Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Agreement on future succession"

The reason for writing this paper is the (non) application of the Agreement on Succession Issues, especially its Annex G, which refers to private property and acquired rights. The authors analyzed the legal norms from a theoretical point of view, and then, by researching case law and analyzing the decisions made, they pointed out the (non) application of the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues. Respecting the assumed international obligations, valid international law, legality and justice, as well as the credibility of the European Union, it is necessary in practice to ensure more efficient and direct application of Annex "G" of the Agreement on Succession Issues which stipulates that SFRY successor states will protect private property. and acquired rights of citizens and other legal entities. Result of the author's paper is the Platform for "Ending the War Period" on the territory of the former joint state of SFRY by implementing the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues with Annexes of "A - G" with special reference to Annex "G" Private property and acquired rights, as a convalidation enacted laws and their legal consequences. The aim of the paper is for the representatives of the states of the former SFRY to adopt the proposals of the future Declaration on the basis of the mentioned Platform, which the authors presented in the conclusion of the paper.

In this paper, the authors analyse a new institution for the Russian legal system, namely, the contract of succession institution. It is a qualitatively new way to transfer property, which was legislated as a supplement to the existing grounds of succession. It is noted that one of the advantages of this type of succession is that this type of agreement enables a property owner not only to outline the circle of successors during his/her lifetime but also to stipulate clear conditions for their entry into rights of succession. That is, thanks to this agreement, it becomes possible to determine to whom and what kind of property will be transferred after the death of the owner, and what conditions must be met for this. In this paper, the authors correlate a contract of succession with mixed categories: they compare (only by some criteria) a contract of succession with a unilateral transaction - a last will and testament. The authors conclude that the institution of the contract of succession is a symbiosis of succession and contractual legal relations (mixed nature), which may lead to certain problems in the future during the enforcement of the current legislation.

In a recent judgment, the Singapore Court of Appeal quashed a prior judgment of the Singapore High Court, which had decided to set aside an arbitration award on the basis that the China–Laos bilateral investment treaty (bit) does not apply to Macao. The judgment of the Court of Appeal is significant inasmuch as it involves a thorough examination of the international law principles governing the law of State succession in respect of part of territory, the relative effect of treaties in the context of devolution agreements, and the relationship between the critical date rule (or intertemporal principle) and the interpretive norm of subsequent agreement or practice. Above all, the dialogue between the Singaporean courts and the arbitral tribunal (whose award was sought to be set aside) raise a number of interesting issues in respect of the territorial application of investment treaties in general and Chinese investment treaties in particular. It also bears noting that this dialogue and its impact on future cases has to be filtered through subsequent developments, most notably a statement issued by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the effect that the Court of Appeal judgment was incorrect.

Two arbitral cases were initiated against Kazakhstan on the basis of the 1989 Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. The tribunal of the first case (World Wide Minerals v. Republic of Kazakhstan) determined that Kazakhstan was a legal successor to the Canada-USSR BIT and found breaches of fair and equitable treatment. While in the second case (Gold Pool Limited Partnership v. Republic of Kazakhstan) the tribunal rejected the claimant’s argument that the Canada-USSR BIT was applicable to Kazakhstan. Since the decisions in these two cases have not been published, there is currently speculation that investors from other states besides Canada can take advantage of the Soviet Union’s treaties, even if there is no treaty in force with Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show the legal framework and practice for treaty-making related to investment in Kazakhstan both pre-and post- collapse of the Soviet Union. In particular, this paper examines the relevant international treaties, diplomatic notes, intergovernmental-level statements regarding the succession to the USSR treaties, and the USSR and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic investment legislations. It also provides recommendations for the future development of state succession and investment treaties.

This article addresses the issues related to heredamiento - an agreement as to succession, characteristic of the Catalan legal system (Spain), the centuries-long functioning of which may be an inspiration for other legislators. The paper first attempts to locate this institution in the context of history and terminology. Further, it explains and describes the functioning of heredamiento in the provisions of Catalan law currently in force. The article then discusses the centuries-old location of this institution at the junction of succession law and family law. The paper also presents issues relating to the conflict of laws rules of private international law and the conflict of law rules of interregional law that are characteristic of the Spanish legal system. Therefore, introducing the reader to the institution of heredamiento, the author suggests that the Polish legislator should not cease looking for legal instruments adjusted and adapted to social realities, which would adequately protect the interests of both future decedents and heirs.

Research background: The success of family businesses abroad is not measured by profit, but is judged by the number of generations that have successfully mastered the succession process. This is why family businesses in Slovakia should also focus on long-term existence. Succession in a family business must be prepared with sufficient time in advance, as this is one of the most risky moments of its future. Purpose of the article: Successful management of the succession process in family businesses requires several years of preparation in different areas. The aim of this paper is to assess the readiness of Slovak family companies to owner generational change in application of selected factors in ensuring the smooth transmission of family businesses to the younger generation. Methods: The method of research was a questionnaire based on a 5-degree Likert scale, where the respondents expressed the degree of their agreement or disagreement with the particular statement. The questionnaire was filled by sample of 412 respondents — 206 family business owners and their 206 successors (son/ daughter). The statistical relations and correlations between variables were performed by Cronbach alpha, Spearman test, Kruskal-Walis test using EXCEL and SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1. programs. Findings & Value added: Slovak family companies have already passed or they are in the process of preparing or implementing the first generational change. We cannot be compared yet with family companies in Germany, USA or the Nether-lands because these firms are in the process of the fourth generation change in the ownership. The added value of this paper is the identification of deficiencies and reserves that prolong or expel the process of successful company transfer to a young generation. It is related to human capital — the professional competence of the successor and the willingness of the founder to leave, the absence of important business documents, or the effort to cope with the process itself.

