Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Mikhail Kosiborod, MD Quality Care and Outcomes Research Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, FACC, FAHA Epidemiology and Prevention Christine Maric, PhD, FAHA Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease Evangelos Michelakis, MD Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation Wolfgang A. Radtke, MD, FAHA Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Cathy A. Sila, MD Stroke Yibin Wang, PhD Basic Cardiovascular Sciences Debra Wiegand, RN, PhD, FAAN Cardiovascular Nursing Y. Joseph Woo, MD, FAHA Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia American Heart Association : Gordon F. Tomaselli, MD, FAHA, President ; Donna Arnett, PhD, FAHA, President-Elect; Rose Marie Robertson, MD, FAHA, Chief Science Officer

This article identifies four “patterns of religion” (E P Sanders) in the pseudepigraphic letters of Peter and Jude in order to support the hypothesis of a “Petrine school” (J H Elliott). The first pattern that connects the letters is a Geisttradition (K Aland), guaranteeing continuity of tradition. The second is the interrelationship between faith and ethics (fides quae and fides qua). The combination of sanctification and eschatology is a third pattern connecting the three documents. Finally, two florilegia can be identified (one from the Old Testament and apocrypha, and one from the chokmatic tradition), suggesting a fourth pattern: a warning against ungodliness and infidelity. The existence of a Petrine group could represent a preliminary stage of subsequent Early Catholicism.

Bu çalışma 2017 – 2018 yıllarında Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü deneme alanında yer alan 5 yaşındaki ‘Nero’ ve ‘Viking’ aronya (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliot) çeşitleri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Denemede iki yıl boyunca fenolojik gözlem kayıtları tutulmuş, morfolojik ölçümler yapılmış, verim değerleri incelenmiştir. ‘Nero’ ve ‘Viking’ aronya çeşitlerinde 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında fenolojik gözlem tarihleri bakımından farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Tam çiçeklenmeden hasada kadar geçen gün sayısı ‘Nero’ aronya çeşidinde 2017 yılında 140 gün ‘Viking’ çeşidinde ise 144 gün, 2018 yılında ise sırasıyla 136 ve 139 gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Morfolojik özellikler bakımından yapılan inceleme sonucunda, ‘Viking’ aronya çeşidinin ‘Nero’ aronya çeşidine göre daha dik büyüme eğiliminde olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca bitki boyu, ocaktaki sürgün sayısı, boğum arası genişlik ve bitki hacmi bakımından ‘Viking’ aronya çeşidinin ‘Nero’ çeşidinin önünde yer aldığı saptanmıştır. Buna paralel olarak verim bakımından ‘Viking’ çeşidinin ‘Nero’ çeşidinden daha yüksek verim verdiği belirlenmiştir.

Tonic inhibition in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is mediated by α5 subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. By Caraiscos VB, Elliott EM, You-Ten KE, Cheng VY, Belelli D, Newell JG, Jackson MF, Lambert JJ, Rosahl TW, Wafford KA, MacDonald JF, Orser BA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3662–7. Reprinted with permission. In this Classic Paper Revisited, the author recounts the scientific journey leading to a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and shares several personal stories from her formative years and “research truths” that she has learned along the way. Briefly, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was conventionally thought to regulate cognitive processes by activating synaptic GABA type A (GABAA) receptors and generating transient inhibitory synaptic currents. However, the author’s laboratory team discovered a novel nonsynaptic form of tonic inhibition in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that are pharmacologically distinct from synaptic GABAA receptors. This tonic current is highly sensitive to most general anesthetics, including sevoflurane and propofol, and likely contributes to the memory-blocking properties of these drugs. Before the publication in PNAS, the subunit composition of GABAA receptors that generate the tonic current was unknown. The team’s research showed that GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (α5GABAARs) generated the tonic inhibitory current in hippocampal neurons. α5GABAARs are highly sensitive to GABA, desensitize slowly, and are thus well suited for detecting low, persistent, ambient concentrations of GABA in the extracellular space. Interest in α5GABAARs has surged since the PNAS report, driven by their pivotal roles in cognitive processes and their potential as therapeutic targets for treating various neurologic disorders.

Chair Elliott Antman, MD, FAHA Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA Vice-Chair Robert A. Harrington, MD, FACC, FAHA Stanford University Stanford, CA Incoming Vice Chair/At Large Ken Bloch, MD, FAHA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA President Donna Arnett, PhD, FAHA University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 3CPR, Council Program Chair Ben Abella, MD, MPhil, FACEP University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 3CPR Francois Haddad, MD Stanford University Palo Alto, CA 3CPR Fumito Ichinose, MD, PhD, FAHA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA 3CPR Graham Nichol, MD, MPH, FRCP(C) University of Washington Seattle, WA At Large Lisa de las Fuentes, MD, MS, FASE Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO At Large Angel Leon, MD, FACC Emory University Hospital Midtown Atlanta, Georgia At Large Jorge Saucedo, MD, FACC, MBA University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK At Large Kevin Sneed, PharmD USF College of Medicine Tampa, FL ATVB, Council Program Chair William M. Chilian, PhD, FAHA Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine Rootstown, OH ATVB Yabing Chen, PhD, FAHA University of Alabama Birmingham, AL ATVB Gregory S. Shelness, PhD, FAHA Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC BCVS, Council Program Chair Yibin Wang, PhD, FAHA UCLA Los Angeles, CA BCVS Gerald W. Dorn, II, MD, FAHA Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO BCVS Bjorn Knollman, MD, PhD, FAHA Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN BCVS Hong Wang, MD, PhD, EMBA Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA BCVS Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA BCVS Jianyi (Jay) Zhang, MD, PhD, FAHA University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN Clinical Cardiology, Council Program Chair Eric R Bates, MD, FAHA, FACC University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI Clinical Cardiology Monica Colvin-Adams, MD, MS University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN Clinical Cardiology Patrick Ellinor, MD, PhD, FAHA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA Clinical Cardiology Navin K. Kapur, MD Tufts Medical Center Hanover, MA Clinical Cardiology Mark S. Link, MD Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA Clinical Cardiology J. V. (Ian) Nixon, MD, FACC VCU Health System Richmond, VA Clinical Cardiology Manesh R. Patel, MD Duke University Durham, NC CVDY, Council Program Chair Wolfgang A. Radtke, MD, FAHA AI Dupont Hospital for Children Wilmington, DE CVDY David Dunbar Ivy, MD University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora, CO CVDY Ariane Marelli, MD, MPH McGill University Health Center Montreal, Quebec, Canada CVN, Council Program Chair Nancy T. Artinian, PhD, RN, FAHA, FPCNA, FAAN Wayne State University Detroit, MI CVN Bunny J. Pozehl, RN, PhD, CRNP, FAHA UNMC College of Nursing Lincoln, NE CVN Sue Sendelbach, PhD, RN, CCNS, FAHA Abbott Northwestern Hospital Minneapolis, MN CVN Kathy Wood, RN, PhD Duke University School of Nursing Durham, NC CVRI, Council Program Chair Constantino Peña, MD Baptist Cardiac & Vascular Institute Miami, FL CVRI Sanjay Misra, MD Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN CVSA, Council Program Chair Y. Joseph Woo, MD, FAHA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA CVSA Marc Ruel, MD, MPH, FRCSC, FAHA University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa, Ontario, Canada EPI, Council Program Chair Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, FACC Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL EPI Jarett D. Berry, MD UT Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX FGTB, Council Program Chair Christopher Newton-Cheh, MD, MPH, FAHA Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Boston, MA