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Cabrefiga, Jordi, e Emilio Montesinos. "Analysis of Aggressiveness of Erwinia amylovora Using Disease-Dose and Time Relationships". Phytopathology® 95, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2005): 1430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1430.
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The aggressiveness of an extensive collection of strains of Erwinia amylovora was analyzed using immature fruit and detached pear flower assays under controlled environmental conditions. The analysis was performed by means of a quantitative approach based on fitting data to mathematical models that relate infection incidence to pathogen dose and time. Probit and hyperbolic saturation models were used for disease-dose relationships and provided information on the median effective dose (ED50). Values of ED50 ranged from 103 to 106 CFU/ml (10 to 104 CFU per site of inoculation). A modified Gompertz model was used for disease-time relationships and provided information on the rate of infection incidence progression (rg) and time delayed to start of the incidence progress curve (t0). Values of rg ranged from near 0 to 1.90, and t0 varied from 1.3 to more than 10 days. The more aggressive strains showed high rg, low ED50 values, and short t0, whereas the less aggressive strains showed low rg, high ED50, and long t 0. The aggressiveness was dependent on plant material type and pear cultivars and was significantly different between strains of E. amylovora. Infectivity titration and kinetic analysis of progression of incidence of infections using the immature pear test and a standardized scale are proposed for assessment of strain aggressiveness. The implications of rg, ED50, and t0 for the epidemiology and management of fire blight are discussed, particularly the wide range of aggressiveness among strains, the degree of host specificity observed in pear isolates, the very high infective potential of this pathogen, the independent action of pathogen cells during infection, and the possible advantage of including aggressiveness parameters into fire blight risk forecasting systems.
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Vilyunov, Sergey D. "Study of the contribution of horizontal stability in the probability model of the “hostpathogen” interaction system on the basis of millet varieties susceptible to smut". Agrarian science, n.º 11-12 (20 de janeiro de 2021): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-343-11-97-100.
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Digital control of breeding process, creation of mathematical models of living objects and management of plant life cycle is an urgent problem of modern times. Сreation of technologies that ensure implementation of the concept of advanced digital "smart" agriculture is impossible without basic mathematical models of "mass interactions" of natural living objects. This primarily affects the spread of certain diseases in populations. In the plant world, such a convenient model object is the well-studied "host-pathogen" system by the example of the interaction of millet and its smut disease. At present, the knowledge of the patterns of development of this disease in the millet plant is of a qualitative nature (virulence), and the quantitative characteristics (aggressiveness) are approximate. Only mathematical modeling of this process can accurately describe the development of the disease. This paper examines a probabilistic model and certain aspects of mathematical modeling using the example of identifying the laws of horizontal resistance to smut in susceptible millet genotypes.
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Molina, Julio C., Carlito Calil Júnior e Roberto R. de Freitas. "Mathematical model to estimate of the deterioration of wooden poles in contact with soil used in rural areas". Engenharia Agrícola 31, n.º 5 (outubro de 2011): 1015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000500019.
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In São Paulo State, mainly in rural areas, the utilization of wooden poles is observed for different purposes. In this context, wood in contact with the ground presents faster deterioration, which is generally associated to environmental factors and, especially to the presence of fungi and insects. With the use of mathematical models, the useful life of wooden structures can be predicted by obtaining "climatic indexes" to indicate, comparatively among the areas studied, which have more or less tendency to fungi and insects attacks. In this work, by using climatological data of several cities at São Paulo State, a simplified mathematical model was obtained to measure the aggressiveness of the wood in contact with the soil.
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Touger, Hallie Ephron. "Models: Help or Hindrance?" Arithmetic Teacher 33, n.º 7 (março de 1986): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.33.7.0036.
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Modeling mathematical operations using pictures and other concrete materials is a valuable technique to help children develop an understanding of mathematical concepts. A teacher feels secure that a child understand an algorithm when the child can build or draw a model of it. But a model that work for one child, that is, one that helps him or her to see a solution more easily, may make a problem seem more difficult for another child.
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Langemann, Dirk, Igor Nesteruk e Jürgen Prestin. "Comparison of mathematical models for the dynamics of the Chernivtsi children disease". Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 123 (maio de 2016): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2016.01.003.
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Małysz, Zbigniew. "Computer games and the aggressiveness, aggression/aggressive behaviour of children and adolescents. A contribution to the psychopedagogical analysis of the problem". Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 579, n.º 4 (30 de abril de 2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2841.
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The article deals with the problem of (theoretical) dependencies between playing (aggressive) computer games and aggressiveness, aggression/aggressive behaviours of children and adolescents in the context of Albert Bandura's social learning theory and their empirical description based on a meta-analysis/analysis of existing (selected) research data of the topical problem (due to the available sources and the accepted logic of analysis this text is a contribution to the psychopedagogical analysis of the problem). The author starts from a brief discussion of the essence of the theory of social learning of Albert Bandura, then the problem of the role of ludic activity and computer games in the life of (contemporary) man is raised. Next, the problem of dependencies between computer games and aggressiveness, aggression/aggressive behaviours is outlined, and original theoretical models of dependencies between playing the (aggressive) computer games and other aggressive situations and aggressive behaviours are presented. At the end, meta-analysis/analysis of the existing data on the status of the (selected) research of the problem is presented and based on it the relevant final conclusions are drawn as a summary.
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English, Lyn D., Jillian L. Fox e James J. Watters. "Problem Posing and Solving with Mathematical Modeling". Teaching Children Mathematics 12, n.º 3 (outubro de 2005): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.12.3.0156.
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In recent years, we have introduced elementary school children to the powerful world of mathematical modeling. Models are used to interpret real-world situations in a mathematical format. For example, graphs and tables model complex relationships among various phenomena.
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Antoñanzas, Jose Luis. "The Relationship of Personality, Emotional Intelligence, and Aggressiveness in Students: A Study Using the Big Five Personality Questionnaire for Children and Adults (BFQ-NA)". European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, n.º 1 (25 de dezembro de 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010001.
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An analysis of secondary students’ personality traits, along with a description of their emotional intelligence levels and their anger control, could be decisive when educating students to prevent anti-social behavior in academia. Very few studies on personality, emotional intelligence, and aggressive conduct exist in Spain. Some of the studies that do exist, however, only explore the relationship between emotional intelligence, personality, and prosocial behavior in secondary education students. Likewise, there are few studies focusing on personality and aggression control. In this study, using the Big Five personality models as predictors of aggressiveness in subjects and of emotional intelligence, we sought to contribute to the improvement of the education of students on aggressive behavior in education centers. To do this, we conducted a study using the Big Five Personality Questionnaire (BFQ) for Children and Adults (BFQ-NA), the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) emotional intelligence test, and the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) anger management test. Our main objective was to analyze the relationship of the BFQ with the variables of emotional intelligence and aggressiveness. This was achieved using a range of bivariate correlation and multiple regression tests. The results showed the correlation and predictive value of emotional intelligence and aggression in the Big Five model of personality. This study coincides with other research linking Big Five questionnaires with emotional intelligence and aggression.
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Penner, Elizabeth, e Richard Lehrer. "The Shape of Fairness". Teaching Children Mathematics 7, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2000): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.7.4.0210.
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Shape and form are often used as mathematical models of situations. For example, teachers explain that light travels in a line or that the shadow cast by a person is related by similar triangles to that cast by a flagpole. Yet despite the common use of mathematical models in the sciences and in design professions, children rarely have the opportunity to participate in this form of mathematical thinking. In this article, we describe how first and second graders modeled a “fair” playing space in a game of tag called “Mother, may I?” The children modeled the playing space by using a succession of different forms, such as lines and squares, to represent a fair game, discovering along the way the properties of each of the forms that made them less-than-ideal models of fairness. Participation in the game gave the children many opportunities to think about important concepts in measuring length and the idea of using form to model a situation.