INTRODUCTION. The article deals with the evolution of the Palestinian citizenship and the possibility of its development under the occupation of the Palestinian territories. Citizenship is a classic institution of public law and is perceived in a similar way in various legal systems. In this case, however, there is a very special phenomenon, the content of which is due to a number of historical, political and international legal factors.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research is based on the analysis of Balfour Declaration 1917, UN Partition Plan for Palestine 1947, Agreement Oslo II 1995, Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States (ILC, 1999), Articles on Diplomatic Protection (ILC, 2006), Israeli law governing the status of Palestinians, nationality laws of the Arab states, political and regulatory acts of Palestinian institutions. The research methods include historical method, methods of formal logic, comparative method and various methods of interpretation. A significant part of the research is a comparison of positions of Israeli and Palestinian lawyers, as well as an analysis of various options for the development of the Palestinian citizenship.RESEARCH RESULTS. Currently, the status of residents of the occupied territories is determined by the Oslo II Agreement of 1995: the administrative powers are delegated to the Palestinian Authority; Israel retains the right of control. The resident status is not equivalent to the status of a citizen and is sui generis. This status implies a number of Israel’s obligations: to end it and provide a citizenship to Palestinians; recognize its international elements; transfer more powers to Palestinian institutions. The lack of regular citizenship makes it difficult for Palestinians to enjoy diplomatic protection from Palestinian institutions.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Presently, there are conditions for the establishment (declaration) of the Palestinian citizenship, which would fix a political connection sui generis, implying the rights of Palestinians to participate in administration of the occupied territories, their membership in a nation striving for self-determination, the right of Palestinian institutions to provide diplomatic and other protection, etc. This citizenship should be provided automatically, since it involves not naturalization, but consideration of existing social and vital ties of Palestinians to their people. The solution of the problem of diplomatic protection may consist in the development of customary law and the search for new tools, for example, protection on the part of international organizations.

AbstractThe current relationship between the two European courts has been discussed in some great detail while the future of that relationship has been widely neglected. This is somewhat surprising as the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and with it of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the EU's succession to the ECHR are probably going to take place before too long. The article first examines Article 52(3) of the Charter, which prescribes that the ECHR be the minimum standard of human rights in the EU. It is argued that Article 52 (3) does not entail a reference to the ECtHR's case law so that the ECJ will not be bound by that case law. After an accession of the EU to the ECHR, it is likely that both courts will assert that they have exclusive jurisdiction over the ECHR in inter-state cases, which creates a jurisdictional conflict for which a solution must be found. In addition, the article explores whether after an accession, the Bosphorus case law will have a future and whether the dictum found in Opinion 1/91 will be applicable, according to which the ECJ is bound by the decisions of courts created by an international agreement to which the EC is a party.

This article assesses the contribution of the clean development mechanism (cdm) to climate governance. The cdm emerged as the key offset mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, but its contribution to climate governance remains contested. This article deconstructs the cdm by evaluating the mechanism’s dominant critiques and offers a synthesised analysis of its core design and operational defects. The implications of the Paris Agreement, particularly the prospect of a successor mechanism to the cdm, are evaluated, and inform this article’s vision of a reconstructed mechanism as an important component in the evolving carbon markets infrastructure. Although such a reconstructed mechanism would continue to build a base of regulatory experience in less developing countries, this article suggests that the framework emerging under the Paris Agreement should more carefully circumscribe the cdm’s future role. Finally, this article concludes by considering the potential climate governance contribution of a reconstructed cdm.

Abstract The multidecadal modulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) due to greenhouse warming has been analyzed herein by means of diagnostics of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) and the eigenanalysis of a simplified version of an intermediate ENSO model. The response of the global-mean troposphere temperature to increasing greenhouse gases is more likely linear, while the amplitude and period of ENSO fluctuates in a multidecadal time scale. The climate system model outputs suggest that the multidecadal modulation of ENSO is related to the delayed response of the subsurface temperature in the tropical Pacific compared to the response time of the sea surface temperature (SST), which would lead a modulation of the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, an eigenanalysis considering only two parameters, the changes in the zonal contrast of the mean background SST and the changes in the vertical contrast between the mean surface and subsurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific, exhibits a good agreement with the CGCM outputs in terms of the multidecadal modulations of the ENSO amplitude and period. In particular, the change in the vertical contrast, that is, change in difference between the subsurface temperature and SST, turns out to be more influential on the ENSO modulation than changes in the mean SST itself.

L'expression « contrat portant sur une chose future » signifie que les contractants peuvent valablement stipuler que la chose due sera future ; ils peuvent ainsi contracter sur une chose corporelle ou incorporelle qui n'existe pas encore, du moins dans son entièreté. Depuis la vente romaine de chose future, les contrats portant sur une chose future se sont diversifiés. La pratique de ces contrats est devenue courante en raison de leur importance économique. Prenant la mesure de cette diversité et de cette richesse, la réflexion sur le contrat portant sur une chose future a été envisagée sous le propos de théorie générale.Les contrats portant sur une chose future sont des figures familières sans que l'on les remarque forcément. Il convenait de les identifier dans un premier temps. Ce qui les caractérise et que l'on voit rapidement est que, chacun de ces contrats suppose une chose future qui en constitue l'objet ; la présente étude en propose une définition claire et distincte. Ce que l'on perçoit peut-être moins à l'analyse de ces contrats et qui, pourtant, leur est caractéristique, est qu'ils sont toujours des contrats commutatifs et non des contrats aléatoires. Ce trait montre que la théorie romaine de la vente de chose future, telle qu'elle a été toujours présentée, doit être utilisée aujourd'hui avec beaucoup de précautions pour expliquer tout le mécanisme du contrat portant sur une chose future.L'identification du contrat portant sur une chose future s'est poursuivie avec une référence à l'anticipation. Celle-ci est une explication doctrinale de l'article 1130 ancien, alinéa 1er, du Code civil qui disposait : « L'obligation peut avoir pour objet une chose future. » Elle explique aujourd'hui encore, après la réforme du droit des contrats, le nouvel article 1163, alinéa 1er. Ces trois références ou critères (la chose future, l'absence d'aléa et l'anticipation) ont permis d'identifier, d'un côté, les contrats spéciaux portant sur une chose future et, de l'autre côté, les sûretés conventionnelles portant sur une chose future.Après identification des divers contrats portant sur une chose future, il importait d'étudier leur régime juridique dans un second temps. Le contrat portant sur une chose future se distingue par deux règles communes et spécifiques : d'abord la naissance à la charge du débiteur d'une obligation préalable de faire consistant à faire advenir la chose promise en participant à sa création ou en exécutant un autre contrat ; et ensuite, la naissance au profit du créancier d'un droit éventuel, qui est le droit pur et simple en germe. En outre, la plupart des développements sur la validité et sur l'inexécution du contrat portant sur une chose future relèvent du droit commun du contrat. Les problématiques abordées n’ont pas permis de relever des spécificités tenant à l'aspect chose future, objet de la prestation.Sur le plan de la notion et du régime, il y a au total cinq critères et règles communs sur lesquels on peut s'appuyer pour parler de théorie générale du contrat portant sur une chose future
The expression "contract relating to a future thing" means that the contracting parties may validly stipulate that the thing due will be future; they may thus contract on a tangible or intangible thing that does not yet exist, at least in its entirety. Since the Roman sale of a future thing, contracts relating to a future thing have diversified. The practice of these contracts has become commonplace because of their economic importance. Taking the measure of this diversity and richness, reflection on the contract for a future thing has been considered under the heading of general theory. Contracts relating to a future thing are familiar figures without necessarily being noticed. It was necessary to identify them first of all. What characterizes them, and what is quickly apparent, is that each of these contracts presupposes a future thing which constitutes their object; this study proposes a clear and distinct definition of them. What is perhaps less obvious from an analysis of these contracts, and yet characteristic of them, is that they are always commutative contracts and not random contracts. This feature shows that the Roman theory of the sale of a future thing, as it has always been presented, must be used today with great care to explain the whole mechanism of the contract for a future thing. The identification of the contract relating to a future thing continued with a reference to anticipation. This is a doctrinal explanation of former article 1130, paragraph 1, of the Civil Code, which provided: "The subject-matter of an obligation may be a future thing". It explains even today, after the reform of the law of contract, the new article 1163, paragraph 1. These three references or criteria (the future thing, the absence of contingency and anticipation) have made it possible to identify, on the one hand, special contracts relating to a future thing and, on the other hand, contractual securities relating to a future thing. Once the various contracts relating to a future thing had been identified, it was important to study their legal regime in a second stage. A contract relating to a future thing is distinguished by two common and specific rules: first, the debtor is under a prior obligation to do something which consists in making the promised thing happen by participating in its creation or by executing another contract; and second, the creditor has a possible right, which is the pure and simple right in germ, in favour of the creditor. Moreover, most of the developments on the validity and non-performance of a contract relating to a future thing fall under the general law of contract. The problems discussed did not make it possible to identify any specific features relating to the aspect of the future thing, the object of the service.In terms of the concept and the regime, there are a total of five common criteria and rules on which to base a general theory of the contract relating to a thing in the future