FGTB Roberta A. Gottlieb, MD, FAHA San Diego State University San Diego, CA FGTB Jennifer L. Hall, PhD, FAHA University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN FGTB Peipei Ping, PhD, FISHR, FAHA UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA HBPR, Council Program Chair Kenneth Baker, MD, FAHA Texas A Health Science Center, College of Medicine Temple, TX HBPR Patrice Delafontaine, MD, FAHA Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA HBPR Michael Ryan, MD, PhD, FAHA University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS KCVD, Council Program Chair Christine Maric, PhD, FAHA University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS NPAM, Council Program Chair Eliot A. Brinton, MD, FAHA University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT NPAM Caroline Fox, MD, MPH National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Framingham, MA NPAM Paul Poirier, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Québec, Québec, Canada PVD, Council Program Chair Alan T. Hirsch, MD University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN PVD James B. Froehlich, MD, MPH University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI PVD Christopher Kramer, MD, FAHA University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA QCOR, Council Program Chair Mikhail Kosiborod, MD Saint Luke's Hospital Mid-America Heart Institute Kansas City, MO QCOR Adrian Hernandez, MD, MHS Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham, NC QCOR Henry Ting, MD, MBA, FAHA Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN Stroke, Council Program Chair Cathy A. Sila, MD, FAHA Case Medical Center Cleveland, OH Stroke, Council Michael A. De Georgia, MD, FACP, FAHA, FCCM Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH International Congress Subcommittee Eric R. Bates, MD, FAHA, FACC, Chair Robert O. Bonow, MD, Vice Chair Helene Eltchaninoff, MD Kathy E. Magliato, MD, MBA, FACS Audrey Marshall, MD Kathy Hoercher, RN International Subcommittee Robert Harrington, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Conville Brown, MD, MBBS, FACC, FESC Anthony J. Dalby, MB, ChB, FCP, FACC, FESC Basil Lewis, MD, FRCP Akira Matsumori, MD, PhD, FAHA, FACC, FAPSC, FESC John McMurray, BSc, MB, ChB, MD, FRCP, FESC, FACC, FAHA, FRSE Eduardo F. Mele, MD, FACC, FESC Ali Oto, MD, MD, FESC, FACC, FHRS Daniel Piniero, MD Dong Zhao, MD, PhD Inteventional Cardiology Subcommittee Manesh R. Patel, MD, Chair Duane S. Pinto, MD, MPH, Vice Chair J. Dawn Abbott, MD Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, FAHA Mauricio G. Cohen MD, FSCAI Douglas E. Drachman, MD C. Michael Gibson, MS, MD Allen Jeremias, MD, MSc W. Schuyler Jones MD David E. Kandzari, MD, FSCAI Navin K. Kapur, MD, FAHA Raj R. Makkar, MD Laura Mauri, MD, MSc Julie M. Miller, MD Seung-Jung Park, MD, PhD, Sunil V. Rao, MD Horst Sievert, MD Paul Sorajja, MD Thomas T. Tsai, MD, MSc Christopher J. White, MD, FSCAI, FAHA, FESC

This paper provides embedded, reflective practice-based insight arising from my experience collaborating to produce online and print-on-demand editions of a magazine showcasing the photography of members of haphazart! Contemporary Abstracts group (hereafter referred to as haphazart!). The group’s online visual, textual and activity-based practices via the photo sharing social networking site Flickr are portrayed as achieving cohesive visual identity. Stylistic analysis of pictures in support of this claim is not attempted. Rather negotiation, that Elliot has previously described in M/C Journal as innate in collaboration, is identified as the unifying factor. However, the collaborators’ adherence to Flickr’s communication platform proves problematic in the editorial context. Some technical incoherence with possible broader cultural implications is encountered during the process of repurposing images from screen to print. A Scan of Relevant Literature The photographic gaze perceives and captures objects which seem to ‘carry within them ready-made’ a work of art. But the reminiscences of the gaze are only made possible by knowing and associating with groups that define a tradition. The list of valorised subjects is not actually defined with reference to a culture, but rather by familiarity with a limited group. (Chamboredon 144) As part of the array of socio-cultural practices afforded by Web 2.0 interoperability, sites of produsage (Bruns) are foci for studies originating in many disciplines. Flickr provides a rich source of data that researchers interested in the interface between the technological and the social find useful to analyse. Access to the Flickr application programming interface enables quantitative researchers to observe a variety of means by which information is propagated, disseminated and shared. Some findings from this kind of research confirm the intuitive. For example, Negoecsu et al. find that “a large percentage of users engage in sharing with groups and that they do so significantly” ("Analyzing Flickr Groups" 425). They suggest that Flickr’s Groups feature appears to “naturally bring together two key aspects of social media: content and relations.” They also find evidence for what they call hyper-groups, which are “communities consisting of groups of Flickr groups” ("Flickr Hypergroups" 813). Two separate findings from another research team appear to contradict each other. On one hand, describing what they call “social cascades,” Cha et al. claim that “content in the form of ideas, products, and messages spreads across social networks like a virus” ("Characterising Social Cascades"). Yet in 2009 they claim that homocity and reciprocity ensure that “popularity of pictures is localised” ("Measurement-Driven Analysis"). Mislove et al. reflect that the affordances of Flickr influence the growth patterns they observe. There is optimism shared by some empiricists that through collation and analysis of Flickr tag data, the matching of perceptual structures of images and image annotation techniques will yield ontology-based taxonomy useful in automatic image annotation and ultimately, the Semantic Web endeavour (Kennedy et al.; Su et al.; Xu et al.). Qualitative researchers using ethnographic interview techniques also find Flickr a valuable resource. In concluding that the photo sharing hobby is for many a “serious leisure” activity, Cox et al. propose that “Flickr is not just a neutral information system but also value laden and has a role within a wider cultural order.” They also suggest that “there is genuinely greater scope for individual creativity, releasing the individual to explore their own identity in a way not possible with a camera club.” Davies claims that “online spaces provide an arena where collaboration over meanings can be transformative, impacting on how individuals locate themselves within local and global contexts” (550). She says that through shared ways of describing and commenting on images, Flickrites develop a common criticality in their endeavour to understand images, each other and their world (554).From a psychologist’s perspective, Suler observes that “interpersonal relationships rarely form and develop by images alone” ("Image, Word, Action" 559). He says that Flickr participants communicate in three dimensions: textual (which he calls “verbal”), visual, and via the interpersonal actions that the site affords, such as Favourites. This latter observation can surely be supplemented by including the various games that groups configure within the constraints of the discussion forums. These often include submissions to a theme and voting to select a winning image. Suler describes the place in Flickr where one finds identity as one’s “cyberpsychological niche” (556). However, many participants subscribe to multiple groups—45.6% of Flickrites who share images share them with more than 20 groups (Negoescu et al., "Analyzing Flickr Groups" 420). Is this a reflection of the existence of the hyper-groups they describe (2009) or, of the ranging that people do in search of a niche? It is also probable that some people explore more than a singular identity or visual style. Harrison and Bartell suggest that there are more interesting questions than why users create media products or what motivates them to do so: the more interesting questions center on understanding what users will choose to do ultimately with [Web2.0] capabilities [...] in what terms to define the success of their efforts, and what impact the opportunity for individual and collaborative expression will have on the evolution