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Kazyra, I. A., e A. V. Sukalo. "MODELS FOR THE PROGNOSIS OF THE PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF CHRONIC GLOMERULOPATHIES IN CHILDREN". Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 19, n.º 4 (12 de setembro de 2021): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2021-19-4-424-427.
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Background. The study of the rate of progression, the identification of the most significant risk factors for the unfavorable course of chronic glomerulopathies (GP) for the implementation of preventive measures is an important research area. Purpose of the study. Development of mathematical models for the short-term prognosis of the progression of primary and secondary chronic GP in children. Material and methods. A comprehensive examination was carried out of 88 patients with secondary, 188 with primary morphologically verified GP, who were under observation in the center of pediatric nephrology and renal replacement therapy "2nd Children’s Hospital" Minsk. Results. Anamnestic, clinical, laboratory, instrumental and morphological data were analyzed with the subsequent determination of the most significant factors associated with progression. Mathematical models have been developed for the short-term prognosis of the progressive course of primary and secondary GP in children. Conclusions. The most significant factors associated with a three-year risk of predicting the progression of primary (impaired renal function at the onset of the disease and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <87 ml/min/1.73 m2) and secondary (perinatal factors of kidney damage, recurrent course of the disease, persistent nephrotic proteinuria, decreased GFR at the onset of the disease) GP in children. With the help of prognostic models, threshold values were calculated and classification schemes were created, which enable to calculate the patient's belonging to the risk group of a progressive course based on the calculation of points for timely correction.
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Fuks, Henryk, e Nino Boccara. "Generalized Deterministic Traffic Rules". International Journal of Modern Physics C 09, n.º 01 (fevereiro de 1998): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183198000029.
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We study a family of deterministic models for highway traffic flow which generalize cellular automaton rule 184. This family is parameterized by the speed limit m and another parameter k that represents a "degree of aggressiveness" in driving, strictly related to the distance between two consecutive cars. We compare two driving strategies with identical maximum throughput: "conservative" driving with high speed limit and "aggressive" driving with low speed limit. Those two strategies are evaluated in terms of accident probability. We also discuss fundamental diagrams of generalized traffic rules and examine limitations of maximum achievable throughput. Possible modifications of the model are considered.
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Fedulova, E. N., A. S. Gordetsov, O. V. Fedorova, L. V. Korkotashvili e O. A. Tutina. "USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY SERUM IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE IN CHILDREN". Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 68, n.º 12 (10 de dezembro de 2013): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v68i12.859.
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Relevance of research. Inflammatory bowel diseases are among the most severe pathologies in pediatric gastroenterology, often lead to disability. Despite the similarity of the clinic, pathogenetic mechanisms, the question of the differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is relevant in view of their different prognosis and treatment strategy. In recent years, in medical uses infrared spectroscopy of blood serum for the differential diagnosis of various inflammatory diseases, benign and malignant tumors. Besides finding increasing application of mathematical methods for data processing, the so-called mathematical modeling of pathological processes, allowing objectify the survey results for a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis of pathological processes. Objective: improving the differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in children. Patients: 21 children with ulcerative colitis, 56 children with Crohn's disease and 34 healthy children. The method of infrared spectroscopy of serum and mathematical modeling results through multivariate entropy analysis. Results: the obtained spectral characteristics of blood serum in children with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and in healthy children, as well as "images of disease" in these pathologies. Conclusion: The use of this medical technology reduced the time of diagnosis, which contributes to the timely choice of rational treatment strategies and provides an opportunity to avoid the development of complications, worsening of the disease.
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Lanzieri, Tatiana M., Paul A. Gastañaduy, Manoj Gambhir e Stanley A. Plotkin. "Review of Mathematical Models of Vaccination for Preventing Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection". Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_1 (5 de março de 2020): S86—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz402.
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Abstract Background Several cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine candidates are under development. To reduce the burden of congenital CMV infection, potential strategies under consideration include vaccination of adult women, adolescent girls, and/or young children (both sexes). Methods We reviewed 5 studies that used infectious disease modeling to assess the potential impact of vaccination for preventing congenital CMV infection. All models assumed CMV vaccination would prevent primary infection and 2 models also assumed prevention of reinfections and reactivations. Results Despite differences in structure, assumptions, and population data, infant vaccination (both sexes) was the optimal strategy in all models, but in 1 model vaccinating seronegative women at 19–21 years of age was also optimal (for duration of vaccine protection ≥8 years). In 3 models, infant vaccination increased average age at primary infection as a result of decreased secondary transmission (herd immunity) combined with waning vaccine-induced immunity. This effect could increase the risk of congenital CMV infections in populations where primary CMV infection occurs early in childhood but could be minimized by administering a second dose of vaccine during adolescence. Conclusions Understanding vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity, and how these might vary depending on CMV serostatus and age at vaccination, will be key to defining CMV vaccination strategies.
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Aouad, Razika, e Idriss Amara. "Influence of the cutting condition on the wear and the surface roughness in the steel AISI 4140 with mixed ceramic and diamond tool". Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, n.º 6 (4 de dezembro de 2018): 828–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-05-2018-0086.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the influence of the cutting conditions (cutting speed, feed rate and cutting depth) on the roughness (Ra) and on the flank wear (Vb) of the steel AISI 4140.Design/methodology/approachMixed ceramic (CC650) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) have been used to carry out straight turning tests under dry conditions.FindingsThe results indicate that PCBN is more efficient than mixed ceramic (Al2O3+TiC) used in terms of wear resistance regardless of the aggressiveness of the AISI 4140 at 50 hardness rockwell (HRC). Consequently, it is the most powerful. Surface quality attained with PCBN tool considerably compares with that of grinding. Even when the tool wear VB reached 0.3 mm, the majority of the recorded Ra values did not exceed 1 m at the various speeds tested. The correlation of tool wear Vb and surface roughness Ra established allows obtaining experimental empirical data on the cutting tool wear from measured surface roughness for practical use in industry. The values of constants and the coefficient of determinationR2of this mathematical model will be calculated. Mathematical models expressing the relation between the elements of the cutting regime and technological parameters (tool life and roughness) are proposed.Originality/valueMany works have been already made in the similar manner, but this study of CC650 and PCBN wear is the first. Through this study, we propose a mathematical model expressing the relation between the elements of the cutting regime, tool life and roughness.
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Alexander, R. McNeill. "Simple Models of Human Locomotion". Journal of Theoretical Medicine 1, n.º 2 (1997): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10273669708833013.
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The human body is a complex structure, but our understanding of its movements is greately enhanced by extremely simple mathematical models. A model of walking shows why we have to break into a run at speeds above 3 meters per second, and why the critical speed is lower for children and on the moon. A model of running jumps show why long jumpers run up at a fast sprinting speed, but high jumpers run up much more slowly. Finally, a model od standing jumps explains why athletes can jump higher by using a countermovement than from a static squatting position. The body is represented in these models as a small number of rigid segments connected by hinge joints, powered by muscles with realistic physiological properties.
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Agarkov, N. M., A. S. Makaryan e I. S. Gontareva. "Advancing diagnostics of chronic paradontitis in children". Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 10, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2020): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-ado-1186.