Leadership succession planning is an important strategy, not only when a school is considered effective, but also for sustaining future effectiveness. This research examines the importance of more systematic leadership succession planning for the schools of the Sisters of St Paul of Chartres (SPC) Congregation in Thailand. The study includes a critical review of the relevant literature and the analysis emphasises the distinctiveness of the school leadership in a Catholic school as compared with state secular schools. The empirical research was conducted in Thailand and the UK, with samples of six experienced Principals, eight new Principals, eight Aspirant Principals, five experienced SPC Teachers and three UK Programme Directors of MA Catholic leadership. A qualitative research approach using interview and focus groups interview discussion was employed. Analysis of the field work data demonstrates the key themes in any future leadership programme need to include (a) a systematic programme of mentoring (in theory and practice), (b) an emphasis upon the importance of mission integrity and of the concepts of servant leadership and ( c) the development of discernment capacity in those preparing for leadership. It also demonstrated that Catholic values and the values of the culture of Thailand have to be carefully appreciated. The study concludes with various practice and policy suggestions for implementing a new form of leadership succession planning in the SPC Congregation in the future.

Proposito della tesi è esaminare per quali ragioni, secondo gli Stati Uniti, il North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), l’accordo di libero scambio siglato nel 1994 fra Stati Uniti, Canada e Messico, non risponda più agli obiettivi per cui era stato creato. Dopo aver ritirato l’adesione degli USA al Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) con vari Paesi dell’Asia e dell’Oceania, e sospeso il negoziato sul Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) con l’Unione Europea, il presidente Trump ha minacciato la cancellazione del NAFTA qualora non venga rinegoziato alle condizioni richieste da Washington. Dopo aver ripercorso il contesto storico in cui il NAFTA è maturato, la tesi analizza la performance del trattato, suddividendola, grosso modo, in due periodi: il primo, che va dalla sua entrata in vigore al 2001, quando la Cina fa il suo ingresso nell’Organizzazione Mondiale per il Commercio; il secondo, che va da allora ai giorni nostri, in cui si assiste, tra l’altro, alla progressiva erosione di quote importanti di import/export fra USA, Canada e Messico, da parte della stessa Cina. Infine, nella prospettiva di una rinegoziazione del trattato, discuterò le proposte statunitensi al riguardo.

En 1805, le code napoleon affirmait un principe tres general de prohibition des pactes sur succession future qui assurerait la protection de la reserve hereditaire en constituant avec elle l'ordre public successoral. Il reviendra ainsi aux tribunaux d'elaborer, avec l'aide de la doctrine, une definition du pacte successoral prohibe appelee a connaitre de multiples developpements. Parallelement, le legislateur ne cessera, a partir des annees 1960, de multiplier les exceptions au principe de prohibition. . . Le droit francais en la matiere consiste donc en un systeme de prohibition reposant sur l'opposition : principe de prohibition exceptions que constituent les pactes successoraux expressement valides et reglementes par la loi. Ce systeme s'avere aujourd'hui dangereusement depasse : en droit positif francais avec la validation extra-legale de pactes successoraux consacres par la pratique notariale et la jurisprudence (clauses de reversion autour du pacte tontinier et stipulations post-mortem) - depasse en droit compare et dans la perspective de l'har- monisation des legislations europeennes (essor international de la succession contrac- tuelle et incapacite de notre legislation a resoudre les conflits de lois nes du reglement ds successions internationales). D'ou la proposition d'un reamenagement : l'instauration dans notre droit d'un pacte de famille qui, accompagne d'un regime fisc- cal de faveur, enrichirait notre droit d'un veritable mode contractuel de devolution successorale - a l'image des droits suisse et allemand - en meme temps que d'un nouvel- le categorie juridique propre a faciliter le reglement des conflits de lois
The code napoleon enacted in 1804 a general prohibition of any convention pertaining to the devolution of a future succession. Said prohibition aimed at the protection of the "reserve hereditaire" and constituted with it the successional law and order. The courts and legal commentators thus had the duty to give a definition of the prohibited convention which came to many developments. Meanwhile and from 1960 onwards, the legislator enacted several exceptions to the prohibition. . . This subject matter is hence based in french law on a prohibitory principle and exceptions thereto, the latter being expressly stated and regulated by the law. This legal scheme proves nowadays to be dangerously obsolete : in the law itself since many conventions are extra-legally validated by the notarial practice and the courts (joint-ownership -"tontine"- clause, and inability of our legislation to solve conflicts of laws issues arising out of in- ternational successions). Hence it may be proposed to amend the current legislation so as to introduce the "pacte de famille" (family convention) which -coupled with fiscal incentives - would add to our law a legal means to dispose of one's succession by contract - akin to the system already in force in germany and switzerland - and would introduce a new juridical category purposedly aiming at solving conflicts of laws issues