of communicative forms and character. (167) This paper addresseses such questions. It arises from a participatory observational context which differs from that of the research described above. It is intended that a different perspective about online group-based participation within the Flickr social networking matrix will avail. However, it will be seen that the themes cited in this introductory review prove pertinent. Context As a university teacher of a range of subjects in the digital media field, from contemporary photomedia to social media to collaborative multimedia practice, it is entirely appropriate that I embed myself in projects that engage, challenge and provide me with relevant first-hand experience. As an academic I also undertake and publish research. As a practicing new media artist I exhibit publically on a regular basis and consider myself semi-professional with respect to this activity. While there are common elements to both approaches to research, this paper is written more from the point of view of ‘reflective practice’ (Holmes, "Reconciling Experimentum") rather than ‘embedded ethnography’ (Pink). It is necessarily and unapologetically reflexive. Abstract Photography Hyper-Group A search of all Flickr groups using the query “abstract” is currently likely to return around 14,700 results. However, only in around thirty of them does the group name, its stated rules and, the stream of images that flow through the pool arguably reflect a sense of collective concept and aesthetic that is coherently abstract. This loose complex of groups comprises a hyper-group. Members of these groups often have co-memberships, reciprocal contacts, and regularly post images to a range of groups and comment on others’ posts to be found throughout. Given that one of Flickr’s largest groups, Black and White, currently has around 131,150 members and hosts 2,093,241 items in its pool, these abstract special interest groups are relatively small. The largest, Abstract Photos, has 11,338 members and hosts 89,306 items in its pool. The group that is the focus of this paper, haphazart!, currently has 2,536 members who have submitted 53,309 items. The group pool is more like a constantly flowing river because the most recently added images are foremost. Older images become buried in an archive of pages which cannot be reverse accessed at a rate greater than the seven pages linked from a current view. A member’s presence is most immediate through images posted to a pool. This structural feature of Flickr promotes a desire for currency; a need to post regularly to maintain presence. Negotiating Coherence to the Abstract The self-managing social dynamics in groups has, as Suler proposes to be the case for individuals, three dimensions: visual, textual and action. A group integrates the diverse elements, relationships and values which cumulatively constitute its identity with contributions from members in these dimensions. First impressions of that identity are usually derived from the group home page which consists of principal features: the group name, a selection of twelve most recent posts to the pool, some kind of description, a selection of six of the most recent discussion topics, and a list of rules (if any). In some of these groups, what is considered to constitute an abstract photographic image is described on the group home page. In some it is left to be contested and becomes the topic of ongoing forum debates. In others the specific issue is not discussed—the images are left to speak for themselves. Administrators of some groups require that images are vetted for acceptance. In haphazart! particular administrators dutifully delete from the pool on a regular basis any images that they deem not to comply with the group ethic. Whether reasons are given or not is left to the individual prosecutor. Mostly offending images just disappear from the group pool without trace. These are some of the ways that the coherence of a group’s visual identity is established and maintained. Two groups out of the abstract photography hyper-group are noteworthy in that their discussion forums are particularly active. A discussion is just the start of a new thread and may have any number of posts under it. At time of writing Abstract Photos has 195 discussions and haphazart! — the most talkative by this measure—has 333. Haphazart! invites submissions of images to regularly changing themes. There is always lively and idiosyncratic banter in the forum over the selection of a theme. To be submitted an image needs to be identified by a specific theme tag as announced on the group home page. The tag can be added by the photographer themselves or by anyone else who deems the image appropriate to the theme. An exhibition process ensues. Participant curators search all Flickr items according to the theme tag and select from the outcome images they deem to most appropriately and abstractly address the theme. Copies of the images together with comments by the curators are posted to a dedicated discussion board. Other members may also provide responses. This activity forms an ongoing record that may serve as a public indicator of the aesthetic that underlies the group’s identity. In Abstract Photos there is an ongoing discussion forum where one can submit an image and request that the moderators rule as to whether or not the image is ‘abstract’. The same group has ongoing discussions labelled “Hall of Appropriate” where worthy images are reposted and celebrated and, “Hall of Inappropriate” where images posted to the group pool have been removed and relegated because abstraction has been “so far stretched from its definition that it now resides in a parallel universe” (Askin). Reasons are mostly courteously provided. In haphazart! a relatively small core of around twelve group members regularly contribute to the group discussion board. A curious aspect of this communication is that even though participants present visually with a ‘buddy icon’ and most with a screen name not their real name, it is usual practice to address each other in discussions by their real Christian names, even when this is not evident in a member’s profile. This seems to indicate a common desire for authenticity. The makeup of the core varies from time to time depending on other activities in a member’s life. Although one or two may be professionally or semi-professionally engaged as photographers or artists or academics, most of these people would likely consider themselves to be “serious amateurs” (Cox). They are internationally dispersed with bias to the US, UK, Europe and Australia. English is the common language though not the natural tongue of some. The age range is approximately 35 to 65 and the gender mix 50/50. The group is three years old. Where Do We Go to from Here? In early January 2009 the haphazart! core was sparked into a frenzy of discussion by a post from a member headed “Where do we go to from here?” A proposal was mooted to produce a ‘book’ featuring images and texts representative of the group. Within three days a new public group with invited membership dedicated to the idea had been established. A smaller working party then retreated to a private Flickr group. Four months later Issue One of haphazart! magazine was available in print-on-demand and online formats. Following however is a brief critically reflective review of some of the collaborative curatorial, editorial and production processes for Issue Two which commenced in early June 2009. Most of the team had also been involved with Issue One. I was the only newcomer and replaced the person who had undertaken the design for Issue One. I was not provided access to the prior private editorial ruminations but apparently the collaborative curatorial and editorial decision-making practices the group had previously established persisted, and these took place entirely within the discussion forums of a new dedicated private Flickr group. Over a five-month period there were 1066 posts in 54 discussions concerning matters such as: change of format from the previous; selection of themes, artists and images; conduct of and editing of interviews; authoring of texts; copyright and reproduction. The idiom of those communications can be described as: discursive, sporadic, idiosyncratic, resourceful, collegial, cooperative, emphatic, earnest and purposeful. The selection process could not be said to follow anything close to a shared manifesto, or articulation of style. It was established that there would be two primary themes: the square format and contributors’ use of