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Chronic periodontitis in children and adolescents holds a lead place in morbidity pattern of dental pathology. Development of chronic periodontitis is accompanied by emergence of various complications in the maxillofacial region, leading to bite disturbance being of high relevance for pediatric patients. These and other complications are related to immune system immaturity in children and adolescents as well as virulence of microorganisms. However, the immunological changes developing in children with chronic periodontitis remain poorly studied. The aim of the work was to improve diagnostics of chronic periodontitis in children and adolescents based on informative parameters of systemic immunity and discriminative models taking into account such changes. We examined systemic immunity in 127 children and adolescents with chronic periodontitis, aged 12 to 16 years, by using flow cytometry and enzyme immunoassay. In control group, age-matched 108 patients lacking overt somatic and dental pathology were enrolled. Generation of mathematical models was carried out by using a discriminative approach, whereas informativeness was assessed in accordance with generally accepted formula. Relative and absolute count of peripheral blood CD13+ cells exert the peak informativeness holding the first and second ranking places with marked dominance of informativeness value for assessing relative amount of CD13+ cells are among immunological parameters in children with chronic periodontitis. High informativeness value evidencing about pronounced intensity of developed pathological changes and diagnostic significance for chronic periodontitis in children is intrinsic to the relative percentage of peripheral blood CD8+ cells being slightly lower than that one in absolute count of CD13+ cells. On the other hand, humoral immune-parameters were of lowest informative value among all analyzed immunological parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis serum referring to all antibody classes. Generated discriminative models for the most valuable immunological parameters ensure adequate medical diagnostics for chronic periodontitis in childhood. Diagnostic sensitivity for created mathematical models was high and reached 0.94, whereas diagnostic specificity — 0.92. Immunological examination of patients improves diagnostics of chronic periodontitis. It was found that patients with chronic periodontitis had lowered immune status peaking in decreased absolute and relative count of peripheral blood CD3+ lymphocytes. Finally, parameters of humoral immunity in children with chronic periodontitis were also reduced.
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Stolte, Marije, Trinidad García, Johannes E. H. Van Luit, Bob Oranje e Evelyn H. Kroesbergen. "The Contribution of Executive Functions in Predicting Mathematical Creativity in Typical Elementary School Classes: A Twofold Role for Updating". Journal of Intelligence 8, n.º 2 (2 de junho de 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence8020026.
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The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of executive functions in mathematical creativity. The sample included 278 primary school children (ages 8–13). Two models were compared: the starting model tested whether executive functions (shifting, updating, and inhibition), domain-general creativity, and mathematical ability directly predicted mathematical creativity. The second model, which fitted the data best, included the additional assumption that updating influences mathematical creativity indirectly through mathematical ability and domain-general creativity. Updating was positively related to mathematical creativity. Additionally, updating was positively related to mathematical ability and domain-general creativity. Inhibition, shifting, domain-general creativity and mathematical ability did not have a significant contribution to either model but did positively correlate with mathematical creativity. This study reports the first empirical evidence that updating is a predictor of mathematical creativity in primary school children and demonstrates that creativity is a higher order cognitive process, activating a variety of cognitive abilities.
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Krotova, O. S., L. A. Khvorova e A. I. Piyanzin. "Mathematical Models and Machine Learning Algorithms in the Diagnosis of Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus". Izvestiya of Altai State University, n.º 1(117) (17 de março de 2021): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)1-16.
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The paper deals with the problem of diabetic polyneuropathy diagnosing. This is one of the earliest and most dangerous complications of diabetes among children and adolescents. The research aims to develop models for diagnosing diabetic polyneuropathy in children and adolescents based on various medical data. The developed models will make it possible to diagnose a complication without using neurophysiological research methods. Therefore, the proposed models can be used in small medical and obstetrical stations in rural areas as well as a support system for making medical decisions. In the course of the study, a review and analysis of scientific publications of domestic and foreign scientists on the topic of the research are carried out. A large set of textual medical data is processed, then a database is created, features are analyzed, and a model is developed to reveal the presence of diabetic polyneuropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The achieved quality of the classification model allows us to assert that machine learning methods can be used to find hidden dependencies in the development and course of complications of diabetes mellitus.
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Buschang, P. H., R. Tanguay, A. Demirjian, L. LaPalme e J. Turkewicz. "Mathematical models of longitudinal mandibular growth for children with normal and untreated Class I division 1 malocclusion". European Journal of Orthodontics 10, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 1988): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/10.1.227.
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Buschang, P. H., R. Tanguay, A. Demirjian, L. LaPalme e J. Turkewicz. "Mathematical models of longitudinal mandibular growth for children with normal and untreated Class II, division 1 malocclusion". European Journal of Orthodontics 10, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1988): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/10.3.227.
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Raghubar, Kimberly P., Marcia A. Barnes, Mary Prasad, Chad P. Johnson e Linda Ewing-Cobbs. "Mathematical Outcomes and Working Memory in Children With TBI and Orthopedic Injury". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, n.º 3 (20 de novembro de 2012): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712001312.
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AbstractThis study compared mathematical outcomes in children with predominantly moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI;n= 50) or orthopedic injury (OI;n=47) at 2 and 24 months post-injury. Working memory and its contribution to math outcomes at 24 months post-injury was also examined. Participants were administered an experimental cognitive addition task and standardized measures of calculation, math fluency, and applied problems; as well as experimental measures of verbal and visual-spatial working memory. Although children with TBI did not have deficits in foundational math fact retrieval, they performed more poorly than OIs on standardized measures of math. In the TBI group, performance on standardized measures was predicted by age at injury, socioeconomic status, and the duration of impaired consciousness. Children with TBI showed impairments on verbal, but not visual working memory relative to children with OI. Verbal working memory mediated group differences on math calculations and applied problems at 24 months post-injury. Children with TBI have difficulties in mathematics, but do not have deficits in math fact retrieval, a signature deficit of math disabilities. Results are discussed with reference to models of mathematical cognition and disability and the role of working memory in math learning and performance for children with TBI. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–10)
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Levashcva, S. V., E. I. Etkina, A. A. Fazylova, G. D. Sakaeva, L. I. Babenkova e N. A. Orlova. "Predictive model of development of atopic dermatitis in children". Russian Journal of Allergy 13, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja379.
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Background. To identify the set of possible predictors of atopic dermatitis forming in children. Methods. There were 440 children aged from 0 to 18 years old (315 patients with atopic dermatitis, 125 - children of the monitoring group) under investigation. Mathematical models used logistic regression method were developed. Results. On the basis of the obtained data the logistic regression equation was selected, including 16 predictors, statistical significance of which was within 5% of the Wald statistics. Conclusion. Practical application of the devised formula will help to identify children with high risk to develop atopic dermatitis.
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Gottlieb, Mark M. "Mathematical Models for Possible Roles of Oxytocin and Oxytocin Receptors in Autism". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 (11 de novembro de 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7308197.
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This paper develops mathematical models examining possible roles of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in the development of autism. This is done by demonstrating that mathematical operations on normalized data from the Stanford study, which establishes a correspondence between severity of autism in children and their oxytocin blood levels, generate a graph that is the same as the graph of mathematical operations on a normalized theoretical model for the severity of autism. This procedure establishes the validity of the theoretical model and the significance of oxytocin receptors in autism. A steady-state model follows, explaining the constant baseline concentrations of oxytocin observed in the cerebral spinal fluid and blood in terms of the neuromodulation by oxytocin of oxytocin receptors on the magnocellular neurons that produce oxytocin in nuclei in the hypothalamus. The implications of these models for possible roles of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in autism are considered for several unrelated conditions that may be associated with autism. These are oxytocin receptor desensitization and downregulation as factors during labor in offspring autism development; reductions in the oxytocin receptor numbers in the fixed oxytocin receptor expression that occurs before birth; MAST Immune System disease; and the excess number of dendritic spines from lack of pruning observed in brains of autistic people. Research into the feasibility of generating magnocellular neurons and other neurons from adult stem cells is suggested as a way of doing in vitro studies of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors to assess the validity of theories presented in this paper.
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Carpenter, Thomas P., Ellen Ansell, Megan L. Franke, Elizabeth Fennema e Linda Weisbeck. "Models of Problem Solving: A Study of Kindergarten Children's Problem-Solving Processes". Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 24, n.º 5 (novembro de 1993): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.24.5.0428.