Since the Good Friday Agreement (1998), Northern Ireland's community leaders, politicians and service providers have struggled to build improved relations both horizontally (between communities) and vertically (with service providers). The legacy of over thirty years of inter-communal violence has led to an exclusive view and use of territory and space. It has acted as a physical barrier of exclusion rather than potential meeting point or ground of inclusion. In south Belfast, a traditional interface situation between the indigenous Loyalist and Republican communities has been ruptured by the emergence of permanent Chinese community now in its fourth generation. The majority of this community worked, and continue to work, in the catering industry. This thesis seeks to understand the role of territory and space in inter-community relations - particularly those of the Chinese community for whom south Belfast is now 'home'. Spatial alteration can then be perceived as marking dilution of cultural identities or those ways of life to which communal loyalty is pledged. This perspective shapes identity and perceived reduction in levels of spatial 'control' can increase a sense of loss amongst communities threatened by demographic change. This thesis examines space and territory as part of community relations through the use of semi-structured interviews combined with · desk-based research. The thesis illustrates how exclusive space encourages poor community relations, increases democratic deficit and entrenches social marginalization. More inclusive spatial creation and use promotes positive contact between communities and allows constructive, mutually beneficial relations with service providers to be instigated. A key factor in this change is not just spatial creation, but how it is used and the types of civic education undertaken within it. How this form of civic education meshes with more formal education undertaken in schools will determine the ability of communities to achieve social integration and engagement.

Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Gregg L. Hadley
XYZ Farms, a family farming operation located in Northeast Iowa, has been in business since 1924. Currently the operation utilizes 1,300 acres of farm ground to produce corn, soybeans and alfalfa and feeds 3,000 head of hogs and 500 head of cattle annually. The family operation has evolved over the years and has passed ownership down within the family from generation to generation. It has come time that the operation’s current owners are looking to retire and peacefully transition the family operation on to the next generation. A non-conventional case study structure will highlight and assess the history of the family operation and introduce them to current practices and ownership. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and create a feasible transition plan for XYZ Farms, while minimizing the social and economic costs associated with farm business succession. Further analysis will allow the operation to identify and utilize a succession planning framework, which is important for farm families to possess when looking to build and begin the planning process. Quantitative, along with qualitative, analysis are utilized to understand the operations need for succession planning and the feasibility of doing so. Findings indicate that it is advantageous to work through a sound succession plan including an open line of communication with both current and future owners of the operation. The ability to have upfront conversations and meetings will allow for the discussion of the operation’s future between both parties involved. By implementing a sound and feasible succession plan, XYZ Farms will be able to continue to be a family owned and operated farm for many years to come.

Creating successful leaders is one of the challenges that social services organizations are facing. Employees may lack essential managerial skills to become productive leaders, and some managers may lack viable succession planning methods for preparing employees for leadership positions. The purpose of this case study was to explore methods that executive managers use to prepare employees for leadership positions. Path-goal theory and transformational leadership represent the conceptual framework that grounded this study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 executive managers in the social services industry within southwest Georgia with experiences and skills specific to implementing successful succession planning. Company archives of corporate reports, government records, and business and management records were used for triangulation. The data were coded and analyzed using a modified van Kaam method. Participants verified the accuracy of the analysis of their responses through member-checking. The findings revealed 4 emergent themes: organizational management, hiring employees that fit the culture, leadership capabilities, and talent management. A recommendation from the study was that executive managers find methods to prepare employees for leadership positions. These findings may contribute to positive social change by identifying methods to prepare employees for leadership positions, thereby generating organizational sustainability, increasing organization revenue, and creating community economic development.

Питання сурогатного материнства в Україні вправі можна назвати наболілим, оскільки досі процедура штучного запліднення не була законодавчо врегульована, спадкові права зачатої дитини залишаються суперечливими. Незважаючи на це, українська репродуктивна медицина вважається однією з найкращих і найдешевших в Європі.
Вопрос суррогатного материнства в Украине вправе можно назвать наболевшим, поскольку до сих пор процедура искусственного оплодотворение не была законодательно урегулирована, наследственные права зачатого ребенка остаются противоречивыми. Несмотря на это, украинская репродуктивная медицина считается одной из лучших и самых дешевых в Европе.
The issue of surrogacy in Ukraine has the right to be called painful, yet because the procedure of artificial insemination was not regulated by law, hereditary conceived child rights remain controversial. Despite this, the Ukrainian reproductive medicine is considered one of the best and cheapest in Europe.

Abstract This chapter discusses each of the farmers approaches to certain types of conflict. Tom was interested in exploring farm ownership systems and comparing them for their benefits and drawbacks. Gareth is interested, as should every farmer be, in organizing a succession system for his farm and family. One problem is the difficulty of getting agreement among all members of a family. Phil also suggests that any succession plan should have built in flexibility as no one, including the most experienced commentator, can foretell the future and people's changing wants and requirements.