colour. Selection progressed by way of visual presentation and counter presentation until some kind of consensus was reached often involving informal votes of preference. Stretching the Limits of the Flickr Social Tools The magazine editorial collaborators continue to use the facilities with which they are familiar from regular Flickr group participation. However, the strict vertically linear format of the Flickr discussion format is particularly unsuited to lengthy, complex, asynchronous, multithreaded discussion. For this purpose it causes unnecessary strain, fatigue and confusion. Where images are included, the forums have set and maximum display sizes and are not flexibly configured into matrixes. Images cannot readily be communally changed or moved about like texts in a wiki. Likewise, the Flickrmail facility is of limited use for specialist editorial processes. Attachments cannot be added. This opinion expressed by a collaborator in the initial, open discussion for Issue One prevailed among Issue Two participants: do we want the members to go to another site to observe what is going on with the magazine? if that’s ok, then using google groups or something like that might make sense; if we want others to observe (and learn from) the process - we may want to do it here [in Flickr]. (Valentine) The opinion appears socially constructive; but because the final editorial process and production processes took place in a separate private forum, ultimately the suggested learning between one issue and the next did not take place. During Issue Two development the reluctance to try other online collaboration tools for the selection processes requiring visual comparative evaluation of images and trials of sequencing adhered. A number of ingenious methods of working within Flickr were devised and deployed and, in my opinion, proved frustratingly impractical and inefficient. The digital layout, design, collation and formatting of images and texts, all took place on my personal computer using professional software tools. Difficulties arose in progressively sharing this work for the purposes of review, appraisal and proofing. Eventually I ignored protests and insisted the team review demonstrations I had converted for sharing in Google Documents. But, with only one exception, I could not tempt collaborators to try commenting or editing in that environment. For example, instead of moving the sequence of images dynamically themselves, or even typing suggestions directly into Google Documents, they would post responses in Flickr. To Share and to Hold From the first imaginings of Issue One the need to have as an outcome something in one’s hands was expressed and this objective is apparently shared by all in the haphazart! core as an ongoing imperative. Various printing options have been nominated, discussed and evaluated. In the end one print-on-demand provider was selected on the basis of recommendation. The ethos of haphazart! is clearly not profit-making and conflicts with that of the printing organisation. Presumably to maintain an incentive to purchase the print copy online preview is restricted to the first 15 pages. To satisfy the co-requisite to make available the full 120 pages for free online viewing a second host that specialises in online presentation of publications is also utilised. In this way haphazart! members satisfy their common desires for sharing selected visual content and ideas with an online special interest audience and, for a physical object of art to relish—with all the connotations of preciousness, fetish, talisman, trophy, and bookish notions of haptic pleasure and visual treasure. The irony of publishing a frozen chunk of the ever-flowing Flickriver, whose temporally changing nature is arguably one of its most interesting qualities, is not a consideration. Most of them profess to be simply satisfying their own desire for self expression and would eschew any critical judgement as to whether this anarchic and discursive mode of operation results in a coherent statement about contemporary photographic abstraction. However there remains a distinct possibility that a number of core haphazart!ists aspire to transcend: popular taste; the discernment encouraged in camera clubs; and, the rhetoric of those involved professionally (Bourdieu et al.); and seek to engage with the “awareness of illegitimacy and the difficulties implied by the constitution of photography as an artistic medium” (Chamboredon 130). Incoherence: A Technical Note My personal experience of photography ranges from the filmic to the digital (Holmes, "Bridging Adelaide"). For a number of years I specialised in facsimile graphic reproduction of artwork. In those days I became aware that films were ‘blind’ to the psychophysical affect of some few particular paint pigments. They just could not be reproduced. Even so, as I handled the dozens of images contributed to haphazart!2, converting them from the pixellated place where Flickr exists to the resolution and gamut of the ink based colour space of books, I was surprised at the number of hue values that exist in the former that do not translate into the latter. In some cases the affect is subtle so that judicious tweaking of colour levels or local colour adjustment will satisfy discerning comparison between the screenic original and the ‘soft proof’ that simulates the printed outcome. In other cases a conversion simply does not compute. I am moved to contemplate, along with Harrison and Bartell (op. cit.) just how much of the experience of media in the shared digital space is incomparably new? Acknowledgement Acting on the advice of researchers experienced in cyberethnography (Bruckman; Suler, "Ethics") I have obtained the consent of co-collaborators to comment freely on proceedings that took place in a private forum. They have been given the opportunity to review and suggest changes to the account. References Askin, Dean (aka: dnskct). “Hall of Inappropriate.” Abstract Photos/Discuss/Hall of Inappropriate, 2010. 12 Jan. 2010 ‹http://www.flickr.com/groups/abstractphotos/discuss/72157623148695254/>. Bourdieu, Pierre, Luc Boltanski, Robert Castel, Jean-Claude Chamboredeon, and Dominique Schnapper. Photography: A Middle-Brow Art. 1965. Trans. Shaun Whiteside. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1990. Bruckman, Amy. Studying the Amateur Artist: A Perspective on Disguising Data Collected in Human Subjects Research on the Internet. 2002. 12 Jan. 2010 ‹http://www.nyu.edu/projects/nissenbaum/ethics_bru_full.html>. Bruns, Axel. “Towards Produsage: Futures for User-Led Content Production.” Proceedings: Cultural Attitudes towards Communication and Technology 2006. Perth: Murdoch U, 2006. 275–84. ———, and Mark Bahnisch. Social Media: Tools for User-Generated Content. 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Introduction Tiffany and Co. is an American luxury jewellery and specialty retailer with its headquarters in New York City. Each piece of jewellery, symbolically packaged in a blue box and tied with a white bow, encapsulates the brand’s unique diamond pieces, symbolic origin story, branded historical contributions and representations in culture. Cultural brands are those that live and thrive in the minds of consumers (Holt). Their brand promise inspires loyalty and trust. These brands offer experiences, products, and personalities and spark emotional connotations within consumers (Arvidsson). This case study uses Tiffany & Co. as a successful example to reveal the importance of understanding consumers, the influential nature of media culture, and the efficacy of strategic branding, advertising, and marketing over time (Holt). It also reveals how Tiffany & Co. earned and maintained its place as an iconic cultural brand within consumer culture, through its strong association with New York and products from abroad. Through its trademarked logo and authentic luxury jewellery, encompassed in the globally recognised “Tiffany Blue” boxes, Tiffany & Co.’s cultural significance stems from its embodiment of the expected makings of a brand (Chernatony et al.). However, what propels this brand into what Douglas Holt terms “iconic territory” is that in its one hundred and seventy-nine years of existence, Tiffany’s has lived exclusively in the minds of its consumers.Tiffany & Co.’s intuitive prowess in reaching its target audience is what allows it to dominate the luxury jewellery market (Halasz et al.). This is not only a result of product value, but the alluring nature of the “Tiffany's from New York” brand imagery and experience (Holt et al.), circulated