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Seventy kindergarten children who had spent the year solving a variety of basic word problems were individually interviewed as they solved addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, multistep, and nonroutine word problems. Thirty-two children used a valid strategy for all nine problems and 44 correctly answered seven or more problems. Only 5 children were not able to answer any problems correctly. The results suggest that children can solve a wide range of problems, including problems involving multiplication and division situations, much earlier than generally has been presumed. With only a few exceptions, children's strategies could be characterized as representing or modeling the action or relationships described in the problems. The conception of problem solving as modeling could provide a unifying framework for thinking about problem solving in the primary grades. Modeling offers a parsimonious and coherent way of thinking about children's mathematical problem solving that is relatively straightforward and is accessible to teachers and students alike.
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Kontarov, N. A., G. V. Arkharova, Yu B. Grishunina, S. A. Grishunina e N. V. Yuminova. "SIR+A mathematical model for evaluating and predicting 2016–2017 ARVI-influenza incidence by using on the Moscow territory". Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 9, n.º 3-4 (15 de novembro de 2019): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2019-3-4-583-588.
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Influenza is a major challenge to global healthcare due to its high transmissivity and ability to cause major epidemics. Influenza epidemics and pandemics are associated with changes in the society structure that contribute to the spread of new viral strains in certain environmental and social settings. Currently, influenza is one of the most common global diseases that results in annual epidemics or even pandemics, often leading to lethal outcome. Influenza viruses are uniquely prone to variability via point mutations, recombination and gene reassortment accompanied with changes in their biological properties considered as the main cause of uncontrolled infection spread. Hence, examining cohorts of predisposed individuals by using probability models provides not only additional information about viral outbreaks, but also allows monitoring dynamics of viral epidemics in controlled areas. Understanding influenza epidemiology is crucial for restructuring healthcare resources. Public healthcare service mainly relies on influenza vaccination. However, there are vulnerable cohorts such as elderly and immunocompromised individuals, which usually contain no protective antiinfluenza virus antibody level. Despite advances in the developing vaccines and chemotherapy, large-scale influenza epidemics still continue to emerge. Upon that, no reliable methods for disease prognosis based on rate of ongoing epidemic situation are currently available. Monitoring and predicting emerging epidemics is complicated due to discrepancy between dynamics of influenza epidemics that might be evaluated by using surveillance data as well as platform for tracking influenza incidence rate. However, it may be profoundly exacerbated by mutations found in the influenza virus genome by altering genuine morbidity dynamics. Use of probabilistic models for assessing parameters of stochastic epidemics would contribute to more accurately predicted changes in morbidity rate. Here, an SIR+A probabilistic model considering a relationship between infected, susceptible and protected individuals as well as the aggressiveness of external risks for predicting changes in influenza morbidity rate that allowed to evaluate and predict the 2016 ARVI influenza incidence rate in Moscow area. Moreover, introducing an intensity of infection parameter allows to conduct a reliable analysis of incidence rate and predict its changes.
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Paprocka, Justyna, Marek Kijonka, Łukasz Boguszewicz e Maria Sokół. "Melatonin in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Analysis Using Modern Mathematical Modeling Methods". International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8234502.
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Purpose. The aim of the study was to assess melatonin secretion pattern in children with TSC and to compare it with the secretion patterns in children with and without epilepsy.Material and Methods. Melatonin secretion was measured every three hours using the RIA method in four children with recognized TSC. The parameters of the melatonin secretion models were interpreted and compared with those obtained for the patients with epilepsy (n=76) and the children from the control, nonepileptic group (n=36). To describe the diurnal melatonin secretion, mathematical model was constructed and nonlinear least squares method with the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm was applied to approximate its parameters. The dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) parameters were also estimated from the model.Results and Conclusions. Statistically significant differences were found between the TSC melatonin secretion profiles and the nonepileptic control group. The profiles for the epileptic and TSC groups were found to be similar. For the TSC group, though a small one, the variations in the MLT release amplitudes seem to be independent of the total number of seizures; however, the MLT release shift appears to depend on the number of seizures.
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Gay, N. J., L. M. Hesketh, P. Morgan-Capner e E. Miller. "Interpretation of serological surveillance data for measles using mathematical models: implications for vaccine strategy". Epidemiology and Infection 115, n.º 1 (agosto de 1995): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058209.
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SummarySerological surveillance of measles immunity has been carried out in England since 1986/7. Results from sera collected in 1989–91 revealed that the proportion of school age children who were susceptible to measles was increasing, following the introduction of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccination programme in October 1988. Mathematical models are used to interpret these data and determine whether this increasing susceptibility is sufficient to allow a resurgence of disease from the low levels achieved by 1993. The models summarize serological profiles by a single parameter, the reproduction number R, which quantifies the level of herd immunity in the population. Results showed that there was cause for concern over the levels of susceptibility to measles, with an epidemic of over 100000 cases likely in 1995/6. These predictions are consistent with trends in the incidence and age distribution of measles and have enabled the planning of a major vaccination campaign.
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Grabauskienė, Vaiva, e Oksana Mockaitytė-Rastenienė. "AN EXPRESSION OF MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS IN MULTIPLICATION-RELATED THINKING IN THIRD AND FOURTH GRADES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL". ŠVIETIMAS: POLITIKA, VADYBA, KOKYBĖ / EDUCATION POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY 11, n.º 1 (25 de agosto de 2019): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/spvk-epmq/19.11.09.
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Mathematical comprehension is closely related to a cognition of mathematical connections. A multiplication is a mathematical operation characterized by complex mathematical connections. Students are early introduced with the multiplication. Therefore, in primary school, not so developed cognition of mathematical connections may become a reason for difficulties in Maths. A functionality of concept is based on a view to a multiplication. The analysis scientific literature revealed that a thinking of multiplication can be either additive or multiplicative. Additionally, the multiplication learning has a variety of additive and multiplicative explanations. Because they use different specificity of visualization, the models are not equally suitable for teaching children about different properties of multiplication. Based on research, in Math classes, students are only introduced with few of the models, not covering a whole variety of them. In the research, a paper and pencil type of survey consisted of 157 participants from 3rd and 4th Grades, eight different classes from four different schools. The students had to fill the table explaining multiplication of 5 x 12 in a form of writing and drawing. The quantitative analysis of results has showed that in Grades 3 to 4, the additive view to multiplication is much more prevalent, in comparison to the multiplicative reasoning. The array model is used often but not in an extensive way. The students do not know other types of multiplicative type models. In conclusion, the results showed that students of Grades 3rd and 4th knew not enough about the mathematical connections. Therefore, teachers should pay more attention to teaching students various ways of visualizing, for children, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the multiplication process. Acknowledgement. This work was supported by a grant (No. 09.2.1-ESFA-K-728-01-0040) from the ESFA. Keywords: additive reasoning, multiplication learning, multiplicative reasoning, primary mathematics education.
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Field, Andy P., Danielle Evans, Tomasz Bloniewski e Yulia Kovas. "Predicting maths anxiety from mathematical achievement across the transition from primary to secondary education". Royal Society Open Science 6, n.º 11 (novembro de 2019): 191459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191459.
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The primary- to secondary-education transition is a substantive life event for many children. The transition can be associated with changes in the developmental trajectories of both emotional health and academic achievement. The current study looked at whether the trajectory of mathematical attainment and emotional health (anxiety) across this transition predicted later maths anxiety. A secondary analysis of data from the Twin Early Development Study (TEDS) was performed. The statistical models were fit on the 753 participants (one from each twin pair) for which there were measures of mathematical performance across the primary- to secondary-education transition and maths anxiety at age 18. Two multi-level growth models were fit predicting mathematical attainment and anxiety over the primary- to secondary-education transition. The intercepts and slopes for each child were extracted from these models and used as predictors of subsequent maths anxiety at age 18. These effects were adjusted for biological sex, socio-economic status, verbal cognitive ability and general anxiety. Maths anxiety at age 18 was significantly predicted by both pre-transition levels of anxiety and mathematical attainment and their rate of change across the primary- to secondary-education transition. However, the effects were small, suggesting that theories of maths anxiety may have overplayed the role of prior mathematical attainment and general anxiety.