The conclusion of contracts was known in ancient times and is still relevant today. Shares that are not distributed in kind can cause certain difficulties that force the interested parties to decide on distribution.Joint ownership of inherited property received from a family member necessitates joint decision-making on its maintenance, ownership, use, and disposal, and it is difficult to achieve such a consensus on all issues. Therefore, quite often a certain period may pass from the acquisition of the right to a share in the joint property to its distribution, but due to conflicts regarding the use of the property or in the case of the need to receive funds or for other reasons, the joint property is divided by the co-owners. That is, the reasons may even be questions of how to use agricultural land, for example, to rent it out, sow it yourself, plant a garden, etc. However, the complexity of the division of land plots is because it is difficult to «divide» agricultural lands at least. After all, their intended use depends on the size, etc. Quite often, disputes also arise regarding the use of residential buildings, since the size and location of the rooms make their use impossible or difficult, as well as the distribution in kind according to the inherited shares. In other words, there is a certain «trading» of assets. If the situation is related to the distribution of a small plot of land where the house is located, then questions also arise regarding the establishment of an easement, as well as mutual concessions for the compensation of a part of the house in exchange for most of the land. In general, there are protracted negotiations, from the point of view of which these parties, who are still in a family relationship, agree on the division of property.Factors that can affect the outcome of property division include unique family circumstances, the specific nature of assets, and traditional legal practices. The parties will use different mechanisms for the division of joint assets: sale, donation, or exchange, under the terms of which they «trade» with the consent of others their rights as co-owners of jointly owned objects. The various evolutionary stages of the agreement on the division of property by the testator’s family culminate in the final stage of agreeing. The agreement on the division of inheritance is a complex legal process. Potentially, in a single transaction, the beneficiaries can choose and implement the division by sale, exchange, or donation. These different legal constructions reflect the uniqueness of the decisions in each agreement and to some extent demonstrate the specific legal practice of the individual Old Babylonian city-state and the particular circumstances of each family.However, in addition to the division of property, there are other agreements regarding the division of inheritance. For example, an agreement on quasi-partition upon adoption (quasi-adoption), an agreement on the division of residential property by the owner between its future beneficiaries.The need to conclude such agreements arises when an agreement on the division of property is required, which differs from such concepts as sale, donation, exchange, etc.Domestic scientists consider the agreement on the distribution of joint property very broadly and include other types of agreements in the list of such agreements, establishing that the agreement on changing the succession of the right to inheritance by law is atypical. It was determined that the contract under investigation belongs to contracts on the distribution of inheritance. Agreements on the distribution of inheritance are concluded in the field of inheritance, which indicates that they belong to inheritance agreements. It is proposed to supplement the existing classifications of civil law contracts by distinguishing a new type of civil law contracts – contracts in the law of inheritance on the level with the selection of a new type of inheritance contracts – contracts on the distribution of inheritance.» This is a bold hypothesis, but it is difficult to agree with it for various reasons, not least because the distribution of inheritance has been known since ancient times.The factor that the term «distribution» of inheritance and giving it a broad legal meaning is analyzed is an interesting author’s hypothesis. At the same time, according to our position, the term «distribution of inheritance» is more balanced, since in Art. 1278 of the Civil Code does not quite successfully use the term «division», when in the content of this norm it is about the equality of shares in the inheritance and the allocation of a share in kind, and not about division. However, in Part 1 of Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the term «distribution» is used with a direct meaning and «redistribution» as an opportunity to review the results of the distribution under new circumstances – in the case of acceptance of the inheritance by other heirs. In essence, the obvious meaning of the term «distribution» follows from this norm as the initial determination of the ownership of the share of each of the heirs. In this sense, the redistribution of the inheritance should be connected with the possible introduction of changes to the previously made distribution, that is, in this case, we do not limit the number of subsequent redistributions of the inheritance. This hypothesis is related to the fact that the number of heirs who missed the deadline for valid reasons is not limited by legislation and cannot be limited, but is determined by various legal circumstances.Therefore, it is hardly expedient and possible, to apply in Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the concept of «distribution» should be given a wider meaning than it has in the Civil Code, as this would lead to its ambiguous perception and application both in theory and in legislation and practice. Usually, theoretical terms should be distinguished by being original and should accurately reflect the legal meaning of actions, events, or conditions.But an important element of the procedure for the distribution of common inheritance property or its redistribution are the subjects who must fix the relevant agreement or carry out such distribution according to their conviction.It is indicated that the practice of concluding contracts by the living owner with his future heirs is widespread in foreign countries. At the same time, German experts equate inheritance with what they consider to be contractual inheritance.It should be noted that the practice of concluding contracts on the distribution of inheritance in the practice of the Ukrainian notary is relatively new and does not have clear boundaries in regulation, which complicates the activity of notaries in certifying such contracts. There are several difficulties in the application of relevant legal norms in practice, as there is a lack of understanding of the legal nature and essence of the conclusion of contracts, the term of conclusion, and the procedure for notarization.The opinions of individual authors are studied, about legal relations regarding the division of inheritance characterized by a weak state policy, this obliges the participants of such relations to draw up the content of agreements on the division of inheritance independently. For agreements between heirs on the distribution of inheritance to be valid regulators of the relations of its participants (heirs), conditions (clauses) must be clarified and formulated, which will be disclosed with sufficient completeness and consistency of the content of the relevant agreement and the purpose of its conclusion.We do not agree with this point of view of the scientist regarding «weak state policy», since the Central Committee of Ukraine was not created by politicians or the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but by leading scientists of Ukraine. It is also difficult to agree with the statement that the lack of clear regulation of the terms of inheritance contracts «obliges the participants of such relationships to independently draw up the content of inheritance distribution contracts.» In Ukraine, some good notaries and lawyers can draw up high-quality contracts for the distribution of inheritance. Moreover, according to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», notaries have the right to draw up relevant draft contracts. In our opinion, it is worth emphasizing here that this is a right, not a duty of a notary public. That is, the notary may not undertake the drafting of the relevant project, but this provision is positive for interested parties since the lack of experience in drafting original contracts will most likely lead to the drafting of a low-quality draft contract. Indeed, in this case, it is worth looking for an experienced notary who will be able to draw up a draft contract, but this will make it possible to prevent errors in its drafting with a high probability.Thus, the agreement on the distribution of inheritance enters into force if the parties reach an agreement in the proper form on all the essential terms of the agreement. The main essential condition for agreeing on the division of inheritance is the subject of the agreement. However, either party may consider this condition insufficient and propose to include additional conditions in the contract. In this case, these conditions become essential. In connection with the instability of the regulation of the content of contracts between heirs on the distribution of inheritance, it can be concluded that the inclusion of normal conditions in the contract is currently impossible. We believe that such a general scheme of perception of contract terms is not entirely rational, since how to perceive ordinary terms or essential terms of a contract quite often in practice depends on the judgments of the parties to the contract unless otherwise regulated by legislation. This issue can be approached more precisely if we take into account the possibility of interpreting transactions and contracts (Article 213 of the Civil Code).So, based on the essence of the process of concluding contracts, it should be taken into account that the notary who drafts the contract can edit it, therefore it is worth recognizing the right of the notary to interpret it, since according to Art. 5 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», he is obliged to clarify the legal consequences that will arise for persons after his certification. It follows from this that the notary must be given the official right to interpret the contract upon its certification, then it will be clear that after its certification, the court can interpret the content of the contract. In this regard, Art. 213 of the Civil Code is proposed to be supplemented with a corresponding provision regarding the powers of the notary, namely: his duty to interpret the content of the deed or contract before and during its certification.The Inheritance Regulation, which envisages wide acceptance of the inheritance contract, is considered. It is noted that it is worth revising Ukrainian inheritance law in advance for compliance with European standards since after Ukraine accedes to the EU it will be necessary to inform all EU countries about what types of contracts in Ukraine will be related to the issuance of the European Certificate of Succession.This is also important for inheritance by law, because, in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the lifetime maintenance (care) agreement and the inheritance agreement, they will have to be terminated or recognized as invalid or unfulfilled by the acquirer, so the property that was the subject of this agreement will be inherited by law. At the same time, if the terms of these agreements are fulfilled, the part of the property that belonged to the testator will not be inherited but will become the property of the acquirers.The process of accepting the inheritance is quite long, and the inheritance law allows for several agreements between the heirs, which can significantly affect the size of the inheritance shares and the real things in each share in the inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of agreements between the heirs at different stages of accepting or not accepting the inheritance. From communication with one of the clients, the author learned that the notary unofficially advised the heirs to agree on the distribution of the inheritance, as well as for certain heirs to waive the right to inheritance, but to receive a proper share of the inheritance in household items. When the author was informed of all the circumstances of the inheritance case, it became clear that the notary could not solve the complex inheritance problem, since the inheritance took place based on a will and some heirs had the right to a mandatory share, as well as part of the property remained. So, in such a situation, it was necessary to solve an arithmetical and at the same time legal problem, the complexity of which was determined by the complex subject composition of numerous heirs. Therefore, the notary tried to simplify its solution by artificially «transforming» the heirs who have the right to a mandatory share into ordinary heirs who claim property that is not subject to recording in the certificate of the right to inheritance.A natural will was considered, when the testator bequeathed the specific property to each of the heirs, namely: a house to a daughter, a factory to one son, and a yacht to another let’s say. In such a case, the will of the testator is formulated in the Shodo of the objects of inheritance, so it is difficult to perceive the consequences of the refusal of one of the heirs to inherit, when the yacht will be divided into equal shares between the son and the daughter, because: firstly, the value of the factory and the house will be different, so someone from the testator gave the children a larger inheritance than the other. Secondly, in the case of the existence of a part of the inheritance not covered by the will, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the will of the testator was formulated about a certain property and nothing more. Therefore, in case of refusal of one of the heirs to inherit under the will, the property bequeathed to him should be considered as not covered by the will and should be inherited according to the law. That is, if the will of the testator regarding the entire property is revealed, it can be assumed that he thus intended to deprive one of the heirs of the right to inheritance.At the same time, the will must be interpreted not only by the heirs under the will but also by the heirs under the law, when its content concerns the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance, which belongs to the heirs under the law of the first rank, who due to incapacity have the right to claim it, as well as the recipients of the response. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the inheritance, which consists of household items, will be divided even without a written agreement. However, the interpretation of a will, which concerns a substantial inheritance between a significant number of heirs, requires not only a written form of recording of agreements – a contract, but also, in our opinion, a notarial form that will allow recording the agreement more reliably, to explain to the parties to the contract the consequences of its conclusion. If all interested parties sign the agreement, and the notary recognizes it as legal, then it will be difficult to recognize it as illegal or invalid in the next one. Therefore, the agreement on the interpretation of the will, which will establish the specific rights of the heirs and their obligations regarding the coverage of the testator’s debts, is a rational form of specification of the terms of the inheritance, which will allow establishing the executor of the will, if he was not determined by the testator.We can assume with a high degree of probability that similar «simplified calculations» are made by other notaries, as well as directly by the heirs, and certain agreements are not necessary here.