and celebrated in consumer culture through influential depictions in music, film and literature over time (Knight). Tiffany’s faithfully participates in the magnetic identity myth embodied by the brand and city, and has become globally sought after by consumers near and far, and recognised for its romantic connotations of love, luxury, and New York (Holt). An American Dream: New York Affiliation & Diamond OriginsIt was Truman Capote’s characterisation of Holly Golightly in his book (1958) and film adaption, Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961) that introduced the world to New York as the infatuating “setting,” upon which the Tiffany’s diamond rested. It was a place, that enabled the iconic Holly Golightly to personify the feeling of being abroad in New York and to demonstrate the seductive nature of a Tiffany’s store experience, further shaping the identity myth encompassed by the brand and the city for their global audience (Holt). Essentially, New York was the influential cultural instigator that propelled Tiffany & Co. from a consumer product, to a cultural icon. It did this by circulating its iconography via celebrity affiliations and representations in music, film, and literature (Knight), and by guiding strong brand associations in the minds of consumers (Arvidsson). However, before Tiffany’s became culturally iconic, it established its place in American heritage through historical contributions (Tiffany & Co.) and pledged an association to New York by personifying the American Dream (Mae). To help achieve his dream in a rapidly evolving economy (Elliott), Charles Lewis Tiffany purportedly brought the first substantial gemstones into America from overseas, and established the first American jewellery store to sell them to the public (Halasz et al.). The Tiffany & Co. origin story personifies the alluring nature of products from abroad, and their influence on individuals seeking an image of affluence for themselves. The ties between New York, Tiffany’s, and its consumers were further strengthened through the established, invaluable and emblematic nature of the diamond, historically launched and controlled by South African Diamond Cartel of De Beers (Twitchell). De Beers manipulated the demand for diamonds and instigated it as a status symbol. It then became a commoditised measurement of an individual’s worth and potential to love (Twitchell), a philosophy, also infused in the Tiffany & Co. brand ideology (Holt). Building on this, Tiffany’s further ritualised the justification of the material symbolisation of love through the idealistic connotations surrounding its assorted diamond ring experiences (Lee). This was projected through a strategic product placement and targeted advertising scheme, evident in dominant culture throughout the brand’s existence (Twitchell). Idealistically discussed by Purinton, this is also what exemplified, for consumers, the enticing cultural symbolism of the crystal rock from New York (Halasz et al.). Brand Essence: Experience & Iconography Prior to pop culture portraying the charming Tiffany’s brand imagery in mainstream media (Balmer et al.), Charles Tiffany directed the company’s ascent into luxury jewellery (Phillips et al.), fashioned the enticing Tiffany’s “store experience”, and initiated the experiential process of purchasing a diamond product. This immediately intertwined the imagery of Tiffany’s with New York, instigating the exclusivity of the experience for consumers (Holt). Tiffany’s provided customers with the opportunity to participate in an intricately branded journey, resulting in the diamond embodiment which declared their love most accurately; a token, packaged and presented within an iconic “Tiffany Blue” box (Klara). Aligning with Keller’s branding blueprint (7), this interactive process enabled Tiffany & Co. to build brand loyalty by consistently connecting with each of its consumers, regardless of their location in the world. The iconography of the coveted “blue box” was crafted when Charles Tiffany trademarked the shade Pantone No. 1837 (Osborne), which he coined for the year of Tiffany’s founding (Klara). Along with the brand promise of containing quality luxury jewellery, the box and that particular shade of blue instantly became a symbol of exclusivity, sophistication, and elegance, as it could only be acquired by purchasing jewellery from a Tiffany’s store (Rawlings). The exclusive packaging began to shape Tiffany’s global brand image, becoming a signifier of style and superiority (Phillips et al.), and eventually just as iconic as the jewellery itself. The blue box is still the strongest signifier of the brand today (Osborne). Ultimately, individuals want to participate in the myth of love, perfection and wealth (Arvidsson), encompassed exclusively by every Tiffany’s “blue box”. Furthermore, Tiffany’s has remained artistically significant within the luxury jewellery landscape since introducing its one-of-a-kind Tiffany Setting in 1886. It was the first jewellery store to fully maximise the potential of the natural beauty possessed of diamonds, while connotatively reflecting the natural beauty of every wearer (Phillips et al.). According to Jeffrey Bennett, the current Vice President of Tiffany & Co. New York, by precisely perching the “Tiffany Diamond” upon six intricately crafted silver prongs, the ring shines to its maximum capacity in a lit environment, while being closely secured to the wearer’s finger (Lee). Hence, the “Tiffany Setting” has become a universally sought after icon of extravagance and intricacy (Knight), and, as Bennett further describes, even today, the setting represents uncompromising quality and is a standard image of true love (Lee). Alluring Brand Imagery & Influential Representations in CultureEmpirical consumer research, involving two focus groups of married and unmarried, ethnically diverse Australian women and conducted in 2015, revealed that even today, individuals accredit their desire for Tiffany’s to the inspirational imagery portrayed in music, movies and television. Through participating in the Tiffany's from New York store experience, consumers are able to indulge in their fantasies of what it would feel like to be abroad and the endless potential a city such as New York could hold for them. Tiffany’s successfully disseminated its brand ideology into consumer culture (Purinton) and extended the brand’s significance for consumers beyond the 1960s through constant representation of the expensive business of love, lust and marriage within media culture. This is demonstrated in such films as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), Legally Blonde (2001), Sweet Home Alabama (2002), The Great Gatsby (2013), and in the influential television shows, Gossip Girl (2007—2012), and Glee (2009—2015).The most important of these was the film Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), and the iconic embodiment of Capote’s (1958) Holly Golightly by actress Audrey Hepburn (Wasson). Hepburn’s (1961) portrayal of the emotionally evocative connotations of experiencing Tiffany’s in New York, as personified by her romantic dialogue throughout the film (Mae), produced the image that nothing bad could ever happen at a Tiffany’s store. Thus began the Tiffany’s from New York cultural phenomenon, which has been consistently reiterated in popular media culture ever since.Breakfast at Tiffany’s also represented a greater struggle faced by women in the 1960s (Dutt); that of gender roles, women’s place in society, and their desire for stability and freedom simultaneously (Sheehan). Due to Hepburn’s accurate characterisation of this struggle, the film enabled Tiffany & Co. to become more than just jewellery and a symbol of support (Torelli). Tiffany’s also allowed filming to take place inside its New York flagship store to which Capote’s narrative so idealistically alludes, further demonstrating its support for the 1960s women’s movement at an opportune moment in history (Torelli). Hence, Tiffany’s from New York became a symbol for the independent materialistic modern woman (Wasson), an ideal, which has become a repeated motif, re-imagined and embodied by popular icons (Knight) such as, Madonna in Material Girl (1985), and the characterisations of Carrie Bradshaw by Sarah Jessica Parker, Charlotte York by Kristin Davis (Sex and the City), and Donna Paulsen by Sarah Rafferty (Suits). The iconic television series Sex and the City, set in New York, boldly represented Tiffany’s as a symbol of friendship when a fellow female protagonist parted with her lavish Tiffany’s