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Santalova, Galina V., Svetlana V. Plakhotnikova e Elena S. Gasilina. "ADAPTIVE CAPACITY CHARACTERISTICS IN CHILDREN WITH TONSILLITIS IN COURSE OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASES". Science and Innovations in Medicine 4, n.º 1 (15 de março de 2019): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2019-4-1-63-66.
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Objectives - to improve a method of assessment for adaptive capacity of children with tonsillitis in course of acute infectious diseases, based on the parameters of the autonomic nervous system. Material and methods. The prospective study included clinical, anamnestic and laboratory examination of children with acute infectious diseases with concurrent tonsillitis syndrome. The factors under study underwent a systematic multivariate analysis. Results. Heart rate variability was assessed with the following comparative statistical analysis of the acquired data. By mathematical modeling we estimated the influence of the studied factors on the adaptation process. Based on the developed models, a diagnostic algorithm was proposed. Conclusion. Mathematical modeling of the basic ANS function parameters in children with tonsillitis and acute infectious diseases of different etiology has allowed to improve the assessment of the adaptive capacity and to identify the crucial factors which influence the choice of examination tactics.
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Kurnia, Rina, e Yeti Nurhayati. "DEVELOPMENT OF INQUIRY-BASED STUDENT WORKSHEETS (LKPD) ON MATHEMATICS SUBJECT IN THE MATERIAL OF CUBES AND BLOCKS TO IMPROVE MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SLOW LEANERS". PrimaryEdu - Journal of Primary Education 4, n.º 1 (19 de fevereiro de 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/pej.v4i1.1468.
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This research is background by most of the slow learner children who are slow in understanding the basic concepts of cubes and blocks, slow learners children still have difficulty in verbally defining the concept of cubes and blocks. This research aims to develop the Student Inquiry Worksheet (LKPD) based on inquiry in the mathematics subject matter of cubes and beams in slow learners and to find out the improvement of the ability of mathematical understanding of slow learners of children on cube and blocks material after applying inquiry-based learning models. The research was conducted at SDN Margahayu 08 Bandung Regency, using the Research and Development model. LKPD was developed with the stages of identifying problems, collecting data, designing LKPD, validating, revising designs, and conducting LKPD trials. The results of the analysis using SPSS software version 24.0 For windows with several stages of testing, namely the prerequisite test (normality and homogeneity test), T test (paired sample t test). by first analyzing the test result data (pre-test and post-test) conducted individually on the child slow learner about the ability to understand mathematical concepts of cube and beam material. the results showed that LKPD was appropriate to be used in learning slow learner cubes and blocks with inquiry-based material and there was an increase in the ability to understand mathematical concepts of slow learner children by using LKPD and by applying inquiry-based learning models.
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Barnes, Marcia A., Allison Stubbs, Kimberly P. Raghubar, Alba Agostino, Heather Taylor, Susan Landry, Jack M. Fletcher e Brenda Smith-Chant. "Mathematical Skills in 3- and 5-Year-Olds with Spina Bifida and Their Typically Developing Peers: A Longitudinal Approach". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, n.º 3 (22 de março de 2011): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711000233.
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AbstractPreschoolers with spina bifida (SB) were compared to typically developing (TD) children on tasks tapping mathematical knowledge at 36 months (n = 102) and 60 months of age (n = 98). The group with SB had difficulty compared to TD peers on all mathematical tasks except for transformation on quantities in the subitizable range. At 36 months, vocabulary knowledge, visual–spatial, and fine motor abilities predicted achievement on a measure of informal math knowledge in both groups. At 60 months of age, phonological awareness, visual–spatial ability, and fine motor skill were uniquely and differentially related to counting knowledge, oral counting, object-based arithmetic skills, and quantitative concepts. Importantly, the patterns of association between these predictors and mathematical performance were similar across the groups. A novel finding is that fine motor skill uniquely predicted object-based arithmetic abilities in both groups, suggesting developmental continuity in the neurocognitive correlates of early object-based and later symbolic arithmetic problem solving. Models combining 36-month mathematical ability and these language-based, visual–spatial, and fine motor abilities at 60 months accounted for considerable variance on 60-month informal mathematical outcomes. Results are discussed with reference to models of mathematical development and early identification of risk in preschoolers with neurodevelopmental disorder. (JINS, 2011, 17, 431–444)
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Mulligan, Joanne T., e Michael C. Mitchelmore. "Young Children's Intuitive Models of Multiplication and Division". Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 28, n.º 3 (maio de 1997): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.28.3.0309.
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In this study, an intuitive model was defined as an internal mental structure corresponding to a class of calculation strategies. A sample of female students was observed 4 times during Grades 2 and 3 as they solved the same set of 24 word problems. From the correct responses, 12 distinct calculation strategies were identified and grouped into categories from which the children's intuitive models of multiplication and division were inferred. It was found that the students used 3 main intuitive models: direct counting, repeated addition, and multiplicative operation. A fourth model, repeated subtraction, only occurred in division problems. All the intuitive models were used with all semantic structures, their frequency varying as a complex interaction of age, size of numbers, language, and semantic structure. The results are interpreted as showing that children acquire an expanding repertoire of intuitive models and that the model they employ to solve any particular problem reflects the mathematical structure they impose on it.
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Yang, Yunwen, Anne L. Adolph, Maurice R. Puyau, Firoz A. Vohra, Nancy F. Butte e Issa F. Zakeri. "Modeling energy expenditure in children and adolescents using quantile regression". Journal of Applied Physiology 115, n.º 2 (15 de julho de 2013): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00295.2013.
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Advanced mathematical models have the potential to capture the complex metabolic and physiological processes that result in energy expenditure (EE). Study objective is to apply quantile regression (QR) to predict EE and determine quantile-dependent variation in covariate effects in nonobese and obese children. First, QR models will be developed to predict minute-by-minute awake EE at different quantile levels based on heart rate (HR) and physical activity (PA) accelerometry counts, and child characteristics of age, sex, weight, and height. Second, the QR models will be used to evaluate the covariate effects of weight, PA, and HR across the conditional EE distribution. QR and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions are estimated in 109 children, aged 5–18 yr. QR modeling of EE outperformed OLS regression for both nonobese and obese populations. Average prediction errors for QR compared with OLS were not only smaller at the median τ = 0.5 (18.6 vs. 21.4%), but also substantially smaller at the tails of the distribution (10.2 vs. 39.2% at τ = 0.1 and 8.7 vs. 19.8% at τ = 0.9). Covariate effects of weight, PA, and HR on EE for the nonobese and obese children differed across quantiles ( P < 0.05). The associations (linear and quadratic) between PA and HR with EE were stronger for the obese than nonobese population ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, QR provided more accurate predictions of EE compared with conventional OLS regression, especially at the tails of the distribution, and revealed substantially different covariate effects of weight, PA, and HR on EE in nonobese and obese children.
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Zakeri, Issa F., Anne L. Adolph, Maurice R. Puyau, Firoz A. Vohra e Nancy F. Butte. "Multivariate adaptive regression splines models for the prediction of energy expenditure in children and adolescents". Journal of Applied Physiology 108, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2010): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00729.2009.