In an effort to develop a process free of dedicated tooling, this research seeks to study large radius deformation by laser forming. Experimental testing was conducted to determine how the laser parameters affect the single pass output bend angle as well as the additive bend angle from successive parallel, evenly spaced laser irradiations. As an extension of the previous developments, this work seeks to develop a three-dimensional model to simulate the multi-scan laser process. It is of interest to determine how sophisticated a three-dimensional case is required for sufficient agreement to experimental data. The simulated results of bending angle are compared with experimental data and suggestions for future study include the implementation of phase transformation and microstructure data within the model to account for stress development resulting from phase transformation and grain growth.

Most people and organizations would probably agree that the start of the 2020 decade has demonstrated a new level of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity (VUCA). The challenges we experienced include the Covid-19 Pandemic, supply chain disruptions, global recession, cost of living crisis, The Dual Challenge, and The Great Resignation wave. Adding to these challenges is the change in demographics, particularly in the workforce. To succeed in such a VUCA2 environment, organizations, and their leaders, face an unprecedented demand for agility, adaptability, strategy, and corporate vision. Organizations will have to contend with multigenerational workplaces and types of employees. While seismic technological advances such as artificial intelligence and IT require leaders with more data and digital literacy, technical and domain skills are secondary to people and leadership skills. As His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum notes, Human beings are the capital of the future. Similarly, management guru Ram Charan highlights that people craft strategy and deliver business numbers, which means if an organization fails short on the people side, it also falls short on business leadership. Investment in the leadership of the future, throughout all levels of an organization or entity, will help provide a sustainable future for all. A strong correlation exists between the benefits of good leadership and business performance. Organizations investing in employee development typically report 11% greater profitability and are twice more likely to retain their employees (Gallup, 2019). Studies also show that inspired employees are 125% more productive than merely satisfied employees (FranklinCovey, 2022). As leadership expert John Maxwell notes, leadership ability is the lid (limit) to personal and organizational success. On the risk side, 70% of the variance in engagement is determined solely by the manager (Gallup, 2015), making good leadership and management a critical success factor. Studies estimate that employees not engaged or actively disengaged cost the World $7.8 Trillion US Dollars in lost productivity (Gallup State of Global Workplace 2022 report), providing further evidence that organizations must address leadership talent, leadership styles, leadership development, and succession. The cost of poor succession at the executive level is even higher, with analysis showing market value losses in the S&P 1500 of close to $1 Trillion US Dollars a year (Fernández-Aráoz, Nagel, Green, 2021).