engagement ring to help her friend financially (Sex and the City). This was similarly reimagined in the popular television series Suits, also set in New York, where a protagonist is gifted two Tiffany Boxes from her female friend, as a token of congratulations on her engagement. This allowed Tiffany & Co. to add friendship to its symbolic repertoire (Manning), whilst still personifying a symbol of love in the minds of its consumers who were tactically also the target audiences of these television shows (Wharton).The alluring Tiffany’s image was presented specifically to a male audience through the first iconic Bond Girl named Tiffany Case in the novel Diamonds Are Forever (Fleming). The film adaption made its cultural imprint in 1971 with Sean Connery portraying James Bond, and paired the exaggerated brand of “007” with the evocative imagery of Tiffany’s (Spilski et al.). This served as a reminder to existing audiences about the powerful and seductive connotations of the blue box with the white ribbon (Osborne), as depicted by the enticing Tiffany Case in 1956.Furthermore, the Tiffany’s image was similarly established as a lyrical status symbol of wealth and indulgence (Knight). Portrayed most memorably by Marilyn Monroe’s iconic performance of Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend (Gentlemen Prefer Blondes). Even though the song only mentions Tiffany’s lyrically twice (Vito et al.), through the celebrity affiliation, Monroe was introduced as a credible embodiment of Tiffany’s brand essence (Davis). Consequently, she permanently attached her image to that of the alluring Tiffany Diamonds for the target audience, male and female, past and present (Vito et al.). Exactly thirty-two years later, Monroe’s 1953 depiction was reinforced in consumer culture (Wharton) through an uncanny aesthetic and lyrical reimagining of the original performance by Madonna in her music video Material Girl (1985). This further preserved and familiarised the Tiffany’s image of glamour, luxury and beauty by implanting it in the minds of a new generation (Knight). Despite the shift in celebrity affiliation to a current cultural communicator (Arvidsson), the influential image of the Tiffany Diamond remains constant and Tiffany’s has maintained its place as a popular signifier of affluence and elegance in mainstream consumer culture (Jansson). The main difference, however, between Monroe’s and Madonna’s depictions is that Madonna aspired to be associated with the Tiffany’s brand image because of her appreciation for Marilyn Monroe and her brand image, which also intrinsically exuded beauty, money and glamour (Vito et al.). This suggests that even a musical icon like Madonna was influenced by Tiffany & Co.’s hold on consumer culture (Spilski et al.), and was able to inject the same ideals into her own loyal fan base (Fill). It is evident that Tiffany & Co. is thoroughly in tune with its target market and understands the relevant routes into the minds of its consumers. Kotler (113) identifies that the brand has demonstrated the ability to reach its separate audiences simultaneously, with an image that resonates with them on different levels (Manning). For example, Tiffany & Co. created the jewellery that featured in Baz Luhrmann’s 2013 cinematic adaption of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). Through representing a signifier of love and lust induced by monetary possessions (Fitzgerald), Tiffany’s truthfully portrayed its own brand image and persuaded audiences to associate the brand with these ideals (Holt). By illustrating the romantic, alluring and powerful symbolism of giving or obtaining love, armed with a Tiffany’s Diamond (Mae), Tiffany’s validated its timeless, historical and cultural contemporary relevance (Greene).This was also most recently depicted through Tiffany & Co.’s Will You (2015) advertising campaign. The brand demonstrated its support for marriage equality, by featuring a real life same-sex couple to symbolise that love is not conditional and that Tiffany’s has something that signifies every relationship (Dicker). Thus, because of the brand’s rooted place in central media culture and the ability to appeal to the belief system of its target market while evolving with, and understanding its consumers on a level of metonymy (Manning), Tiffany & Co. has transitioned from a consumer product to a culturally relevant and globally sought-after iconic brand (Holt). ConclusionTiffany & Co.’s place-based association and representational reflection in music, film, and literature, assisted in the formation of loyal global communities that thrive on the identity building side effects associated with luxury brand affiliation (Banet-Weiser et al.). Tiffany’s enables its global target market to revel in the shared meanings surrounding the brand, by signifying a symbolic construct that resonates with consumers (Hall). Tiffany’s inspires consumers to eagerly exercise their brand trust and loyalty by independently ritualising the Tiffany’s from New York brand experience for themselves and the ones they love (Fill). Essentially, Tiffany & Co. successfully established its place in society and strengthened its ties to New York, through targeted promotions and iconographic brand dissemination (Nita).Furthermore, by ritualistically positioning the brand (Holt), surrounding and saturating it in existing cultural practices, supporting significant cultural actions and becoming a symbol of wealth, luxury, commitment, love and exclusivity (Phillips et al.), Tiffany’s has steadily built a positive brand association and desire in the minds of consumers near and far (Keller). As a direct result, Tiffany’s earned and kept its place as a culturally progressive brand in New York and around the world, sustaining its influence and ensuring its survival in today’s contemporary consumer society (Holt).Most importantly, however, although New York has become the anchor in every geographically exemplified Tiffany’s store experience in literature, New York has also become the allegorical anchor in the minds of consumers in actuality (Arvidsson). Hence, Tiffany & Co. has catered to the needs of its global target audience by providing it with convenient local stores abroad, where their love can be personified by purchasing a Tiffany Diamond, the ultimate symbol of authentic commitment, and where they can always experience an allusive piece of New York. ReferencesArvidsson, Adam. Brands: Meaning and Value in Media Culture. New York: Routledge, 2006.Balmer, John M.T., Stephen A. 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Television.Greene, Lucie. “Luxury Brands and ‘The Great Gatsby’ Movie.” Style Magazine. 11 May. 2013.Halasz, Robert, and Christina Stansell. “Tiffany & Co.” International Directory of Company Histories, 8 Oct. 2006. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE, 1997. Holt, Douglas B., and Douglas Cameron. Cultural Strategy: Using Innovative Ideologies to Build Breakthrough Brands. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.Holt, Douglas B. How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding. Boston: Harvard Business P, 2004.Jansson, Andre. “The Mediatization of Consumption Towards an Analytical Framework of Image Culture.” Journal of Consumer Culture 2.1 (2002): 5–27.Keller, Kevin L. “Building Customer-Based Brand Equity: A Blueprint for Creating Strong Brands.” Marketing Science Institute (2001): 3–30.Klara, Robert. “How Tiffany’s Iconic Box Became the World’s Most Popular Package.” Adweek, 22 Sep. 2014. Knight, Gladys L. Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014.Kotler, Philip. Principles of Marketing. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1983.Lee, Jane. “Deconstructing the Tiffany Setting.” Forbes video clip. YouTube, 3 Oct. 2012.Legally Blonde. Robert Luketic. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 2001.Mae, Caity. “A Love Letter to Tiffany & Co.” Blog post. Thought Catalogue, 7 May. 2014.Manning, Paul. “The Semiotics of Brand.” The Annual Review of Anthropology 39 (2010): 33–46.Nita, Catalina. “Tiffany & Co: Brand Image Linked with American Cinema.” Blog post. Impressive Magazine, 11 Aug. 2013.Osborne, Neil. “Bling in a Blue Box: How an Iconic Brand Delivers Its Promise.” Professional Beauty Magazine: Business Feature, Mar/Apr. 2015: 152–53.Phillips, Clare, and Tiffany and Company. Bejewelled by Tiffany. 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Photo by ANIRUDH on Unsplash INTRODUCTION Genes are the most foundational physical unit of a human, coding for every phenotypic characteristic that a human exhibits.