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Advanced mathematical models have the potential to capture the complex metabolic and physiological processes that result in heat production or energy expenditure (EE). Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) is a nonparametric method that estimates complex nonlinear relationships by a series of spline functions of the independent predictors. The specific aim of this study is to construct MARS models based on heart rate (HR) and accelerometer counts (AC) to accurately predict EE, and hence 24-h total EE (TEE), in children and adolescents. Secondarily, MARS models will be developed to predict awake EE, sleep EE, and activity EE also from HR and AC. MARS models were developed in 109 and validated in 61 normal-weight and overweight children (ages 5–18 yr) against the criterion method of 24-h room respiration calorimetry. Actiheart monitor was used to measure HR and AC. MARS models were based on linear combinations of 23–28 basis functions that use subject characteristics (age, sex, weight, height, minimal HR, and sitting HR), HR and AC, 1- and 2-min lag and lead values of HR and AC, and appropriate interaction terms. For the 24-h, awake, sleep, and activity EE models, mean percent errors were −2.5 ± 7.5, −2.6 ± 7.8, −0.3 ± 8.9, and −11.9 ± 17.9%, and root mean square error values were 168, 138, 40, and 122 kcal, respectively, in the validation cohort. Bland-Altman plots indicated that the predicted values were in good agreement with the observed TEE, and that there was no bias with increasing TEE. Prediction errors for 24-h TEE were not statistically associated with age, sex, weight, height, or body mass index. MARS models developed for the prediction of EE from HR monitoring and accelerometry were demonstrated to be valid in an independent cohort of children and adolescents, but require further validation in independent, free-living populations.
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Morris, Bradley J., e Amy M. Masnick. "Making numbers out of magnitudes". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2008): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005797.
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AbstractWe argue that number principles may be learnable instead of innate, by suggesting that children acquire probabilistically true number concepts rather than algorithms. We also suggest that non-propositional representational formats (e.g., mental models) may implicitly provide information that supports the induction of numerical principles. Given probabilistically true number concepts, the problem of the acquisition of mathematical principles is eliminated.
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Albarracín, Lluís, e Núria Gorgorió. "Mathematical Modeling Projects Oriented towards Social Impact as Generators of Learning Opportunities: A Case Study". Mathematics 8, n.º 11 (15 de novembro de 2020): 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8112034.
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This paper presents a case study carried out at an elementary school that led to a characterization of mathematical modeling projects aimed at generating social impact. It shows their potential as generators of mathematical learning opportunities. In the school project, upper-grade students (sixth grade, 11-year-olds) studied the way in which the rest of the students at the institution traveled from their homes to school. Its purpose was to identify risk points from the standpoint of road safety and to develop a set of recommendations so that all the children could walk safely to school. In our study, we identified, on the one hand, the mathematical learning opportunities that emerged during the development of the project and, on the other, the mathematical models created by the students. We discuss the impact of the project on the different groups in the school community (other students, parents, and teachers). We conclude with a characterization of the mathematical modeling projects oriented towards social impact and affirm that they can be generators of mathematical learning opportunities.
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Berman, Barbara, e Fredda Friederwitzer. "Algebra Can Be Elementary … When It's Concrete". Arithmetic Teacher 36, n.º 8 (abril de 1989): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.36.8.0021.
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Effective mathematics requires more than the use of symbols or numerals. All students, and even many adults, need concrete models to understand mathematical concepts. Elementary and middle school children can understand and master basic concepts of mathematics, including algebra, when concrete materials are used to model these concepts. This article presents a rationale for these statements and describes a model for teaching early algebraic concepts using manipulative materials.
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Dimitrova, Krasimira. "A MODEL FOR FORMING SOFT SKILLS THROUGH COGNITIVE MATHEMATICAL ACTIVITIES IN PRESCHOOL AGE". KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, n.º 6 (5 de junho de 2019): 1899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31061899d.
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The modern children grow and develop in an extremely dynamic environment. They are surrounded by a variety of information and many digital devices. The ways of processing and using knowledge, as well as the formation of specific skills, are based on the child's personal experiences and social contacts. The community responsible for the development and upbringing of the growing generation - parents, school, kindergarten, educational institutions - are confronted with the complex task of preparing children for their lives in the future. The dynamic with which all spheres of social life are developing makes it difficult to predict how to educate children today so they will be ready for the life that awaits them. Traditional learning, which has proven its importance, needs to build on so-called 21st century skills - communication skills, critical thinking, collaboration, digital literacy. It is necessary to identify important and up-to-date knowledge and skills that should be proposed to children in their current cognitive activities. Contextual competencies or so-called "soft skills" are part of the key competences for human success at every stage of its development. Under soft skills, we understand competences for: communication, tolerance, tolerance, mutual assistance, empathy, teamwork, leadership, negotiation, decision making, creativity, etc. The formation of these important personality skills starts at an early age and key factors are the family, community, educational and social institutions with which the child interacts. The modern society based on technology and information forms a digital generation of children. Technologies offer and support communication and team interaction models. To protect the teenage generation from the dangers of technology - cyber-dependence, isolation, and associal behavior - a variety of cognitive and training patterns need to be applied to seek balance between tradition, modernity and the future. Educators who work with children are directly involved in the process of their preparation for their future lives. This fact determines the importance of the professional training of future teachers. They have to be prepared to bring out the most important theoretical and methodological themes and to present them to the children in an interesting and entertaining way. This article proposes a model for the organization of cognitive mathematical activities for children from a preschool age (5-7 years), in which soft skills such as critical thinking, knowledge transfer, creativity, etc. are being developed. An interdisciplinary approach is underpinned in the model. The proposed methodological solutions are derived from work in the 2018/19 school year with students who are taught for kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
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Gavrilova, Anna E., Elena V. Nagaeva, Olga Yu Rebrova e Tatiana Yu Shiryaeva. "Mathematical models for predicting final achieved height and its standard deviation rate in children with growth hormone deficiency in the Russian population". Problems of Endocrinology 63, n.º 5 (11 de dezembro de 2017): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl2017635282-290.
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Background. Predicting the efficacy of rGH therapy in patients with GH deficiency, based on the final achieved height (FAH) criterion, is an important tool for the clinician. It enables a personalized approach to the treatment of patients with GH deficiency: to recommend careful adherence to the regimen and dosage of the drug, evaluate the efficacy of therapy in different groups of patients, and clearly demonstrate the factors affecting the FAH indicator.
Aim — to develop mathematical models for predicting FAH and its standard deviation score (SDS) in patients with GH deficiency in the Russian population.
Material and methods. For simulation, we used the data of 121 patients diagnosed with GH deficiency who received rGH since the time of diagnosis to the time of final height and were followed-up at the Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology of the Endocrinology Research Centre in the period between 1978 and 2016. As model predictors, we used 11 indicators: the gender, chronological age at the time of GH deficiency diagnosis, puberty status, disease form, regularity of rGH therapy, height SDS at birth, height SDS at the time of GH deficiency diagnosis, bone age at the time of GH deficiency diagnosis, bone age/chronological index, SDS of a genetically predicted height, and maximum stimulated GH level in a clonidine test. To generate models, we used multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and the Statistica 13 software.
Results. The developed ANNs demonstrated a high accuracy of predicting FAH (the root-mean-square error was 4.4 cm, and the explained variance fraction was 76%) and a lower accuracy of predicting the FAH SDS (the root-mean-square error was 0.601 SDS, and the explained variance fraction was 42%). Linear regression models that were based on quantitative predictors only had a substantially worse quality. Free software implementation was developed for the best produced ANN.
Conclusion. An ANN-based software-implemented model for predicting FAH uses indicators available for any clinician as predictors and can be used for individual prediction of FAH. In the future, the use of larger databases for simulation will improve the quality of predicting the efficacy of rGH therapy.
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Putri, Desy Eka, Siti Nurinayah, Fifiet Dwi Tresna Santana e Dewi Safitri Elshap. "MENGEMBANGKAN KECERDASAN LOGIS MATEMATIK PADA ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI METODE CERITA BERGAMBAR MODEL POP UP KELOMPOK B". CERIA (Cerdas Energik Responsif Inovatif Adaptif) 2, n.º 6 (14 de setembro de 2019): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/ceria.v2i6.p382-387.