Abstract This paper highlights the value of Leadership characteristics, practices and regular development process inleadership to make the leaders responsible and effective for the sustainability and continuous growth oforganization. Moreover, this paper also addresses the importance of Leadership successions plans andidentification of potential future leaders within organization and develop an environment for the potentialcandidatesto practicetheleadership on regularbasis. The key characteristic of Leaders is to take the responsibility and ownership of the task. Accordingly it is highly recommended not to manage the task but to lead the task as leadership calls for taking the responsibility to deliver, however managing the task will only be an authoritative action to work within identified boundaries following some finite process and guidelines. Working with fixed boundary limits never allow personnel to think out of the box, lead to employees mostly to think and work within an identified boundary limit with only following their managers’ instructions. With this attitude, employees work for their own self-interest in mind instead of working for the best interest of the company Continuous improvement in the effectiveness of Leadership is key to success. Leadership is defined as the management of a challenging situation with the responsibility to achieve desired objectives in a respectable manner. ADNOC initiative of Target Leadership Development Program was not only a combination of Leadership Development and Succession Management, but also the changed mindset of employees by giving them a push in the right direction with the below methodologies and adopt as True Leadership characteristics. -Take initiative, communication & encourage risk taking.-A vailability & listening capabilities.-Respect & Trust.-Grow a culture of recognition & celebrate success.-Empowerment & use the individual strengths of people.-Time & Energy Management towards desired objectives and prioritiesFigure 1Symbolic Difference between Managers & Leaders

Abstract This paper demonstrates how systematic Succession Planning is important to PTTEP business especially when we operate over 50 petroleum exploration, development, and production projects in more than 10 countries across several regions with the primary focus on Southeast Asia and the Middle East as well as other petroleum-prolific areas displaying investment opportunities, both E&P and beyond E&P businesses. It ensures that all critical positions are occupied continuously and gains more engagement from the PTTEP talent pool. In 2020, Succession Planning became one of the KPIs among Top Management resulting in "1st time solid Succession Planning". Career Review Committee comprises CEO and Top executives responsible for identifying, developing, and retaining talent and succession planning so we can sustain our strategy of "strengthen leadership to a sustainable organization." We partnered with a global consulting company for a talent assessment tool based on talent models and benchmarks using a nine-box grid matrix of potential together with performance and other consideration factors for talent identification. Once successors are identified, the Company designs an Individual Development Plan (IDP) which consists of a career rotation plan and development framework. With strong support from all management, in 2021 we achieved a set of solid succession planning to support business growth with a successor ratio of more than three successors in all executive posts. Since then, PTTEP management movement and appointment have been considered systematically and even more efficiently through a practical end-to-end talent management process, starting from talent assessment to identify talent and successor, and development to ensure readiness. We completed 100% of the Individual Development Plan (IDP) focusing on both career plans and competency gap closing for talents. By developing various development programs including accelerated programs partnering with world-class institutions and leading consulting companies, leadership training courses, mentoring programs, executive talks, and networking programs both online and offline, we got a high satisfaction score of over 80%. Impactful succession planning also saves costs from internal development and placement without high external executive hiring costs. This upcoming year, the focus is how to prepare workforces to expand to our new territories in the Beyond E&P. With the new business requirement, therefore, we plan to encourage and provide talents with more career advancement opportunities to rotate across their discipline to achieve new career goals and more challenging job opportunities to expand the successor pool in the future. This paper shows that systematic Succession Planning benefits the company as it keeps our workforce and talent pipeline stable. Its benefits, however, are not only for PTTEP itself but could be for the PTT Group as well, as it provides a valuable resource pool among them.

Abstract In succession to Tsuda (1995) in which 2 QFD models were proposed for Concurrent Engineering (CE) development of a complicated product such as an automobile, this report treats a study of QFD models for research and development of a future car. First it is discussed, how to approach a future car concept. As customers can not forecast the future, the market quality requirements do not exist which were the very starting point of the 2 QFD models proposed in Tsuda (1995). Instead, experts must find future quality requirements, which then need to be accepted by customers, together with their backgrounds. These circumstances are considered for modification of the 2 QFD models proposed in Tsuda (1995) into new QFD models. These models will then be compared with a research and development case of a future car which was pushed forward on the same basic concept as these models. This real case aimed at the research of both a future car and the methodology of its research and development. It included not only planning and development of a future car, but also customer researches using this concept car. As a result the 2 new QFD models are proven valid for the research and development of a future car.

The joint crediting mechanism (JCM) is a Japan-initiated bilateral mechanism for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while transferring Japan’s technologies to partner countries in exchange for transferring carbon credits to Japan. It is seen as a leading pilot mechanism of “cooperative approaches” under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. As of February 2022, 214 projects with 22 partner countries, including Saudi Arabia, had been selected by the Japanese government for support. Japan and Saudi Arabia have thus far implemented one project under this mechanism, and another project is in the process of being approved.

This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.