[1] Thus, some view the editing of genes as the alteration of one’s physical nature. The extent to which gene-editing, using technology such as CRISPR, alters one's identity is an open issue. Answering this question requires exploring what constitutes human identity (physical or mental forms, or both) and the role DNA plays. This philosophical question concerns the role of the body in the conception of oneself and how fundamental changes to one’s body alter that conception. As gene-editing technologies continue to be refined and implemented in humans, this question is especially relevant. Its answer can alter the decisions society makes about the use of gene-editing technology in humans. Alterations to one’s physical form through gene-editing change one’s physical makeup. Gene-editing causes modifications that span both realms of one’s sense of self because physical identity can affect mental identity. This paper explores philosophical approaches to identity and the relationship between body and mind, arguing that physical changes have significant capacity to alter emotions and mental status in ways that may shape identity. I. CRISPR and Gene-Editing Capability Scientists can use gene-editing to rectify the genetic flaws that cause genetic disorders. Trisomy 21, or Down Syndrome, for example, is caused by an additional 21st chromosome in a person’s genome. Deletion of this extra chromosome through gene-editing would erase the disease, changing the person’s genomic foundation and life. They would no longer need to manage the effects of trisomy 21. Gene-editing in the case of trisomy 21 impacts identity. An analysis of perspectives on the link between trisomy gene-editing and identity revealed a split between those who viewed trisomy as separate from identity and those who viewed it as fundamental. Participants favoring a connection between trisomy and identity were more likely to oppose gene-editing, as they believed it would bring fundamental changes to who the person is.[2] Discussion of the extent to which gene-editing impacts identity is important in informing these opinions and, in turn, the policies society implements on the use of gene-editing. Somatic gene-editing, performed in existing people rather than an embryo, proposes a unique case. Many view somatic editing as “similar to other medical treatments” rather than a complete alteration to one’s identity because it is only used in cells in specific tissues to fix symptoms, not the entire disease. For trisomy 21, somatic gene-editing will only be possible in specific tissues and cells of the body, such as in the nerve cells that cause muscle weakness in Down Syndrome patients, since it is not yet possible to change every cell carrying the genetic flaw.[3] Researchers can treat other diseases more completely with gene-editing. To fix the single nucleotide mutation that causes sickle cell disease, for example, researchers can edit the red bone marrow cells extracted from patients, edit them using CRISPR, and reintroduce them into the patient.[4] Gene-editing enables a more comprehensive solution for sickle cell disease in existing people, but it entails the same genome editing as with trisomy. Regardless of the disease or somatic or germline cell targeting, gene-editing alters the DNA a human carries. By exploring the most basic implications of that alteration on human identity, this paper will define the relationship between gene-editing and identity. II. Views on Physical Identity Some may view a human’s physical nature as their only nature and thus the sole component of identity. Reductive physicalism proposes that the world is made of only physical components.[5] Reductive physicalists challenge the existence of the mind or a higher power by arguing that all processes can be broken down into their physical components. By this reasoning, humans are a collection of atoms and molecules compartmentalized into cells that perform all human functions. By suggesting that humans are entirely physical in nature, this theory proposes that one’s physicality must constitute identity. In A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume alludes to the essential role of physicality in identity. Although Hume also discusses the role of a non-physical mind in the processing of perceptions, Hume states that “after the dissolution of my body, I should be entirely annihilated.”[6] The destruction of one’s being, one’s identity, when one ceases to physically exist reinforces the idea that humans are solely physical in nature. Applying reductive physicalism, the dependence of identity on physicality supports that changing one’s physicality through gene-editing will change one’s identity. In Being and Nothingness, Jean-Paul Sartre argues that a human confirms his existence when he sees “the other” looking at him, becoming an object rather than a subject. Describing one’s sudden self-consciousness and resulting shame, Sartre poses “the look” as essential in one’s formation of a sense of self.[7] Since the body is recognized by “the other,” the pre-reflective cogito suggests that, without the body, one would not be able to recognize their own existence. Under Sartre’s argument, a physical body is a precursor to identity. However, gene-editing by altering the physical characteristics of a human, such as the shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease patients, generally leaves the body intact. One would still be perceived by “the other” after gene-editing and have their identity confirmed. Sartre’s “the look” reinforces the importance of the body. Yet gene-editing would not impact one’s being an object of another. III. Mind and Body Combine in Human Identity In philosophy, mind-body dualism means that humans are composed of mental and physical substances. These forms of an individual are distinct yet inextricably interconnected.[8] René Descartes introduced mind-body dualism to argue the existence of a mind without disputing the existence of a body. In his Cogito Theory, Descartes states, “I think, therefore I am.” According to Descartes, the mind is an indivisible substance that coexists with but is distinct from the body because it lacks shape and physicality.[9] Descartes confirms his existence by the fact that his mind is a “thinking thing” rather than by the other’s recognition of one’s body, as Sartre does. The idea of a non-physical aspect to humans challenges reductive physicalism and provides the space for something more than the body to define a human. The mind confirms existence and thereby grants identity, suggesting not only that the mind exists, but also that it is more central to identity than the body. This view aligns with current views about identity. Since Descartes regards the mind and body as two distinct substances, in his view, the physical changes caused by gene-editing do not directly influence the mind. Gene-editing alters the molecules in genes, but according to dualism, the mind is not composed of atoms like the body is. A genetic change would not penetrate the mind. The distinction between the mental and physical aspects of identity demonstrates how gene-editing may not have substantial power over one’s identity. Since Descartes prioritizes the mental aspect of identity over the physical, gene-editing’s effect on identity appears even more limited. IV. Mind-Body Philosophies Other philosophical viewpoints further support a mental aspect of human identity. In De Anima, Aristotle delineates that the body is a manifestation of the mind, which is a manifestation of the soul.[10] Although the mind and body are two essential, coexistent aspects of a human, the body comes from, and thus relies on, the mind. The mind, as the origin of the body, frames it as more central to human existence. This postulates that the changes to physical identity induced by gene-editing technologies may not directly influence the mental aspect of identity because the mind does not stem from, and thus is not dependent on, the body. The mind’s more direct connection to the soul cements its larger role in identity because non-secular philosophy views the soul as the core, eternal aspect of a human. The superiority of the mind over the body regarding identity demonstrates gene-editing’s limited influence on identity. In A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume suggests that identity is formed based on perceptions, reinforcing the role of the mind. Perceptions, which originate as a physical sensation, inspire feelings and thoughts, an aspect of one’s mind. Hume gives the example of feeling the warmth of a fire.