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This research was conducted to find out the differences from the learning methods of ordinary pictorial stories with the pop up models of the more unique and different pop up models, but also through this research it is hoped to provide new experiences for children, bearing in mind that learning is still focused on writing, reading and counting (calistung). This study uses the experimental method because there is a comparison between the control class and the experimental class. The subject and location of the study were group B students. The study population was the B-Saturn group and the B-Uranus group with a sample students, with a total of 28 students. Data collection techniques using pretest and posttest. Pretest technique using ordinary picture stories while in the posttest technique using picture models pop up. Results of Research The average value (mean) in the control class is BB (1.21), MB (0.21), BSB (0.42) and BSH (0.14) while in the experimental class the average value is BB (0.29), MB (0.21) , BSB (0.5) and BSH (0.14). Then it can be concluded that "Hypothesis is accepted", meaning that there is a difference between student learning outcomes to develop mathematical logical intelligence in the pretest and post test. So it can be concluded that there is an influence in "Developing mathematical logical intelligence in early childhood through the method of picture story pop up models in group B"This research was conducted to find out the differences from the learning methods of ordinary pictorial stories with the pop up models of the more unique and different pop up models, but also through this research it is hoped to provide new experiences for children, bearing in mind that learning is still focused on writing, reading and counting (calistung). This study uses the experimental method because there is a comparison between the control class and the experimental class. The subject and location of the study were group B students. The study population was the B-Saturn group and the B-Uranus group with a sample students, with a total of 28 students. Data collection techniques using pretest and posttest. Pretest technique using ordinary picture stories while in the posttest technique using picture models pop up. Results of Research The average value (mean) in the control class is BB (1.21), MB (0.21), BSB (0.42) and BSH (0.14) while in the experimental class the average value is BB (0.29), MB (0.21) , BSB (0.5) and BSH (0.14). Then it can be concluded that "Hypothesis is accepted", meaning that there is a difference between student learning outcomes to develop mathematical logical intelligence in the pretest and post test. So that it can be concluded mathematical logical intelligence by using the pop up model pictorial story method is better than groups that use ordinary learning.
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Худолій, О. М., e О. В. Іващенко. "Conceptual going near the modelign of process of educating and developing motive flairs for children and teenagers". Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2013): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2013.2.1012.
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Research aim — to ground conception of construction of process of educating and developing motive flairs for children and teenagers on the basis of design of separate components of educational process. For the decision of the put tasks such methods of research : are in-process used design, approach of the systems, methods of theoretical analysis and generalization for the exposure of essence, leading tendencies of optimization of educational process and determination of theoretical pre-conditions and methodological approaches of his further improvement; pedagogical testing, methods of registration of sensomotor reactions, methods of registration of the state of the cardiovascular system, supervisions and pedagogical experiment for determination of model descriptions of children and teenagers, modes of the training loading; methods of mathematical analysis (logistic and asymptotic to the function) for determination of conformities to law of placing of facilities of primary orientation in the period of developing motive flairs, educating to physical exercises and undercooking to the competitions; mathematical methods of planning of multivariable experiments for the study of conformities to law of developing motive flairs, process of educating and preparation to the competitions. The got experimental material was subject to statistical treatment with the use of application of the statistical processing of data (MS Excel, Statistika 6.0) packages.Research results. It is set that on the basis of models of motive preparedness of children and teenagers the selection of basic, tricking into and preparatory exercises, and also stage control, comes true after the level of motive preparedness. On the basis of models of the training loading determined: size and orientation of loading; correlation of facilities of physical and technical preparation; terms of the use of loading of different orientation; terms for development of force and increase of capacity; terms of operative and current control. On the basis of models of process educating is determined: terms for educating by ability to manage motions, educating to physical exercises; order of decision of tasks of educating and selection of educational tasks; fundamental discipling to programming of educational process of children and teenagers; terms of operative and current control.Keywords: design, educating, motive capabilities, children, teenagers.
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Cristofani, Chiara, Gianluca Sesso, Paola Cristofani, Pamela Fantozzi, Emanuela Inguaggiato, Pietro Muratori, Antonio Narzisi et al. "The Role of Executive Functions in the Development of Empathy and Its Association with Externalizing Behaviors in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Other Psychiatric Comorbidities". Brain Sciences 10, n.º 8 (28 de julho de 2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080489.
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Executive functions have been previously shown to correlate with empathic attitudes and prosocial behaviors. People with higher levels of executive functions, as a whole, may better regulate their emotions and reduce perceived distress during the empathetic processes. Our goal was to explore the relationship between empathy and executive functioning in a sample of children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder alone or associated with comorbid Disruptive Behavior Disorders and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder. We also aimed to examine the role of empathic dimensions and executive skills in regulating externalizing behaviors. The 151 participants with ADHD were assigned to four groups according to their psychiatric comorbidity (either “pure” or with ASD and/or ODD/CD) and assessed by means of either parent- or self-reported questionnaires, namely the BRIEF−2, the BES, and the IRI. No questionnaire was found to discriminate between the four groups. Affective Empathy was found to positively correlate with Emotional and Behavioral Regulation competences. Furthermore, Aggressiveness and Oppositional Defiant Problems were positively associated with Executive Emotional and Behavioral Regulation competences. On the other hand, Rule-Breaking Behaviors and Conduct Problems were negatively associated with Affective Empathy and with Behavioral skills. Our study provides an additional contribution for a better understanding of the complex relationship between empathic competence and executive functions, showing that executive functioning and empathic attitudes interact with each other to regulate aggressive behaviors. This study further corroborates developmental models of empathy and their clinical implications, for which externalizing behaviors could be attenuated by enhancing executive functioning skills.
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Motaze, Nkengafac Villyen, Ijeoma Edoka, Charles S. Wiysonge, C. Jessica E. Metcalf e Amy K. Winter. "Rubella Vaccine Introduction in the South African Public Vaccination Schedule: Mathematical Modelling for Decision Making". Vaccines 8, n.º 3 (13 de julho de 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030383.
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Background: age structured mathematical models have been used to evaluate the impact of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) introduction into existing measles vaccination programs in several countries. South Africa has a well-established measles vaccination program and is considering RCV introduction. This study aimed to provide a comparison of different scenarios and their relative costs within the context of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) reduction or elimination. Methods: we used a previously published age-structured deterministic discrete time rubella transmission model. We obtained estimates of vaccine costs from the South African medicines price registry and the World Health Organization. We simulated RCV introduction and extracted estimates of rubella incidence, CRS incidence and effective reproductive number over 30 years. Results: compared to scenarios without mass campaigns, scenarios including mass campaigns resulted in more rapid elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Routine vaccination at 12 months of age coupled with vaccination of nine-year-old children was associated with the lowest RCV cost per CRS case averted for a similar percentage CRS reduction. Conclusion: At 80% RCV coverage, all vaccine introduction scenarios would achieve rubella and CRS elimination in South Africa. Any RCV introduction strategy should consider a combination of routine vaccination in the primary immunization series and additional vaccination of older children.
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Yang, Charles. "A formalist perspective on language acquisition". Epistemological issue with keynote article “A Formalist Perspective on Language Acquisition” by Charles Yang 8, n.º 6 (26 de novembro de 2018): 665–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.18014.yan.
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Abstract Language acquisition is a computational process by which linguistic experience is integrated into the learner’s initial stage of knowledge. To understand language acquisition thus requires precise statements about these components and their interplay, stepping beyond the philosophical and methodological disputes such as the generative vs. usage-based approaches. I review several mathematical models that have guided the study of child language acquisition: How learners integrate experience with their prior knowledge of linguistic structures, How researchers assess the progress of language acquisition with rigor and clarity, and How children form the rules of language even in the face of exceptions. I also suggest that these models are applicable to second language acquisition (L2), yielding potentially important insights on the continuities and differences between child and adult language.
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Hopper, J. L., M. E. Hibbert, G. T. Macaskill, P. D. Phelan e L. I. Landau. "Longitudinal analysis of lung function growth in healthy children and adolescents". Journal of Applied Physiology 70, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1991): 770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.770.