The northern coastal plain of Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (BELA) lost lakes at an alarming rate over the first two decades of this century, including four lakes over 100 ha in size in 2018-2019 alone. To understand the effects of these lake drainages, we sampled vegetation of these lakes in 2019 (a reconnaissance visit) and 2021 (for the installation of permanent vegetation monitoring plots). We used these data to summarize the changes that occurred in the first three years after drainage, and to create vegetation maps from 3-m resolution satellite images coinciding with the visit dates. We used time series of these satellite images to study the rate of drainage and vegetation colonization on the lakes. We analyzed our existing data from older drained lake basins (estimated to be more than 200 years since drainage) and reviewed the literature on vegetation change in drained lakes to understand the vegetation changes that are likely in the future. Finally, we used a model of lake occupancy by loons developed by Mizel et al. (2021) to predict the effect of the 2018-2019 lake drainages on available loon habitat, using both our detailed maps of the four sampled drained lakes, and also data on all drained lakes over most of northern BELA derived from Landsat satellite images. Our results show that the four study lakes drained early in the summer, before the end of June, in 2018 (3 lakes) and 2019 (one lake). A combination of record warm weather and heavy snowfall made 2018 and 2019 especially favorable for lake drainage: thaw subsidence probably enlarged existing drainage outlet channels from the lakes, and large amounts of spring snowmelt runoff deepened the outlet channels by thermal erosion (the combination of thaw and erosion). Drainage exposed moist loamy sediment on the lake bottoms that was rapidly colonized by plants. Substantial vegetation cover developed by late summer in the same year as lake drainage in one lake, in the first post-drainage summer in a second lake, and during the 2nd year after drainage in the remaining two lakes. The first vegetation communities to develop consisted of just one or two dominant species, notably Eleocharis acicularis (spike rush), Equisetum arvense (horsetail), and/or Tephroseris palustris (mastodon flower). Other important early species were Arctophila fulva (pendant grass) and Rorippa palustris (yellow cress). By year 3, the communities had become more diverse, with significant cover by taller wetland graminoid species, including A. fulva, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, and Carex aquatilis. Frozen soil was observed in most locations on the lakes in July of 2021, suggesting that permafrost was forming on the lake bottoms. Comparison of the three-year trends in vegetation change with data from older lake basins suggest that ultimately most lake basins will develop wet tundra communities dominated by Carex aquatilis and mosses, with various low shrub species on acid, peat-dominated soils and permafrost; however, this process should take several centuries. The loon habitat model suggests that drainage essentially eliminated the potential habitat for Yellow-billed Loons on the four study lakes, because the residuals ponds were too small for Yellow-billed Loons to take flight from. A total of 17 lakes drained in northern BELA in 2018-2019. As a result, the potential Yellow-billed Loon nesting habitat in northern BELA probably decreased by approximately 2%, while habitat for Pacific Loons decreased less, by about 0.6%. Habitat for the more abundant Red-throated Loons probably increased slightly as a result of lake drainage, because of their ability to use the small residual ponds created by lake drainage.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) presents strong potential to mold regional trade and investment patterns well into the future and to influence the direction of global economic cooperation at a challenging time. This paper evaluates the RCEP’s impact on global and regional incomes, trade, economic structure, factor returns, and employment using a computable general equilibrium model. The results suggest that the RCEP agreement could generate sizable global income gains. Together with the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership, the RCEP will also strengthen the region’s manufacturing supply chains, raising productivity and increasing wages and employment.

2016 will surely be the hottest year since records began in the 19th century. The increase will be very close to the target set in the Paris Agreement to avoid an increase in global temperature by 1.5 °C. Average temperaturesin 2016 have risen to 1.2 °C above what they were before the industrial revolution. The dilemma facing the world today, in view of these data, becomes even more urgent: How to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, accepting that their demand will continue to exist in the coming decades? In the energy sector, many solutions have been proposed to completely replace fossil fuels for electricity generation, such as massive deployment of renewable energy generation and increased energy efficiency. There are many restrictions, however, to achieve this result in the medium term, ranging from technological limitations in the massive deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energies, to the political economy of countries that are unlikely to reduce their oil production And carboniferous as long as demand exists. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) offers an alternative to mitigate CO2 emissions from fossil fuel power plants, considering that, given current and future energy needs, the operation of these plants will continue in the coming years. CAC could mitigate up to 90% of the carbon dioxide emitted by the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation and industrial processes. Additionally, the use of CAC with renewable biomass is one of the few carbon reduction technologies that can be used in a "carbon-negative" mode. If biomass from fuelwood crops were used, carbon could be absorbed and simultaneously generate electricity. CCS, therefore, is a viable alternative to solve the dilemma of reducing emissions while satisfying the growing energy needs of the world.

Offshore hydrocarbon resources have been developed for many decades, and with technology improvements, many fields which were once impossible to develop, are now economically and technologically feasible. This has led to a growing difficulty in determining the legislative and regulatory framework for resources that straddle the recognized borders between two states. In this paper, we examine a successful framework agreement governing the transboundary resources between the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Norway in the North Sea, and the agreement between the United States and Mexico governing the Gulf of Mexico. Following the 2013 Energy Reform, the Mexican energy sector has been revitalized, leading to greater exploration, development, and production than ever before. This means that in the near future transboundary resources may be licensed for production, bringing the issues highlighted in this paper to the attention of multiple government and international entities. This paper seeks to recommend improvements to the transboundary framework in the Gulf of Mexico based on the successful framework agreement utilized in the North Sea. This paper begins by introducing international law for offshore resources in Part II. Part III discusses the offshore regulatory regimes in the U.K. and Norway, analyzing how the two states have successfully used bilateral agreements to facilitate cooperation regarding effective exploitation and apportionment of costs from cross-boundary offshore oil and gas projects in the North Sea. Part IV discusses the offshore regulatory regimes in the United States and Mexico and analyzes the current transboundary agreement in place for the Gulf of Mexico. Part V compares the transboundary agreement governing the North Sea and the same governing the Gulf of Mexico. We highlight the major differences in the agreements and suggest changes to the Gulf of Mexico agreement based on the successful North Sea agreement. Finally, this paper concludes and provides key policy recommendations to improve the rules and regulations surrounding the exploitation of transboundary hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico.

The world is urgently facing the need for a “green transformation”, involving not only a transition towards the use renewable energy and reduction of biodiversity loss, but a deep social change towards social justice and sustainability. Such action requires social compromises between elites and popular sectors that allow the building of strong institutions to implement changes. Latin America is faced with huge tasks to increase equality, justice and sustainability, but it also plays a pivotal role in the global green transformation. The region is further characterized by both strong elites, strong socio-environmental movements and deep environmental conflicts making social compromises difficult. This Working Paper discusses elite reactions to the most advanced regional agreement on environmental regulation and conflict resolution, the Escazù Agreement. In many countries, elites opposed it vehemently referring to national sovereignty, but particularly rejecting the institutional implications of the agreement involving a stronger compromise to allow popular participation. This was opposed by economic elites in democratic countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru) as well as governmental elites in authoritarian countries (El Salvador and Venezuela). However, in various cases, elite opposition was overcome after popular mobilization and dialogue. The paper discusses what we can learn from elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement of importance for future social compromises as a basis for the emergence for transformative states in Latin America.