[11] The emotions that arise are processed and stored in the mind. The accumulation of perceptions from different experiences shapes one’s identity. A traumatic event or significant accomplishment often becomes part of one’s sense of self because of the perceptions one acquires. Hume’s proposition that successive perceptions forms the mind, which are important to identity, further demonstrates that the mind is an aspect of identity. Under such a viewpoint, gene-editing would appear restricted in its ability to change identity, as it alters the body but not the mind. DNA cannot change the experiences and thoughts encoded in one’s mind. One may argue that scars on one’s body, rather than thoughts in one’s mind, are the marks of one’s perceptions, like a burn mark from touching a hot stove. However, the memories and emotions of an experience that a scar represents are deeper than the scar itself. A scar on a person has more meaning than a scar on a wax figure, a purely physical being, because of the mental associations with the scar in the person’s mind. Thoughts residing in the mind contribute to one’s identity, highlighting the role of the mind in a human's sense of self. Although gene-editing in non-neuronal cells cannot directly alter one’s thoughts, the processing of perceptions to form mental identity depends on the physical aspect of humans. Hume proposes that the body mediates the outside world and the mind, detecting stimuli and relaying information to the mind. This communicative relationship between the mind and the body, expressed in mind-body dualism, proposes that physical changes caused by gene-editing could affect how and when external stimuli are detected. This indirect consequence that gene-editing can have on the mind opens the discussion of how physical genetic changes could affect mental identity despite the immaterial nature of the mind. V. Current Scientific Understanding of the Mind-Body Relationship There is significant medical research on the relationship between the physical body and emotions like happiness, anger, and depression. Modern science sees many emotions as linked to the physical. Although gene-editing does not directly change the mind, it can be affected by those physical changes. It is well-known that there is a “functionally integrated relationship between mind and body.”[12] This “relationship” suggests that the mind and body do not function separately but rather influence each other. For example, replacing bad gut bacteria with good gut bacteria in animals and humans can “significantly alter mood and emotional functions.”[13] Gut bacteria is a purely physical component of the body, while mood and emotion are more mental. The influence of the physical on the mental illustrates the effect of the body’s state on the mind. The two-way communication that the mind and body exhibit have important consequences for the role of DNA in identity. Genetic alterations caused by CRISPR, for example, may affect the mental aspect of identity. Researchers can use CRISPR to cure a sickle cell disease patient by changing just one nucleotide in a human’s genome.[14] The editing of the patient’s genome changes their physical identity because genes are a physical component of humans, but mental changes can also result. No longer suffering from the debilitating pain of a chronic disease, the patient’s mood and outlook on life may shift. The integrated mind-body relationship suggests that gene-editing may have a broader impact on identity than anticipated, affecting both the body and, indirectly, the mind. VI. Mind and Brain Philosophy The effects of gene-editing on the mind can be more direct when the genes edited are associated with the brain. One theory explaining this phenomenon is the Mind-Brain Identity Theory. This theory postulates that “states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain” even though the mind is non-physical.[15] Therefore, changes to the brain will correlate with changes to the mind and, in turn, affect mental identity. Using CRISPR to correct the genes that cause Huntington's Disease, for example, would improve the physical conditions in the brain that cause its symptoms. According to the Mind-Brain Identity theory, it would improve one’s mental state as a result. If a mistake occurs and the condition worsens, or researchers edit beyond correcting the disorder, the negative consequences in the brain would correlate with a worsened state of mind. The direct correlation between the mind and brain increases the risks of gene-editing. The Mind-Brain Theory amplifies gene-editing’s effect on identity because it suggests physical changes can have not only indirectly, but also directly, impact on mental identity. CONCLUSION Gene-editing alters the physical body. Due to the integrated mind-body relationship, it can also directly and indirectly modify mental identity. Mind-body dualism, as opposed to reductive physicalism, yields an understanding of identity that parallels the way mind-body connections are currently understood. Current science suggests that mood and emotion may be more squarely tied to the physical. Identity likely depends on some combination of the physical and mental. Framing mental aspects, including emotions, personality, and thoughts, as immaterial and genes as physical could lead to the overuse of gene-editing technology for physical purposes like disease prevention, solutions, or enhancement. Mind-body dualism forms the foundation for gene-editing’s nuanced, far-reaching impact on one’s sense of self. Identity defines an individual, both to themselves and others. The potential for unknown or undesired effects of gene-editing on identity calls for balancing the technology’s benefit to human health with its potentially negative impact on identity. The philosophical and ethical underpinnings should help inform public policy and scientific engagement as gene-editing becomes more influential in medicine. - [1] “The predominant current day meaning of genotype is some relevant part of the DNA passed to the organism by its parents. The phenotype is the physical and behavioral traits of the organism, for example, size and shape, metabolic activities, and patterns of movement.” Taylor, Peter and Richard Lewontin, "The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/genotype-phenotype/>. [2] Elliott, Kathryn, et al. “‘I Wouldn’t Want Anything That Would Change Who He Is.’ the Relationship between Perceptions of Identity and Attitudes towards Hypothetical Gene-Editing in Parents of Children with Autosomal Aneuploidies.” SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, Elsevier, Dec. 2022, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321522001135. [3] Watson-Scales, Sheona et al. “Analysis of motor dysfunction in Down Syndrome reveals motor neuron degeneration.” PLoS genetics vol. 14,5 e1007383. 10 May. 2018, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007383 [4] Cross, Ryan. “CRISPR edits sickle cell mutation” C&EN Global Enterprise 94 (41), 5-5, October 17, 2016. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09441-notw1 [5] Stoljar, Daniel. “Physicalism.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 25, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/. [6] Hume, David. “Of Personal Identity.” Essay. In A Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n.d. [7] Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness, n.d. [8] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n.d. [9] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n.d. [10] Aristotle. “The Internet Classics Archive: De Anima (On the Soul) by Aristotle.” The Internet Classics Archive | On the Soul by Aristotle, n.d. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html. [11] Hume, David. “Of Personal Identity.” Essay. In A Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n.d. [12] News. “A Neurosurgeon and a Philosopher Debate Mind vs. Body.” Mind Matters, February 28, 2022. https://mindmatters.ai/2022/02/a-neurosurgeon-and-a-philosopher-debate-mind-vs-body/. [13] Jasanoff, Alan. The Biological Mind How Brain, Body, and Environment Collaborate to Make Us Who We Are. Cambridge: Basic Books, 2018. [14] Frangoul, Haydar et al. “CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia.” The New England journal of medicine vol. 384,3 (2021): 252-260. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2031054 [15] Smart, J. J. C. “The Mind/Brain Identity Theory.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 18, 2007. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/.