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Lung function and height in 242 8-yr-old and 299 12-yr-old children without known or suspected predisposition to lung disease were measured annually over 6 and 8 yr, respectively. Growth of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity, and expiratory flow after expiring 50% of vital capacity were statistically modeled by age and height by use of a multivariate normal model for longitudinal data. This method has the flexibility to fit an appropriate (not necessarily linear) mathematical description of average lung function while concurrently modeling the covariance between measures on the same individual. Differences in lung function growth between girls and boys, pre- and post-puberty, showed that girls had a steadier though less pronounced increase in lung function with height. In boys, before puberty there was deficit in lung volume relative to height (not evident in girls), which was compensated for by rapid growth after puberty. The standard error of FEV1 predictions based on current height and age were more than halved when measurements of FEV1, age, and height taken 1 yr before were incorporated. We found evidence for dysanaptic growth in childhood. Fitted models have application to early detection of departures from healthy lung function.
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McClintock, Ruth. "Animating Geometry with Flexigons". Mathematics Teacher 87, n.º 8 (novembro de 1994): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.87.8.0602.
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Viewing mathematics as communication is the second standard listed for all grade levels in the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989). This emphasis underscores the need for nurturing language skills that enable children to translate nonverbal awareness into words. One way to initiate discussion about mathematical concepts is to use physical models and manipulatives. Standard 4 of the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (NCTM 1991) addresses the need for tools to enhance discourse. The flexigon is a simple and inexpensive conversation piece that helps students make geometric discoveries and find language to share their ideas.
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Motaze, Nkengafac Villyen, Zinhle E. Mthombothi, Olatunji Adetokunboh, C. Marijn Hazelbag, Enrique M. Saldarriaga, Lawrence Mbuagbaw e Charles Shey Wiysonge. "The Impact of Rubella Vaccine Introduction on Rubella Infection and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Mathematical Modelling Studies". Vaccines 9, n.º 2 (25 de janeiro de 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020084.
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Introduction: Rubella vaccines have been used to prevent rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in several World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Mathematical modelling studies have simulated introduction of rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs), and their results have been used to inform rubella introduction strategies in several countries. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence from mathematical models regarding the impact of introducing RCVs. Methods: We registered the review in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number CRD42020192638. Systematic review methods for classical epidemiological studies and reporting guidelines were followed as far as possible. A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify published and unpublished studies with no language restrictions. We included deterministic and stochastic models that simulated RCV introduction into the public sector vaccination schedule, with a time horizon of at least five years. Models focused only on estimating epidemiological parameters were excluded. Outcomes of interest were time to rubella and CRS elimination, trends in incidence of rubella and CRS, number of vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted, and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction strategies. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using a modified risk of bias tool, and a qualitative narrative was provided, given that data synthesis was not feasible. Results: Seven studies were included from a total of 1393 records retrieved. The methodological quality was scored high for six studies and very high for one study. Quantitative data synthesis was not possible, because only one study reported point estimates and uncertainty intervals for the outcomes. All seven included studies presented trends in rubella incidence, six studies reported trends in CRS incidence, two studies reported the number vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted, and two studies reported an economic evaluation measure. Time to CRS elimination and time to rubella elimination were not reported by any of the included studies. Reported trends in CRS incidence showed elimination within five years of RCV introduction with scenarios involving mass vaccination of older children in addition to routine infant vaccination. CRS incidence was higher with RCV introduction than without RCV when public vaccine coverage was lower than 50% or only private sector vaccination was implemented. Although vaccination of children at a given age achieved slower declines in CRS incidence compared to mass campaigns targeting a wide age range, this approach resulted in the lowest number of vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted. Conclusion and recommendations: We were unable to conduct data synthesis of included studies due to discrepancies in outcome reporting. However, qualitative assessment of results of individual studies suggests that vaccination of infants should be combined with vaccination of older children to achieve rapid elimination of CRS. Better outcomes are obtained when rubella vaccination is introduced into public vaccination schedules at coverage figures of 80%, as recommended by WHO, or higher. Guidelines for reporting of outcomes in mathematical modelling studies and the conduct of systematic reviews of mathematical modelling studies are required.
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Zubarenko, O. V., T. V. Stoieva, L. I. Koval, G. K. Kopiyka e R. M. Papinko. "Prognosis of cellular energy metabolism shifts in adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia". Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 26, n.º 1 (26 de março de 2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2021.1.227956.
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Pneumonia is one of the most severe respiratory pathology forms in children, which contributes significantly to infant mortality. The high risk of chronic bronchopulmonary process and child`s disability, in case of severe and complicated disease, requires careful pathophysiological change's analysis in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. In particular, for the prediction of these disorders in children with CAP are important the dysmetabolic phenomena study and the specific approaches development. The immediate aim of this work is to study the cellular energy metabolism (CEM) features and to develop approaches for the early bioenergetic disorders diagnostics in conditions of community-acquired pneumonia in adolescents.The aim of the study is to develop approaches for the early diagnosis of shifts in energy metabolism in children aged 14-18 years with CAP. An examination of 41 children aged 14-16 years with the definition of CEM indicators was conducted in order to develop an approach for predicting CEM disorders in community-acquired pneumonia using the method of logistic regression. A logistic regression method was used to develop a method for predicting CEM disorders in children with CAP. The characteristics of CEM in children with CAP were determined. A decrease in the succinate dehydrogenase activity and an increase in the lactate dehydrogenase / succinate dehydrogenase ratio in children with CAP relative to the reference parameters were observed, which indicated an inhibition of the anaerobic energy synthesis pathway. Two mathematical models for predicting CEM disorders in CAP based on logistic regression equations were proposed. The first mathematical model consisted of social and health characteristics and of pneumonia clinical course characteristics. In ROC analysis the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.82, diagnostic specificity – 71%, diagnostic sensitivity – 90%. The second model included only hematological parameters, AUC – 0.78, diagnostic specificity – 69%, diagnostic sensitivity – 81%. Thus, changes in CEM in children with CAP aged 14 – 18 years have been established. Two methods for predicting disorders of CEM in children with CAP have been developed, which can be applied to optimize the treatment of children with CAP aged 14-18 years.
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Shi, Lei, Xiaoliang Feng, Longxing Qi, Yanlong Xu e Sulan Zhai. "Modeling and Predicting the Influence of PM2.5 on Children’s Respiratory Diseases". International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30, n.º 15 (9 de dezembro de 2020): 2050235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127420502351.
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In this paper, the influence of PM[Formula: see text] on children’s respiratory diseases is taken as the main research focus. Based on the real monitoring data of children’s respiratory diseases in Anhui province, the traditional model is modified substantially, leading to the establishment of two mathematical models. First of all, considering that the PM[Formula: see text] changes over time, a nonautonomous air pollution-related disease model is constructed to study its permanence and extinction. Furthermore, regarding lag days of PM[Formula: see text] exposure, an air pollution-related disease model with the lag effect is installed and its local and global stabilities and Hopf bifurcation are investigated. Meanwhile, the above two models are numerically simulated, respectively. Our study demonstrates that the threshold conditions of permanence and extinction are obtained by the nonautonomous air pollution-related disease model, and the optimal parameters are obtained through the annual revision of the data by integrating the mathematical model, such that the number of children with respiratory diseases in the future can be checked and predicted. Also our study finds that the lag days of PM[Formula: see text] exposure have little effect on children with respiratory diseases in the air pollution-related disease model with a lag effect, but the PM[Formula: see text] has a tremendous influence on the number of patients. Once the lag days are combined with the effect of the PM[Formula: see text], it can have a significant impact on the patients’ number, e.g. an emergence of periodic oscillations, with an approximate period of 11 days in Anhui Province, due to the Hopf bifurcation.